KATERINA DVORACKOVA
MANOLO BLAHNIK
BRAND REPORT
CONTENT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...................................5 BRAND HISTORY.............................................6 MANOLO‘S INSPIRATION..............................12 PRODUCTS....................................................16 UNIQUE SELLING POINT...............................20 TARGET CUSTOMERS..................................24 CURRENT DISTRIBUTION............................28 KEY COMPETITORS......................................30 MARKET ANALYSIS.......................................36 MARKET POSITIONING MAP.........................37 SWOT ANALYSIS...........................................38 COMMUNICATIONS MIX...............................40 RECOMMENDATION.....................................48
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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In this report, the focus is on Manolo Blahnik brand, which is a wellrenowned brand of luxury fashion footwear. Through extensive research the focus has been on historical facts and the development of the brand from its beginning till the present day; factors such as products, competitors, segmentation of consumers...; and also reflect on aspects and opportunities of brand development in the coming years and strengthening of market position. Nowadays, every fashion brand has to communicate with customers through social networks and modern technologies. In this report, the thinking has also been about new possibilities in this area.
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M
anuel ‘Manolo’ Blahnik Rodríguez was born on 27 November, 1942 in Santa Cruz de La Palma, in the Canary Islands. His surname is of Czech origin, as his father was Czech; while his mother was Spanish. He first study politics in Geneva, but one semester later he decided to change his course to literature and architecture. In 1965, he moved to Paris, where he studied art. Three years later Manolo Blahnik lived in London. (Carrillo de Albornoz, 2017) In contrast to many of his colleagues Manolo has never achieved formal education in craft of shoemaking. Everything about production, materials and techniques has been learned in the best factories, first in England and later in Italy. (Carrillo de Albornoz, 2017) His career began in 1971, on a visit to New York, he showed his portfolio to Diana Vreeland (future editor of American Vogue). She recommended him to
turn his talents to designing shoes. (Wintour et al, 2003) In 1972, British designer Ossie Clark asked Manolo to make shoes for his spring/summer collection. Since Manolo did not have much experience and initially lacked the technical skills to create structurally designs. The shoes looked wonderful, but they did not really work. He forgot to put in rubber heels that would support the shoe – bit of steel inside – so when it got hot, the heels started to wobble. All models, walking around, making a real effort not to fall. It was a horrible mistake, but everybody loved it. At the end, people started talking about this mistake as a new way of walking! (Fox, 2017) In a short period of time, Manolo became a fashion personality and since the beginning of 1973 he has been one of the most well-known British fashion designer. To help build his business, he enlisted to help of his sister Evangelina. In 1973, with a £2 000 loan,
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Manolo Blahnik has received many prestigious awards. Including awards from the Council of Fashion Designers of America, and the British Council’s Accessory Designer of the Year’ in 1990 and 1999. In 2001, he was named Honorary Royal Designer for Industry by the Royal Society of Arts and was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Arts by the Royal College of Art. In 2002, he was presented with La Medalla de Oro del Merito en las Bellas Artes by Don Juan Carlos I, King of Spain. (Wintour et al, 2003)
they opened first boutique in London Chelsea. At that time, the boutique had original name ‘Zapata’. After legal proceeding concerning the name ‘Zapata’ (Spanish word for shoes) he changed the name of the boutique to Manolo Blahnik. In 1979, he opened first US store on Manhattan’s Madison Avenue. (Fox, 2017) After opening the first London store, Manolo Blahnik did not have a budget for advertising, and relied purely on word-of-mouth to promote the brand. So, when photographer Cecil Beaton suggested, that Manolo give him some drawings for his campaign; Manolo was excited. The Beaton’s pictures appeared in December issue of Vogue magazine in 1979. (Fox, 2017) Vogue magazine was his window into the fashion world and advertisement. His relationship with Vogue started in 1970s. (Carrillo de Albornoz, 2017)
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In 1988, British Anna Wintour became the editor-in-chief of American Vogue. Since she loves Manolo’s work, she helped him to increase popularity in America. Thanks to the connection between Vogue and Manolo, from 1990 to 1992, there was no issue of Vogue without a pair of Manolo Blahnik’s shoes in it. (Fox, 2017) The popularity of Manolo Blahnik and his exceptional shoes are also promoted in filmography. Movie and TV serial ‘Sex and the City’ helped the brand to be more known widely, not just in America. Thanks to Sarah Jessica Parker (Carrie Bradshaw), who is fascinated with Manolo’s shoes, the name of Manolo Blahnik is very often mentioned in the movie or serial. This is a huge advertising and promotion of the brand around the world. (Fox, 2017)
Today, just as it was at the beginning, his business is family run. Manolo Blahnik still heads the brand as Creative Director and Chairman. From 1981 he worked with his sister Evangelina as Managing Director. At 2013, Manolo’s niece Kristina took over her position. Kristina, as CEO of the company, is currently working on expanding and optimising the business worldwide and manages all aspects of the family venture. (Anon, 2018)
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Manolo Blahnik has become one of the most influential shoe designer in the world. Till the present day, each pair of shoes is designed by Manolo Blahnik himself. His shoes are still instantly recognisable as unique, inimitable in precision, exquisite workmanship and luxury. The name of Manolo Blahnik has become synonymous with beautifully crafted and highly desirable shoes, that present femininity, originality and timeless elegance. (Blahnik et al, 2010) Blahnik’s drawings of shoes are not only suggestive sketches, but also artworks in their own right. He is inspired by a rich palette of colour. With elegance, he has created shoes that are both feminine and strong, avant-garde and timeless. He has changed the way women walk, as well as he redefined femininity. (Carrillo de Albornoz, 2017)
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INSPIRATION
“Elegance conveys a respect of the past and our traditions.”
Every Manolo’s shoe has a story that comes from his memories to everything he saw, heard or experienced. Fashion has been important to him since childhood. He saw his mother, a fashion lover, collaborating with shoe-makers to make shoes of her own design. His hometown is an inspiration especially for the nature and colours. Manolo often incorporates flowers, leaf shapes and colours in the patterns of his shoes. Although Manolo did not finish his degree
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of architecture, this field has been a source of endless inspiration and instrumental to the construction of his shoes. Some of the designs are connected with art through history. Of all the art, movies are probably the biggest influence on his work, especially on his thoughts about femininity. All the women that Manolo saw in cinema, movie, book or paintings have the strength, courage and elegance in their own style. (Carrillo de Albornoz, 2017)
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PRODUCTS
Luxury brand Manolo Blahnik offers a range of products, that appeal to their specific target audience. The brand includes women’s and men’s footwear, bridal shoes, bags and accessories (belts, scarves, gloves, pocket squares, umbrellas and socks).
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PRODUCTS
Although, Manolo Blahnik is famous for women’s footwear, he has made shoes for himself and close friends since he started his career. It was only matter of time, when he launched a collection for men. Thanks to the big demand in the last two years, Manolo Blahnik has expanded brand’s range to men’s shoes. First separate boutique dedicated to men was opened in July 2018 in Burlington Arcade, London, next to a boutique with women’s shoes. Together with the new store, he launched a new advertising campaign and an Instagram account for men. (Anon, 2018) Every woman dreams about having the symbolic Hangisi Heels at the wedding, Carrie Bradshaw had these shoes in movie ‘Sex and the City’. Thanks to this iconic moment, the brand has expanded its range to bridal collection. The collection includes classic wedding shoes in the designer’s signature elegant style, as well as designs for bridesmaids or mothers-of-thebride. Thanks to this offer, Manolo Blahnik has expanded not only its customer base, but also increased sale. The bridal offer is for sale on the website and in the boutique in Burlington Arcade, London. (Lowe, 2017)
Manolo Blahnik create four women’s collections a year as well as bags and a men’s collection. Manolo still sketches every shoe himself and works with his niece to bring the collection to fruition. He travels to Italy each season to personally work on the lasts and heels, choosing materials and accessories and overseeing the development of each prototype. He still retains a close relationship with the artisans in the factories. (Anon, 2018) Another Manolo’s products are bags. These bags have been one of the most demanding items and are extension of some shoes’ styles. Manolo Blahnik tries to keep the connection between shoes and bags. (Conlon, 2015)
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Manolo Blahnik, as a brand, is in the maturity stage of their lifecycle. The brand extension – introducing new products (men’s shoes) – helps to the brand to keep in this position. It prevents them from entering into the decline stage.
UNIQUE SELLING POINT
Unique selling point gives to the brand its distinctive emotional pull and provides a strong selling argument. USP is a marketing tool that can be used to highlight and articulate specific points of difference that make a particular product, service, or brand unique and different from competitors’ products on the market. (Posner, 2011)
USP OF MANOLO BLAHNIK: Each pair of shoes is designed by Manolo Blahnik himself. Manolo has never looked at the latest trends for his inspiration. Every Manolo’s shoe has a story that comes from his memories to everything he saw, heard or experienced. Products are recognizable, unique and inimitable. Manolo’s drawings – suggestive sketches, but also artworks in their own right.
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Geographically, the market with luxury women’s shoes is focused on a developed world, specifically on Europe, the United States and Asia. Manolo Blahnik is focused on very specific customers. Ambitious women aged 25 and over, who yearn for elegant style. Manolo Blahnik’s shoes are a symbol of elegance, independence and success. The phenomenal success of placement Manolo Blahnik’s product in the movie and TV serial ‘Sex and the City’ has dramatically increased brand awareness and convinced a new generation of women that Manolo is more than footwear. Manolo Blahnik also focuses on women, future brides, who looking for classic,
elegant and unique pieces for their special day. Men have also become an opportunity for Manolo Blahnik. Even though he has made shoes for himself since he started his career, since 2018 the brand has been officially focused on male comfort and elegance. The target group is a successful man who lives in a big busy city. A self-confident, ambitious and successful businessman who yearn for comfortable yet elegant footwear. His important and famous customers include for example - Anna Wintour, Sarah Jessica Parker, Rihanna, Victoria Beckham, Kate Moss, Diane von Furstenberg, Paloma Picasso, Bianca Jagger and others. (Wintour et al, 2003. Allen, 2016)
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TARGET CUSTOMERS
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TARGET CUSTOMERS
Consumers are willing to pay a premium price, because they perceive the shoes as an art work that leads to social status. Manolo Blahnik offers footwear form every day to formal social events. The brand has a high demand for extraordinary and high-quality footwear among modern women by connecting promotion and strategy. Manolo Blahnik reveals the hidden needs and wishes of these women and he influences their motivation and desire to buy his shoes. Purchase of the shoes is influenced by disposable income of customers and motivation to feel and look great. Purchase is based on the psychological satisfaction of higher needs. For example, designs of shoes that were in ‘Sex and the City’ have become very popular in the market. Brand identity is classic, stylish and sophisticated. Products are high quality and reflect elegance. Consumers consider the brand as timeless and they trust Manolo Blahnik, so the customer loyalty is high.
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Manolo Blahnik is a privately-owned company. Their products are sold online at manoloblahnik.com, in exclusive boutiques and department stores. The products are sold in 31 countries, on five continents. Europe and Asia are the largest and most lucrative market of the brand. Currently, the brand holds more than 300 points of sale including flagship stores all over the world – London – Chelsea, as well as London – Mayfair, New York, Hong Kong, Madrid, Barcelona, Moscow, Geneva, Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Seoul, Tokyo, Kuala Lumpur, Doha and Singapore. (Anon, 2018)
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CURRENT DISTRIBUTION
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he key competitors of Manolo Blahnik brand are Jimmy Choo and Christian Louboutin. They offer similar products, prices and styles in regards to both shoes and bridal wear. They are also high-end designer brands which are well-known and recognized among the industry. Manolo Blahnik, Jimmy Choo and Christian Louboutin are luxury footwear brands. They produce beautiful, modern and quality footwear and offer a wide range of choices and styles. In contrast to the competitors, Manolo Blahnik works as a designer alone. He has no representatives. Each shoe is designed by himself, and in many cases, he is also involved in production. Compared to competition, prices of Manolo’s shoes are sometimes higher than prices of competitor’s shoes. This exclusivity is the result of careful craft and production costs. (Anon, 2018)
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KEY COMPETITORS
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KEY COMPETITORS
MANOLO BLAHNIK Pumps Shoes Bags Accessories
£495 - £5.995 £490 - £5.995 (ballerinas) (pumps) £1.140 - £1.480 £25 - £595 (socks) (belt)
JIMMY CHOO Pumps Shoes Bags Accessories
£450 - £1.895 £195 - £1.895 (slippers) (pumps) £375 - £3.295 £37 - £650 (perfume) (cross body mini bag)
CHRISTIAN LOUBOUTIN Pumps Shoes Bags Accessories
£495 - £975 £445 - £1.625 (ballerinas) (sneakers) £675 - £1.995 £145 - £1.165 (phone case) (pouch)
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MARKET ANALYSIS
In 2017, the worldwide market for designers and luxury footwear reached $17 821.6 million. The market is expected to reach $22 003.1 million at the end of 2023. Moreover, it is expected that in the assumed period, that is 2018–2023, the growth at CAGR level will increase to 3.6%. The increasing popularity of private brands can assume that the growth of market with designers and luxury footwear will increase in the coming years. Europe is the world‘s largest market, Asia-Pacific is considered to be the fastest growing market. (Anon, 2018)
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MARKET POSITIONING MAP
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SWOT ANALYSIS
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STRENGTHS
WEAKNESSES
OPPORTUNITIES
THREATS
Brand recognition; strong association to quality; exclusive merchandise; celebrity endorsement, quality processes and materials; distinctive signature style and USP
Higher prices than competitors; marketing promotions and social media
Men’s shoe extension; growing market potential; celebrity collaboration; rise of social marketing – opportunity to raise awareness and promote products
Growing competition; Manolo Blahnik is the only designer under the brand
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ADVERTISING (TV, MAGAZINES) Since the beginning of his career, Manolo Blahnik had been relying only on the word-of-mouth promotion of the business. Like most luxury brands, the brand tends to avoid television advertising in order to maintain the exclusivity of its products. The most successful communication strategy was the movie and TV series ‘Sex in the City’, where they often refer the Manolo Blahnik brand. This makes Manolo Blahnik famous and well-known all over the world. This immediately attracted attention of the target consumers. The combination of Manolo and ‘Sex and the City’ has created a relationship
between cosmopolitan life and Manalo’s shoes. The collaboration is often mentioned as one of the most effective example of product placement and creation of strategy. (Manesis, 2016) We could see Manolo’s shoes also in movie by Sofia Coppola – ‘Marie Antoinette’- who received an Academy Award for Best Costume in 2007. (Anon, 2018) Press is an important part in fashion promotion. It keeps readers updated with the latest news and fashion trends. Vogue magazine was Manolo’s window into the fashion world and advertisement. His relationship with Vogue started in 1970s. (Carrillo de Albornoz, 2017) Presently, online magazines are growing rapidly, and their popularity is increasing. Currently, Manolo Blahnik has more advertisements and articles online than in the printed media. PUBLIC RELATIONS
SOCIAL MEDIA Even though, the brand did not capture digital revolution and preferred the traditional way of offline communication, they are now updating their social accounts regularly and continuously. However, probably because of the lack of awareness of the Manolo brand, the social accounts do not have as many followers as the competitors. The brand has its own accounts on Facebook, Instagram (separately for women and men), Twitter, YouTube and Pinterest. On these websites they share interesting stories, photos and videos. Social networks are also used as a direct route to customers and for brand-to-customer communication. Manolo Blahnik also has a website, that is sophisticated, well-arranged and elegant.
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FASHION SHOWS Fashion shows are an integral part of the fashion industry and provide significant PR. It is an important opportunity to attract the media’s attention and raise brand awareness. (Posner, 2011) In September 2013, Manolo Blahnik for the very first time staged a presentation at London Fashion Week and in 2014 in New York City. (Fox, 2017) He teamed up with a number of brands to create the shoes for their fall 2018 collections. For example, with – Sally LaPointe, Carolina Herrera, Jason Wu,
COMMUNICATIONS MIX
Jonathan Simkhai, Brandon Maxwell. (Fasanella, 2018) THE ART OF SHOES The Art of Shoes is thematic exhibition included 45 years of work by Manolo Blahnik. The exhibition celebrates Blahnik’s work as art, highlights creativity, vision and his craft of shoemaking. The Art of Shoes exhibition was in 5 different prestigious cities, that are important for Manolo Blahnik for his inspiration or emotional connection. The exhibition opened in January 2017 at Milan. Manolo has developed his craft of shoemaking in Italy and still has factories here. Manolo has been always inspired by Russian culture, history and heritage of the country, so another stop of the exhibition was St. Petersburg. Prague, the Czech Republic, as homeland of his father, could not be missed. The exhibition was also presented in Madrid, Spain, and in Toronto, Canada. (Anon, 2018)
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CELEBRITY ENDORSEMENT AND COLLABORATION The Manolo Blahnik brand uses its famous personalities, who purchase the products, to enhance brand image, raise awareness and market position. Manolo Blahnik also collaborate with famous brands or celebrities (for example, collaboration with Vetements, Rihanna, or creating collections for Isaac Mizrrahi, Oscar de la Renta, Calvin Klein…). (Fox, 2017) Collaboration helps brand to attract more attention of the world’s media, reach new audiences and produce something new and unexpected. (Cope and Maloney, 2016) Collaboration between Manolo Blahnik and Rihanna began when she decided to design shoes. She knew, she had to work with a professional. Rihanna has been always fascinated by Manolo’s shoes, they present the most luxurious and timeless shoes, and give to women a feeling, that they are incredible. The first collaboration was in 2016 with ‘Denim Desserts’ collection. Each shoe is decorated with sequins and embroidery, that is inspired by Rihanna’s hand tattoo. Second collection was called ‘the Savage’. The collection of winter footwear is inspired by Rihanna’s love for hiphop and Timberland’s work-boot. Every style is defined by detailed lacing. The third and final collection called ‘So Stoned’ is exclusive and limited edition, that contains four styles – gladiator sandals, strappy sandals, high-heeled mule sandals and mid-heeled mule sandals. (Johns, 2017. Swayne, 2017. Sheffield, 2016.) Another significant brand collaboration is Manolo Blahnik and Vetements. The collection is a mixture of both classic and modern shoes, the use of satin and graphic representation of the brand logo. (Fishman, 2017)
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RECOMMENDATION
SOCIAL MEDIA
WEBSITE
Manolo Blahnik is perceived as luxury brand, but in my opinion communication strategy needs improvement. The current online strategy, in terms of social media, is not so successful. Competitors such as Jimmy Choo and Christian Louboutin have much more success on social network. The difference between Blahnik and competitors is really big, so the brand should focus on new ways to improve its online image. They share interesting photos and various posts on social media, but these accounts should be updated daily, add more information about brand, product photos, and much more. The brand should try to engage customers online through social media. In my opinion, it is great that Manolo Blahnik uses hashtag #ManoloBlahnik on his Instagram account. I think, if they enable to customers to use this hashtag, the customers would feel more connected to brand. If customers share their photos (photos of Manolo’s products etc.) with #ManoloBlahnik, and show them to their followers, it would create a potential shopping signal. The brand would get a free promotion, raise brand awareness and there is an opportunity to have more posts and followers on social media.
Manolo Blahnik has newly reconstructed website, where the brand is able to sell all its products. The website is very sophisticated, well-arranged and elegant, but it could still be improved. The brand has a very interesting history, heritage, value, collaboration, and also all the awards that Manolo has received. Unfortunately, there is only a very short and brief description of the history, and some parts are missing. I think these are very important elements and brands features that should be mentioned on the website. The website is available only in English. As Manolo has customers around the world, for improvement there should be a language option with minimum of 5 different languages. It would be easier for customers to search and find what they need.
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MAGAZINES Currently, Manolo Blahnik has more advertisements and articles online than in the printed media. Which I think is great. Anyway, after my research in the library – I looked at different magazines from different periods and years – Manolo Blahnik did not have photos or articles there at all. In contrast, the key competitor Jimmy Choo has promotional photos almost everywhere. Despite the fact, that the online magazines are growing up rapidly and their popularity is increasing, Manolo Blahnik should not forgot about the print media as well. Promotional photos, interviews and articles in fashion magazines could significantly increase sales and awareness of Manolo Blahnik.
BIBLIOGRAPHY Anon (2018) Manolo Blahnik. https://www.manoloblahnik.com/gb/ [Accessed 15 October 2018] Fox, Ch. (2017) Vogue on: Manolo Blahnik. London, Quadrille Publishing Limited. Carrillo de Albornoz, C. (2017) Manolo Blahník: The Art of Shoes. New York, Skira Rizzoli Publications, Inc. Blahník, M. et al (2010) Manolo’s new shoes: drawings by Manolo Blahník. London, Thames & Hudson Ltd. Wintour, A. et al (2003) Manolo Blahník: Drawings. London, Thames & Hudson Ltd. Cope, J. and Maloney, D. (2016) Fashion promotion in practice. London, Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. Posner, H. (2011) Marketing Fashion. London, Laurence King Publishing Ltd. Sheffield, E. (2016) These boots weren’t made for walking. British Vogue, April, pp185-190. Anon (2018) Designer and luxury footwear market global industry analysis. Mynewsdesk, http://www.mynewsdesk.com/researchreportsinc/ pressreleases/designer-and-luxury-footwear-market-global-industry-analysis-size-share-growth-trends-and-forecasts-2018-2023-2685952 [Accessed 20 October 2018] Lowe, A. (2017) Manolo Blahnik Launches Bridal Shoe Collection. Brides magazine, https://www.bridesmagazine.co.uk/gallery/manolo-blahnik-bridal-shoes [Accessed 15 October 2018] Conlon, S. (2015) Manolo Blahnik Launches First Bag Collection. Vogue, https://www.vogue.co.uk/gallery/manolo-blahnik-launches-bag-clutch-collection [Accessed 15 October 2018] Allen, R. (2016) 7 Celebrities who love Manolo Blahnik shoes. Footwearnews, https://footwearnews.com/2016/fashion/designers/celebrities-wearing-manolo-blahnik-heels-rihanna-beyonce-kim-kardashian-west-photos-268725/ [Accessed 18 October 2018] Manesis, M. (2016) Manolo Blahnik case study. Linkedin, https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/manolo-blahnik-case-study-marina-manesi [Accessed 21 October 2018] Fasanella, A. (2018) All the fashion brands Manolo Blahnik collaborated with for NYFW. Footwearnews, https://footwearnews.com/2018/runway/collaborations/manolo-blahnik-shoes-fall-2018-new-york-fashion-week-carolina-herrera-jason-wu-brandon-maxwell-497175/ [Accessed 18 October 2018] Johns, N. (2017) A look at all the shoes from Rihanna and Manolo Blahnik’s final collection. Footwearnews, https://footwearnews.com/2017/ fashion/collaborations/rihanna-manolo-blahnik-shoes-so-stoned-379005/ [Accessed 16 October 2018] Swayne, H. (2017) Rihanna joins forces with legendary footwear designer Manolo Blahnik. Farfetch, https://www.farfetch.com/uk/editorial/ rihanna-x-manolo-blahnik-so-stoned-sandal-collection-aw17.aspx [Accessed 16 October 2018] Fishman, E. (2017) Vetements x Manolo Blahnik heels are here – and you can make your own!. Racked, https://www.racked. com/2017/2/23/14710112/vetements-manolo-blahnik-collaboration [Accessed 16 October 2018]
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BIBLIOGRAPHY: IMAGES Page 1 Manolo Blahnik Shoes. In: Elle [online]. From: https://www.elle.com/culture/celebrities/news/a45958/kate-mckinnon-elle-july-2017-cover-reveal/ Page 2 Manolo Blahnik Shoes. In: Fashionnetwork [online]. From: https://uk.fashionnetwork.com/news/Manolo-Blahnik-links-up-with-Farfetch-on-exclusive-shoe-collection,801810.html#.XARTjS3vyu4 Page 4 Manolo Blahnik Shoes. In: Viva [online]. From: http://www.viva.co.nz/article/fashion/manolo-blahnik-shoes/ Pages 6-7 Manolo Blahnik. In: Manolo Blahnik [online]. From: https://www.manoloblahnik.com/gb/the-man/ Manolo Blahnik. In: Allure [online]. From: https://www.allure.com/gallery/manolo-blahnik-style-essentials Pages 8-9 Manolo Blahnik. In: Montecristo Magazine [online]. From: http://montecristomagazine.com/magazine/autumn-2018/manolo-blahnik Manolo and Kristina. In: VOGUE [online]. From: https://www.vogue.com/slideshow/designer/manolo-blahnik Pages 10-11 Manolo Blahnik. In: The New Yorker [online]. From: https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2000/03/20/high-heel-heaven Manolo Blahnik Shoes. In: Twitter [online]. From: https://twitter.com/ManoloBlahnik Page 12 Manolo Blahnik Shoes. In: Twitter [online]. From: https://twitter.com/ManoloBlahnik Buildings. In: Pinterest [online]. From: https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/500251471097140412/ Flowers. In: Pinterest [online]. From: https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/AUJkJsD04KWaMZe7Z63X2OJInzibXu67QKKRAmvUfLdZmnxHMrhOQ1E/ Pages 14-17 Manolo Blahnik Shoes. In: Twitter [online]. From: https://twitter.com/ManoloBlahnik Pages 18-19 Manolo Blahnik Shoes. In: Twitter [online]. From: https://twitter.com/ManoloBlahnik Mens collection. In: Manolo Blahnik [online]. From: https://www.manoloblahnik.com/gb/introducing-the-new-mens-collection/ Wedding shoes. In: Pinterest [online]. From: https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/316166836335381185/ Pages 20-21 The Sketches. In: Manolo Blahnik [online]. From: https://www.manoloblahnik.com/gb/the-sketches/ Pages 22-25 Manolo Blahnik Shoes. In: Twitter [online]. From: https://twitter.com/ManoloBlahnik Fashion Photo. In: Pinterest [online]. From: https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/80009330862325581/ 26-27 Fashion. In: MMScene [online]. From: http://www.malemodelscene.net/editorial/thibaud-charon-lexpress-styles/ Men style. In: Pinterest [online]. From: https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/457889487107813652/ Page 29 Manolo Blahnik store. In: NickLeithSmith [online]. From: http://nickleithsmith.com/work/manolo-blahnik-vesna-moscow/ Pages 30-31 Jimmy Choo. In: Grrimag [online]. From: https://en.chucao.info/collection-jimmy-choo-2018-what-made-the-shoe-king-in-the-next-season/ Christian Louboutin. In: Twitter [online]. From: https://twitter.com/louboutinworld?lang=cs Page 32-33 Manolo Blahnik Shoes. In: Manolo Blahnik [online]. From: https://www.manoloblahnik.com/gb/ Sneakers. In: Christian Louboutin [online]. From: http://eu.christianlouboutin.com/uk_en/shop/women/louis-junior-strass-woman-suede-strass.html Pumps. In: Jimmy Choo [online]. From: https://www.jimmychoo.com/en/women/shoes/lancer-85/rose-gold-satin-pointy-toe-pumps-with-crystal-hotfix--LANCER85WCH110883.html?cgid=women-shoes Pages 34-35 Fashion Photo. In: Pinterest [online]. From: https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/80009330862325573/ Manolo Blahnik Shoes. In: Twitter [online]. From: https://twitter.com/ManoloBlahnik Page 41 Manolo Blahnik Shoes. In: Twitter [online]. From: https://twitter.com/ManoloBlahnik Pages 43-47 Rihanna. In: Glitter [online]. From: http://glittermagrocks.com/connect/2017/06/22/rihannas-collab-with-manolo-blahnik-is-gonna-have-you-so-stoned/ Rihanna. In: Retailinasia [online]. From: http://retailinasia.com/in-sectors/the-rihanna-x-manolo-blahnik-collection-goes-on-sale-in-hong-kong-starting-may-the-5th/ Rihanna. In: The Cut [online]. From: https://www.thecut.com/2016/03/rihanna-manolo-blahnik-collaboration.html
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