MARC 4002- Masters - Sustainable Design Portfolio by katereardon

Kate Wraight Master of Architecture MARC 4002 . Sustainable Architecture Research Studio Tutor: C arol M arra

Forward

Index

This Semester has been an exciting one. Sustainable

Moreover, thank you to my studio partners, Clare Dieckmann

Architectural Design should be on the forefront of every

and David Moiler, with whom this project has been explored

designerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s mind, and I have approached this semester as a

challenged and developed.

Phase I

P67- P25

FINDING OUR NARRATIVE AT BLACKWATTLE BAY

path of exploration and discovery.

Phase II Many thanks to Carol Marra, my tutor, for the repeated

Many weeks of rigorous work are consolidated here, and so I

encouragement to push the envelope, and the guidance to

sincerely hope you enjoy the contents of this portfolio.

P27 - P37

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

fit it all back in again when things became over complicated.

K ate

PHASE III

// P39 - P63

THE REHABILITATION ROCKPOOL - DESIGN AND CRITICAL ANALYSIS

P has e 1

Find ing Our Narrative at Blackwattle Bay

Blackwattle Bay - A Colorful Industrial History Glebe’s Blackwattle Bay has a colourful past. Since the the arrival of Captain Arthur Phillip, Blackwattle bay has been used as a industrial precinct, home to ever-changing insdustries including metal foundries, coppersmiths, abboitoirs, paint manufacturers and is currently host to Hanson’s Concrete facility. Up until the 1920’s the Parramatta River had been used as a popular holiday destination. However, with the increase of industrial services and manufacturing, the River also became a significant transport corridor. While newspaper articles illustrating the polluted state of the River became apparent as early as the 1930s, the Department of Environment and Planning implies that it henceforth became ‘The Forgotten River’, Little attention was paid to the River despite, or perhaps because of, increasing pollution which continued to degrade its quality. Running through the heart of the metropolis the river disappeared from the public mind until the effects of pollution could no longer be ignored. Department of the Environment & Planning, 2010,

Although the implementation of the Pollution of Navigable Waters Regulations (1941) made an attempt to reduce the pollution of the Parramatta River, they appear to have had little effect on reducing the industrial effluent entering the harbour. In particular, in all the river precincts of Sydney the concentrations of heavy metals, including zinc, copper, and lead were found most densely in the sediments of Blackwattle bay, and reached maximum concentrations in the early 1970s. The sediment contamination by heavy metals was 35 times greater than that of the present day. The 1968 Senate Select investigation into water pollution across Australia found that the Parramatta River and Sydney Harbour had in effect, become an exposed sewer. These events of Sydney’s industrialisation has had catastrophic impacts upon biological ecosystems living under the surface of the water. The pollution and contamination of the water by heavy metals has altered water circulation, sedimentation, habitat loss, and resulted in a decreased number and diversity of marine species (Birch, 2016).

However, since the implementation of the Clean Waters Act (1970) the type and amount of industrial waste into the Harbour has been strictly regulated and from this, the water quality in Sydney Harbour has improved markedly and industrial effluents have been eliminated as a source of pollution. Despite its dirty history, there is hope for the rehabilitation of Blackwattle Bay. The first step takes the form of strict regulations of industry waste management and the relocation of Hanson’s concrete facility currently operating along the water’s edge. However the effects on the bay and it’s ecosystems will not be immediate and the Bay may take decades to fully recover.

Regenrating Blackwattle Bay

Together with Sydney’s history of industrialisation, climate change and increased coastal urbanisation are simultaneously contributing to the destruction of Sydney’s coastal ecosystems. Greater than 50% of Sydney’s Harbour is constituted by developed or artificial foreshore, and while the remaining proportion is now more stringently subject to environmental consideration there has been a marked impact on the biodiversity within Sydney’s rockwalls (Dafforn et al.; Pinto, Johnston and Hutchins). Despite measured research into the effects of industrialisation in the Blackwattle Bay Precinct and the careful planning redevelopment of the Glebe Foreshore Walk, both the number of, and diversity of fish assemblages within the Sydney Bay Precinct has decreased (Browne and Chapman; Chapman and Underwood). Prior to the commencement of its redevelopment in 2004, the Glebe foreshore had been an eroded embankment incorporating a collapsing seawall. It’s adjacent parks were overrun with dense weed and Casurina trees. Since its recent completion the precinct has become a new recreation area for Sydney-siders. However, where the overall venture has seemingly been beneficial to both marine and human infrastructure, the destruction to the existing seawall, albeit already collapsing, came at the expense of the diversity and number of fish local fish assemblages, algae, snail and crabs which has previously inhabited it (Morris et al.). Where the seawalls that are now a part of Blackwattle Bay’s foreshore act as protective barrier for those foreshore developments, their vertical orientation and low complexity has a negative impact for marine organisms who would otherwise rely on complex rock-wall structures in which to make their home (Chapman and Underwood). Morris and colleagues have recently completed pilot research into mitigating the diversity and fish numbers at the new sandstone foreshore of Blackwattle Bay. It was posited that by introducing artificial rockpools, or flowerpots, onto the surface of the new sandstone rockwall, crabs and fish would be lured back into the area and increase species diversity. Twenty concrete flowerpots were installed at regular intervals to provide artificial rock pools for marina flora and flora. The artificial rockpools were positioned so that they were fully submerged at high tide but retained water at low tide when they sat above the waterline. The marine activity at each of the flowerpots was recorded periodically over the course of a year to help chart the number and diversity of fish both colonising within this artificial rockwall, and those traveling throughout the bay and amongst the flowerpots. Results from the study indicate that the number of benthic (surface-dwelling) fish increased temporally within the flowerpots over the course of the year, however there was no significant increase in the diversity of the fish, crustaceans, or algae. Contrastingly both the number and diversity of plagic (dwelling in the middle of the waterway’s strata) fish traveling between the flowerpots increased significantly compared to control sites where there had been no intervening flowerpots. While the flowerpot interventions increased the number of fish at the rockwall site, they did not seemingly increase the diversity. It may be that the local species colonised the flowerpots too quickly, and effectively overcrowded the population thus decreasing the opportunity of diversity. Alternatively, it is noteworthy that the flowerpots did not incorporate the growth or cultivation of any marina flora into their design. From this, non-local benthic fish may have not found them a suitable habitat, reducing the change of colonisation. Research into artificial reef structures have indicated that the more topographically complex an intervention is, the more likely the novel habitat will attract a greater variety of new inhabitants (Toft et al.; Firth et al.) .Further to this the more biotically diverse the structure is with marina flora, the more likely this inhabitants will call the structure home (Strain et al.) 10

Case Study

‘C an we Swim here?’ - Our Living River Par r amat ta R iv e r C atch men t G r o u p i n C o n ju n c ti o n w i th Syd n ey Water

Lake Parramatta

With the deterioration of water quality within Sydney Harbour until the 1970s there remain only a few sites along the Parramatta River where the public can still safely swim. Founded in 2008, the Parramatta River Catchment Group (PRCG) consists of a group of local councils members, State Government agencies, and community groups, whose aim is to collaborate and improve the health of the Parramatta River Catchment. In 2014 the PRCG launched the Our Living River Initiative, whereby their mission is to make the Parramatta River swimmable again by 2025. To help achieve this feat, a Masterplan has been developed to map out the necessary steps to make the water quality not only safe for swimming, but also to activate sites that can be enjoyed by the community at large, and increase biodiversity of native flora and fauna within the area. The plan has involved strong community engagement; inviting local members to vote for their desired swimming hole location. Further to this, local residents were invited to vote for their favorite ‘flagship’ or mascot specied for the river. The native fauna, including the Fishing Bat, Striped Marsh Frog, Eastern Long Necked Turtle, Bar Tailed Godwit, and Powerful Owl have now become the focus for a powerful ecological health and diversity component of the Master plan.

Closed for the public for swimming in 1942, my local watering hole was reopened in January 2015 as a result of the advocacy of the PRCG. However, The process of reopening Lake Parramatta for swimming was not as seemingly simple as made out to be by the local media coverage at the time. In collaboration with the City of Parramatta, in 2010 the PRCG initiated a comprehensive water quality program to accurately monitor the environmental status of the lake, including microbial monitoring from seven different permanent in situ station. Bacterial levels were monitored and compared with those outlined in the NHMRC Recreational Water Guidelines. Similarly, water temperature levels were monitored around the lake to help problem areas of stagnancy, or detect and prevent zones prone to bacterial colonisation. Similar projects are being carried out across the Parramatta River, with the aim to make the river swimmable again by 2025. Although Blackwattle bay is a more trafficable site than those currently targeted by the PRCG, the implementation of the Our Living River Master plan exemplifies the public desire for local swimming bays. Further to this, the initiative shows how through the collaboration of local government, community groups, and with sufficient public interest, the health of our river , harbour, and the local geology can be rehabilitated and enjoyed.

Parramatta Sun, 2015

Above: Lake Parramatta Open for Swimming in 1932. Above Right: Lake Parramatta open again for swimming January 2015. 12

Image adapted from Sydney Water, 2018

reconsidering the site today

January 23rd 9am

Blackwattle Bay is alive with opportunity. With the recent completion of the boardwalk facilities and the upcoming redevelopment of the Sydney Fish Markets the site is changing markedly, and with that, so is the potential public experience. Although large, the bay itself is relatively protected. The western length of the boardwalk experiences the across bay breezes, but also affords some protection from the cold winter winds by the adjacent established landscaping, and residential developments.

January 23rd 3pm

We have selected the portion of the bay (indicated orange) at the site for the Marine Research Centre. With a close proximity and visual access to those visiting the new Fish Markets, the site will provide a another point of interest within the changing landscape of the bay. The site holds views across the bay to the ANZAC Bridge, back towards the Fish Markets and across the bay. If at sea level, the Western sea wall acts as an effective barrier against Winter winds. The existing jetty and timber boardwalk near the Glebe Boathouse, at this stage, do not appear integrated with the remainder-of the redeveloped boardwalk. It is our hope that by inserting a floating research facility with public access the zones will become once again reconnected.

June 23rd 9am

June 23rd 3pm Calm

14 Materiality Study

Key >= 0 & <10km/hr

>=20 & 30km/hr

>= 10 & <20km/hr

>=40 & < 50km/hr

>= 30 & < 40km/hr

Rozelle Bay Port

ckw Bla

Parking Facility

le att

ort ort yP yP Ba Ba le att

ckw Bla

Parking Facility

h FIs

t ke

lti

nti

si Re

ist

lti

Sydney Secondary College

ist

t ke

Sydney Secondary College

Ish

nti

si Re

Wentworth Park St. Scolastic College Glebe Library St. Scolastic College Glebe Library

Ian Thorpe Acquatic Centre Wentworth Park Glebe Library Ian Thorpe Acquatic Centre Glebe Library

The site is within close proximity to public space, educations facilities as well as local residential quarters. As such, the proposed Research Facility should activate the space for not only visitors to the Fish Markets but become an asset to the local residents and educational community. 16

From almost anywhere across Blackwattle Bay, the visitor affords wonderful views. We have taken advantage of the view corridors and selected the site where their majority intersects.

At this stage, the existing transport lines do not directly intersect with the Blackwattle Bay precinct. With the development of the new Fish Markets the local transport routes are anticipated to change to accommodate the influx of visitors. 18

It is noteworthy that Blackwattle Bay is within relatively easy walking distance to multiple centers for education. Given this, it will be important to strengthen the public interface of the proposed research center so that it has an open and accessible educational relationship with both directed and wandering visitors. 19

Considering

the

Laboratory

Precedent Study building 19, sydney institute of marine science, Mosman, NSW Architect: Eeles Trelease Completed 2011 Sitting within bushland on the edge of Sydney Harbour, the converted 1970â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s army barracks now homes the Sydney Institute of Marine Science (SIMS).

Sydney Institute of Marine Sciences Spaces make places - Functional Layout SIMS acts upon the balance between what is a functional research laboratory and public educational facility. Although the building is effectively only open to the public by appointment, the space has been designed so that the entry level can act as a public interface with little interruption to the daily activity of staff. The slope of the site helps to create a distinct division between those spaces which are publicly accessible and those which are for staff only. Although visitors have visual access across the harbour, physical access is seemingly limited by invitation by a staff member.

Where heritage requirements meant the retention of the external fabric of the building, several design strategies were utilised to pull natural light into the building and the take advantage of the external views. A generous skylight along the length of the roof allows interaction with the canopy above, while the large outdoor deck acts as an external spine; linking the functions along the length of the building while providing an interactive recreational area for staff and visitors. Set down from road level and hidden by native foliage, the entrance to the SIMS facility is unobtrusive and unassuming. While the majority of the year SIMS is a closed research facility, its staff do host educational days for school groups as well as opening the doors to the public once a month for a general marine education day.

Mezzanine Administration Visiting Staff Accommodation

Pedestrian Access from Chowder Bay Road Entry Foyer Administration

Exibition Space Meeting Rooms

Lecture Facilities Entry Foyer Administration Aquariums

Sheltered from Chowder Bay Road, the axial entrance takes advantage of the harbour views on the Southern side of the building, providing a creating a promenade of sorts through the entry and out beyond onto the axial deck. Taking advantage of the slope of the site, the three levels provide opportunity for daily laboratories at the lower level, administration and research at the mezzanine, while the entry level is more often utilised for conferences, education and public facilities.

The outdoor axial deck provides dual entry to the conference and meeting rooms that are hosted on the entry level. While both the deck and internal corridor are accessible by both staff and visitors, it does prompt thought into the utility of externally loaded corridors to provide a different means of access for between public and private facilities.

Laboratories

Staff Rec Area

Jetty

Given the current educational climate, where government funded research holds a strong relationship with public interest and education, the dominance of public space within a private research setting is noteworthy. The facility clearly has strong ties with the water, as does our proposed research facility. From this, the emphasis on aquarium spaces for both research and rehabilitation, designated laboratory spaces as well as direct water access is seemingly integral to the marine research facility.

Images Adapted from Eeles Trelease, 2018

FLOATING HOUSE

Floating house is located on Lake Huron, Canada. The area is subject to dramatic tidal changes and the surrounding landscape is often exposed and volatile. Although Floating House is located within a small cove, it is only accessible by boat, and with portion of the lake freezing over during the middle of winter it is, for some parts of the year, it is completely inaccessible.

ARCHITECT: MOS - Michael Meredith, Hilary Sample LOCATION: Lake Huron, Canada YEAR COMPLETED: 2005

Due to the severe site constraints, MOS Architects utilised a pragmatic approach and adapted the house design to respond to itsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; environment. The house floats on a pontoon supported by a series of 2.4m x 1m DIA air-filled cylinders, meaning that it can rise and fall with the flux of the water level.

Floating House by MOS Architects can be considered a feat of Design, Engineering and Construction ingenuity. Anchored to the granite lake bed, Floating house is just that; floating upon a steel-framed pontoon - responding to the often violent fluctuations of water level of Lake Huron, Canada. The remoteness of the site and related environmental challenges meant that the prefabricated design incorporated lightweight and local materials, as well as a sound appreciation or orientation, protected vistas, and ventilation.

Both the floating design of the house, and the remote location of the site meant that the constructions material needed to be light and resistant to harsh weather conditions. The resulting timber structure, together with the pontoon and steel frame base, were towed to site and left to freeze upon the surface of the lake. With the pontoon held in place in the ice, construction was undertaken over the winter period until it thawed again and was towed again to its final site.

Natural Ventilation Floating House is subject to bitterly cold South-Westerly winds in winter, but favorably experiences cooling breezes from the West and South-East in Summer. While to lower ground floor is exposed to the elements with little to no moderation in both seasons, considerably more thought has gone into the orientation of the upper floor to capture the Summery breezes. The house appears to have been designed to make advantage of cross ventilation capturing the breezes form the West Living Area to funnel them through the corridor and into the Second Living Space. The house is oriented so that the widow openings are not directly perpendicular to the Westerly summer breeze, thereby theoretically mitigating the chance of creating a direct wind tunnel between the two living spaces, but rather capturing the breeze on the tangent to create air movement throughout the rooms.

Apart from the pontoon and steel base, the house is primarily constructed from cedar and other timbers including combination plywood and glulam beams. The embodied energy of cedar is estimated at approximately 3.4mJ/Kg, however given that the timbers used were primarily locally supplied, the real embodied energy may in fact be lower. The site is supplied with power and plumbing; connected through flexible tubing and cabling, however, in its design it is solely dependent on passive cooling, heating and ventilation. The design of Floating House has a simple floor plans, in that itsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; leisure spaces are reflected upon a central axis. In addition it contains several orthogonal, repeating spatial units. Given this, the house was easily per-fabricated and efficiently transported to site to help minimise wastage.

Wind Movement/ Direction

Low Pressure Zones

Floating House illustrates neatly the benefits of the simplicity of form and building materials that can be achieved by utilising prefabrication techniques. Although its minimal aesthetic design may have come at the expense of external shading, or internal thermal barriers, it also proves a clear example of how the orientation of a building can harness natural ventilation to its maximum potential.

Low Pressure Zone due to void beneath

Sunlight and Shading

No Horizontal shading to the exterior of the building

Nil external shading devices to the exterior of the structure. In addition there are no apparent internal shading systems to prevent Heat and Radiation entering during the Summer, or curtains or additional insulative technologies to prevent the loss of heat during the cooler

Note the inclusion of the balustrade directly behind the window openings decrease the volume of air that can flow through at any one time. Maximum opening on either face of the building is 4.845m2 Horizontal slats offset to the exterior facade provide some dispersal of the wind forces and aid to prevent the structure being pushed too much by the wind.

South-Western Elevation

North-oriented light-well allows cool daylight to penetrate the central part zone of the house. FOY-

North-Eastern Elevation

Gro

und

Line

Nearly unobstructed breeze corridor to the lower level prevent taking advantage of potential thermal mass of the lakeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s body of water. North-Eastern Short Section 1:100

Adapted from Detail, 2009

Retu r n b r i ef

I nitial Des ign Res p ons e

A R e h a b i l i tati o n Ro c k po o l

The proposed Marine Educational Research Centre at Blackwattle Bay will become and active extension of the research conducted by R. Morris and colleagues. Additional research into the artificial reef structures have indicated that the more topographically complex a surface is, the more likely the novel habitat will attract and provide shelter to new inhabitants (Toft et al.; Firth et al). We propose that a porous and tidal artificial loop reef be constructed from elements of the deconstructed Hanson Concrete site which will connect to the existing jetty adjacent to the Glebe Boathouse. The artificial reef will have a dual purpose; it will provide a sheltered and complex environment for blenthic fish species to inhabit, and it will also define the enclosed space in which an exposed public pool may be developed. We assume that for the pool to be publicly swimmable there will be sufficient public interest, and that collaboration with local council and the PRCG must first be enacted. Ultimately, the artificial reef will create a rehabilitation rockpool for both ecology of the Blackwattle Bay, and the human inhabitants and visitors to the bay. As such, the Research facility must be somewhat transparent to, and allow engagement with the public. We propose several interventions to redirect the visitor from their wandering pathway. Firstly, an intervening loop that redirects the visitor form the paved boardwalk across and over the water, inviting them to appreciate the bay from a new prospect. The loop will eventually connect to the adjoining jetty, returning the visitor to their intended track. The second intervention draws the visitor to step off the timber boardwalk, down a series of processional stairs, to the waters edge. At this point many may pause, however some may breach the threshold and dip into the pool only to be greeted on the other side by the exposed outdoor showers; a spectacle. The third intervention provides accessible entry to the lower levels of the site as well as a quick point of access for the research team. Starting approximately 20 meters south of the boardwalk entry, an accessible ramp dips under the boardwalk and past the research facility to meet at the base of the processional stair. The Research facility itself is protected by the public promenade it supports. The facility will be host to up to 12-15 staff members, with up to an additional 50 individuals within the conference center. The facility will house integrated aquarium laboratories which will allow the staff to monitor the changes in water quality after the relocation of the Hanson Concrete Facility and development of the new Sydney Fish Markets. The facility will also house a public conference center. One site observation of the artificial rock wall will allow for quantitative Su sta i n a b l e D es i g n G oa l s

We aim for the Marine Education Research Centre to meet the comfort requirements of its users while utilising minimal energy and water from the grid or mains plumbing respectively. We aim to achieve this by orienting the building to take advantage of natural wind driven ventilation and using appropriate seasonal shading. We aim to use local or recycled materials where available, and use material with high embodied energy only where structurally required or for the purposes of longevity. We aim for the structure to have repeatable structural units or bays where possible to help reduce wastage and to assist with ease of prefabrication or construction.

P has e 2

Des ign Develop m ent

The Water’s Edge The Pool, Biennale &C lovelly Beach

‘In the bush, the pool is a waterhole, a dam or a billabong; in the city, a backyard pool, sports facility or city baths; on the coast, a beach house, a concreted grotto in a rock shelf or an ocean baths washed with surf. Mysterious and familiar, tame and wild, natural and man-made, pools are places where the communal and the personal could intersect.’ Toland et al.

In their 2016 Venice Biennale Exhibition Toland, Holliday & Talbert presented an architectural exploration of the ways in which swimming places have shaped Australia’s social sporting, cultural and national identity. Their series of installations proposed that swimming pools, regardless of whether they are naturally occuring, adapted or built, become focal points of space; areas in which are accessible to all and in which we gather as a collective to share, celebrate and relax.

Ex p eriencing the Water’ s Ed ge - C lovelly Beach

Clovelly Beach is the Epitome of a Sydney Beach Pool. Set within a deeply incised sandstone cliff it has become part of the Sydney Coastal walk; attracting tourists and locals alike to its protected waters. The beach provides a series of different opportunities to experience the water’s edge; as a participant, appreciator, or observer. The gentle incline down the sand to the water’s edge makes the threshold nearly imperceivable, heightening the shock of the toes’ first meeting with chilled waters. The alternative is to perch upon the wide concrete foreshore; basking in the Summer sun, or stealing heat form the baked stone in the Winter afternoons; protected on all sides. Those wandering through the site can stumble and explore over the rock pools and peer over the edge of the concrete foreshore into the turquoise waters. Some might be brave enough to dive in - braver than me surely.

Naturally occuring shear face. No new or introduced relationship with the water’s edge

O ur Relati o nshi p wit h t h e Wat e r ’s Ed g e

Cantilever over the water’s edge. The proposal is not gently inviting the visitor to swim, but suggests observation, or the challenge of a dive.

Observation loop. A common feature seen in boardwalk designs. The method of uninterrupted circulation projects over the waters edge to invite observation but not immersion withing the water.

A progressive slope, or gradual decline. Invited the visitor to perch over the water’s edge, or make the gentle progression in to the water itself.

C oncep t Mod els - J elutong Tim be r, Re sin & Cle a r Ac ry lic

Su m m e r So lst i ce 9am

The eaves during the

Winter S olstice 9am

Su m m e r So lst i ce 1 2pm

Winter S olstice 12p m

Su m m e r So lst i ce 3pm

Winter S olstice 3 p m

overhanging the Southern research Summer months while allowing for

laboratories provide sufficient shading for deeper light penetration during the winter

comfort months.

The processional staircase into the pool appears somewhat monolithic and at this stage does not provide separate moments or spaces for pause. Similar feedback regarding the scale of the stairs and potential division of the stairs was provided by the reviewing team at crone architects and has been integrated into reviewing design process henceforth. Inter im Si te Mo del - P ly w ood, B ir ch w ood , Acr y l ic, A L u m i n i u m M es h & Wa x 32

The Dip

The Stair

M o m en ts o f Bath i n g

The P roces s of P roces s ion and review after critical analys is at crone architects

The Monument

The Divider

The Directional Procession

The initial stair iteration proved to become a monument. Although it somewhat translated the design intent of a processional entrance to the water, the sheer scale of the piece overpowered the remainder of the site.

Dividing the curved stair into segments proved to help create zones for pause or sun baking, however the curved form of the stair was still disparate with the orthogonal nature of the Research Facility.

The final iteration of the stair created a staggered entry to the water. The experience of the stair is Dependant upon what point the visitor enters; sunbaked, pause, swimmer, or traveler. The stair has been segmented into pieces that are comparable to the human scale and act as a feature of the site rather than dominating the site.

wa rds

ZAC

Brid

The process of entering the water is nearly as important as the pool itself. The procession down the public staircase, into and through the water, the climb back out, and the process of bathing it almost ritualistic. We have created an exposed, playful scenario where the process has become a spectacle. Within the protected space of the pool the visitors may proceed down the staircase, stopping to bask in the sun stow away their belongings within the netted cages under the stair itself. The stairs, a fixed feature of the bay, dip and dive beneath the waterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s edge as the tide ebbs. Entering the water is not so much as crossing a threshold, as it is a continuation of the staircase.

Vie

ws To

Crossing the pool is to be the centre of the spectacle. Seen by spectator across and above, or a researcher absently peering through the louvers, the pool itself provides protection from the elements, but not necessarily from view.

The interim stair design illustrates our design intent to create differing moments of experience for the visitor; to sunbake, pause, travel of swim. The diagram is also indicative of the differing views across and back towards the bay that the visitor may experience across the site.

Pulling oneself from the edge allows the bather to sit and look back across the pool. The shower itself offers only the illusion of privacy beyond the fishing-rope curtain wall.

ro Ac

war

B ss-

s to

View

arke

e Fis

utur ds F

Site ross ge s Ac id View ZAC Br & AN

Vie

T He L aboratories

Surface, facade and M ateriality

Taking inspiration from the concept of a floating shed facility, we have incorporated both recycled corrugated steel and ironbark timber decking across the structure. The recycled corrugated steel forms the outer shell of the structure; what will be seen from the proposed Sydney Fish Markers and from across the bay. The corrugated steel will be interrupted by vertical planes of translucent glass which will become illuminated form within at dusk and into the evening. The translucency of the glass will provide a soft silhouette of the researchers, while still maintaining a measure of privacy. Below the level of the sill, the glass will cover the proposed reed insulation and provide the visitor with a slightly muted insight into the lining and composition of the building (Right). The trafficable surfaces will be covered with recycled and reclaimed aged ironbark decking. Sourced from both the remains of similar marine decking and decommissioned power poles they will match with the decking of the existing jetty.

The laboratories are not merely research and administration zones. Instead, we saw an opportunity to incorporate observatory mechanisms into the design of the building itself. Each of the three laboratories is dedicated to a different discipline; water quality and control, or the testing and observation of both marine flora or fauna. With such a close relationship with the water we have incorporated centralised aquariums, around which the workspaces are modeled, as well as glass bottom viewing boxes, into which the researchers will have access to house recording or camera equipment and record the diversity and activity at the reef below. The glass bottom viewing boxes also act as a threshold between the public corridor at the perimeter of the rock pool and the research laboratories. Where only the researchers have access the place equipment within the acrylic boxes, both staff and public visitor can share the experience of viewing the reef below without necessarily having to dive beneath the waterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s surface.

Speed Art Museum, Mcgrath Architects, 2016

Kop Warehouses, URA Architects, 2012

Stapleton Neighborhood Pool House Semple Brown Designs, 2005

P has e 3

The Rehabilitation Rockp ool

Plan

Site Plan 1:400 40

East - West Site Section 1 : 20 0

Buil ding Secti o n - Co n f e r e nce Facil it ie s (N TS) 42

North - South Site Section 1 : 20 0 43

Material Material Density (kg/m^3) Volume of Material (m^3) Embodied Energy Factor (mj/kg) Embodied Energy (mj) Sturctural Steel 7800 4.9 13.1 500682 Recycled Corrugated Steel 8050 0.075 17 10263.75 Concrete Floor 2400 1.81E+01 5.6 243264 Ironbark Timber 830 13.44 0.5 5577.6 Polycarbonate 1190 2.52 85 254898 Aluminium 2700 0.72 170 330480 Reed Insulation 225 82.69 0.24 4465.26 Glass 2600 20 12.7 660400 Total 2010030.61

Structural Steel Recycled Corrugated Steel Precast Concrete Flooring Recycled ironwood Decking Twincell Polycarbonate Sheeting Aluminium Window Frames Reed Insulation Glazing

Unsurprisingly, the materials that require refinement such as steel, aluminium and glass possess the highest embodied energy. However the selection of each material carries a and advantageous trade off. The steel trusses that are employed across the structure helps to ensure a minimum ceiling thickness of 350mm between the laboratory and the public pedestrial deck above. Assuming that the pontoon system keeps the water level a consistent 150mm below the surface of the lower deck, at high tide the structure will sit level with the adjacent boardwalk. This is achieved by already reducing the ceiling height of the staff kitchenette from 2.7m to 2.4m. Were the depth of the ceiling to become any greater, the structure would also have to accommodate and additionally hinged floor system to accommodate high tide. Although timber beams may have been used as substitute, either the span of the rooms may have had to be reduced to 6m to allow for an overhead beam, or the depth of the ceiling would have to increase to accommodate a deeper beam. The use of aluminium window frames over timber was selected due to both the durability and structure of the material. Given the proximity of the site to the water, aluminium was a more suitable choice than timber frames, which not only have a tendency to swell, but also expand and contract depending on the weather conditions. Although polycarbonate was a viable option for the glazed wall systems, we elected to proceed with a low-e semi-transparent laminated glass. Given that the researches will be working primarily with organic material, Viridian Translucent ComfortPlus glass was selected as it blocks the transmission of over 99% of UV rays. The translucent glass was selected for aesthetic reasons, for when it is in direct contact with the reed insulation behind at the level of the sill and bulkhead, the outline of the reed insulation is subtly apparent through the glass and visible to both the visitor and researcher.

Exploded Axonometric 44

Embodied Energy

1000mm 1000mm

300mm

900mm

1500mm

500mm

S umme r

46 Detailed Wall Secti on (NTS)

WALLS - Min R Value of 2.8 U Value Thickness (mm) R Value Comfort Glass 3.6 6.38 0.28 POLYPROPOLENE SHEET 3 10MM 0.03 Reed Insulation 0.056 150 2.68 TOTAL WALL R VALUE 2.99

Win te r

Wall Values Blackwattle Bay is located within a Warm Temperate Climate (Zone 5) and as such we aimed to achieve a minimum wall R value of 2.4 to help maintain the userâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s thermal comfort. Where the external glazing system and internal polycarbonate cellular sheeting provide little thermal insulation, the reed insulation acts surprisingly well in comparison to typical glass wool insulation batting. With a conservative thermal conductivity of 0.056 W/(m.K), to achieve an excess total R value of 2.99 across the width of the wall 150mm of reed insulation needs to be used (Womersleys, 2018). In comparison a minimum of 90mm of glass insulation would need to be used to achieve an R value of 2.4. Given the relatively experimental nature of the reed insulation we have allowed a tolerable excess of heat resistance across the wall. It is noteworthy that although reed insulation can be packed tightly within the truss structures, there still exist breaks within the thermal lining of the walls at the point of the steel columns. Condensation and Vapor Pressure Given that the internal vapor pressure does not meet that of the external saturated vapor pressure, there is no evidence to suggest that the structure will have any apparent problems with excess condensation . However, given the experimental nature of the reed insulation there is still some unmitigated risk of vapor transfer and swelling of the reeds. This is also one of the reasons that the reeds have in all cases been sandwiched between two non-pourous materials such as glass and polycarbonate, or a waterproof membrane. CEILING - Min R Value of 4.1 U Value Thickness (mm) R Value Ironbark Cladding (19mm) 0.72 19mm 0.026 20mm Plywood 0.825 20mm 0.024 Reed Insulation 0.056 250mm 4.46 10mm Multicell Polycarb. 3.0 10mm 0.33 TOTAL CEILING R VALUE 4.840

FLOOR - Min R Value 4.1 U Value Thickness (mm) R Value Concrete Slab 0.92 100mm 0.11 20mm Plywood 0.825 20mm 0.024 Ferro-Cement 0.29 50 0.17 Reed Insulation 0.056 220 3.93 TOTAL FLOOR R VALUE 4.234

47 Hydrothermal Analysis

Summer Sol st i c e

Shading: The overhanging deck adjacent to the laboratories Northern glazing provides protection from the Summer sun. The 700mm overhang is an approximate 45% of the height of the room, ensuring that the northern faced glazing is fully shaded for a month either side of the Summer Solstice. To avoid permanently shaded glass at the top of the louvers, the external bulkhead extends 300m, beyond the ceiling level. Where this could have been achieved by continuing a different wall sheeting above the glass, by continuing the timber external bulkhead, the two materials form uninterrupted planes. The overhang also helps to protect the 100mm exposed concrete floors acting as the thermal mass capacity for the building and prevent user discomfort form re-radiant heat.

Ventilation: The 1500mm high wall of operation louvers on the Northern face of the laboratories provides an open catchment for the morning Northerly summer breezes that travel down and through Blackwattle Bay. The Southern facing glazing of the laboratories is fixed until 2100 AFFL with 300mm of operation louvers above this. The relatively low pressure zone created on the Southern face of the building assists to draw air through the laboratory at torso/head height and out, taking advantage of the natural wind-driven cross ventilation. Of note the window to floor area ration for each of the laboratories has been designed to achieve 15%.

Winter S olsti ce

In addition the glass louvers are comprised of a semi transparent laminate. By closing the lower louvers the researchers are afforded both privacy from public visitors and some measure of shading, while not completely eliminating ventilation by keeping the upper set of louvers open.

Ventilation & Shading - The L aboratories

Shading: The Winter sun is low enough that solar access is not inhibited by the external bulkhead. Solar access to the concrete thermal mass slab allows the infrared radiation to be absorbed, stored and re-radiated for approximately 6 hours once the roomâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ambient temperature dips lower than that of the thermal mass. It is noteworthy that although the Western rock wall provides shade to the building against the summer afternoon sun, it also prevents solar access in the winter, and on winter solstice, there is no direct solar access to the first laboratory by approximately 4.30pm.

Ventilation: The cold Winter winds are predominantly from the direction of the South and West. The Western rock wall provides protection for the researchers on the lower level while simply closing the South-facing windows will provide wind protection to the researchers and also provide protection to the thermal mass from a sudden drop in the ambient temperature of the room. While the pedestrian above are offered little protection from the Westerly winds, they are afforded some protection from the southern wind by the transparent solar panel which project from the integrated seating to 1500mm AFFL. While the visitorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s face will experience a crisp Winter breeze while standing, if they shelter on the seating they will find some refuge from the wind whilst soaking up the Winter sun.

Summer Sol stice

Shading: The conference room is East/West oriented and as such receives early morning and late afternoon sun. This zone of the facility does not have the protective shading of the external bulkhead, however it does receive some level of protection from the path overhead cantilevering above the pool. Noteworthy was the implementation of a large North-facing curtain wall at the entry of the conference room. Where the large window allows light into the space, it also poses the risk of becoming a glared surface to those seated in the conference room facing the front. For this reason we have also implemented a sliding white-board which not only complements the function of the educational space, but acts as a large-scale sun-blocking device.

Ventilation: While the space does not capture the northern summer breezes as well as the Laboratories, it does still provide opportunity for cross ventilation. Potentially used less frequently than the laboratories the large space is dependant upon cross ventilaiton to cool the zone quickly. With a similar ventilation strategy to the laboratory zones, the space realises the potential of creating negative pressue zones on one face of the building to pull the air through as a methof for cooling. The set of double doors opening onto the eastern face of the building can also be opened and used to create a wind corridor if required.

Winter Solstice

Shading: The low winter sun penetrates the conference room easily and is not readily inhibited by the cantilever path above the pool. Stacking furniture between events will allow for maximum solar access to the exposed concrete slab and maintaining closed windows will help to achieve the greatest possible lag from that thermal mass into the evening. The main challenge to the large space will be to heat it quickly on a winterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s morning. The presence of multiple bodies attending educational lectures or activities will help to generate heat and uncovering The Northern glazed curtain wall will assist in heating the thermal mass as quickly and efficiently as possible.

Ventilation: Due to its orientation the conference room is largely protected from the cold winter western and souther winds. By opening the east facing windows during winter conferenced may help to reduce the sense of stuffiness, while still maintain that protection.

W indow / Floor area R at io

Volume Flow R at e

Ventilation & Shading - The L aboratories

Transparent solar panels provide just under half of the energy required to power the site. The remaining power will be produced by solar panels on a surrounding building.

Providing for Oneself Wat e r H a r v esti ng a nd El e ctri cal Su pply. Water Capacity Calculations

Anticipated Power Requirements

Glebe Annual Rainfall: 1215mm/annually Occupied Floor space (inc. Amenities) 260m2 Collection Surface Area 180m2 of roof space that can be drained

Occupiable Floor Space: Assuming 15Kw of Energy are used per m2 annually, we will require a total of + additional 30% to power external lighting Daily Energy Requirements

Estimating for a conservative 20 staff members per day, assuming staff are on site five days per week. Water Usage Calculations Shower (Water efficient shower heads 9L/ minute allowing for 20 people to shower for two minutes, daily Dishwasher - 5L/Load, allowing for 5 loads per weeks Drinking / Cleaning / Cooking - allowing for 5L per day for 20 people, 5 days per week Hand Basin - Allowing for 2.5L per day three times daily, for 20 people, 5 days per week Toilet - Single Flush - 6L per flush, once daily for 20 people 5 days per week Toilet - Half Flush - 6L per flush, Twice daily for 20 people 5 days per week Public Toilets - 3L per flush, allowing for 100 flushes per day

131,400 L

Total Liters Per Annum

369,600L

1300 L

260m2 3900Kw anually 5070Kw Anually (Ajd.) 13.8Kw

Based on this calculation , if we were to use a standard 4Kw system we would require 12x 330Kw at 1100x1700mm. A total surface area of 20.4m2. Standard Solar Panels have an efficiency of approximately 15%, while to transparent solar panels we are proposing to use have a conservative efficiency of approximately 10%.

26,000L

Given this, we will require approximately 30.6m2 of surface area for the solar panels.

39,000L

The solar panels will be acting as a transparent wind break on the southern side of the boardwalk Promenade. Given their function we have allowed for a total of 14.5m2 of surface area.

31,200L 31,200L 54,750L

Although the unobstructed position and vertical orientation of the transparent solar panels may increase their efficiency, we do not predict that the efficiency will be doubled to meet our energy needs. Based on this we propose that additional solar panels be placed on the adjacent school site or Boatshed, with their collaboration and consent.

A 10,000 L water tank will provide sufficient water for the site for approximately 36% of the year. Given that the site has a trafficable roof water will be drained away from beneath the decking into a concealed gutter on the Eastern end of the building. The trafficable roof will have a1% pitch to help with appropriate drainage. The structure is floating and is already

The 10,000L water tank will be concealed within the wedgeshaped plinth at the northern end of the structure and will be semisubmersed depending on the rate of water collection.

Based on Estimations from Tankulator ÂŠ a 10,000L tank will be the most efficient size for water collection. Including the estimation of water required for public amenities,we will be able to utilise tank water for a total of 131 days per year (36%). A total of 132,358 potential Liters of harvested rainwater can be used, with the remaining 237,387L being sourced from mains plumbing though flexible plumbing tubing. Based on these calculations there will only be one potential day of overflow from the tank. 52

M aterial and life-cycle analysis RAW

MA TE RI AL

PROCESSING

USE

N IO CT RA XT

AL OS SP DI

G CYCLIN / RE

T FAC MANU

Steel: Manufactured in Port Kembla, Bluescope steel currently utilises approximately 1520% of recycled steel in its manufacturing process. Instead of becoming industrial waste, the byproducts from the steel making process have many uses from road bases, fertilisers, mulches; even the slag can be reused in manufacturing high-strength steel products. Manufactured to size, there is usually little wastage or excess for disposal on site. Steel is theoretically 100% recyclable and if recovered at the end of each use phase, the life-cycle of steel is potentially endless. Currently 80% of steel is being recaptured to be reused or recycled. Given the longevity and high performance of the material the embodied energy required to manufacture and recycle steel can be justified within the context of this project. Aluminium: Extracted from the Bauxite mines of QLD, NT or WA, it is the process of smelting and extruding the aluminium using large amounts of electricity for electrolytic and heating purposes that gives the material its high embodied energy. Offset against this high embodied energy is the materialâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s strength, lightness, durability, ability to be recycled and ability to resist corrosion. Used sparingly in areas such as window frames that have the resist warping and corrosion near an aquatic environment the use of aluminium window framing can be justified over its timber or PVC counterpart in the context of this project.

Glass: Viridian Comfort Plus translucent glass was selected for this project due to both its solar and insulative performance, as well as the translucent aesthetic that it creates when overlaid upon the reed insulation. Produce in manufactured in Melbourne, Viridian works in partnership with the Victorian Environmental Protection Authority to work towards waste reduction and the incorporation of up to 95% of recycled glass in its patterned or translucent standard glass ranges. While to laminated Confort plus range does not have an apparent recycled content it does act to prevent up greater than 99% of UV transmission (Viridian, 2018); important not only in a research facility that requires working with organic components, but also to protect the reed wall insulation from deterioration. Reeds: Used more frequently in Northern Europe as an alternative to glass wool insulation, reed insulation possess has a surprisingly low thermal conductivity of 0.056 W/mK. Although it requires approximately 1.5x the depth to achieve an insulation value to that of its glass wool competitor it has a conservative one fiftieth of its total embodied energy (Womersleys, 2018). Although there is limited research into the application of reed insulation outside of the domestic setting, it proves itself to be a potential sustainable alternative to traditional insulation materials. Currently, what data is available has come from the use of the common wetland reed, Phragmites Australis. Although this is readily found in Australia, it may also be worth investigating the Australian bulrush reed, Typha Latifola, as a native alternative. Concrete: Manufactured and refined locally we propose that the floors to the laboratory and conference center be made from 100mm thick precast concrete to act as the structureâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s body of thermal mass. The concrete will be sourced from the local Hanson Concrete facility after its relocation to Glebe Island, Development Application Pending. Polycarbonate: Manufactured in Melbourne, Ampeliteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Lexian Thermoclear twin cell polycarbonate sheeting has been selected as an internal wall lining over the reed insulation. Although it possess a relatively high embodied energy and it cannot be readily recycled, the overall quantity used is relatively small. Similar to the translucent external glass it will allow for the outline of the reed insulation to be seen from inside the laboratories, while also preventing up to 99% of UV transmission ; protecting the reed insulation from UV damage and deterioration (Ampelite, 2015). Ironbark Timber Decking. Sourced from Australian Architectural Hardwoods in Kempsey NSW, the ironbark timber decking that will be utilised on the upper promenade, pool staircase and lower external deck will be lightly aged and recycled from similar marine decking as well as decommissioned telegraph poles in QLD. The aged timber will help it to blend with the existing jetty boardwalk constructed from the same timber. Ironbark timber is very dense, strong and a suitable application in marine environments that are trafficable and require longevity. 54

SWOT Analysis Strengths:

Opportunities: Pilot In-situ project.

Overall I believe that our Marine Research facility has largely met the return brief. The design meets the self driven public and private agenda and creates moments where these two intersect and interact to help create public interest into the ongoing marine research within Blackwattle Bay. Although we utilised greater than anticipated amount of steel, particularly within the truss roof system, the benefit of achieving a thin trafficable roof outweighs the cost of its large embodied energy. The project has allowed us to explore innovative and alternative methods of achieving thermal comfort and adjust both the structure and materiality according to the demands of the site and situation of the user. With the exception of the reed insulation, all materials have been selected for their durability and longevity, mitigating the risk of having to replace materials regularly and the additional cost and burden of labor.

The development of the rehabilitation rockpool would require the collaboration of several organisations; including local Council as well as the Parramatta River Catchment Group. As the first of its kind within Sydney, if successful, the in situ Marine Research Centre could be redeveloped at other sites across the harbour that have previously been deemed swimmable. Similar to both Lake Parramatta and Blackwattle bay, both the inhabitants of the local city, and smaller inhabitants of the local ecology would benefit from the site intervention. On a smaller scale, this project has open up op opportunities to consider alternative local building materials. The low thermal conductivity of reed insulation was surprising and further investigation into native or local alternatives is worth pursuing. Similarly, although transparent photovoltaic cells are not an entirely new technology, they have not yet been largely implemented. The public exposure of our small-scale transparent solar panels acting as a wind break illustrates that they do not have to be a purely roof-fixed commodity, but rather there is opportunity for them to be used as within facade systems, and potentially as an alternative solution to vertical glazing.

Weaknesses:

Threats:

The initial concern regarding the design proposal with whether the public will engage with the site. Although the design has incorporated several strategies to encourage different experiences by the user it may be difficult to overcome the public perception that Blackwattle Bay is not a desirable place to swim socially. For this reason it will be useful to partner with the PRCG to help promote public awareness and establish a development plan as to when and how the bay will become swimmable again. On a more tangible front, the use of steel to support the trafficable roof has allowed for a relatively thin structure across an open span of approximately 7 meters, however this has dramatically increased the amount of embodied energy within the structure. An alternative solution would have meant incorporating a series of deep timber beams spanning the laboratories or introducing columns in the center of each laboratory to provide additional support, and reduce the depth of, the beam overhead. Given that the aquariums are central to each of the the rooms, and the main internal circulation running closely alongside it was not feasible to divide the space further with interrupting columns. The use of steel columns in the walls have also created regular thermal breaks across the structure.

The use of compact bundles reeds for wall , ceiling and floor insulation may to be a completely new innovation, but is an uncommon one within the national context. Due to the variable nature of the material itself there is a risk that it will not perform to the expected thermal standards, or the threat of decay on a relatively exposed site. Taking this into consideration, we have increased the thickness of the required insulation and covered them in both waterproof and UV resistant surfaces. Should the exposed insulation within the walls swell or fail it is relatively easy to access for replacement. The upcoming redevelopment of the site, and new Sydney Fish Markets will mean that it is exposed to regular water traffic. Although the predicted increase of marine flora at the artificial rock wall will increase water filtration and overall quality of water within the Bay, it is unknown whether it will be able to content with the additional water traffic. A possible solution will be to introduce other mechanisms of local water filtration systems within the bay and lobby council and National Roads and Maritime services for strict regulation of water traffic.

Final Presentation Model

1:200 S ite Mode l 56

P lywod , Birchwood , A Lumin ium Me sh &Cle a r Ac ry lic

1:20 S e c tion a l Mode l 60

P lywod , Birc hwood, Boxb oa rd & Ac etate

References

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 64

City Of Sydney. ‘Glebe Municipality, 1888.’ Historical Altas of Sydney. Web Access 12 March 2018 <http://atlas.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/ maps/glebe-municipality-1888/glebe-municipality-1888 Ampelite. “Profile Free Facades. Wall Panels”. 2015. http://www.ampelite.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Lexan-ThermoclickBrochure-2015.pdf. Accessed 26 May 2018 Birch, Gavin. A short geological and environmental history of the Sydney estuary, Australia. Sydney University Press, 2007, Print Birch, G. F, Lean J, Gunns, T. “Growth and decline of shoreline industry in Sydney estuary (Australia) and influence on adjacent estuarine sediments” Environ Monit Assess, 4 May 2015. 1-17: Print Department of the Environment, National Dioxins Program series of reports, 2004-2005[online – accessed 12 June 2018]; Birch, G. et al., Modelling nutrient loads to Sydney Estuary (Australia), Environmental Monitoring & Assessment, 2010, Vol 167(1-4): 333-348. Browne, M. A., and M. G. Chapman. “ Ecologically Informed Engineering Reduces Loss of Intertidal Biodiversity on artificial Shorelines.” Environmental Science & Technology 45 (2011): 8204-07. Print. Chapman, M. G., and A. J. Underwood. “ Evaluation of Ecological Engineering of “Armoured” Shorelines to Improve Their Value as Habitat.” Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 400 (2011): 302-13. Print. Council, City of Sydney. “Extension of Glebe Foreshore Walk.” City of Sydney Council 2016. Web. 21.02.18 2018. Dafforn, K.A., et al. Guiding Principles for Marine Foreshore Developments. Report Prepared for Urbangrowth Nsw. Sydney: University of NSW, 2016. Print. Detail. “Floating House on Lake Huron, Canada”. Detail 12.1 (2009) Print Dujardin, P. KOP Warehouses. Landscape. http://www.ura.be. Accessed 19 May 2018 Firth, L. B., et al. “Eco-Engineered Rock Pools: A Concrete Solution to Biodiversity Loss and Urban Sprawl in the Marine Environment.” Environmental Research Letters 11.1 (2016): 1-16. Print. Holzherr, F. “Floating House”. MOS Architects 2018. Web 23.03.2018 Morris, R. L., et al. “Increasing Habitat Complexity on Seawalls: Investigating Large and Small Scale Effects on Fish Assemblages.” Ecol Evol 7.22 (2017): 9567-79. Print. MG McGrath, “Speed Art – Image 1” McGrath Architectural, https://mgmcgrath.com/portfolio/speed-art-museum. Accessed 19 May 2018 Nearmaps (2018) Retrieved from http://maps.au.nearmap.com. Accessed 16 June 2018. Parramatta Sun, “Opening of Lake Parramatta”, Parramatta Sun, 31 Jan. 2015, https://www.fairfieldchampion.com.au/story/2830611/lakeparramatta-to-open-for-swimming. Accessed 11 June 2018 Parramatta Sun, “Piece of Swimming History”, Parramatta Sun, 31 Jan. 2015, https://www.fairfieldchampion.com.au/story/2830611/lakeparramatta-to-open-for-swimming. Accessed 11 June 2018 Pinto, M. M., E. L. Johnston, and O. A Hutchins. “Sydney Harbour: A Review of Anthropogenic Impacts on the Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function of One of the World’s Largest Harbours.” Marine and Freshwater Research 66.12 (2015): 1088-105. Print. Ryan, Z. Building With Water: Concept Typology Design. Vol 1: Kirkhauser Architecture, 2010. Print Semple Brown. “Stapleton Pool Houses 1,2 &3. House 2. Semple Brown Designs. http://semplebrown.com/works/recreation/stapleton-poolhouses-1-2-3/. Accessed 19 May 2018 Strain, E. M., et al. “Eco‐Engineering Urban Infrastructure for Marine and Coastal Biodiversity: Which Interventions Have the Greatest Ecological Benefit?” Journal of Applied Ecology 55.1 (2017): 426-41. Print. Sydney Water, “Our Living River”, Parramatta River – Our Living River, www.sydneywatertalk.com.au/parramattariver. Accessed 12th June, 2018 Toft, J.D., et al. “Ecological Response and Physical Stability of Habitat Enhancements Along an Urban Armored Shoreline.” Ecological Engineering 57 (2013): 97-108. Print. Toland, I, Holliday, A & Tabet, M. The Pool: Architecture, Culture and Identity in Australia. Australian Institute of Architects. Melbourne 2016. Turner, R. “Sydney Institute of Marine Sciences”, Eeles Trelease Architects, http://www.eelestrelease.com/public/#/sydney-institute-of-marinescience, Accessed 9th June 2018 Viridian Glass. “Comfort Plus Technical Data”. http://www.viridianglass.com/products/energy-efficiency/comfortplus. Accessed 28 April 2018 Womersleys Co, UK. “Reed Board Technical Information Sheet”. 2018. http://www.womersleys.co.uk/techguides/Reed_Board_data_sheet. pdf. Accessed 28 April 2018 65

Thank you