Katherine Pruser Thesis Proposal Programming Book

Thesis Proposal Repurposing 5th Street Elementar y School Katherine Pruser

[Google Maps, 2014]

The closing of schools is a nationwide issue that leaves these large buildings empty without an immediate use. As of fall 2015 5th Street Elementary school in Washington, Missouri will no longer be used as a school. This leaves the opportunity to salvage one of Washington’s historic buildings and return it to a function that will bring people back to the downtown area. Washington is a destination get-away for those who seek a quiet weekend antique shopping and wine tasting. Over the years more and more shops have left and moved to the ever growing east side of Washington which has decreased the reason for people to go downtown.

Table of Contents

1. Project Over view Executive Statement Goals & Objectives

01 02

2. Context Histor y & Culture Site Analysis Building Analysis Demographics & User

07 09 13 17

3. Research Literature Review Precedent Studies

23 27

4 . Design Research Housing Requirements Materials, Color & Lighting

43

5. Design Trends Aging-in-Place Adaptive Reuse

57 59

6. Code International Building Code 2012 Americans With Disabilities Act Interior Design Standards

63 125 168

.

01 01

Project Over view

.

Executive Statement School closings are becoming a problem for many communities. These abandoned buildings can deteriorate if left unoccupied for long periods of time and also can have a negative economical effect on the overall community. According to the National Centers for Education Statistics, “more than 1,900 public schools closed during the 20102011 school year ” (Scott, 2012). The longer schools sit on the market and are not maintained the worse off they are and the harder they are to resell. The difference in how quickly a city finds a new use for these buildings depends on “the nature of the local real estate markets, the length of time buildings have been empty, and the impact of var ying laws and policies that are still evolving” (Philadelphia Research Initiative, 2013). No one has found a universal solution 01 I project over view [EXECUTIVE STATEMENT]

therefore the re-use of the building depends on the needs of the local community. The wide range of uses for these buildings includes community centers, being sold to private schools, and senior citizens housing. By allowing the local community to have input on the use and design process of the building, it strengthens the connection residents will have to the building. The re-use of the 5th Street Elementar y school in Washington, Missouri provides a unique oppor tunity for the community residents to be able to age in place. Many residents of Washington are multi-generational families with strong connections to the town resulting in the desire for aging baby boomers desiring to continue to reside there.

Project Intent The intent of this project is to take an abandoned elementar y school in downtown Washington, Missouri and re-purpose it for a new senior living environment. In order for this recently closed school building to optimally be returned to occupancy, the building’s conditions and the needs of the intended user will be assessed. By examining the advantages of the site and its close proximity to the local downtown, the spatial experience will also reference the latest design trends for senior living and provide a location for the residents to connect to their local community.

project over view [PROJECT INTENT] l 02

Goals & Objectives

1 • •

Provide a new purpose for this newly abandoned building

Adapt the existing school building to function as independent housing for seniors Provide additional housing that adds to the development of downtown Washington

03 I project over view [GOALS & OBJECTIVES]

2 • •

Provide a new living environment for baby boomers

Design the facility for all levels of accessibility allowing residents to be able to age-in-place Provide residents with a sense of independence with access to amenities to enhance a community atmosphere

3 •

Provide sustainable features to reduce operating

•

costs for the facility Capitalize on access to the site and adjacent ser vices

4

Add to the overall life of the building •

•

Community Involvement

Receive and incorporate programmatic ideas from the community to increase community suppor t Provide a space where the surrounding neighborhood can come and interact with residents

project over view [GOALS & OBJECTIVES] l 04

02

Context

Histor y & Culture

[Google Map, 2014]

[Slava Bowman Photography, 2014]

Washington was founded by settlers following Daniel Boone. They first settled in the nearby town now known as Dutzow. These immigrants were primarily of German decent and this is the reason why Washington’s histor y is ver y rich in German culture. The natural landscape is what attracted the settlers to this area. Since Washington was founded on the riverbanks of the Missouri River, ferr y boats played a large role in the community until the bridge was completed in 1936. The Pacific Railroad also played a role in bringing people to Washington by building tracks in 1855. Washington’s is also located in the hear t of the Missouri Wine Countr y which is an attraction to tourists and residents.

07 I context [HISTORY & CULTURE]

Site Selection

[Pruser, 2014]

[Pruser, 2014]

The site that was selected is 5th Street Elementar y School in Washington, Missouri. This area was chosen because of the close proximity to downtown amenities. Re-purposing 5th Street School will provide Washington with the opportunity for a new housing development that will attract people to the downtown area. This location is in close proximity to churches, restaurants, medical facilities and other amenities. I assume this project will consist of retrofitting this building into senior housing. There will also be an outdoor area for the residents of not only this complex but the surrounding neighborhood to enjoy reinforcing the community feeling of Washington.

context [SITE SELECTION l 08

Site Analysis 5th Street Elementar y School is located at 100 W 5th Street. Located near this area are numerous amenities that are within walking distance. 5th Street is the main street that runs from the east to the west side of town. Their are two main vehicular entrances onto the site. The main entrance is from 5th Street and there is also a rear entrance from 6th Street as shown in the diagrams below. Located next to the building is Immanuel Lutheran Church & School and across from the building is the Washington Public Librar y as you can see on page 11.

[Wunderlich, 2014]

N

Current Proper ty Line

Vehicular

Pedestrian

Site Circulation 09 I context [SITE ANALYSIS]

[Google Map, 2014]

Site Entr y

[Google Map, 2014]

Average Washington Climate: • 43 inches of rain per year • 8 inches of snow fall per year • Days with measurable precipitation is 110 • On average there are 204 sunny days per year • July temperature high is around 91 degrees • Januar y temperature low is 21

Views: Yearly Sun Path Yearly Sun Placement Wind Direction

Currently the views are of parking lots, residential houses, and small commercial spaces. The front views during the warmer months will be blocked by the trees that are located in the front. With this project their is a strong need for better views that could be address with landscaping and a new exterior environment that allows residents and the community to interact.

Current Landscaping Landscaping Oppor tunities

[Climate in Washington, 2014] context [SITE ANALYSIS] l 10

Washington Public Librar y

[Google Map, 2014]

[Pruser, 2014]

Amenities Bar

Police Station

Resturant

Church

Farmers Market

Court House

Parking

Bank

Gas Station

Post Office

Park

Librar y

Business

School

Shopping

Train

.2 mile Radius

.4 mile Radius

11 I context [SITE ANALYSIS]

[M+H Architects, 2012]

Immanuel Lutheran Church & School

Community Space Inspiration: The goal for this area is to maximize the use of green space and provide an area that allows the residents to maintain a strong connection to the natural environment. It also allows for the opportunity to create a space for the residents to connect with the community.

[Google Map, 2014]

[Apar tment, 2014]

Intended Site Use Senior Apartments 1 - 2 bedroom apartments that maximizes space efficiency

Parking

Community Space A space that brings together residents and the surrounding community [Jamboree, 2014] context [SITE ANALYSIS] l 12

Building Analysis Existing Building Includes: 2 Stories 10 Classrooms/Offices Librar y Kitchen Gym Administration Area Nurses Office 2 Men’s Restrooms 2 Women’s Restrooms Elevator

Upgrade cost total if the building were to reamin a school - $2.5 Million - $1.5 million for HVAC - Other improvements $750,000 - Other upgrades $209,000

School district could potentially save $300-$400,000 based on the number of maintenance hours, utilities & personnel - Utilities for 2013-2014 was $32,270

13 I context [BUILDING ANALYSIS]

Building Entr y

[Google Map, 2014]

According to Superintendent Dr. Lori VanLeer improvements to be made include: - Doors - Hardware & frames - Restrooms - Flooring - Kitchen - Gym - Code Compliance Work - Exterior - Window Replacement - Intercom Upgrade

Ar t Room

Upper Par t of Gymnasium

Classroom

Visual Education

Corridor

Classroom

Classroom

Classroom

Teachers Workd Room

Classroom

Classroom

First Floor Plan

Cafeteria

Gymnasium Girls Toilet

Boys Toilet Kitchen

Store Room

Girls Showers

Corridor Office Classroom

Entr y

Clinic

Classroom

Classroom Principal

Classroom

Teachers

Ground Floor Plan context [BUILDING ANALYSIS] l 14

Exterior Conditions

1. View of Parking Entrance

2. View of Gym Exterior

3. View of Cafeteria

4. View of Playground All images on this page [Pruser, 2014]

15 I context [BULIDING EXTERIOR CONDITIONS]

Interior Conditions

1. View of Office

2. View of Elevator

3.View of Classroom

4.View of Classroom

5.View of Classroom

6. View of Gym

The elevator was an addition

All images on this page [Pruser, 2014] context [INTERIOR BUILDING CONDITIONS] l 16

Demographics City: Washington, Missouri County: Franklin Zip: 6.3090

13,521 299 96 76

Total Population: 14,712 Square Miles: 9.34 Average Income per Household: $42,960

95 164

Racial Makeup in Washington, Missouri

3,372 532

When deciding the best use for this building the age of the citizens and the overall atmosphere of the town should be taken into consideration.

Washington is a ver y historic town that has many multi-generational families and an increasingly aging population.

560 2,011 2,726 2,590 2,204

Age Variation in Washington, Missouri 17 I context [DEMOGRAPHICS]

Client & User

[How to Engage, 2014]

[Who Relies on Interior Expressions, 2014]

Based on the town’s histor y and the average age of the town’s citizens, the targeted user for this specific redesign is the Baby Boomer generation. Baby Boomers were born from 1946-1964, and encompasses 76 million people. Ever yday over 10,000 baby boomers turn the age 65. With these numbers there is a higher demand for senior housing. There are many options for seniors that include aging-in-place, retirement communities, apartments, nursing homes or living with other family members. Boomers today are more concerned with their health which has had a direct correlation with longer and healthier lives. Due to these advances in health and technology , the new thought is that baby boomers will not need assisted living facilities until around the age of 75” says Trey Sanders (Fabris, 2013). Today boomers are looking for more of a social community atmosphere rather than a place of solitude. Based on an AARP Poll “1/3 of Americans over age 50 want to walk to ser vices & entertainment” (New Directions, 2013).

context [CLIENT & USER] l 18

Client & User Environmental Needs: Housing: As people get older the needs of their environment change. For baby boomers this may mean that they need to look for new living arrangements. This could mean moving from their multistor y homes into smaller houses or even apartments. An increasing trend for seniors are independent senior living communities.

Mental & Emotional Needs: As medical advances continue to develop people are living longer which also means that they are at higher risk for mental health issues.

It is estimated that “between 5 and 8 million Americans over 65 are currently suffering with some sort of major mental health or substance abuse issue� (Sarnoff-Ross, 2012). As mental and physical needs are more present in older adults sometimes the emotional needs can be missed.

Social Needs: Baby boomers are used to living a more involved lifestyle with their community.

Therefore housing with opportunities to stay involved within their community is highly important.

19 I context [CLIENT & USER]

Profile: • • •

Age: 55+ Focus on work, leisure and community involvement Suffer from medical, mental, physical and marital issues

Health Issues: • • • • • •

Arthritis Memor y & Attention Cancer Cardiovascular disease Alzheimer ’s Stress and Depression

[Five Ways, 2013]

[Baby Boomer Fitness, 2011] context [CLIENT & USER] l 20

03

Research

Community Involvement Many cities have had to close their public schools due to numerous factors.

What is lost along the way is how these closings affect the overall community. These closings will affect how the surrounding buildings and sites will sell or prosper and possibly the overall economic development of that area.

Communities will have one of two reactions when it comes to these abandoned buildings.

They will either let the building be and complain about how the building is bringing down the overall image of the neighborhood or they will tr y to do something about the issue.

[Euclid School Adaptive Reuse, 2014] 23I research [LITERATURE REVIEW]

School boards don’t just decide to close their schools because it costs too much to keep them open. Once the school district closes a school it does not mean that they are no longer financially or legally responsible for that building.

The districts would benefit from a quick sell of the building but that is not generally the case. School boards want to

sell their properties so they are not held responsible if a pipe was to burst or any physical damage were to come to the property.

The longer buildings sit unoccupied the longer the school district is financially responsible but it is also at a greater risk for “blight, crime, arson, accidental fire, and burglar y” (Shane,2011).

This also affects “taxpayers, homeowners and municipalities” (Fraiser, 2011) because the longer the property sits there the ”property tax goes up and potential buyers are less inclined to invest” (Shane, 2011). Overtime these buildings deteriorate which lowers the “value of nearby homes, pose health and safety risks, and can complicate already challenging neighborhood revitalization efforts” (Frasier, 2011). Communities don’t really want to be associated with the mass amounts of broken and abandoned buildings.

Some communities take pride in where they live and develop organizations to help preser ve

their downtown. It is ver y important to get the community involved in the early stages of the decision making when it comes to how these buildings are going to be reoccupied.

Kansas City Public Schools Re-purposing Initiative is searching for buyers “who will reuse the properties that will benefit the community” (Scott, 2012).

Their goal is to have the community participate during the beginning stages of the decision-making process that will lead to a “better long term use of the sites” says Shannon Jaax the initiatives director.

Citizens in Clendenin, West Virginia decided to form a non-profit organization to help bring back their downtown area. They sought help from outside resources and got tax incentives to help finance the re-purpose of their local elementar y school that had been closed for fifteen years.

Getting the community involved makes the citizens feel like they are part of the solution. By giving them a voice it allows them to have a feeling of ownership over the building and how it will evolve over time. The goal is to provide these buildings with a sense of renewed purpose and to continue to have a strong connection with the community.

Benifits of Adaptive Reuse in the Community

Social

Aesthetic

Environmental

Economic

Functional

research [LITERATURE REVIEW] l 24

Redesigning to be More Sustainable and Adaptable

Adaptive reuse design gives abandoned buildings a second chance at a new life but it also allows for the opportunity to make these buildings more sustainable.

Designers shouldn’t think solely about how the building will be immediately used but rather envision how they can make this building more adaptable for future occupants. With this idea of adaptability in design there should also be the direct connection of sustainable design which will help the building ensure a longer life.

25 I research [LITERATURE REVIEW]

When doing major renovations it can sometimes be costly to make these spaces more flexible and sustainable but there are many benefits to making these changes. Tax incentives can help to make these costs less of a financial burden.

When investing in reuse projects sometimes developers are “required to meet LEED or Energy Star criteria. But other times, those criteria are voluntar y. Incorporating green standards makes an application more competitive for supplemental financing through low-income housing tax credits” (Chen, 2012). It is worth it in the lifetime of the building to make these investments as they can sometimes save “from four to 46 percent over new construction in ways of cost” (Chen, 2012). In design today “investments in remodeling and repairs equal or exceed the values of new construction each year ” (Future-Proofing, 2003) according to the U.S. Department of

Strategies for Adaptability Commerce. When the opportunity of redesign appears designers should be thinking about the adaptability and flexibility of that space or building. Some of the strategies that can be used when thinking about these renovations include “siting, structure and shell, division of interior space, materials and components, technologies, documentation, durability and style” (Future-Proofing, 2003).

Siting Structure & Shell

Designers need to invest in the long term use of the building and not only look at the immediate use of the building. As they build for the future “they set the stage for a buildings easy reorganization, accommodations of new technologies and ser vices, and eventual adaptation to new uses” (Future-Proofing, 2003). The reuse of these building’s creates new opportunities for design and creates a new life for these redeveloped areas.

Division of Space Materials & Components Technologies Documentation Durability

Style

research [LITERATURE REVIEW] l 26

Precedent Study

[James, 2014]

Franklin School Senior Apartments

27 I research [PRECEDENTS]

[Euclid School Adaptive Reuse, 2014]

Eulicid School

[Garza, 2009]

Sycamore House

[South Hills, 2014]

South Hills Retirement Residence

research [PRECEDENTS] l 28

Franklin School Senior Apar tments Project Type:

Senior Apar tments

Location: 814 N. 19th St., St. Louis, MO

Project team: Klitzing Welsch Associates & Franklin Par tners LLC

Square Footage: 82,485 Sq. Ft. 79 Studio & 1 Bedroom apartments Total Development Costs: $18,988,245.00

[James, 2014]

History: The school was originally designed by William B. Ittner as a four level red brick building with a raised basement. He was well known for his numerous designs of school buildings in the St. Louis area. This building in particular showed his versatility due to the fact that the U-shape plan of the building was larger that normal as it house 24 classrooms instead of the usual 20.

Site: The apartment is located in an industrial area located of off Delmar Blvd and West 19th Street. The site is 213 ft x 309 ft 6in.

[Google Maps, 2014] 29 I research [PRECEDENTS]

After being abandoned in 1996 it suffered from break-ins, copper cornice and graffiti. Sold to local developers who began construction in 2007. They reconstructed the cornice and replaced the asphalt with green areas to resemble a park atmosphere.

Before Renovation

[Built St. Louis, 2014]

Exterior Landscape

[James, 2014]

Typical Apartment

[Pruser, 2014]

[James, 2014]

Garden Area

[James, 2014]

Corridoor

[James, 2014]

Community Space research [PRECEDENTS] l 30

Euclid School Project Type: Apar tments & Ar t/ Cultural Spaces

Location: 1131 Nor th Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis MO Project team: Brinshore Development LLC and Theaster Gates Studio Square Footage: 30,600 Sq. Ft., 45 apartments and art/cultural spaces

[Euclid School Adaptive Reuse, 2014]

History:

The Euclid School is located in St. Louis’s Fountain Park Neighborhood and was built towards the end of the 1880’s . The original building was a single stor y school with four classrooms designed by August H. Kirschner. It was designed with the intention of adding on to the original school. The additional three stories and new wing were designed by William B. Ittner.

Site: Fountain Park neighborhood in Saint Louis, MO. The city took over this area and developed it into a middle-class street car suburb. This area is also known as the racial dividing line in St. Louis. As the project continues the architects and developers plan on having a high interaction with the community to get their input on how this building can best ser ve the surrouding community.

[Euclid School Adaptive Reuse, 2014] 31 I research [PRECEDENTS]

The Idea:

Site: One possibility is to have exterior art installations and community gardens adjacent to the site. Other site improvements might include a communial garden, new sidewalks & landscaping and a walkable connection to Fountain Park.

[Euclid School Adaptive Reuse, 2014]

Interior: The building would have reserved areas for artists living & storage areas, communal art studios, performance spaces, and exhibition space.

[Euclid School Adaptive Reuse, 2014] research [PRECEDENTS] l 32

Sycamore House Project Type: Senior Apartments Location: 100 West Sycamore Street Durand, MI 48429

Project team: Woda Group Square Footage: 75,000 Sq. Ft. + 15,000 sq. ft. addition 40 apartments

[Photo Gallery, 2014]

History:

Former Lucas Junior High School was originally built in the 1920’s and is a three story building that was closed in 1996. This school is also on the National Register of Historic Places.

Site: Located near the downtown area of Durand which allows residents to walk to near by amenities. One block away is the new construction of SAGElink Credit headquarters.

[Google Maps, 2014] 33 I research [PRECEDENTS]

The school gym is being converted to a community room where residents can interact with each other.

Single Bedroom

[Photo Gallery, 2014]

Gym

[Photo Gallery, 2014]

These apartments range from 1 & 2 bedroom units or 2 bedrooms with a den.

The square footage ranges from 800 sq. Ft. to 1,160 sq. ft.

[Photo Gallery, 2014]

Two Bedroom

[Photo Gallery, 2014]

Salon

[Photo Gallery, 2014]

Amenities: Pet friendly Librar y Computer Room Exercise Room Grandparent Visit Room Transportation Ser vice Available Beauty Salon Two Bedroom with Den

[Photo Gallery, 2014]

Computer Room

[Photo Gallery, 2014]

research [PRECEDENTS] l 34

South Hills Retirement Residence Project Type: Mixed-Income Housing, Adaptive Reuse

Location: 125 Ruth St, Pittsburgh, PA 15211

Project team: Thoughtful Balance Developer/Owner: Rodriguez Associates

Square Footage: 163,000 Sq. Ft. 106 units; 84 are affordable and 22 are non-income restricted [South Hills, 2014]

Histor y:

South Hills High School was built in 1917 and closed in 1986. In 2006 it was purchased from the Pittsburgh Public School by Rodriguez Associates and after four years of planning, designing, and fund-raising construction began in 2009 and the grand opening was held on July 13, 2011.

Site: The building sat vacant for over twenty years, during this time the Community Development Corp. had to replace the roof. The building is located on the south side of Pittsburgh.

[Google Maps, 2014] 35 I research [PRECEDENTS]

Typical Apartment Interior [South Hills, 2014]

LEED-Gold: • •

• • •

A cogeneration plant produces 65 kW of electric power ever y hour 440,000 btuh of hot water generated by the waste heat of the congeneration plant is captured by a heat exchanger 27 kW photovoltaic solar array on the roof provides additional electricity for the building Fresh air is integrated by using a cycled timer Walls are insulated with an air infiltration barrier of spray foam and thick insulation

Rooftop Greenhouse

[South Hills, 2014]

South Hills Retirement Residence LEED Certified Gold LEED Checklist Points Innovation & Design 3.5 Location & Linkages 9 Sustainable Sites 14.5 Water Efficiency 5 Energy & Atmosphere 23.5 Materials & Resources 12 Indoor Environmental Quality 9 Awareness & Education 2 Earned 78.5 Points out of 136 Possible Points

Lobby

[South Hills, 2014] research [PRECEDENTS] l 36

Comparison

[James, 2014]

Franklin School Senior Apartments

[Euclid School Adaptive Reuse, 2014]

Eulicid School

St. Louis, MO

Saint Louis MO

Area

82,485 Sq. Ft.

30,600 Sq. Ft.

Year

2007

Still in planning phase

Park inspired landscaping, interior gardens

Community gardens, exhibition space, exterior galler y space, communial art studios, performance spaces

Location

LEED Amenities

What this study provides is a good basis for an adaptive reuse project that focuses on senior housing. The design respects the historic qualities of the building but provides a fresh use for the building.

37 I research [PRECEDENTS]

This building shows other options for adaptive reuse of a school. This project embodies how it is important to get the community involved to determine use since it will influence the surrounding sites.

[Garza, 2009]

Sycamore House

[South Hills, 2014]

South Hills Retirement Residence

Durand, MI

Pittsburgh, PA

75,000 Sq. Ft. + 15,000 sq. ft. addition

163,000 Sq. Ft.

2010

2011 Gold

Pet friendly, computer room, exercise room, salon, grandparent visit room, transportation This precedent provides an example of amenities offered to residents while also being located within a downtown setting.

Extierior gardens, rentable community spaces This building shows the benefits of incorporating sustainable design. This building also uses high quality finishes that add to the overall quality of the design and the living environment for the residents. research [PRECEDENTS] l 38

Senior Living Options in Washington Name Location

Bristol Manor 100 W. 12th Street

Type of Facility

Senior Housing Community

Indoor Common Areas Outdoor Common Areas Devotional Services Meals Provided Housekeeping Services Laundry Services Activites Occupational Therapist Physical Therapist Visiting Podiatrist Speech Therapist 24 Hour Awake Staff Doctor on Call Transportation Resident Parking Hospice Available Aging in Place Wheelchair Accessible Cats Dogs Petcare Available 39 I research [PRECEDENTS]

Homestead at Hickory View 100 W. 12th Street Retirement Living & Senior Housing Community

South Pointe & Arbors 5125 Old Highway 100 Alzheimers Care & Assisted Living

Victorian Place of Washington 2800 Rabbit Trail Drive Senior Housing Community

Cedarcrest Manor 324 W. Fifth Street Skilled Nursing Facility Nursing Home

MacArthur Park Apartments 700 East 5th Street Senior Apartments

Based off of this study it appears that residents of these facilities prefer to have a variety of social environments as well as transportation to places off site. Residents also have the added bonus of having access to medical staff if required. When designing a residence for baby boomers it would be good to incorporate some of these aspects. research [PRECEDENTS] l 40

04

Design Research

Space & Guidelines

Materials

Every space that is designed has different requirements and guidelines that help determine how people live in that environment. The overall design of the space also affects the furniture and finishes that will be used in the space. One way to design senior living environments is to use the principles of universal design.

Materials and lighting are a very important part of the living environment. Durability, maintenance, safety and aesthetic are important factors to consider when designing spaces for seniors. There are also many codes and regulations that must be followed when designing these spaces.

Principles of Universal Design:

Materials and lighting help to make spaces more like a home and less like a sterile nursing home. Designers should focus on make residents feel comfortable while maintaining their independence.

1. Equitable Use 2. Flexibility in Use 3. Simple & Intuitive 4. Perceptible Information 5. Tolerance for Error 6. Low Physical Effort 7. Size & Space for Approach & Use Adopted from [Lawlor, 2008] 43 I design research [HOUSING REQUIRMENTS]

Adopted from [Piotrowski, 1999]

Lighting Lighting can be a major safety concern due to the fact that it affects depth perception.

Adding more light to a space does not necessarily make the space better. Designers need to consider the quality of the light, the placement, glare and the optimal use for the space.

As people age, the lens of the eye becomes more transparent. Around the age of 65 and above this age their eyes need roughly 75% more light.

Color Research shows that color influences human behavior and how they respond to time spent in a particular space. In health care the color of patients rooms depends on how long they will be in that space. Long term care facility’s should provide spaces that have a balance of color and contrasting tones. As people age their eyes start to deteriorate. This can effect how color is seen. Facilities should use color contrast to help their residents perceive space and depth more clearly.

How colors make people feel: RED- raises a room’s energy level YELLOW- communicates happiness

The lens of the eye also tends to yellow with age which makes it hard to differentiate colors. “Bulbs with a color rendering index of 80 watts will improve sight because of improved color rendering” (Reitter, 2013).

BLUE- considered calming and relaxing GREEN- considered most restful for the eye PURPLE- rich, sophisticated, & dramatic

In most assisted living facilities the most common source of light comes from lamps that are located on side tables throughout a room.

Adapted from [Reitter, 2013]

ORANGE- evokes enrichment & energy BLACK- grounds a scheme & adds depth Adapted from [Boykins, 2014] design research [HOUSING REQUIRMENTS] l 44

Space Guidelines

Materials

Living Spaces Design Considerations: To allow for the best views of exterior gardens a window sill height should be a minimum of 32” wide.

Adopted from [Lawlor, 2008]

The minimum living room with no dining facilities should be approximately 180ft 2 but preferably around 200ft 2 (12.5’ x 20’, 250ft 2).

[De Chiara, 2001]

Hard surface flooring is easier for people in wheelchairs to get around. Choose hard surfaces that have a low glare finish.

Carpeting or textured materials have a cushioning affect if someone were to fall. Carpeting can also provide a sense of warmth. Carpet tiles provide the same warmth effect but are also easy to remove if one is damaged.

Carpeting has been developed over the years that have made it better for seniors. A loop carpet of “28 to 38 ounces is often used because the density and low pile allow wheelchairs and walkers to move smoothly”(Piotrowski, 1999).

[Independent Living, 2014] 45 I design research [HOUSING REQUIRMENTS]

Adopted from [Lawlor, 2008]

Lighting

Color

Dining rooms should contain 50 foot candles of light. This helps residents in being able to see their food.

These spaces often have the most direct access to natural light. Window coverings are often used to control light levels and glare.

Adapted from [Reitter, 2013]

Red is a color that is known for raising a rooms energy level. When used in a living room or dining room it can draw people together and stimulate conversation. It is also a color not often used and therefore can create a strong first impression.

Adopted from [Room Color, 2014]

[Pratical Lighting, 2014]

[Room Color, 2014] design research [HOUSING REQUIRMENTS] l 46

Space & Guidelines

Materials

Kitchen Design Considerations: When selecting a cook-top or range choose one that has the controls on the side or the front to help avoid spills that could be caused by reaching across. To avoid stress on the user ’s lower back a dishwasher should be installed from 6”-18” off the finished floor. Adopted from [Lawlor, 2008]

Kitchens are the most exposed to water which means that a hard surface flooring is more often chosen. Vinyl sheet flooring, tile, and wood floors are used with tile being the most common. When selecting tile choose one that is honed or matte as this helps with the slip resistance.

With tile grout can be porous and therefore a grout with epoxy or retard porosity should be used.

A triangle perimeter of 23’ 0” or less is usually indicative of a relatively efficient [De Chiara, 2001] kitchen layout.

Adopted from [Piotrowski, 1999]

[Independent Living, 2014] 47 I design research [HOUSING REQUIRMENTS]

Lighting

Color

It is known that as people age their eye sight slowly deteriorates. Therefore people over the age of 50 require more light. For basic tasks in the kitchen at least 30 foot candles of light is required.

Adopted from [Lawlor, 2008]

Green is considered to be the most restful color for the eye. It is also believed to relieve stress and have a calming effect. That is why it is suitable for any room in the house.

When used in the kitchen it helps cool down the room.

Adopted from [Room Color, 2014]

[Pratical Lighting, 2014]

[Room Color, 2014] design research [HOUSING REQUIRMENTS] l 48

Space & Guidelines

Materials

Bathroom Design Considerations: The bathroom is considered to be one of the most private rooms in a residence but is also the most dangerous. With flooring, it is important to choose slip-resistant materials. With showers it is important to provide zero-entry showers with grab Adopted from [Lawlor, 2008] bars.

Hard surface flooring is optimal for this type of environment that is frequently cleaned and exposed to water. Vinyl sheet flooring is popular because it can be installed on top of the baseboard. When using sheet vinyl avoid using a finish that has a lot of glare instead select a low-luster product. Vinyl sheet is also a softer material compared to a ceramic or porcelain tile.

A 2- lavatory bathroom is on average [De Chiara, 2001] 63ft2.

Adopted from [Piotrowski, 1999]

[Independent Living, 2014] 49 I design research [HOUSING REQUIRMENTS]

Lighting

Color

To provide adequate lighting in the bathroom light should be distributed evenly. Residents should not have problems reading medicine labels or preforming activities due to inadequate light levels.

Yellow is a color the captures the joy of the sunshine and communicates happiness. It is considered the perfect color for kitchens, dining room and bathrooms where happy colors are energizing and uplifting. Yellow is not a good color to use in a main color scheme. If overused it can cause tempers to flair.

Adopted from [Room Color, 2014]

[Pratical Lighting, 2014]

[Room Color, 2014] design research [HOUSING REQUIRMENTS] l 50

Space & Guidelines

Materials

Bedroom Design Considerations: Circulation in the master suite should be 42 inches wide with doorways being at least 32 inches wide. A 60-by-60 inch space should be allowed for residents to maneuverer when furniture is placed.

There is a large variety of wall finishes and there are also codes and regulations designers must follow. Paint is a popular option due to the fact that is it ver y flexible.

Depending on the finish it can be ver y durable and low maintenance especially with latex semi-gloss paint.

Adopted from [Lawlor, 2008]

The recommended minimum bedroom size should be 10’ 0” x 12’ 0” in exclusive of closets and for a master the minimum size should be 12’ 0” x 16’ x 0” in exclusive [De Chiara, 2001] of closets.

Adopted from [Piotrowski, 1999]

[Independent Living, 2014] 51 I design research [HOUSING REQUIRMENTS]

Lighting

Color

Bedrooms in assisted living facilities often have a beside lamps, night lights and overhead lighting fixtures are used to provide residents with a variety of light.

Blue is known to bring down blood pressure, slow respiration and heart-rate. It is also considered to be calming, relaxing, and serene and that is why it is often used in bedrooms and bathrooms. Light blue can cause a calming effect while a darker tone of blue can have a feeling of sadness.

Adopted from [Room Color, 2014]

[Pratical Lighting, 2014]

[Room Color, 2014] design research [HOUSING REQUIRMENTS] l 52

Space & Guidelines

Materials

Circulation Design Considerations: Public corridors need to be 6 to 8 feet wide.

Seating should be provided throughout the corridor to allow places for residents to rest.

Due to lack of muscle strength of the senior citizens it is important to reduce the overall length of the corridors to avoid fatigues and falls.

Corridors are often carpeted because if someone were to fall it provides a softer landing. Carpet in corridors should have a moisture barrier backing.

It is important to avoid using busy floor patterns because people often look at the floor when they are walking rather than looking ahead.

Adopted from [Simon, 2014]

Adopted from [Lawlor, 2008]

Vinyl wall-coverings are a good option for these types of spaces. Specifying a vinyl wall-covering that has antimicrobial properties is important because it protects against mold, bacteria and fungi.

Adopted from [Piotrowski, 1999]

[Independent Living, 2014] 53 I design research [HOUSING REQUIRMENTS]

Lighting

Color

In corridors it is best to use 20 to 30 FC to avoid shadows and dark pockets. To provide less glare and fewer dark pockets indirect lighting systems can provide the best results.

[Pratical Lighting, 2014]

[Pratical Lighting, 2014]

Neutral colors are ver y basic but are also ver y flexible.

People use colors to help add visual interest to the space.

Black is often used to help ground a space and add more depth.

Adopted from [Room Color, 2014]

[Room Color, 2014] design research [HOUSING REQUIRMENTS] l 54

05

Design Trends

Aging in Place When people are trying to decide the best solution for their housing issues many have to weigh the emotional and practical factors. Some of these factors may include:

Practical Factors

Emotional Factors

•

• •

• • • •

Reduce exposure to multi-drug-resistant organisms Relocation Stress Environmental Press Environmental Complexity High cost of care

Place Attachment Home is: • A social center for family and friends • A source of pride and ownership • A source of independence

[AIP Keyy Ingredi g ents]

[AIP Key Ingredients]

There are three basic approaches for people who do not want to move and would like to make adjustments to their own homes.

1. Home Depot Approach

2. Work with a local contractor or Certified Aging-in-Place Specialist

3. Proactive & Inclusive

Remodeling or making repairs on their own time.

“Gerontologic Design”

“Universal Design”

[Rosenfeld, 2008] 57 I design research [AGING-IN-PL ACE]

[AIP Key Ingredients]

Gerontological Design

Universal Design • • • •

[AIP Key Ingredients]

Proactive Focus on Inclusive Design For people of all ages and abilities Inclusive modifications such as 1. Wider door ways 2. Lever-style doorhandles 3. No-step entr y ways with railings and non-slip flooring.

[Rosenfeld, 2008]

• • • • •

Reactive Home & design are an extension of rehabilitation or accident prevention Appeals to Boomers who have been taken in by family members Designers or consultants are hired to help make modifications that are needed Helps to make homes safer but may not be aesthetically pleasing [Rosenfeld, 2008] design research [AGING-IN-PL ACE] l 58

School Building Reuse [Transforming schools into senior housing] There are many schools that are either closing their doors or have already been closed, but there are a small amount of developers who know how to best adapt these buildings and have the resources to do so. City laws can limit and slow down the redevelopment process when repurposing these buildings. Between Kansas City, Detroit, Milwaukee, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh and Washington DC, there are over two hundred vacant public school buildings.

For Kansas City especially they have thirty-nine buildings that are vacant.

The school board plans “on keeping eight for future use and using one as an administrative building but the rest will be leased, sold, demolished or mothballed”(Erickson,2013). Kansas City may have a basic plan for their unused buildings but the majority of cities aren’t so lucky.

There are many reasons that lead to the closing of a school.

According to the National Centers for Education Statistics “more than 1,900 public schools closed during the 2010-2011 school year ” (Scott, 2012).

These closings are not a financial reprieve for the school districts, they are still responsible for the upkeep and maintenance of these buildings until the schools are repurposed or sold.

59 I design research [ADAPTIVE REUSE]

Sometimes when tr ying to sell these buildings, school districts may let charter schools be first to see if they require use of the building or if the building is of any historical significance to the town. After they go through those initial stages they can decided to lease, sell, repurpose or demolish and sell the land. Each of these options have their own pros and cons. When selling is the main option, school districts should take into consideration the effects the new occupants will have on the surrounding neighborhoods. Kansas City Public Schools Repurposing Initiative is searching for buyers “who will reuse the properties that will benefit the community” (Scott, 2012). Their goal is to have the community participate during the beginning process of the decision making that will lead to a “better long term use of the sites” says Shannon Jaax the initiatives director. Kansas City has closed thirty-nine schools and plans to close another fifteen by the end of the year. Some of the schools have had proposals to be used as charter schools or housing options for seniors.

Until these buildings are sold some have been “offered to community clubs and youth programs to use in the interim for a small fee” (Scott, 2012). Tulsa and Philadelphia face similar problems with the closings of their public schools. A

group of four graduate students from the Fels Institute of Government at the University of Pennsylvania came up with a “portfolio” approach that is intended to be “more efficient and financially self-sustaining” (Scott, 2012). The plan entails that the “authority to sell would be transferred from the school district to the city’s redevelopment authority.

More promising properties would be sold first and those funds are used to update less appealing assets” (Scott, 2012). The students believe this plan could work anywhere and that it would earn addition revenue compared to what districts are doing now which is tr ying to sell and maintain properties.

As cities need a more efficient use of urban resources this provides an opportunity to restore existing buildings. This idea has mostly been used to provide new housing opportunities especially for seniors. Due to the aging society the housing needs and options for seniors are limited. With the cities reuse of these buildings this provides the opportunity for seniors to “stay in their familiar neighborhoods and be able to age in place” (Persley, 2004).

These buildings need to take into consideration how they can best serve the surrounding community.

When revitalizing their downtown in Clendenin, West Virginia many town members understood the importance of the downtown area and formed a non- profit organization, 20545, dedicated to bringing back the downtown area. They hired a revitalization consultant who could “identify the needs of the Clendenin population and based off those needs they decided to use the school for senior housing and a medical clinic” (National Register, 1990). In cases of small towns like Clendenin the seniors who will be occupying these housing options most likely have lived in this town most of if not all of their lives. These housing options allow them to stay in a place that they know and they feel comfortable. This is the case in many towns that have a larger portion of its population over the age of fifty-five. This idea of aging in place allows families to stay in their home towns.

Franklin School

Franklin Senior Apartments

[Built St. Louis, 2014]

[James, 2014]

design research [ADAPTIVE REUSE] l 60

06

Code

IBC 2012 CH. 3 Use and Occupancy Classification 310.4 Residential Group R-2.

Residential occupancies containing sleeping units or more than two dwelling units where the occupants are primarily permanent in nature, including: Apartment houses Boarding houses (nontransient) with more than 16 occupants Congregate living facilities (nontransient) with more than 16 occupants Convents Dormitories Fraternities and sororities Hotels (nontransient) Live/work units Monasteries Motels (nontransient) Vacation timeshare properties

CH. 4 Special Detailed Requirements Based on Use and Occupancy Section 416 Application of Flammable Finishes [F] 416.1 General.

The provisions of this section shall apply to the construction, installation and use of buildings and structures, or parts thereof, for the application of flammable finishes. Such construction and equipment shall comply with the International Fire Code.

[F] 416.2.1 Surfaces.

The interior surfaces of spray rooms shall be smooth and shall be so constructed to permit the free passage of exhaust air from all parts of the interior and to facilitate washing and cleaning, and shall be so designed to confine residues within the room. Aluminum shall not be used.

[F] 416.5 Fire protection.

An automatic sprinkler system or fireextinguishing system shall be provided in all spray, dip and immersing spaces and storage rooms and shall be installed in accordance with Chapter 9.

[International Building Code 2012} 63 I code [IBC 2012]

[F] 420.5 Smoke detection and fire alarm systems.

Fire alarm systems and smoke alarms shall be provided in Group I-1, R-1 and R-2 occupancies in accordance with Sections 907.2.6, 907.2.8 and 907.2.9, respectively. Single-or 420.1 General.

Occupancies in Groups I-1, R-1, R-2 and R-3 shall comply with multiple-station smoke alarms shall be in accordance with the provisions of Sections 420.1 through 420.5 and other Section 907.2.11. applicable provisions of this code.

Section 420 Groups I-1, R-1, R-2, R-3

420.2 Separation walls.

Walls separating dwelling units in the same building, walls separating sleeping units in the same building and walls separating dwelling or sleeping units from other occupancies contiguous to them in the same building shall be constructed as fire partitions in accordance with Section 708.

420.3 Horizontal separation.

Floor assemblies separating dwelling units in the same buildings, floor assemblies separating sleeping units in the same building and floor assemblies separating dwelling or sleeping units from other occupancies contiguous to them in the same building shall be constructed as horizontal assemblies in accordance with Section 711.

[F] 420.4 Automatic sprinkler system.

Group R occupancies shall be equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.2.8.

Group I-1 occupancies shall be equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.2.6.

Quick-response or residential automatic sprinklers shall be installed in accordance with Section 903.3.2.

[International Building Code 2012} code [IBC 2012] l 64

CH. 5 General Building Heights and Areas SECTION 501 GENERAL 501.1 Scope.

The provisions of this chapter control the height and area of structures hereafter erected and additions to existing structures.

[F] 501.2 Address identification.

New and existing buildings shall be provided with approved address numbers or letters. Each character shall be not less than 4 inches (102 mm) in height and not less than 0.5 inch (12.7 mm) in width. They shall be installed on a contrasting background and be plainly visible from the street or road fronting the property. When required by the fire code official, address numbers shall be provided in additional approved locations to facilitate emergency response. Where access is by means of a private road and the building address cannot be viewed from the public way, a monument, pole or other approved sign or means shall be used to identify the structure.

Address numbers shall be maintained.

[International Building Code 2012} 65 I code [IBC 2012]

Section 420 Groups I-1, R-1, R-2, R-3 420.1 General.

Occupancies in Groups I-1, R-1, R-2 and R-3 shall comply with the provisions of Sections 420.1 through 420.5 and other applicable provisions of this code.

420.2 Separation walls.

Walls separating dwelling units in the same building, walls separating sleeping units in the same building and walls separating dwelling or sleeping units from other occupancies contiguous to them in the same building shall be constructed as fire partitions in accordance with Section 708.

420.3 Horizontal separation.

Floor assemblies separating dwelling units in the same buildings, floor assemblies separating sleeping units in the same building and floor assemblies separating dwelling or sleeping units from other occupancies contiguous to them in the same building shall be constructed as horizontal assemblies in accordance with Section 711.

[F] 420.4 Automatic sprinkler system.

Group R occupancies shall be equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.2.8.

Group I-1 occupancies shall be equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.2.6.

Quick-response or residential automatic sprinklers shall be installed in accordance with Section 903.3.2.

[F] 420.5 Smoke detection and fire alarm systems.

Fire alarm systems and smoke alarms shall be provided in Group I-1, R-1 and R-2 occupancies in accordance with Sections 907.2.6, 907.2.8 and 907.2.9, respectively.

Single-or multiple-station smoke alarms shall be in accordance with Section 907.2.11.

Table 503 - continued ALLOBABLE BUILDING HEIGHTS AND AREAS a,b

503.1 General.

The building height and area shall not exceed the limits specified in Table 503 based on the type of construction as determined

by Section 602 and the occupancies as determined by Section 302 except as modified hereafter. Each portion of a building separated by one or more fire walls complying with Section 706 shall be considered to be a separate building.

503.1.1 Special industrial occupancies.

Buildings and structures designed to house special industrial processes that require large areas and unusual building heights to accommodate craneways or special machiner y and equipment, including, among others, rolling mills; structural metal fabrication shops and foundries; or the production and distribution of electric, gas or steam power, shall be exempt from the building height and area limitations of Table 503

503.1.2 Buildings on same lot.

Two or more buildings on the same lot shall be regulated as separate buildings or shall be considered as portions of one building if the building height of each building and the aggregate building area of the buildings are within the limitations of Table 503 as modified by Sections 504 and 506. The provisions of this code applicable to the aggregate building shall be applicable to each building.

503.1.3 Type I construction.

Buildings of Type I construction permitted to be of unlimited tabular building heights and areas are not subject to the special requirements that allow unlimited area buildings in Section 507 or unlimited building height in Sections 503.1.1 and 504.3 or increased building heights and areas for other types of construction

[International Building Code 2012} code [IBC 2012] l 66

CH. 8 - Interior Finishes

SECTION 801 GENERAL 801.1 Scope.

Provisions of this chapter shall govern the use of materials used as interior finishes, trim and decorative materials.

801.2 Interior wall and ceiling finish.

The provisions of Section 803 shall limit the allowable fire performance and smoke development of interior wall and ceiling finish materials based on occupancy classification.

801.3 Interior floor finish.

The provisions of Section 804 shall limit the allowable fire performance of interior floor finish materials based on occupancy classification.

801.6 Application.

Combustible materials shall be permitted to be used as finish for walls, ceilings, floors and other interior surfaces of buildings.

801.7 Windows.

Show windows in the exterior walls of the first stor y above grade plane shall be permitted to be of wood or of unprotected metal framing.

803.1 General.

Interior wall and ceiling finish materials shall be classified for fire performance and smoke development in accordance with Section 803.1.1 or 803.1.2, except as shown in Sections 803.2 through 803.13.

Materials tested in accordance with Section 803.1.2 shall not be required to be tested in accordance with Section 803.1.1.

803.1.1 Interior wall and ceiling finish materials.

Interior wall and ceiling finish materials shall be classified in accordance with ASTM E 84 or UL 723. Such interior finish materials shall be grouped in the following classes in accordance with their flame spread and smoke-developed indexes.

Class A:=Flame spread index 0-25; smoke-developed index 0-450.

Class B:=Flame spread index 26-75; smoke-developed index 0-450.

[F]801.4 Decorative materials and trim.

Decorative materials and trim shall be restricted by combustibility and the flame propagation performance criteria of NFPA 701, in accordance with Section 806.

Class C:=Flame spread index 76-200; smoke-developed index 0-450.

801.5 Applicability.

For buildings in flood hazard areas as established in Section 1612.3, interior finishes, trim and decorative materials below the elevation required

by Section 1612 shall be flood-damage-resistant materials.

Interior wall or ceiling finish materials shall be permitted to be tested in accordance with NFPA 286. Interior wall or ceiling finish materials tested in accordance with NFPA 286 shall comply with Section 803.1.2.1.

[International Building Code 2012} 67 I code [IBC 2012]

Exception: Materials tested in accordance with Section 803.1.2.

803.1.2 Room corner test for interior wall or ceiling finish materials.

803.1.2.1 Acceptance criteria for NFPA 286.

The interior finish shall comply with the following:

803.1.4 Acceptance criteria for textile and expanded vinyl wall or ceiling coverings tested to ASTM E 84 or UL 723.

Textile wall and ceiling coverings and expanded vinyl wall and 1. During the 40 kW exposure, flames shall not spread to the ceiling coverings shall have a Class A flame spread index in ceiling. accordance with ASTM E 84 or UL 723 and be protected by an automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with Section 2. The flame shall not spread to the outer extremity of the 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2. Test specimen preparation and mounting sample on any wall or ceiling. shall be in accordance with ASTM E 2404.

3. Flashover, as defined in NFPA 286, shall not occur.

4. The peak heat release rate throughout the test shall not exceed 800 kW.

803.2 Thickness exemption.

Materials having a thickness less than 0.036 inch (0.9 mm) applied directly to the surface of walls or ceilings shall not be required to be tested.

5. The total smoke released throughout the test shall not 803.3 Heavy timber exemption. exceed 1,000 m2.

Exposed portions of structural members complying with the requirements for buildings of Type IV construction in Section 803.1.3 Room corner test for textile wall coverings and 602.4 shall not be subject to interior finish requirements. expanded vinyl wall coverings.

Textile wall coverings and expanded vinyl wall coverings shall 803.5 Textile wall coverings. meet the criteria of Section 803.1.3.1 when tested in the manner Where used as interior wall finish materials, textile wall coverings, intended for use in accordance with the Method B protocol including materials having woven or nonwoven, napped, of NFPA 265 using the product-mounting system, including tufted, looped or similar surface and carpet and similar textile adhesive. materials, shall be tested in the manner intended for use, using the product mounting system, including adhesive, and shall 803.1.3.1 Acceptance criteria for NFPA 265. comply with the requirements of Section 803.1.2, 803.1.3 or The interior finish shall comply with the following: 803.1.4.

1. During the 40 kW exposure, flames shall not spread to the ceiling.

2. The flame shall not spread to the outer extremities of the samples on the 8-foot by 12-foot (203 by 305 mm) walls.

3. Flashover, as defined in NFPA 265, shall not occur.

4. The total smoke released throughout the test shall not exceed 1,000 m2.

803.6 Textile ceiling coverings.

Where used as interior ceiling finish materials, textile ceiling coverings, including materials having woven or nonwoven, napped, tufted, looped or similar surface and carpet and similar textile materials, shall be tested in the manner intended for use, using the product mounting system, including adhesive, and shall comply with the requirements of Section 803.1.2 or 803.1.4.

[International Building Code 2012} code [IBC 2012] l 68

803.7 Expanded vinyl wall coverings.

Where used as interior wall finish materials, expanded vinyl wall coverings shall be tested in the manner intended for use, using the product mounting system, including adhesive, and shall comply with the requirements of Section 803.1.2, 803.1.3 or 803.1.4.

and shall comply with the requirements of Section 803.1.2 or 803.1.4.

803.9 Interior finish requirements based on group.

Interior wall and ceiling finish shall have a flame spread index not greater than that specified in Table 803.9 for the group and location designated. Interior wall and ceiling finish 803.8 Expanded vinyl ceiling coverings. materials tested in accordance with NFPA 286 and meeting Where used as interior ceiling finish materials, expanded vinyl the acceptance criteria of Section 803.1.2.1, shall be permitted ceiling coverings shall be tested in the manner intended for to be used where a Class A classification in accordance with use, using the product mounting system, including adhesive, ASTM E 84 or UL 723 is required.

[International Building Code 2012} 69 I code [IBC 2012]

CH. 10 - Means of Egress

SECTION 1001 ADMINISTRATION 1001.1 General.

Buildings or portions thereof shall be provided with a means of egress system as required by this chapter. The provisions of this chapter shall control the design, construction and arrangement of means of egress components required to provide an approved means of egress from structures and portions thereof.

1003.1 Applicability.

The general requirements specified in Sections 1003 through 1013 shall apply to all three elements of the means of egress system, in addition to those specific requirements for the exit access, the exit and the exit discharge detailed elsewhere in this chapter.

1003.2 Ceiling height.

The means of egress shall have a ceiling height of not less than 7 feet 6 inches (2286 mm).

[F] 1001.3 Maintenance.

Means of egress shall be maintained in accordance with the International Fire Code.

Exceptions: 1. Sloped ceilings in accordance with Section 1208.2.

2. Ceilings of dwelling units and sleeping units within residential occupancies in accordance with Section 1208.2.

3. Allowable projections in accordance with Section 1003.3.

4. Stair headroom in accordance with Section 1009.5.

5. Door height in accordance with Section 1008.1.1.

6. Ramp headroom in accordance with Section 1010.6.2.

7. The clear height of floor levels in vehicular and pedestrian traffic areas in parking garages in accordance with Section 406.4.1.

8. Areas above and below mezzanine floors in accordance with Section 505.2.

1003.3 Protruding objects.

Protruding objects shall comply with the requirements of Sections 1003.3.1 through 1003.3.4.

[F] 1001.4 Fire safety and evacuation plans.

Fire safety and evacuation plans shall be provided for all occupancies and buildings where required by the International Fire Code. Such fire safety and evacuation plans shall comply with the applicable provisions of Sections 401.2 and 404 of the International Fire Code.

1003.3.1 Headroom.

Protruding objects are permitted to extend below the minimum ceiling height required by Section 1003.2 provided a minimum headroom of 80 inches (2032 mm) shall be provided for any walking surface, including walks, corridors, aisles and passageways. Not more than 50 percent of the ceiling area of a means of egress shall be reduced in height by protruding objects.

1001.2 Minimum requirements.

It shall be unlawful to alter a building or structure in a manner that will reduce the number of exits or the capacity of the means of egress to less than required by this code.

Exception: Door closers and stops shall not reduce headroom to less than 78 inches (1981 mm).

A barrier shall be provided where the vertical clearance is less than 80 [International Building Code 2012} code [IBC 2012] l 70

inches (2032 mm) high. The leading edge of such a barrier shall be located 27 inches (686 mm) maximum above the floor.

exist in the means of egress, sloped surfaces shall be used.

Where the slope is greater than one unit vertical in 20 units horizontal (5-percent slope), ramps complying with Section 1003.3.2 Post-mounted objects.

1010 shall be used. Where the difference in elevation is 6 A free-standing object mounted on a post or pylon shall not inches (152 mm) or less, the ramp shall be equipped with either overhang that post or pylon more than 4 inches (102 mm) handrails or floor finish materials that contrast with adjacent where the lowest point of the leading edge is more than 27 floor finish materials. inches (686 mm) and less than 80 inches (2032 mm) above the walking surface. Where a sign or other obstruction is mounted Exceptions: between posts or pylons and the clear distance between the 1. A single step with a maximum riser height of 7 inches (178 posts or pylons is greater than 12 inches (305 mm), the lowest mm) is permitted for buildings with occupancies in Groups F, edge of such sign or obstruction shall be 27 inches (686 mm) H, R-2, R-3, S and U at exterior doors not required to be maximum or 80 inches (2032 mm) minimum above the finished accessible by Chapter 11. floor or ground.

2. A stair with a single riser or with two risers and a tread is permitted at locations not required to be accessible by Exception: These requirements shall not apply to sloping Chapter 11, provided that the risers and treads comply with portions of handrails between the top and bottom riser of Section 1009.7, the minimum depth of the tread is 13 inches stairs and above the ramp run.

(330 mm) and at least one handrail complying with Section 1012 is provided within 30 inches (762 mm) of the centerline of 1003.3.3 Horizontal projections. the normal path of egress travel on the stair.

Structural elements, fixtures or furnishings shall not project 3. A step is permitted in aisles ser ving seating that has a horizontally from either side more than 4 inches (102 mm) difference in elevation less than 12 inches (305 mm) at locations over any walking surface between the heights of 27 inches not required to be accessible by Chapter 11, provided that the (686 mm) and 80 inches (2032 mm) above the walking surface. risers and treads comply with Section 1028.11 and the aisle is provided with a handrail complying with Section 1028.13.

Exception: Handrails are permitted to protrude 41/2 inches (114 mm) from the wall.

Throughout a stor y in a Group I-2 occupancy, any change 1003.3.4 Clear width. in elevation in portions of the means of egress that ser ve Protruding objects shall not reduce the minimum clear width nonambulator y persons shall be by means of a ramp or of accessible routes. sloped walkway.

1003.4 Floor surface.

Walking surfaces of the means of egress shall have a slipresistant surface and be securely attached.

1003.5 Elevation change.

Where changes in elevation of less than 12 inches (305 mm) [International Building Code 2012} 71 I code [IBC 2012]

1003.6 Means of egress continuity.

The path of egress travel along a means of egress shall not be interrupted by any building element other than a means of egress component as specified in this chapter. Obstructions shall not be placed in the required width of a means of egress except projections permitted by this chapter. The required

capacity of a means of egress system shall not be diminished less than that number determined by dividing the floor area along the path of egress travel. under consideration by the occupant load factor assigned to the function of the space as set forth in Table 1004.1.2. Where 1003.7 Elevators, escalators and moving walks. an intended function is not listed in Table 1004.1.2, the building Elevators, escalators and moving walks shall not be used as official shall establish a function based on a listed function that a component of a required means of egress from any other most nearly resembles the intended function. part of the building.

Exception: Where approved by the building official, the actual Exception: Elevators used as an accessible means of egress number of occupants for whom each occupied space, floor in accordance with Section 1007.4 SECTION 1004 OCCUPANT or building is designed, although less than those determined by LOAD calculation, shall be permitted to be used in the determination of the design occupant load.

1004.1 Design occupant load.

In determining means of egress requirements, the number 1004.2 Increased occupant load. of occupants for whom means of egress facilities shall be The occupant load permitted in any building, or portion provided shall be determined in accordance with this section. thereof, is permitted to be increased from that number established for the occupancies in Table 1004.1.2, provided that 1004.1.1 Cumulative occupant loads. all other requirements of the code are also met based on such Where the path of egress travel includes inter vening rooms, modified number and the occupant load does not exceed areas or spaces, cumulative occupant loads shall be determined one occupant per 7 square feet (0.65 m2) of occupiable floor in accordance with this section. space. Where required by the building official, an approved aisle, seating or fixed equipment diagram substantiating any 1004.1.1.1 Inter vening spaces. increase in occupant load shall be submitted. Where required Where occupants egress from one room, area or space by the building official, such diagram shall be posted. through another, the design occupant load shall be based on the cumulative occupant loads of all rooms, areas or spaces 1004.3 Posting of occupant load. to that point along the path of egress travel.

Ever y room or space that is an assembly occupancy shall have the occupant load of the room or space posted in a 1004.1.1.2 Adjacent levels. conspicuous place, near the main exit or exit access door way The occupant load of a mezzanine or stor y with egress from the room or space. Posted signs shall be of an approved through a room, area or space on an adjacent level shall be legible permanent design and shall be maintained by the owner added to the occupant load of that room, area or space. or authorized agent.

1004.1.2 Areas without fixed seating.

The number of occupants shall be computed at the rate of one occupant per unit of area as prescribed in Table 1004.1.2.

For areas without fixed seating, the occupant load shall not be

1004.4 Fixed seating.

For areas having fixed seats and aisles, the occupant load shall be determined by the number of fixed seats installed therein. The occupant load for areas in which fixed seating [International Building Code 2012} code [IBC 2012] l 72

[International Building Code 2012} 73 I code [IBC 2012]

is not installed, such as waiting spaces, shall be determined in the building based on the occupancy of that space. Where two accordance with Section 1004.1.2 and added to the number of or more occupancies utilize portions of the same means of fixed seats. egress system, those egress components shall meet the more stringent requirements of all occupancies that are ser ved.

The occupant load of wheelchair spaces and the associated companion seat shall be based on one occupant for each wheelchair space and one occupant for the associated companion seat provided in accordance with Section 1108.2.3.

For areas having fixed seating without dividing arms, the occupant load shall not be less than the number of seats based on one person for each 18 inches (457 mm) of seating length.

The occupant load of seating booths shall be based on one person for each 24 inches (610 mm) of booth seat length measured at the backrest of the seating both.

1004.5 Outdoor areas.

Yards, patios, courts and similar outdoor areas accessible to and usable by the building occupants shall be provided with means of egress as required by this chapter. The occupant load of such outdoor areas shall be assigned by the building official in accordance with the anticipated use. Where outdoor areas are to be used by persons in addition to the occupants of the building, and the path of egress travel from the outdoor areas passes through the building, means of egress requirements for the building shall be based on the sum of the occupant loads of the building plus the outdoor areas.

SECTION 1005 MEANS OF EGRESS SIZING 1005.1 General.

All portions of the means of egress system shall be sized in accordance with this section.

Exception: Means of egress complying with Section 1028.

1005.2 Minimum width based on component.

The minimum width, in inches (mm), of any means of egress components shall not be less than that specified for such component, elsewhere in this code.

1005.3 Required capacity based on occupant load.

The required capacity, in inches (mm), of the means of egress for any room, area, space or stor y shall not be less than that determined in accordance with Sections 1005.3.1 and 1005.3.2:

1005.3.1 Stair ways.

The capacity, in inches (mm), of means of egress stair ways shall be calculated by multiplying the occupant load ser ved Exceptions: by such stair way by a means of egress capacity factor of 0.3 1. Outdoor areas used exclusively for ser vice of the building inch (7.6 mm) per occupant. Where stair ways ser ve more than need only have one means of egress. one stor y, only the occupant load of each stor y considered 2. Both outdoor areas associated with Group R-3 and individual individually shall be used in calculating the required capacity of dwelling units of Group R-2. the stair ways ser ving that stor y.

1004.6 Multiple occupancies.

Where a building contains two or more occupancies, the Exception: For other than Group H and I-2 occupancies, the means of egress requirements shall apply to each portion of capacity, in inches (mm), of means of egress stair ways shall be [International Building Code 2012} code [IBC 2012] l 74

calculated by multiplying the occupant load ser ved by such stair way by a means of egress capacity factor of 0.2 inch (5.1 mm) per occupant in buildings equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2 and an emergency voice/alarm communication system in accordance with Section 907.5.2.2.

1005.6 Egress convergence.

Where the means of egress from stories above and below converge at an intermediate level, the capacity of the means of egress from the point of convergence shall not be less than the sum of the required capacities for the two adjacent stories.

1005.3.2 Other egress components.

The capacity, in inches (mm), of means of egress components other than stair ways shall be calculated by multiplying the occupant load ser ved by such component by a means of egress capacity factor of 0.2 inch (5.1 mm) per occupant.

1005.7 Encroachment.

Encroachments into the required means of egress width shall be in accordance with the provisions of this section.

1005.7.1 Doors.

Doors, when fully opened, shall not reduce the required width Exception: For other than Group H and I-2 occupancies, the by more than 7 inches (178 mm). Doors in any position shall capacity, in inches (mm), of means of egress components not reduce the required width by more than one-half. other than stair ways shall be calculated by multiplying the occupant load ser ved by such component by a means of Exceptions: egress capacity factor of 0.15 inch (3.8 mm) per occupant 1. Surface-mounted latch release hardware shall be exempt in buildings equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler from inclusion in the 7-inch maximum (178 mm) encroachment system installed in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2 where: and an emergency voice/alarm communication system in 1.1. The hardware is mounted to the side of the door facing accordance with Section 907.5.2.2. away from the adjacent wall where the door is in the open position; and 1005.4 Continuity.

1.2. The hardware is mounted not less than 34 inches (865 mm) The capacity of the means of egress required from any stor y nor more than 48 inches (1219 mm) above the finished floor. of a building shall not be reduced along the path of egress 2. The restrictions on door swing shall not apply to doors travel until arrival at the public way. within individual dwelling units and sleeping units of Group R-2 occupancies and dwelling units of Group R-3 occupancies.

1005.5. Distribution of egress capacity.

Where more than one exit, or access to more than one exit, 1005.7.2 Other projections. is required, the means of egress shall be configured such that Handrail projections shall be in accordance with the provisions the loss of any one exit, or access to one exit, shall not reduce of Section 1012.8. Other nonstructural projections such as trim the available capacity to less than 50 percent of the required and similar decorative features shall be permitted to project capacity. into the required width a maximum of 11/2 inches (38 mm) on each side.

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1005.7.3 Protruding objects.

In the event of power supply failure, an emergency electrical Protruding objects shall comply with the applicable requirements system shall automatically illuminate all of the following areas: of Section 1003.3.

1. Aisles and unenclosed egress stair ways in rooms and spaces that require two or more means of egress.

2. Corridors, interior exit stair ways and ramps and exit passageways in buildings required to have two or more exits.

3. Exterior egress components at other than their levels of exit discharge until exit discharge is accomplished for buildings required to have two or more exits.

4. Interior exit discharge elements, as permitted in Section SECTION 1006 MEANS OF EGRESS ILLUMINATION 1027.1, in buildings required to have two or more exits.

5. Exterior landings as required by Section 1008.1.6 for exit 1006.1 Illumination required.

The means of egress, including the exit discharge, shall be discharge door ways in buildings required to have two or more illuminated at all times the building space ser ved by the means exits. of egress is occupied.

The emergency power system shall provide power for a duration of not less than 90 minutes and shall consist of Exceptions: storage batteries, unit equipment or an on-site generator.

The installation of the emergency power system shall be in 1. Occupancies in Group U. accordance with Section 2702.

2. Aisle accessways in Group A. 3. Dwelling units and sleeping units in Groups R-1, R-2 and R-3.

4. Sleeping units of Group I occupancies.

1006.3.1 Illumination level under emergency power.

1006.2 Illumination level.

The means of egress illumination level shall not be less than 1 Emergency lighting facilities shall be arranged to provide initial illumination that is at least an average of 1 footcandle (11 lux) footcandle (11 lux) at the walking surface. and a minimum at any point of 0.1 footcandle (1 lux) measured Exception: For auditoriums, theaters, concert or opera halls and along the path of egress at floor level. Illumination levels shall similar assembly occupancies, the illumination at the walking be permitted to decline to 0.6 footcandle (6 lux) average and surface is permitted to be reduced during performances a minimum at any point of 0.06 footcandle (0.6 lux) at the to not less than 0.2 footcandle (2.15 lux), provided that the end of the emergency lighting time duration. A maximum-torequired illumination is automatically restored upon activation minimum illumination uniformity ratio of 40 to 1 shall not be of a premises’ fire alarm system where such system is provided. exceeded.

1006.3 Emergency power for illumination.

The power supply for means of egress illumination shall normally be provided by the premises’ electrical supply.

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SECTION 1007 ACCESSIBLE MEANS OF EGRESS 1007.1 Accessible means of egress required.

Accessible means of egress shall comply with this section.

Accessible spaces shall be provided with not less than one accessible means of egress. Where more than one means of egress are required by Section 1015.1 or 1021.1 from any accessible space, each accessible portion of the space shall be ser ved by not less than two accessible means of egress.

Exceptions: 1. Accessible means of egress are not required in alterations to existing buildings.

2. One accessible means of egress is required from an accessible mezzanine level in accordance with Section 1007.3, 1007.4 or 1007.5.

3. In assembly areas with sloped or stepped aisles, one accessible means of egress is permitted where the common path of travel is accessible and meets the requirements in Section 1028.8.

1007.2 Continuity and components.

Each required accessible means of egress shall be continuous to a public way and shall consist of one or more of the following components:

9. Areas of refuge complying with Section 1007.6.

10. Exterior area for assisted rescue complying with Section 1007.7.

1007.2.1 Elevators required.

In buildings where a required accessible floor is four or more stories above or below a level of exit discharge, at least one required accessible means of egress shall be an elevator complying with Section 1007.4.

Exceptions: 1. In buildings equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2, the elevator shall not be required on floors provided with a horizontal exit and located at or above the levels of exit discharge.

2. In buildings equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2, the elevator shall not be required on floors provided with a ramp conforming to the provisions of Section 1010.

1007.3 Stair ways.

In order to be considered part of an accessible means of egress, a stair way between stories shall have a clear width of 48 inches (1219 mm) minimum between handrails and shall either incorporate an area of refuge within an enlarged floorlevel landing or shall be accessed from either an area of 1. Accessible routes complying with Section 1104.

2. Interior exit stair ways complying with Sections 1007.3 and refuge complying with Section 1007.6 or a horizontal exit. Exit access stair ways that connect levels in the same stor y are not 1022.

3. Interior exit access stair ways complying with Sections 1007.3 permitted as part an accessible means of egress. and 1009.3.

4. Exterior exit stair ways complying with Sections 1007.3 and Exceptions: 1026 and ser ving levels other than the level of exit discharge.

1. The clear width of 48 inches (1219 mm) between handrails 5. Elevators complying with Section 1007.4. is not required in buildings equipped throughout with an 6. Platform lifts complying with Section 1007.5. automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with Section 7. Horizontal exits complying with Section 1025.

903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2.

8. Ramps complying with Section 1010.

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2. Areas of refuge are not required at stair ways in buildings equipped throughout by an automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2.

3. The clear width of 48 inches (1219 mm) between handrails is not required for stair ways accessed from a horizontal exit.

4. Areas of refuge are not required at stair ways ser ving open parking garages.

5. Areas of refuge are not required for smoke protected seating areas complying with Section 1028.6.2.

6. The areas of refuge are not required in Group R-2 occupancies.

1007.4 Elevators.

In order to be considered part of an accessible means of egress, an elevator shall comply with the emergency operation and signaling device requirements of Section 2.27 of ASME A17.1. Standby power shall be provided in accordance with Chapter 27 and Section 3003. The elevator shall be accessed from either an area of refuge complying with Section 1007.6 or a horizontal exit.

Exceptions: 1. Elevators are not required to be accessed from an area of refuge or horizontal exit in open parking garages.

2. Elevators are not required to be accessed from an area of refuge or horizontal exit in buildings and facilities equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2.

3. Elevators not required to be located in a shaft in accordance with Section 712 are not required to be accessed from an area of refuge or horizontal exit.

4. Elevators are not required to be accessed from an area of refuge or horizontal exit for smoke protected seating areas complying with Section 1028.6.2.

1007.5 Platform lifts.

Platform (wheelchair) lifts shall not ser ve as part of an accessible means of egress, except where allowed as part of

a required accessible route in Section 1109.7, Items 1 through 9.

Standby power shall be provided in accordance with Chapter 27 for platform lifts permitted to ser ve as part of a means of egress.

1007.5.1 Openness.

Platform lifts on an accessible means of egress shall not be installed in a fully enclosed hoistway.

1007.6 Areas of refuge.

Ever y required area of refuge shall be accessible from the space it ser ves by an accessible means of egress. The maximum travel distance from any accessible space to an area of refuge shall not exceed the travel distance permitted for the occupancy in accordance with Section 1016.1. Ever y required area of refuge shall have direct access to a stair way complying with Sections 1007.3 or an elevator complying with Section 1007.4. Where an elevator lobby is used as an area of refuge, the shaft and lobby shall comply with Section 1022.10 for smokeproof enclosures except where the elevators are in an area of refuge formed by a horizontal exit or smoke barrier.

1007.6.1 Size.

Each area of refuge shall be sized to accommodate one wheelchair space of 30 inches by 48 inches (762 mm by 1219 mm) for each 200 occupants or portion thereof, based on the occupant load of the area of refuge and areas ser ved by the area of refuge. Such wheelchair spaces shall not reduce the required means of egress width. Access to any of the required wheelchair spaces in an area of refuge shall not be obstructed by more than one adjoining wheelchair space.

1007.6.2 Separation.

Each area of refuge shall be separated from the remainder of the stor y by a smoke barrier complying with Section 709 or a horizontal exit complying with Section 1025. Each area of refuge shall be designed to minimize the intrusion of smoke.

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Exception: Areas of refuge located within an enclosure for exit 1007.7.4 Separation. access stair ways or interior exit stair ways.

Exterior walls separating the exterior area of assisted rescue from the interior of the building shall have a minimum fire1007.6.3 Two-way communication. resistance rating of 1 hour, rated for exposure to fire from the Areas of refuge shall be provided with a two-way inside. The fire-resistance-rated exterior wall construction shall communication system complying with Sections 1007.8.1 and extend horizontally 10 feet (3048 mm) beyond the landing on 1007.8.2. either side of the landing or equivalent fire-resistance-rated construction is permitted to extend out perpendicular to the 1007.7 Exterior area for assisted rescue. exterior wall 4 feet (1219 mm) minimum on the side of the Exterior areas for assisted rescue shall be accessed by an landing. The fire-resistance-rated construction shall extend accessible route from the area ser ved. Exterior areas for vertically from the ground to a point 10 feet (3048 mm) above assisted rescue shall be permitted in accordance with Section the floor level of the area for assisted rescue or to the roof 1007.7.1 or 1007.7.2. line, whichever is lower. Openings within such fire-resistancerated exterior walls shall be protected in accordance with 1007.7.1 Level of exit discharge.

Section 716.

Where the exit discharge does not include an accessible route from an exit located on a level of exit discharge to a public 1007.7.5 Openness. way, an exterior area of assisted rescue shall be provided The exterior area for assisted rescue shall be open to the on the exterior landing in accordance with Sections 1007.7.3 outside air. The sides other than the separation walls shall be at through 1007.7.6. least 50 percent open, and the open area shall be distributed so as to minimize the accumulation of smoke or toxic gases.

1007.7.2 Outdoor facilities.

1007.7.6 Stair way.

Where exit access from the area ser ving outdoor facilities is Stair ways that are part of the means of egress for the exterior essentially open to the outside, an exterior area of assisted area for assisted rescue shall provide a clear width of 48 inches rescue is permitted as an alternative to an area of refuge. (1219 mm) between handrails.

Ever y required exterior area of assisted recue shall have direct access to an interior exit stair way, exterior stair way, or elevator Exception: The clear width of 48 inches (1219 mm) between ser ving as an accessible means of egress component. The handrails is not required at stair ways ser ving buildings equipped exterior area of assisted rescue shall comply with Sections throughout with an automatic sprinkler system installed in 1007.7.3 through 1007.7.6 and shall be provided with a two- accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2. way communication system complying with Sections 1007.8.1 1007.8 Two-way communication. and 1007.8.2.

A two-way communication system shall be provided at the 1007.7.3 Size. elevator landing on each accessible floor that is one or more Each exterior area for assisted rescue shall be sized to stories above or below the stor y of exit discharge complying accommodate wheelchair spaces in accordance with Section with Sections 1007.8.1 and 1007.8.2.

1007.6.1.

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Exceptions:

Signage shall comply with the ICC A117.1 requirements for visual characters and include the International Symbol of Accessibility.

Where exit sign illumination is required by Section 1011.3, the signs shall be illuminated. Additionally, raised character and Braille signage complying with ICC A117.1 shall be located at each door to an area of refuge and exterior area for assisted rescue in accordance with Section 1011.4.

1. Two-way communication systems are not required at the elevator landing where the two-way communication system is provided within areas of refuge in accordance with Section 1007.6.3.

2. Two-way communication systems are not required on floors provided with ramps conforming to the provisions of Section 1010.

1007.10 Directional signage.

Direction signage indicating the location of the other means of egress and which are accessible means of egress shall be 1007.8.1 System requirements.

Two-way communication systems shall provide communication provided at the following: between each required location and the fire command center or a central control point location approved by the fire 1. At exits ser ving a required accessible space but not providing department. Where the central control point is not constantly an approved accessible means of egress. attended, a two-way communication system shall have a 2. At elevator landings. timed automatic telephone dial-out capability to a monitoring 3. Within areas of refuge. location or 9-1-1. The two-way communication system shall include both audible and visible signals.

1007.11 Instructions.

In areas of refuge and exterior areas for assisted rescue, 1007.8.2 Directions. instructions on the use of the area under emergency conditions Directions for the use of the two-way communication system, shall be posted. The instructions shall include all of the following: instructions for summoning assistance via the two-way communication system and written identification of the location 1. Persons able to use the exit stair way do so as soon as shall be posted adjacent to the two-way communication possible, unless they are assisting others. system.

2. Information on planned availability of assistance in the use of stairs or super vised operation of elevators and how to 1007.9 Signage. summon such assistance.

Signage indicating special accessibility provisions shall be 3. Directions for use of the two-way communications system provided as shown: where provided.

1. Each door providing access to an area of refuge from an adjacent floor area shall be identified by a sign stating: AREA OF REFUGE. 2. Each door providing access to an exterior area for assisted rescue shall be identified by a sign stating: EXTERIOR AREA FOR ASSISTED RESCUE.

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SECTION 1008 DOORS, GATES AND TURNSTILES 1008.1 Doors.

Means of egress doors shall meet the requirements of this section. Doors ser ving a means of egress system shall meet the requirements of this section and Section 1020.2. Doors provided for egress purposes in numbers greater than required by this code shall meet the requirements of this section.

Means of egress doors shall be readily distinguishable from the adjacent construction and finishes such that the doors are easily recognizable as doors. Mirrors or similar reflecting materials shall not be used on means of egress doors. Means of egress doors shall not be concealed by curtains, drapes, decorations or similar materials.

1008.1.1 Size of doors.

The minimum width of each door opening shall be sufficient for the occupant load thereof and shall provide a clear width of 32 inches (813 mm). Clear openings of door ways with swinging doors shall be measured between the face of the door and the stop, with the door open 90 degrees (1.57 rad). Where this section requires a minimum clear width of 32 inches (813 mm) and a door opening includes two door leaves without a mullion, one leaf shall provide a clear opening width of 32 inches (813 mm). The maximum width of a swinging door leaf shall be 48 inches (1219 mm) nominal. Means of egress doors in a Group I-2 occupancy used for the movement of beds shall provide a clear width not less than 411/2 inches (1054 mm).

The height of door openings shall not be less than 80 inches (2032 mm).

Exceptions: 1. The minimum and maximum width shall not apply to door openings that are not part of the required means of egress in Group R-2 and R-3 occupancies.

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2. Door openings to resident sleeping units in Group I-3 occupancies shall have a clear width of not less than 28 inches (711 mm).

3. Door openings to storage closets less than 10 square feet (0.93 m2) in area shall not be limited by the minimum width.

4. Width of door leaves in revolving doors that comply with Section 1008.1.4.1 shall not be limited.

5. Door openings within a dwelling unit or sleeping unit shall not be less than 78 inches (1981 mm) in height.

6. Exterior door openings in dwelling units and sleeping units, other than the required exit door, shall not be less than 76 inches (1930 mm) in height.

7. In other than Group R-1 occupancies, the minimum widths shall not apply to interior egress doors within a dwelling unit or sleeping unit that is not required to be an Accessible unit, Type A unit or Type B unit.

8. Door openings required to be accessible within Type B units shall have a minimum clear width of 31.75 inches (806 mm).

1008.1.1.1 Projections into clear width.

There shall not be projections into the required clear width lower than 34 inches (864 mm) above the floor or ground.

Projections into the clear opening width between 34 inches (864 mm) and 80 inches (2032 mm) above the floor or ground shall not exceed 4 inches (102 mm).

Exception: Door closers and door stops shall be permitted to be 78 inches (1980 mm) minimum above the floor.

1008.1.2 Door swing.

Egress doors shall be of the pivoted or side-hinged swinging type.

Exceptions: 1. Private garages, office areas, factor y and storage areas with an occupant load of 10 or less.

2. Group I-3 occupancies used as a place of detention.

3. Critical or intensive care patient rooms within suites of health care facilities.

4. Doors within or ser ving a single dwelling unit in Groups R-2 and R-3.

5. In other than Group H occupancies, revolving doors complying with Section 1008.1.4.1.

6. In other than Group H occupancies, horizontal sliding doors complying with Section 1008.1.4.3 are permitted in a means of egress.

7. Power-operated doors in accordance with Section 1008.1.4.2.

8. Doors ser ving a bathroom within an individual sleeping unit in Group R-1.

9. In other than Group H occupancies, manually operated 1008.1.4.2 Power-operated doors. horizontal sliding doors are permitted in a means of egress Where means of egress doors are operated by power, such from spaces with an occupant load of 10 or less. as doors with a photoelectric-actuated mechanism to open the door upon the approach of a person, or doors with Doors shall swing in the direction of egress travel where power-assisted manual operation, the design shall be such that ser ving a room or area containing an occupant load of 50 or in the event of power failure, the door is capable of being more persons or a Group H occupancy. opened manually to permit means of egress travel or closed where necessar y to safeguard means of egress. The forces 1008.1.3 Door opening force. required to open these doors manually shall not exceed those The force for pushing or pulling open interior swinging egress specified in Section 1008.1.3, except that the force to set the doors, other than fire doors, shall not exceed 5 pounds (22 N). door in motion shall not exceed 50 pounds (220 N). The door For other swinging doors, as well as sliding and folding doors, shall be capable of swinging from any position to the full width the door latch shall release when subjected to a 15-pound (67 of the opening in which such door is installed when a force is N) force. The door shall be set in motion when subjected to applied to the door on the side from which egress is made. a 30-pound (133 N) force. The door shall swing to a full-open Full-power-operated doors shall comply with BHMA A156.10. position when subjected to a 15-pound (67 N) force.

Power-assisted and low-energy doors shall comply with BHMA A156.19.

1008.1.3.1 Location of applied forces.

Forces shall be applied to the latch side of the door.

Exceptions: 1. Occupancies in Group I-3.

1008.1.4 Special doors.

2. Horizontal sliding doors complying with Section 1008.1.4.3.

Special doors and security grilles shall comply with the 3. For a biparting door in the emergency breakout mode, a requirements of Sections 1008.1.4.1 through 1008.1.4.4. door leaf located within a multiple-leaf opening shall be exempt from the minimum 32-inch (813 mm) single-leaf requirement of Section 1008.1.1, provided a minimum 32-inch (813 mm) clear [International Building Code 2012} code [IBC 2012] l 83

opening is provided when the two biparting leaves meeting in the center are broken out.

1008.1.4.3 Horizontal sliding doors.

In other than Group H occupancies, horizontal sliding doors permitted to be a component of a means of egress in accordance with Exception 6 to Section 1008.1.2 shall comply with all of the following criteria: 1. The doors shall be power operated and shall be capable of being operated manually in the event of power failure.

2. The doors shall be openable by a simple method from both sides without special knowledge or effort.

3. The force required to operate the door shall not exceed 30 pounds (133 N) to set the door in motion and 15 pounds (67 N) to close the door or open it to the minimum required width.

4. The door shall be openable with a force not to exceed 15 pounds (67 N) when a force of 250 pounds (1100 N) is applied perpendicular to the door adjacent to the operating device.

5. The door assembly shall comply with the applicable fire protection rating and, where rated, shall be self-closing or automatic closing by smoke detection in accordance with Section 716.5.9.3, shall be installed in accordance with NFPA 80 and shall comply with Section 716.

6. The door assembly shall have an integrated standby power supply.

7. The door assembly power supply shall be electrically super vised.

8. The door shall open to the minimum required width within 10 seconds after activation of the operating device.

more means of egress are required, not more than one-half of the exits or exit access door ways shall be equipped with horizontal sliding or vertical security grilles.

1008.1.5 Floor elevation.

There shall be a floor or landing on each side of a door. Such floor or landing shall be at the same elevation on each side of the door. Landings shall be level except for exterior landings, which are permitted to have a slope not to exceed 0.25 unit vertical in 12 units horizontal (2-percent slope).

Exceptions: 1. Doors ser ving individual dwelling units in Groups R-2 and R-3 where the following apply: 1.1. A door is permitted to open at the top step of an interior flight of stairs, provided the door does not swing over the top step.

1.2. Screen doors and storm doors are permitted to swing over stairs or landings.

2. Exterior doors as provided for in Section 1003.5, Exception 1, and Section 1020.2, which are not on an accessible route.

3. In Group R-3 occupancies not required to be Accessible units, Type A units or Type B units, the landing at an exterior door way shall not be more than 73/4 inches (197 mm) below the top of the threshold, provided the door, other than an exterior storm or screen door, does not swing over the landing.

4. Variations in elevation due to differences in finish materials, but not more than 1/2 inch (12.7 mm).

5. Exterior decks, patios or balconies that are part of Type B dwelling units, have imper vious surfaces and that are not 1008.1.4.4 Security grilles. more than 4 inches (102 mm) below the finished floor level of In Groups B, F, M and S, horizontal sliding or vertical security the adjacent interior space of the dwelling unit. grilles are permitted at the main exit and shall be openable from the inside without the use of a key or special knowledge 1008.1.6 Landings at doors. or effort during periods that the space is occupied. The Landings shall have a width not less than the width of the grilles shall remain secured in the full-open position during the stair way or the door, whichever is greater. Doors in the fully period of occupancy by the general public. Where two or open position shall not reduce a required dimension by more [International Building Code 2012} 84 I code [IBC 2012]

than 7 inches (178 mm). When a landing ser ves an occupant load of 50 or more, doors in any position shall not reduce the landing to less than one-half its required width. Landings shall have a length measured in the direction of travel of not less than 44 inches (1118 mm).

Exceptions: 1. The minimum distance between horizontal sliding poweroperated doors in a series shall be 48 inches (1219 mm).

2. Storm and screen doors ser ving individual dwelling units in Groups R-2 and R-3 need not be spaced 48 inches (1219 mm) from the other door.

Exception: Landing length in the direction of travel in Groups 3. Doors within individual dwelling units in Groups R-2 and R-3 R-3 and U and within individual units of Group R-2 need not other than within Type A dwelling units. exceed 36 inches (914 mm).

1008.1.9 Door operations.

1008.1.7 Thresholds.

Except as specifically permitted by this section egress doors Thresholds at door ways shall not exceed 3/4 inch (19.1 mm) shall be readily openable from the egress side without the use in height above the finished floor or landing for sliding doors of a key or special knowledge or effort. ser ving dwelling units or 1/2 inch (12.7 mm) above the finished floor or landing for other doors. Raised thresholds and floor 1008.1.9.1 Hardware. level changes greater than 1/4 inch (6.4 mm) at door ways shall Door handles, pulls, latches, locks and other operating devices be beveled with a slope not greater than one unit vertical in on doors required to be accessible by Chapter 11 shall not two units horizontal (50-percent slope). require tight grasping, tight pinching or twisting of the wrist to operate.

Exception: In occupancy Group R-2 or R-3, threshold heights for sliding and side-hinged exterior doors shall be permitted to be up to 73/4 inches (197 mm) in height if all of the following 1008.1.9.2 Hardware height. apply: Door handles, pulls, latches, locks and other operating devices 1. The door is not part of the required means of egress. shall be installed 34 inches (864 mm) minimum and 48 inches 2. The door is not part of an accessible route as required by (1219 mm) maximum above the finished floor. Locks used only Chapter 11. for security purposes and not used for normal operation are 3. The door is not part of an Accessible unit, Type A unit or permitted at any height.

Type B unit.

Exception: Access doors or gates in barrier walls and fences 1008.1.8 Door arrangement. protecting pools, spas and hot tubs shall be permitted to have Space between two doors in a series shall be 48 inches (1219 operable parts of the release of latch on self-latching devices mm) minimum plus the width of a door swinging into the at 54 inches (1370 mm) maximum above the finished floor space. Doors in a series shall swing either in the same direction or ground, provided the self-latching devices are not also or away from the space between the doors. self-locking devices operated by means of a key, electronic opener or integral combination lock.

[International Building Code 2012} code [IBC 2012] l 85

1008.1.9.3 Locks and latches.

Locks and latches shall be permitted to prevent operation of doors where any of the following exists: 1. Places of detention or restraint.

2. In buildings in occupancy Group A having an occupant load of 300 or less, Groups B, F, M and S, and in places of religious worship, the main exterior door or doors are permitted to be equipped with key-operated locking devices from the egress side provided: 2.1. The locking device is readily distinguishable as locked; 2.2. A readily visible durable sign is posted on the egress side on or adjacent to the door stating: THIS DOOR TO REMAIN UNLOCKED WHEN BUILDING IS OCCUPIED. The sign shall be in letters 1 inch (25 mm) high on a contrasting background; and 2.3. The use of the key-operated locking device is revokable by the building official for due cause.

3. Where egress doors are used in pairs, approved automatic flush bolts shall be permitted to be used, provided that the door leaf having the automatic flush bolts has no doorknob or surface-mounted hardware.

4. Doors from individual dwelling or sleeping units of Group R occupancies having an occupant load of 10 or less are permitted to be equipped with a night latch, dead bolt or security chain, provided such devices are openable from the inside without the use of a key or tool.

5. Fire doors after the minimum elevated temperature has disabled the unlatching mechanism in accordance with listed fire door test procedures.

room, manually operated edge- or surface-mounted bolts are permitted on the inactive leaf.

3. Where a pair of doors ser ves an occupant load of less than 50 persons in a Group B, F or S occupancy, manually operated edge- or surface-mounted bolts are permitted on the inactive leaf. The inactive leaf shall contain no doorknobs, panic bars or similar operating hardware.

4. Where a pair of doors ser ves a Group B, F or S occupancy, manually operated edge- or surface-mounted bolts are permitted on the inactive leaf provided such inactive leaf is not needed to meet egress width requirements and the building is equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1. The inactive leaf shall contain no doorknobs, panic bars or similar operating hardware.

5. Where a pair of doors ser ves patient care rooms in Group I-2 occupancies, self-latching edge- or surface-mounted bolts are permitted on the inactive leaf provided that the inactive leaf is not needed to meet egress width requirements and the inactive leaf contains no doorknobs, panic bars or similar operating hardware.

1008.1.9.5 Unlatching.

The unlatching of any door or leaf shall not require more than one operation.

Exceptions: 1. Places of detention or restraint.

2. Where manually operated bolt locks are permitted by 1008.1.9.4 Bolt locks.

Section 1008.1.9.4.

Manually operated flush bolts or surface bolts are not 3. Doors with automatic flush bolts as permitted by Section permitted.

1008.1.9.3, Exception 3.

4. Doors from individual dwelling units and sleeping units Exceptions: of Group R occupancies as permitted by Section 1008.1.9.3, 1. On doors not required for egress in individual dwelling units Exception 4. or sleeping units.

2. Where a pair of doors ser ves a storage or equipment [International Building Code 2012} 85 I code [IBC 2012]

1008.1.9.5.1 Closet and bathroom doors in Group R-4 areas where persons, which because of clinical needs, require occupancies. restraint or containment as part of the function of a psychiatric treatment area.

In Group R-4 occupancies, closet doors that latch in the closed position shall be openable from inside the closet, and bathroom 1008.1.9.7 Delayed egress locks. doors that latch in the closed position shall be capable of Approved, listed, delayed egress locks shall be permitted to be being unlocked from the ingress side. installed on doors ser ving any occupancy except Group A, E and H occupancies in buildings that are equipped throughout 1008.1.9.6 Special locking arrangements in Group I-2. with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section Approved special egress locks shall be permitted in a Group I-2 903.3.1.1 or an approved automatic smoke or heat detection occupancy where the clinical needs of persons receiving care system installed in accordance with Section 907, provided that require such locking. Special egress locks shall be permitted in the doors unlock in accordance with Items 1 through 6 below. such occupancies where the building is equipped throughout A building occupant shall not be required to pass through with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section more than one door equipped with a delayed egress lock 903.3.1.1 or an approved automatic smoke or heat detection before entering an exit. system installed in accordance with Section 907, provided that 1. The doors unlock upon actuation of the automatic sprinkler the doors are installed and operate in accordance with Items system or automatic fire detection system.

1 through 7.

2. The doors unlock upon loss of power controlling the lock 1. The doors unlock upon actuation of the automatic sprinkler or lock mechanism. system or automatic fire detection system.

3. The door locks shall have the capability of being unlocked 2. The doors unlock upon loss of power controlling the lock by a signal from the fire command center. or lock mechanism.

4. The initiation of an irreversible process which will release the 3. The door locks shall have the capability of being unlocked latch in not more than 15 seconds when a force of not more by a signal from the fire command center, a nursing station or than 15 pounds (67 N) is applied for 1 second to the release other approved location. device. Initiation of the irreversible process shall activate an 4. A building occupant shall not be required to pass through audible signal in the vicinity of the door. Once the door lock more than one door equipped with a special egress lock has been released by the application of force to the releasing before entering an exit. device, relocking shall be by manual means only.

5. The procedures for the operation(s) of the unlocking system shall be described and approved as part of the emergency Exception: Where approved, a delay of not more than 30 planning and preparedness required by Chapter 4 of the seconds is permitted.

5. A sign shall be provided on the door located above and International Fire Code.

6. All clinical staff shall have the keys, codes or other means within 12 inches (305 mm) of the release device reading: PUSH necessar y to operate the locking devices.

UNTIL ALARM SOUNDS. DOOR CAN BE OPENED IN 15 [30] SECONDS. 7. Emergency lighting shall be provided at the door.

6. Emergency lighting shall be provided at the door.

Exception: Items 1 through 4 shall not apply to doors to [International Building Code 2012} code [IBC 2012] l 86

1008.1.9.8 Access-controlled egress doors.

The entrance doors in a means of egress in buildings with an occupancy in Groups A, B, E, I-2, M, R-1 or R-2, and entrance doors to tenant spaces in occupancies in Groups A, B, E, I-2, M, R-1 or R-2, are permitted to be equipped with an approved entrance and egress access control system, listed in accordance with UL 294, which shall be installed in accordance with all of the following criteria: 1. A sensor shall be provided on the egress side arranged to detect an occupant approaching the doors. The doors shall be arranged to unlock by a signal from or loss of power to the sensor.

2. Loss of power to that part of the access control system which locks the doors shall automatically unlock the doors.

3. The doors shall be arranged to unlock from a manual unlocking device located 40 inches to 48 inches (1016 mm to 1219 mm) vertically above the floor and within 5 feet (1524 mm) of the secured doors. Ready access shall be provided to the manual unlocking device and the device shall be clearly identified by a sign that reads “PUSH TO EXIT.� When operated, the manual unlocking device shall result in direct interruption of power to the lock-independent of the access control system electronics-and the doors shall remain unlocked for a minimum of 30 seconds.

4. Activation of the building fire alarm system, if provided, shall automatically unlock the doors, and the doors shall remain unlocked until the fire alarm system has been reset.

5. Activation of the building automatic sprinkler or fire detection system, if provided, shall automatically unlock the doors. The doors shall remain unlocked until the fire alarm system has been reset.

6. Entrance doors in buildings with an occupancy in Group A, B, E or M shall not be secured from the egress side during periods that the building is open to the general public.

[International Building Code 2012} 87 I code [IBC 2012]

1008.1.9.9 Electromagnetically locked egress doors.

Doors in the means of egress in buildings with an occupancy in Group A, B, E, M, R-1 or R-2, and doors to tenant spaces in Group A, B, E, M, R-1 or R-2, shall be permitted to be electromagnetically locked if equipped with listed hardware that incorporates a built-in switch and meet the requirements below: 1. The listed hardware that is affixed to the door leaf has an obvious method of operation that is readily operated under all lighting conditions.

2. The listed hardware is capable of being operated with one hand.

3. Operation of the listed hardware directly interrupts the power to the electromagnetic lock and unlocks the door immediately.

4. Loss of power to the listed hardware automatically unlocks the door.

5. Where panic or fire exit hardware is required by Section 1008.1.10, operation of the listed panic or fire exit hardware also releases the electromagnetic lock.

1008.1.9.10 Locking arrangements in correctional facilities.

In occupancies in Groups A-2, A-3, A-4, B, E, F, I-2, I-3, M and S within correctional and detention facilities, doors in means of egress ser ving rooms or spaces occupied by persons whose movements are controlled for security reasons shall be permitted to be locked when equipped with egress control devices which shall unlock manually and by at least one of the following means: 1. Activation of an automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1; 2. Activation of an approved manual alarm box; or 3. A signal from a constantly attended location.

1008.1.9.11 Stair way doors.

Interior stair way means of egress doors shall be openable from both sides without the use of a key or special knowledge or effort.

Exceptions: 1. Stair way discharge doors shall be openable from the egress side and shall only be locked from the opposite side.

2. This section shall not apply to doors arranged in accordance with Section 403.5.3.

3. In stair ways ser ving not more than four stories, doors are permitted to be locked from the side opposite the egress side, provided they are openable from the egress side and capable of being unlocked simultaneously without unlatching upon a signal from the fire command center, if present, or a signal by emergency personnel from a single location inside the main entrance to the building.

4. Stair way exit doors shall be openable from the egress side and shall only be locked from the opposite side in Group B, F, M and S occupancies where the only interior access to the tenant space is from a single exit stair where permitted in Section 1021.2.

5. Stair way exit doors shall be openable from the egress side and shall only be locked from the opposite side in Group R-2 occupancies where the only interior access to the dwelling unit is from a single exit stair where permitted in Section 1021.2.

1008.1.10.1 Installation.

Where panic or fire exit hardware is installed, it shall comply with the following: 1. Panic hardware shall be listed in accordance with UL 305; 2. Fire exit hardware shall be listed in accordance with UL 10C and UL 305; 3. The actuating portion of the releasing device shall extend at least one-half of the door leaf width; and 4. The maximum unlatching force shall not exceed 15 pounds (67 N).

1008.1.10.2 Balanced doors.

If balanced doors are used and panic hardware is required, the panic hardware shall be the push-pad type and the pad shall not extend more than one-half the width of the door measured from the latch side.

1008.2 Gates.

Gates ser ving the means of egress system shall comply with the requirements of this section. Gates used as a component in a means of egress shall conform to the applicable requirements for doors.

1008.1.10 Panic and fire exit hardware.

Exception: Horizontal sliding or swinging gates exceeding the Doors ser ving a Group H occupancy and doors ser ving rooms 4-foot (1219 mm) maximum leaf width limitation are permitted or spaces with an occupant load of 50 or more in a Group in fences and walls surrounding a stadium.

A or E occupancy shall not be provided with a latch or lock unless it is panic hardware or fire exit hardware.

Exception: A main exit of a Group A occupancy in compliance with Section 1008.1.9.3, Item 2.

Electrical rooms with equipment rated 1,200 amperes or more and over 6 feet (1829 mm) wide that contain overcurrent devices, switching devices or control devices with exit or exit access doors shall be equipped with panic hardware or fire exit hardware. The doors shall swing in the direction of egress travel.

[International Building Code 2012} code [IBC 2012] l 88

SECTION 1009 STAIRWAYS 1009.1 General.

Stair ways ser ving occupied portions of a building shall comply with the requirements of this section.

1009.2 Interior exit stair ways.

Interior exit stair ways shall lead directly to the exterior of the building or shall be extended to the exterior of the building with an exit passageway conforming to the requirements of Section 1023, except as permitted in Section 1027.1.

1009.2.1 Where required.

Interior exit stair ways shall be included, as necessar y, to meet one or more means of egress design requirements, such as required number of exits or exit access travel distance.

1009.2.2 Enclosure.

All interior exit stair ways shall be enclosed in accordance with the provisions of Section 1022.

1009.3 Exit access stair ways.

Floor openings between stories created by exit access stair ways shall be enclosed.

Exceptions: 1. In other than Group I-2 and I-3 occupancies, exit access stair ways that ser ve, or atmospherically communicate between, only two stories are not required to be enclosed.

2. Exit access stair ways ser ving and contained within a single residential dwelling unit or sleeping unit in Group R-1, R-2 or R-3 occupancies are not required to be enclosed.

3. In buildings with only Group B or M occupancies, exit access stair way openings are not required to be enclosed provided that the building is equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1, the area of the floor opening between stories does not exceed twice the horizontal projected area of the exit access stair way, and [International Building Code 2012} 89 I code [IBC 2012]

the opening is protected by a draft curtain and closely spaced sprinklers in accordance with NFPA 13.

4. In other than Group B and M occupancies, exit access stair way openings are not required to be enclosed provided that the building is equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1, the floor opening does not connect more than four stories, the area of the floor opening between stories does not exceed twice the horizontal projected area of the exit access stair way, and the opening is protected by a draft curtain and closely spaced sprinklers in accordance with NFPA 13.

5. Exit access stair ways within an atrium complying with the provisions of Section 404 are not required to be enclosed.

6. Exit access stair ways and ramps in open parking garages that ser ve only the parking garage are not required to be enclosed.

7. Stair ways ser ving outdoor facilities where all portions of the means of egress are essentially open to the outside are not required to be enclosed.

8. Exit access stair ways ser ving stages, platforms and technical production areas in accordance with Sections 410.6.2 and 410.6.3 are not required to be enclosed.

9. Stair ways are permitted to be open between the balcony, galler y or press box and the main assembly floor in occupancies such as theaters, places of religious worship, auditoriums and sports facilities.

10. In Group I-3 occupancies, exit access stair ways constructed in accordance with Section 408.5 are not required to be enclosed.

1009.3.1 Construction.

Where required, enclosures for exit access stair ways shall be constructed in accordance with this section. Exit access stair way enclosures shall be constructed as fire barriers in accordance with Section 707 or horizontal assemblies in accordance with Section 711, or both.

1009.3.1.1 Materials. the exit access stair way enclosure shall not be permitted in Exit access stair way enclosures shall be of materials permitted exit access stair way enclosures. by the building type of construction.

1009.3.1.6 Joints.

1009.3.1.2 Fire-resistance rating.

Joints in an exit access stair way enclosure shall comply with Exit access stair way enclosures shall have a fire-resistance Section 715. rating of not less than 2 hours where connecting four stories or more, and not less than 1 hour where connecting less than 1009.3.1.7 Ducts and air transfer openings. four stories. The number of stories connected by the exit Penetrations of an exit access stair way enclosure by ducts access stair way enclosures shall include any basements, but and air transfer openings shall comply with Section 717. not any mezzanines. Exit access stair way enclosures shall have a fire-resistance rating not less than the floor assembly 1009.3.1.8 Exterior walls. penetrated, but need not exceed 2 hours.

Where exterior walls ser ve as a part of an exit access stair way enclosure, such walls shall comply with the requirements of 1009.3.1.3 Continuity.

Section 705 for exterior walls and the fire-resistance-rated Exit access stair way enclosures shall have continuity in enclosure requirements shall not apply. accordance with Section 707.5 for fire barriers or Section 711.4 for horizontal assemblies as applicable.

1009.4 Width.

The width of stair ways shall be determined as specified in 1009.3.1.4 Openings.

Section 1005.1, but such width shall not be less than 44 inches Openings in an exit access stair way enclosure shall be (1118 mm). See Section 1007.3 for accessible means of egress protected in accordance with Section 716 as required for fire stair ways. barriers. Doors shall be self- or automatic-closing by smoke detection in accordance with Section 716.5.9.3.

Exceptions: 1009.3.1.4.1 Prohibited openings.

Openings other than those necessar y for the purpose of the 1. Stair ways ser ving an occupant load of less than 50 shall exit access stair way enclosure shall not be permitted in exit have a width of not less than 36 inches (914 mm). access stair way enclosures.

2. Spiral stair ways as provided for in Section 1009.12.

3. Aisle stairs complying with Section 1028.

1009.3.1.5 Penetrations.

4. Where an incline platform lift or stair way chairlift is installed Penetrations in an exit access stair way enclosure shall be on stair ways ser ving occupancies in Group R-3, or within protected in accordance with Section 714 as required for fire dwelling units in occupancies in Group R-2, a clear passage barriers. width not less than 20 inches (508 mm) shall be provided. If the seat and platform can be folded when not in use, the distance 1009.3.1.5.1 Prohibited penetrations. shall be measured from the folded position.

Penetrations other than those necessar y for the purpose of [International Building Code 2012} code [IBC 2012] l 90

1009.5 Headroom.

Stair ways shall have a minimum headroom clearance of 80 inches (2032 mm) measured vertically from a line connecting the edge of the nosings. Such headroom shall be continuous above the stair way to the point where the line intersects the landing below, one tread depth beyond the bottom riser. The minimum clearance shall be maintained the full width of the stair way and landing.

Exceptions: 1. Spiral stair ways complying with Section 1009.12 are permitted a 78-inch (1981 mm) headroom clearance.

2. In Group R-3 occupancies; within dwelling units in Group R-2 occupancies; and in Group U occupancies that are accessor y to a Group R-3 occupancy or accessor y to individual dwelling units in Group R-2 occupancies; where the nosings of treads at the side of a flight extend under the edge of a floor opening through which the stair passes, the floor opening shall be allowed to project horizontally into the required headroom a maximum of 43/4 inches (121 mm).

1009.6 Walkline.

The walkline across winder treads shall be concentric to the direction of travel through the turn and located 12 inches (305 mm) from the side where the winders are narrower. The 12inch (305 mm) dimension shall be measured from the widest point of the clear stair width at the walking surface of the winder. If winders are adjacent within the flight, the point of the widest clear stair width of the adjacent winders shall be used.

1009.7 Stair treads and risers.

Stair treads and risers shall comply with Sections 1009.7.1 through 1009.7.5.3.

[International Building Code 2012} 91 I code [IBC 2012]

1009.7.1 Dimension reference surfaces.

For the purpose of this section, all dimensions are exclusive of carpets, rugs or runners.

1009.7.2 Riser height and tread depth.

Stair riser heights shall be 7 inches (178 mm) maximum and 4 inches (102 mm) minimum. The riser height shall be measured vertically between the nosings of adjacent treads. Rectangular tread depths shall be 11 inches (279 mm) minimum measured horizontally between the vertical planes of the foremost projection of adjacent treads and at a right angle to the tread’s nosing. Winder treads shall have a minimum tread depth of 11 inches (279 mm) between the vertical planes of the foremost projection of adjacent treads at the intersections with the walkline and a minimum tread depth of 10 inches (254 mm) within the clear width of the stair.

Exceptions: 1. Alternating tread devices in accordance with Section 1009.13.

2. Ship ladders in accordance with Section 1009.14.

3. Spiral stair ways in accordance with Section 1009.12.

4. Aisle stairs in assembly seating areas where the stair pitch or slope is set, for sightline reasons, by the slope of the adjacent seating area in accordance with Section 1028.11.2.

5. In Group R-3 occupancies; within dwelling units in Group R-2 occupancies; and in Group U occupancies that are accessor y to a Group R-3 occupancy or accessor y to individual dwelling units in Group R-2 occupancies; the maximum riser height shall be 73/4 inches (197 mm); the minimum tread depth shall be 10 inches (254 mm); the minimum winder tread depth at the walkline shall be 10 inches (254 mm); and the minimum winder tread depth shall be 6 inches (152 mm). A nosing projection not less than 3/4 inch (19.1 mm) but not more than 11/4 inches (32 mm) shall be provided on stair ways with solid risers where the tread depth is less than 11 inches (279 mm).

6. See Section 3404.1 for the replacement of existing stair ways.

7. In Group I-3 facilities, stair ways providing access to guard

towers, obser vation stations and control rooms, not more of the stair and shall have a slip-resistant surface. Marking than 250 square feet (23 m2) in area, shall be permitted to stripes shall have a width of at least 1 inch (25 mm) but not have a maximum riser height of 8 inches (203 mm) and a more than 2 inches (51 mm). minimum tread depth of 9 inches (229 mm).

1009.7.5 Nosing and riser profile.

1009.7.3 Winder treads.

The radius of cur vature at the leading edge of the tread shall Winder treads are not permitted in means of egress stair ways be not greater than 9/16 inch (14.3 mm). Beveling of nosings except within a dwelling unit. shall not exceed 9/16 inch (14.3 mm). Risers shall be solid and vertical or sloped under the tread above from the underside of the nosing above at an angle not more than 30 degrees Exceptions: (0.52 rad) from the vertical.

1. Cur ved stair ways in accordance with Section 1009.11.

2. Spiral stair ways in accordance with Section 1009.12.

1009.7.5.1 Nosing projection size.

1009.7.4 Dimensional uniformity.

The leading edge (nosings) of treads shall project not more Stair treads and risers shall be of uniform size and shape. The than 11/4 inches (32 mm) beyond the tread below. tolerance between the largest and smallest riser height or between the largest and smallest tread depth shall not exceed 1009.7.5.2 Nosing projection uniformity.

3/8 inch (9.5 mm) in any flight of stairs. The greatest winder All nosing projections of the leading edges shall be of uniform tread depth at the walkline within any flight of stairs shall not size, including the projections of the nosings leading edge of the floor at the top of a flight. exceed the smallest by more than 3/8 inch (9.5 mm).

Exceptions: 1. Nonuniform riser dimensions of aisle stairs complying with Section 1028.11.2.

2. Consistently shaped winders, complying with Section 1009.7, differing from rectangular treads in the same stair way flight.

Where the bottom or top riser adjoins a sloping public way, walkway or driveway having an established grade and ser ving as a landing, the bottom or top riser is permitted to be reduced along the slope to less than 4 inches (102 mm) in height, with the variation in height of the bottom or top riser not to exceed one unit vertical in 12 units horizontal (8-percent slope) of stair way width. The nosings or leading edges of treads at such nonuniform height risers shall have a distinctive marking stripe, different from any other nosing marking provided on the stair flight. The distinctive marking stripe shall be visible in descent

1009.7.5.3 Solid risers.

Risers shall be solid.

Exceptions: 1. Solid risers are not required for stair ways that are not required to comply with Section 1007.3, provided that the opening between treads does not permit the passage of a sphere with a diameter of 4 inches (102 mm).

2. Solid risers are not required for occupancies in Group I-3 or in Group F, H and S occupancies other than areas accessible to the public. There are no restrictions on the size of the opening in the riser.

3. Solid risers are not required for spiral stair ways constructed in accordance with Section 1009.12.

4. Solid risers are not required for alternating tread devices constructed in accordance with Section 1009.13.

[International Building Code 2012} code [IBC 2012] l 92

1009.8 Stair way landings.

There shall be a floor or landing at the top and bottom of each stair way. The width of landings shall not be less than the width of stair ways they ser ve. Ever y landing shall have a minimum width measured perpendicular to the direction of travel equal to the width of the stair way. Where the stair way has a straight run the depth need not exceed 48 inches (1219 mm). Doors opening onto a landing shall not reduce the landing to less than one-half the required width. When fully open, the door shall not project more than 7 inches (178 mm) into a landing.

When wheelchair spaces are required on the stair way landing in accordance with Section 1007.6.1, the wheelchair space shall not be located in the required width of the landing and doors shall not swing over the wheelchair spaces.

Exception: Aisle stairs complying with Section 1028.

1009.9 Stair way construction.

All stair ways shall be built of materials consistent with the types permitted for the type of construction of the building, except that wood handrails shall be permitted for all types of construction.

1009.9.1 Stair way walking surface.

The walking surface of treads and landings of a stair way shall not be sloped steeper than one unit vertical in 48 units horizontal (2-percent slope) in any direction. Stair way treads and landings shall have a solid surface. Finish floor surfaces shall be securely attached.

Exceptions: 1. Openings in stair walking surfaces shall be a size that does not permit the passage of 1/2-inch-diameter (12.7 mm) sphere.

Elongated openings shall be placed so that the long dimension is perpendicular to the direction of travel.

2. In Group F, H and S occupancies, other than areas of [International Building Code 2012} 93 I code [IBC 2012]

parking structures accessible to the public, openings in treads and landings shall not be prohibited provided a sphere with a diameter of 11/8 inches (29 mm) cannot pass through the opening.

1009.9.2 Outdoor conditions.

Outdoor stair ways and outdoor approaches to stair ways shall be designed so that water will not accumulate on walking surfaces.

1009.9.3 Enclosures under interior stair ways.

The walls and soffits within enclosed usable spaces under enclosed and unenclosed stair ways shall be protected by 1-hour fire-resistance-rated construction or the fire-resistance rating of the stair way enclosure, whichever is greater. Access to the enclosed space shall not be directly from within the stair enclosure.

Exception: Spaces under stair ways ser ving and contained within a single residential dwelling unit in Group R-2 or R-3 shall be permitted to be protected on the enclosed side with 1/2inch (12.7 mm) gypsum board.

1009.9.4 Enclosures under exterior stair ways.

There shall be no enclosed usable space under exterior exit stair ways unless the space is completely enclosed in 1-hour fire-resistance-rated construction. The open space under exterior stair ways shall not be used for any purpose.

1009.10 Vertical rise.

A flight of stairs shall not have a vertical rise greater than 12 feet (3658 mm) between floor levels or landings.

Exceptions: 1. Aisle stairs complying with Section 1028.

2. Alternating tread devices used as a means of egress shall not have a rise greater than 20 feet (6096 mm) between floor levels or landings.

3. Spiral stair ways used as a means of egress from technical production areas.

1009.13.1 Handrails of alternating tread devices.

Handrails shall be provided on both sides of alternating tread devices and shall comply with Section 1012.

1009.13.2 Treads of alternating tread devices.

Alternating tread devices shall have a minimum tread depth of 5 inches (127 mm), a minimum projected tread depth of 81/2 inches (216 mm), a minimum tread width of 7 inches (178 mm) and a maximum riser height of 91/2 inches (241 mm). The tread depth shall be measured horizontally between the vertical planes of the foremost projections of adjacent treads. The riser height shall be measured vertically between the leading edges of adjacent treads. The riser height and tread depth provided shall result in an angle of ascent from the horizontal of between 50 and 70 degrees (0.87 and 1.22 rad). The initial tread of the device shall begin at the same elevation as the platform, landing or floor surface.

Exception: Alternating tread devices used as an element of a means of egress in buildings from a mezzanine area not more than 250 square feet (23 m2) in area which ser ves not more than five occupants shall have a minimum tread depth of 3 inches (76 mm) with a minimum projected tread depth of 101/2 inches (267 mm). The rise to the next alternating tread surface shall not exceed 8 inches (203 mm).

1009.15 Handrails.

Stair ways shall have handrails on each side and shall comply with Section 1012. Where glass is used to provide the handrail, the handrail shall also comply with Section 2407.

Exceptions: 1. Handrails for aisle stairs provided in accordance with Section 1028.13.

2. Stair ways within dwelling units and spiral stair ways are permitted to have a handrail on one side only.

3. Decks, patios and walkways that have a single change in elevation where the landing depth on each side of the change of elevation is greater than what is required for a landing do not require handrails.

4. In Group R-3 occupancies, a change in elevation consisting of a single riser at an entrance or egress door does not require handrails.

5. Changes in room elevations of three or fewer risers within dwelling units and sleeping units in Groups R-2 and R-3 do not require handrails.

1009.16 Stair way to roof.

In buildings four or more stories above grade plane, one stair way shall extend to the roof surface, unless the roof has a slope steeper than four units vertical in 12 units horizontal (33-percent slope). In buildings without an occupied roof, access to the roof from the top stor y shall be permitted to be by an alternating tread device.

1009.16.1 Roof access.

Where a stair way is provided to a roof, access to the roof shall be provided through a penthouse complying with Section 1509.2.

Exception: In buildings without an occupied roof, access to the roof shall be permitted to be a roof hatch or trap door not less than 16 square feet (1.5 m2) in area and having a minimum dimension of 2 feet (610 mm).

1009.16.2 Protection at roof hatch openings.

Where the roof hatch opening providing the required access is located within 10 feet (3049 mm) of the roof edge, such roof [International Building Code 2012} code [IBC 2012] l 94

access or roof edge shall be protected by guards installed in accordance with the provisions of Section 1013.

1009.17 Stair way to elevator equipment.

Roofs and penthouses containing elevator equipment that must be accessed for maintenance are required to be accessed by a stair way.

1010.3 Slope.

Ramps used as part of a means of egress shall have a running slope not steeper than one unit vertical in 12 units horizontal (8-percent slope). The slope of other pedestrian ramps shall not be steeper than one unit vertical in eight units horizontal (12.5-percent slope).

Exception: Aisle ramp slope in a room or space used for assembly purposes shall comply with Section 1028.11.

SECTION 1010 RAMPS

1010.4 Cross slope.

The slope measured perpendicular to the direction of travel of a ramp shall not be steeper than one unit vertical in 48 units horizontal (2-percent slope).

1010.1 Scope.

The provisions of this section shall apply to ramps used as a 1010.5 Vertical rise.i The rise for any ramp run shall be 30 inches (762 mm) maximum. component of a means of egress.

Exceptions: 1. Other than ramps that are part of the accessible routes providing access in accordance with Sections 1108.2 through 1108.2.4 and 1108.2.6, ramped aisles within assembly rooms or spaces shall conform with the provisions in Section 1028.11.

2. Curb ramps shall comply with ICC A117.1.

3. Vehicle ramps in parking garages for pedestrian exit access shall not be required to comply with Sections 1010.4 through 1010.10 when they are not an accessible route ser ving accessible parking spaces, other required accessible elements or part of an accessible means of egress.

1010.2 Enclosure.

All interior exit ramps shall be enclosed in accordance with the applicable provisions of Section 1022. Exit access ramps shall be enclosed in accordance with the provisions of Section 1009.3 for enclosure of stair ways.

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1010.6 Minimum dimensions.

The minimum dimensions of means of egress ramps shall comply with Sections 1010.6.1 through 1010.6.3.

1010.6.1 Width.

The minimum width of a means of egress ramp shall not be less than that required for corridors by Section 1018.2. The clear width of a ramp between handrails, if provided, or other permissible projections shall be 36 inches (914 mm) minimum.

1010.6.2 Headroom.

The minimum headroom in all parts of the means of egress ramp shall not be less than 80 inches (2032 mm).

1010.6.3 Restrictions.

Means of egress ramps shall not reduce in width in the direction of egress travel. Projections into the required ramp and landing width are prohibited. Doors opening onto a landing shall not reduce the clear width to less than 42 inches (1067 mm).

1010.7 Landings.

Ramps shall have landings at the bottom and top of each ramp, points of turning, entrance, exits and at doors. Landings shall comply with Sections 1010.7.1 through 1010.7.5.

1010.7.5 Door ways.

Where door ways are located adjacent to a ramp landing, maneuvering clearances required by ICC A117.1 are permitted to overlap the required landing area.

1010.7.1 Slope.

Landings shall have a slope not steeper than one unit vertical in 48 units horizontal (2-percent slope) in any direction. Changes in level are not permitted.

1010.8 Ramp construction.

All ramps shall be built of materials consistent with the types permitted for the type of construction of the building, except that wood handrails shall be permitted for all types of construction.

1010.8.1 Ramp surface.

1010.7.2 Width.

The surface of ramps shall be of slip-resistant materials that The landing shall be at least as wide as the widest ramp run are securely attached. adjoining the landing.

1010.8.2 Outdoor conditions.

1010.7.3 Length.

Outdoor ramps and outdoor approaches to ramps shall be The landing length shall be 60 inches (1525 mm) minimum. designed so that water will not accumulate on walking surfaces.

Exceptions: 1. In Group R-2 and R-3 individual dwelling and sleeping units that are not required to be Accessible units, Type A units or Type B units in accordance with Section 1107, landings are permitted to be 36 inches (914 mm) minimum.

2. Where the ramp is not a part of an accessible route, the length of the landing shall not be required to be more than 48 inches (1220 mm) in the direction of travel.

1010.9 Handrails.

Ramps with a rise greater than 6 inches (152 mm) shall have handrails on both sides. Handrails shall comply with Section 1012.

Exception: Handrails for ramped aisles provided in accordance with Section 1028.13.

1010.10 Edge protection.

1010.7.4 Change in direction.

Edge protection complying with Section 1010.10.1 or 1010.10.2 Where changes in direction of travel occur at landings provided shall be provided on each side of ramp runs and at each side between ramp runs, the landing shall be 60 inches by 60 inches of ramp landings.

(1524 mm by 1524 mm) minimum.

Exceptions: Exception: In Group R-2 and R-3 individual dwelling or sleeping units that are not required to be Accessible units, Type A units 1. Edge protection is not required on ramps that are not or Type B units in accordance with Section 1107, landings are required to have handrails, provided they have flared sides permitted to be 36 inches by 36 inches (914 mm by 914 mm) that comply with the ICC A117.1 curb ramp provisions. minimum.

2. Edge protection is not required on the sides of ramp landings [International Building Code 2012} code [IBC 2012] l 96

ser ving an adjoining ramp run or stair way.

3. Edge protection is not required on the sides of ramp landings having a vertical drop off of not more than 1/2 inch (12.7 mm) within 10 inches (254 mm) horizontally of the required landing area.

4. In assembly spaces with fixed seating, edge protection is not required on the sides of ramps where the ramps provide access to the adjacent seating and aisle accessways.

1012.2 Height.

Handrail height, measured above stair tread nosings, or finish surface of ramp slope, shall be uniform, not less than 34 inches (864 mm) and not more than 38 inches (965 mm). Handrail height of alternating tread devices and ship ladders, measured above tread nosings, shall be uniform, not less than 30 inches (762 mm) and not more than 34 inches (864 mm).

Exceptions:

1010.10.1 Curb, rail, wall or barrier.

A curb, rail, wall or barrier shall be provided to ser ve as edge protection. A curb must be a minimum of 4 inches (102 mm) in height. Barriers must be constructed so that the barrier prevents the passage of a 4-inch-diameter (102 mm) sphere, where any portion of the sphere is within 4 inches (102 mm) of the floor or ground surface.

1. When handrail fittings or bendings are used to provide continuous transition between flights, the fittings or bendings shall be permitted to exceed the maximum height.

2. In Group R-3 occupancies; within dwelling units in Group R-2 occupancies; and in Group U occupancies that are associated with a Group R-3 occupancy or associated with individual dwelling units in Group R-2 occupancies; when handrail fittings or bendings are used to provide continuous transition between 1010.10.2 Extended floor or ground surface. flights, transition at winder treads, transition from handrail to The floor or ground surface of the ramp run or landing shall guard, or when used at the start of a flight, the handrail height extend 12 inches (305 mm) minimum beyond the inside face of at the fittings or bendings shall be permitted to exceed the a handrail complying with Section 1012. maximum height.

1010.11 Guards.

1012.3 Handrail graspability.

Guards shall be provided where required by Section 1013 and All required handrails shall comply with Section 1012.3.1 or shall shall be constructed in accordance with Section 1013. provide equivalent graspability.

Exception: In Group R-3 occupancies; within dwelling units in Group R-2 occupancies; and in Group U occupancies that are accessor y to a Group R-3 occupancy or accessor y to SECTION 1012 HANDRAILS individual dwelling units in Group R-2 occupancies; handrails shall be Type I in accordance with Section 1012.3.1, Type II in 1012.1 Where required.

Handrails for stair ways and ramps shall be adequate in strength accordance with Section 1012.3.2 or shall provide equivalent and attachment in accordance with Section 1607.8. Handrails graspability. required for stair ways by Section 1009.15 shall comply with Sections 1012.2 through 1012.9. Handrails required for ramps by Section 1010.9 shall comply with Sections 1012.2 through 1012.8.

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1012.3.1 Type I. Handrails with a circular cross section shall have an outside diameter of at least 11/4 inches (32 mm) and not greater than 2 inches (51 mm). Where the handrail is not circular, it shall have a perimeter dimension of at least 4 inches (102 mm) and not greater than 61/4 inches (160 mm) with a maximum crosssectional dimension of 21/4 inches (57 mm) and minimum cross-sectional dimension of 1 inch (25 mm). Edges shall have a minimum radius of 0.01 inch (0.25 mm).

1012.3.2 Type II. Handrails with a perimeter greater than 61/4 inches (160 mm) shall provide a graspable finger recess area on both sides of the profile. The finger recess shall begin within a distance of 3/4 inch (19 mm) measured vertically from the tallest portion of the profile and achieve a depth of at least 5/16 inch (8 mm) within 7/8 inch (22 mm) below the widest portion of the profile. This required depth shall continue for at least 3/8 inch (10 mm) to a level that is not less than 13/4 inches (45 mm) below the tallest portion of the profile. The minimum width of the handrail above the recess shall be 11/4 inches (32 mm) to a maximum of 23/4 inches (70 mm). Edges shall have a minimum radius of 0.01 inch (0.25 mm).

of the handrail shall not be considered obstructions. For each 1/2 inch (12.7 mm) of additional handrail perimeter dimension above 4 inches (102 mm), the vertical clearance dimension of 11/2 inches (38 mm) shall be permitted to be reduced by 1/8 inch (3 mm).

4. Where handrails are provided along walking surfaces with slopes not steeper than 1:20, the bottoms of the handrail gripping surfaces shall be permitted to be obstructed along their entire length where they are integral to crash rails or bumper guards.

1012.5 Fittings.

Handrails shall not rotate within their fittings.

1012.6 Handrail extensions.

Handrails shall return to a wall, guard or the walking surface or shall be continuous to the handrail of an adjacent stair flight or ramp run. Where handrails are not continuous between flights, the handrails shall extend horizontally at least 12 inches (305 mm) beyond the top riser and continue to slope for the depth of one tread beyond the bottom riser. At ramps where handrails are not continuous between runs, the handrails shall extend horizontally above the landing 12 inches (305 mm) minimum beyond the top and bottom of ramp runs. The 1012.4 Continuity. extensions of handrails shall be in the same direction of the Handrail gripping surfaces shall be continuous, without stair flights at stair ways and the ramp runs at ramps. interruption by newel posts or other obstructions.

Exceptions: Exceptions: 1. Handrails within a dwelling unit that is not required to be 1. Handrails within dwelling units are permitted to be interrupted accessible need extend only from the top riser to the bottom by a newel post at a turn or landing. riser.

2. Within a dwelling unit, the use of a volute, turnout, starting 2. Aisle handrails in rooms or spaces used for assembly easing or starting newel is allowed over the lowest tread. purposes in accordance with Section 1028.13.

3. Handrail brackets or balusters attached to the bottom surface 3. Handrails for alternating tread devices and ship ladders are of the handrail that do not project horizontally beyond the permitted to terminate at a location vertically above the top sides of the handrail within 11/2 inches (38 mm) of the bottom and bottom risers. Handrails for alternating tread devices and [International Building Code 2012} code [IBC 2012] l 98

ship ladders are not required to be continuous between flights or to extend beyond the top or bottom risers.

1012.7 Clearance.

Clear space between a handrail and a wall or other surface shall be a minimum of 11/2 inches (38 mm). A handrail and a wall or other surface adjacent to the handrail shall be free of any sharp or abrasive elements.

1012.8 Projections.

On ramps, the clear width between handrails shall be 36 inches (914 mm) minimum. Projections into the required width of stair ways and ramps at each side shall not exceed 41/2 inches (114 mm) at or below the handrail height. Projections into the required width shall not be limited above the minimum headroom height required in Section 1009.5. Projections due to intermediate handrails shall not constitute a reduction in the egress width.

1012.9 Intermediate handrails.

Stair ways shall have intermediate handrails located in such a manner that all portions of the stair way width required for egress capacity are within 30 inches (762 mm) of a handrail.

On monumental stairs, handrails shall be located along the most direct path of egress travel.

1. Egress from a room or space shall not pass through adjoining or inter vening rooms or areas, except where such adjoining rooms or areas and the area ser ved are accessor y to one or the other, are not a Group H occupancy and provide a discernible path of egress travel to an exit.

Exception: Means of egress are not prohibited through adjoining or inter vening rooms or spaces in a Group H, S or F occupancy when the adjoining or inter vening rooms or spaces are the same or a lesser hazard occupancy group.

2. An exit access shall not pass through a room that can be locked to prevent egress.

3. Means of egress from dwelling units or sleeping areas shall not lead through other sleeping areas, toilet rooms or bathrooms.

4. Egress shall not pass through kitchens, storage rooms, closets or spaces used for similar purposes.

Exceptions: 1. Means of egress are not prohibited through a kitchen area ser ving adjoining rooms constituting part of the same dwelling unit or sleeping unit.

2. Means of egress are not prohibited through stockrooms in Group M occupancies when all of the following are met: 2.1. The stock is of the same hazard classification as that found in the main retail area; 2.2. Not more than 50 percent of the exit access is through the stockroom; SECTION 1014 EXIT ACCESS 2.3. The stockroom is not subject to locking from the egress side; and 1014.1 General.

The exit access shall comply with the applicable provisions 2.4. There is a demarcated, minimum 44-inch-wide (1118 mm) of Sections 1003 through 1013. Exit access arrangement shall aisle defined by full- or partial-height fixed walls or similar construction that will maintain the required width and lead comply with Sections 1014 through 1019. directly from the retail area to the exit without obstructions.

1014.2 Egress through inter vening spaces.

Egress through inter vening spaces shall comply with this section.

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1014.2.1 Multiple tenants.

SECTION 1015 EXIT AND EXIT ACCESS DOORWAYS Where more than one tenant occupies any one floor of a building or structure, each tenant space, dwelling unit and 1015.1 Exits or exit access door ways from spaces. sleeping unit shall be provided with access to the required Two exits or exit access door ways from any space shall be exits without passing through adjacent tenant spaces, dwelling provided where one of the following conditions exists: units and sleeping units.

1. The occupant load of the space exceeds one of the values Exception: The means of egress from a smaller tenant space in Table 1015.1. shall not be prohibited from passing through a larger adjoining tenant space where such rooms or spaces of the smaller Exceptions: tenant occupy less than 10 percent of the area of the larger 1. In Group R-2 and R-3 occupancies, one means of egress tenant space through which they pass; are the same or similar is permitted within and from individual dwelling units with a occupancy group; a discernable path of egress travel to an maximum occupant load of 20 where the dwelling unit is exit is provided; and the means of egress into the adjoining equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in space is not subject to locking from the egress side. A required accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2. means of egress ser ving the larger tenant space shall not pass 2. Care suites in Group I-2 occupancies complying with Section through the smaller tenant space or spaces.

407.4.3.

1014.3 Common path of egress travel.

2. The common path of egress travel exceeds one of the The common path of egress travel shall not exceed the limitations of Section 1014.3. common path of egress travel distances in Table 1014.3.

3. Where required by Section 1015.3, 1015.4, 1015.5, or 1015.6.

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Where a building contains mixed occupancies, each individual occupancy shall comply with the applicable requirements for that occupancy. Where applicable, cumulative occupant loads from adjacent occupancies shall be considered in accordance with the provisions of Section 1004.1.

Interlocking or scissor stairs shall be counted as one exit stair way.

Exceptions: 1. Where interior exit stair ways are interconnected by a 1-hour fire-resistance-rated corridor conforming to the requirements 1015.1.1 Three or more exits or exit access door ways. of Section 1018, the required exit separation shall be measured Three exits or exit access door ways shall be provided from along the shortest direct line of travel within the corridor. any space with an occupant load of 501 to 1,000. Four exits or 2. Where a building is equipped throughout with an automatic exit access door ways shall be provided from any space with sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2, an occupant load greater than 1,000. the separation distance of the exit doors or exit access door ways shall not be less than one-third of the length of the 1015.2 Exit or exit access door way arrangement. maximum overall diagonal dimension of the area ser ved.

Required exits shall be located in a manner that makes their availability obvious. Exits shall be unobstructed at all times. Exit 1015.2.2 Three or more exits or exit access door ways. and exit access door ways shall be arranged in accordance Where access to three or more exits is required, at least with Sections 1015.2.1 and 1015.2.2. two exit doors or exit access door ways shall be arranged in accordance with the provisions of Section 1015.2.1.

1015.2.1 Two exits or exit access door ways.

Where two exits or exit access door ways are required from 1015.3 Boiler, incinerator and furnace rooms. any portion of the exit access, the exit doors or exit access Two exit access door ways are required in boiler, incinerator door ways shall be placed a distance apart equal to not less and furnace rooms where the area is over 500 square feet than one-half of the length of the maximum overall diagonal (46 m2) and any fuel-fired equipment exceeds 400,000 British dimension of the building or area to be ser ved measured in thermal units (Btu) (422 000 K J) input capacity. Where two exit a straight line between exit doors or exit access door ways. access door ways are required, one is permitted to be a fixed [International Building Code 2012} 101 I code [IBC 2012]

ladder or an alternating tread device. Exit access door ways shall be separated by a horizontal distance equal to one-half the length of the maximum overall diagonal dimension of the room.

amounts based on the volume set forth in the International Mechanical Code.

1015.6 Day care means of egress.

Day care facilities, rooms or spaces where care is provided for more than 10 children that are 21/2 years of age or less, shall have access to not less than two exits or exit access door ways.

1015.4 Refrigeration machiner y rooms.

Machiner y rooms larger than 1,000 square feet (93 m2) shall have not less than two exits or exit access door ways. Where two exit access door ways are required, one such door way is permitted to be ser ved by a fixed ladder or an alternating SECTION 1016 EXIT ACCESS TRAVEL DISTANCE tread device. Exit access door ways shall be separated by a horizontal distance equal to one-half the maximum horizontal 1016.1 General. dimension of room.

Travel distance within the exit access portion of the means of egress system shall be in accordance with this section.

All portions of machiner y rooms shall be within 150 feet (45 720 mm) of an exit or exit access door way. An increase in 1016.2 Limitations. travel distance is permitted in accordance with Section 1016.1. Exit access travel distance shall not exceed the values given in Table 1016.2.

Doors shall swing in the direction of egress travel, regardless of the occupant load ser ved. Doors shall be tight fitting and self-closing.

1015.5 Refrigerated rooms or spaces.

Rooms or spaces having a floor area larger than 1,000 square feet (93 m2), containing a refrigerant evaporator and maintained at a temperature below 68째F (20째C), shall have access to not less than two exits or exit access door ways.

Travel distance shall be determined as specified in Section 1016.1, but all portions of a refrigerated room or space shall be within 150 feet (45 720 mm) of an exit or exit access door way where such rooms are not protected by an approved automatic sprinkler system. Egress is allowed through adjoining refrigerated rooms or spaces.

Exception: Where using refrigerants in quantities limited to the

1016.2.1 Exterior egress balcony increase.

Exit access travel distances specified in Table 1016.2 shall be increased up to an additional 100 feet (30 480 mm) provided the last portion of the exit access leading to the exit occurs [International Building Code 2012} code [IBC 2012] l 102

on an exterior egress balcony constructed in accordance with Section 1019. The length of such balcony shall not be less than the amount of the increase taken.

1016.3 Measurement.

Exit access travel distance shall be measured from the most remote point within a stor y along the natural and unobstructed path of horizontal and vertical egress travel to the entrance to an exit.

Exceptions: 1. In open parking garages, exit access travel distance is permitted to be measured to the closest riser of an exit access stair way or the closest slope of an exit access ramp.

2. In outdoor facilities with open exit access components, exit access travel distance is permitted to be measured to the closest riser of an exit access stair way or the closest slope of an exit access ramp.

1016.3.1 Exit access stair ways and ramps.

Travel distance on exit access stair ways or ramps shall be included in the exit access travel distance measurement. The measurement along stair ways shall be made on a plane parallel and tangent to the stair tread nosings in the center of the stair and landings. The measurement along ramps shall be made on the walking surface in the center of the ramp and landings.

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SECTION 1018 CORRIDORS

1018.1 Construction.

Corridors shall be fire-resistance rated in accordance with Table 1018.1. The corridor walls required to be fire-resistance rated shall comply with Section 708 for fire partitions.

Exceptions: 1. A fire-resistance rating is not required for corridors in an occupancy in Group E where each room that is used for instruction has at least one door opening directly to the exterior and rooms for assembly purposes have at least onehalf of the required means of egress doors opening directly to the exterior. Exterior doors specified in this exception are required to be at ground level.

2. A fire-resistance rating is not required for corridors contained within a dwelling or sleeping unit in an occupancy in Group R. 3. A fire-resistance rating is not required for corridors in open parking garages.

4. A fire-resistance rating is not required for corridors in an occupancy in Group B which is a space requiring only a single means of egress complying with Section 1015.1.

5. Corridors adjacent to the exterior walls of buildings shall be permitted to have unprotected openings on unrated exterior

walls where unrated walls are permitted by Table 602 and unprotected openings are permitted by Table 705.8.

1018.2 Width.

The minimum width of corridors specified in Table 1018.2 shall be as determined in Section 1005.1.

1018.3 Obstruction.

The required width of corridors shall be unobstructed.

Exception: Encroachments complying with Section 1005.7.

1018.4 Dead ends.

Where more than one exit or exit access door way is required, the exit access shall be arranged such that there are no dead ends in corridors more than 20 feet (6096 mm) in length.

Exceptions: 1. In occupancies in Group I-3 of Occupancy Condition 2, 3 or 4 (see Section 308.5), the dead end in a corridor shall not exceed 50 feet (15 240 mm).

2. In occupancies in Groups B, E, F, I-1, M, R-1, R-2, R-4, S and U,

where the building is equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1, the length of the dead-end corridors shall not exceed 50 feet (15 240 mm).

3. A dead-end corridor shall not be limited in length where the length of the dead-end corridor is less than 2.5 times the least width of the dead-end corridor.

1018.5 Air movement in corridors.

Corridors shall not ser ve as supply, return, exhaust, relief or ventilation air ducts.

Exceptions: 1. Use of a corridor as a source of makeup air for exhaust systems in rooms that open directly onto such corridors, including toilet rooms, bathrooms, dressing rooms, smoking lounges and janitor closets, shall be permitted, provided that each such corridor is directly supplied with outdoor air at a rate greater than the rate of makeup air taken from the corridor.

2. Where located within a dwelling unit, the use of corridors for conveying return air shall not be prohibited.

3. Where located within tenant spaces of 1,000 square feet (93 [International Building Code 2012} code [IBC 2012] l 104

m2) or less in area, utilization of corridors for conveying return air is permitted.

4. Incidental air movement from pressurized rooms within health care facilities, provided that the corridor is not the primar y source of supply or return to the room.

1018.5.1 Corridor ceiling.

Use of the space between the corridor ceiling and the floor or roof structure above as a return air plenum is permitted for one or more of the following conditions: 1. The corridor is not required to be of fire-resistance-rated construction; 2. The corridor is separated from the plenum by fire-resistancerated construction; 3. The air-handling system ser ving the corridor is shut down upon activation of the air-handling unit smoke detectors required by the International Mechanical Code; 4. The air-handling system ser ving the corridor is shut down upon detection of sprinkler waterflow where the building is equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system; or 5. The space between the corridor ceiling and the floor or roof structure above the corridor is used as a component of an approved engineered smoke control system.

1018.6 Corridor continuity.

Fire-resistance-rated corridors shall be continuous from the point of entr y to an exit, and shall not be interrupted by inter vening rooms. Where the path of egress travel within a fire-resistance-rated corridor to the exit includes travel along unenclosed exit access stair ways or ramps, the fire resistancerating shall be continuous for the length of the stair way or ramp and for the length of the connecting corridor on the adjacent floor leading to the exit.

Exception: Foyers, lobbies or reception rooms constructed as required for corridors shall not be construed as inter vening rooms.

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SECTION 1020 EXITS 1020.1 General.

Exits shall comply with Sections 1020 through 1026 and the applicable requirements of Sections 1003 through 1013. An exit shall not be used for any purpose that interferes with its function as a means of egress. Once a given level of exit protection is achieved, such level of protection shall not be reduced until arrival at the exit discharge.

1020.2 Exterior exit doors.

Buildings or structures used for human occupancy shall have at least one exterior door that meets the requirements of Section 1008.1.1.

1020.2.1 Detailed requirements.

Exterior exit doors shall comply with the applicable requirements of Section 1008.1.

1020.2.2 Arrangement.

Exterior exit doors shall lead directly to the exit discharge or the public way.

SECTION 1021 NUMBER OF EXITS AND EXIT CONFIGURATION

3. Helistop landing areas located on buildings or structures shall be provided with two exits, or exit access stair ways or ramps providing access to exits.

1021.1 General.

Each stor y and occupied roof shall have the minimum number of exits, or access to exits, as specified in this section. The required number of exits, or exit access stair ways or ramps providing access to exits, from any stor y shall be maintained until arrival at grade or a public way. Exits or access to exits from any stor y shall be configured in accordance with this section. Each stor y above the second stor y of a building shall have a minimum of one interior or exterior exit stair way, or interior or exterior exit ramp. At each stor y above the second stor y that requires a minimum of three or more exits, or access to exits, a minimum of 50 percent of the required exits shall be interior or exterior exit stair ways, or interior or exterior exit ramps.

Exceptions: 1. Rooms, areas and spaces complying with Section 1015.1 with exits that discharge directly to the exterior at the level of exit discharge, are permitted to have one exit.

2. Group R-3 occupancy buildings shall be permitted to have one exit.

3. Parking garages where vehicles are mechanically parked shall be permitted to have one exit.

4. Air traffic control towers shall be provided with the minimum number of exits specified in Section 412.3.

5. Individual dwelling units in compliance with Section 1021.2.3.

6. Group R-3 and R-4 congregate residences shall be permitted to have one exit.

7. Exits ser ving specific spaces or areas need not be accessed by the remainder of the stor y when all of the following are Exceptions: met: 1. Interior exit stair ways and interior exit ramps are not required 7.1. The number of exits from the entire stor y complies with in open parking garages where the means of egress ser ves Section 1021.2.4; 7.2. The access to exits from each individual space in the stor y only the open parking garage.

2. Interior exit stair ways and interior exit ramps are not required complies with Section 1015.1; and in outdoor facilities where all portions of the means of egress 7.3. All spaces within each portion of a stor y shall have access to the minimum number of approved independent exits based are essentially open to the outside. on the occupant load of that portion of the stor y, but not less than two exits.

1021.2 Exits from stories.

Two exits, or exit access stair ways or ramps providing access to exits, from any stor y or occupied roof shall be provided where one of the following conditions exists: 1. The occupant load or number of dwelling units exceeds one of the values in Table 1021.2(1) or 1021.2(2).

2. The exit access travel distance exceeds that specified in Table 1021.2(1) or 1021.2(2) as determined in accordance with the provisions of Section 1016.1.

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1021.2.1 Mixed occupancies.

Where one exit, or exit access stair way or ramp providing access to exits at other stories, is permitted to ser ve individual stories, mixed occupancies shall be permitted to be ser ved by single exits provided each individual occupancy complies with the applicable requirements of Table 1021.2(1) or Table 1021.2(2) for that occupancy. Where applicable, cumulative occupant loads from adjacent occupancies shall be considered in accordance with the provisions of Section 1004.1.

In each stor y of a mixed occupancy building, the maximum number of occupants ser ved by a single exit shall be such that the sum of the ratios of the calculated number of occupants of the space divided by the allowable number of occupants for each occupancy does not exceed one.

unit provided that all of the following criteria are met: 1. The dwelling unit complies with Section 1015.1 as a space with one means of egress and 2. Either the exit from the dwelling unit discharges directly to the exterior at the level of exit discharge, or the exit access outside the dwelling unit’s entrance door provides access to not less than two approved independent exits.

1021.2.4 Three or more exits.

Three exits, or exit access stair ways or ramps providing access to exits at other stories, shall be provided from any stor y or occupied roof with an occupant load from 501 to and including 1,000. Four exits, or exit access stair ways or ramps providing access to exits at other stories, shall be provided from any stor y or occupied roof with an occupant load greater than 1,000.

1021.2.5 Additional exits.

In buildings over 420 feet (128 m) in height, additional exits shall be provided in accordance with Section 403.5.2.

1021.2.2 Basements.

A basement provided with one exit shall not be located more than one stor y below grade plane.

1021.2.3 Single-stor y or multiple-stor y dwelling units.

Individual single-stor y or multiple-stor y dwelling units shall be permitted to have a single exit within and from the dwelling 1021.3 Exit configuration.

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Exits, or exit access stair ways or ramps providing access to exits at other stories, shall be arranged in accordance with the provisions of Sections 1015.2 through 1015.2.2. Exits shall be continuous from the point of entr y into the exit to the exit discharge.

SECTION 1022 INTERIOR EXIT STAIRWAYS AND RAMPS

1022.1 General.

Interior exit stair ways and interior exit ramps ser ving as an exit component in a means of egress system shall comply with the requirements of this section. Interior exit stair ways and ramps shall lead directly to the exterior of the building or shall be extended to the exterior of the building with an exit passageway conforming to the requirements of Section 1023, except as permitted in Section 1027.1. An interior exit stair way Exception: Landing platforms or roof areas for helistops that or ramp shall not be used for any purpose other than as a are less than 60 feet (18 288 mm) long, or less than 2,000 means of egress. square feet (186 m2) in area, shall be permitted to access the second exit by a fire escape, alternating tread device or ladder 1022.2 Construction. leading to the stor y or level below.

Enclosures for interior exit stair ways and ramps shall be 1021.3.1 Access to exits at adjacent levels.

Access to exits at other levels shall be by stair ways or ramps.

Where access to exits occurs from adjacent building levels, the horizontal and vertical exit access travel distance to the closest exit shall not exceed that specified in Section 1016.1.

Access to exits at other levels shall be from an adjacent stor y.

1021.4 Vehicular ramps.

Vehicular ramps shall not be considered as an exit access ramp unless pedestrian facilities are provided.

constructed as fire barriers in accordance with Section 707 or horizontal assemblies constructed in accordance with Section 711, or both. Interior exit stair way and ramp enclosures shall have a fire-resistance rating of not less than 2 hours where connecting four stories or more and not less than 1 hour where connecting less than four stories. The number of stories connected by the interior exit stair ways or ramps shall include any basements, but not any mezzanines. Interior exit stair ways and ramps shall have a fire-resistance rating not less than the floor assembly penetrated, but need not exceed 2 hours.

Exception: Interior exit stair ways and ramps in Group I-3 occupancies in accordance with the provisions of Section 408.3.8.

1022.3 Termination.

Interior exit stair ways and ramps shall terminate at an exit discharge or a public way.

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Exception: Interior exit stair ways and ramps shall be permitted to terminate at an exit passageway complying with Section 1023, provided the exit passageway terminates at an exit discharge or a public way.

ventilation or pressurization, sprinkler piping, standpipes, electrical raceway for fire department communication systems and electrical raceway ser ving the interior exit stair way and ramp and terminating at a steel box not exceeding 16 square inches (0.010 m2). Such penetrations shall be protected in 1022.3.1 Extension. accordance with Section 714. There shall be no penetrations or Where interior exit stair ways and ramps are extended to an communicating openings, whether protected or not, between exit discharge or a public way by an exit passageway, the adjacent interior exit stair ways and ramps. interior exit stair way and ramp shall be separated from the exit passageway by a fire barrier constructed in accordance Exception: Membrane penetrations shall be permitted on the with Section 707 or a horizontal assembly constructed in outside of the interior exit stair way and ramp. Such penetrations accordance with Section 711, or both. The fire-resistance shall be protected in accordance with Section 714.3.2. rating shall be at least equal to that required for the interior exit stair way and ramp. A fire door assembly complying with 1022.6 Ventilation.

Section 716.5 shall be installed in the fire barrier to provide a Equipment and ductwork for interior exit stair way and ramp means of egress from the interior exit stair wa y and ramp to ventilation as permitted by Section 1022.5 shall comply with the exit passageway. Openings in the fire barrier other than one of the following items: the fire door assembly are prohibited. Penetrations of the fire barrier are prohibited.

1. Such equipment and ductwork shall be located exterior to the building and shall be directly connected to the interior exit Exception: Penetrations of the fire barrier in accordance with stair way and ramp by ductwork enclosed in construction as Section 1022.5 shall be permitted. required for shafts.

1022.4 Openings.

2. Where such equipment and ductwork is located within Interior exit stair way and ramp opening protectives shall be in the interior exit stair way and ramp, the intake air shall be accordance with the requirements of Section 716. taken directly from the outdoors and the exhaust air shall be discharged directly to the outdoors, or such air shall be Openings in interior exit stair ways and ramps other than conveyed through ducts enclosed in construction as required unprotected exterior openings shall be limited to those for shafts. necessar y for exit access to the enclosure from normally 3. Where located within the building, such equipment and occupied spaces and for egress from the enclosure. ductwork shall be separated from the remainder of the building, including other mechanical equipment, with construction as Elevators shall not open into interior exit stair ways and ramps. required for shafts.

1022.5 Penetrations.

Penetrations into and openings through interior exit stair ways and ramps are prohibited except for required exit doors, equipment and ductwork necessar y for independent [International Building Code 2012} 109 I code [IBC 2012]

In each case, openings into the fire-resistance-rated construction shall be limited to those needed for maintenance and operation and shall be protected by opening protectives in accordance with Section 716 for shaft enclosures.

The interior exit stair way and ramp ventilation systems shall be characters and Braille complying with ICC A117.1 shall be located independent of other building ventilation systems. at each floor-level landing adjacent to the door leading from the interior exit stair way and ramp into the corridor to identify 1022.7 Interior exit stair way and ramp exterior walls. the floor level.

Exterior walls of the interior exit stair way and ramp shall comply with the requirements of Section 705 for exterior 1022.9.1 Signage requirements. walls. Where nonrated walls or unprotected openings enclose Stair way identification signs shall comply with all of the the exterior of the stair way and the walls or openings are following requirements: exposed by other parts of the building at an angle of less 1. The signs shall be a minimum size of 18 inches (457 mm) by than 180 degrees (3.14 rad), the building exterior walls within 10 12 inches (305 mm). feet (3048 mm) horizontally of a nonrated wall or unprotected 2. The letters designating the identification of the interior exit opening shall have a fire-resistance rating of not less than 1 stair way and ramp shall be a minimum of 11/2 inches (38 mm) hour. Openings within such exterior walls shall be protected by in height. opening protectives having a fire protection rating of not less 3. The number designating the floor level shall be a minimum than 3/4 hour. This construction shall extend vertically from of 5 inches (127 mm) in height and located in the center of the ground to a point 10 feet (3048 mm) above the topmost the sign. landing of the stair way or to the roof line, whichever is lower. 4. All other lettering and numbers shall be a minimum of 1 inch (25 mm) in height.

1022.8 Discharge identification.

5. Characters and their background shall have a nonglare finish.

An interior exit stair way and ramp shall not continue below Characters shall contrast with their background, with either its level of exit discharge unless an approved barrier is light characters on a dark background or dark characters on a provided at the level of exit discharge to prevent persons light background. from unintentionally continuing into levels below. Directional 6. When signs required by Section 1022.9 are installed in the exit signs shall be provided as specified in Section 1011. interior exit stair ways and ramps of buildings subject to Section 1024, the signs shall be made of the same materials as required 1022.9 Stair way identification signs.

by Section 1024.4.

A sign shall be provided at each floor landing in an interior 1022.10 Smokeproof enclosures and pressurized stair ways and exit stair way and ramp connecting more than three stories ramps. designating the floor level, the terminus of the top and bottom Where required by Section 403.5.4 or 405.7.2, interior exit of the interior exit stair way and ramp and the identification of stair ways and ramps shall be smokeproof enclosures or the stair or ramp. The signage shall also state the stor y of, pressurized stair ways or ramps in accordance with Section and the direction to, the exit discharge and the availability of 909.20. roof access from the interior exit stair way and ramp for the fire department. The sign shall be located 5 feet (1524 mm) 1022.10.1 Termination and extension. above the floor landing in a position that is readily visible when A smokeproof enclosure or pressurized stair way shall terminate the doors are in the open and closed positions. In addition at an exit discharge or a public way. The smokeproof enclosure to the stair way identification sign, a floor-level sign in raised or pressurized stair way shall be permitted to be extended by [International Building Code 2012} code [IBC 2012] l 110

an exit passageway in accordance with Section 1022.3. The exit passageway shall be without openings other than the fire door assembly required by Section 1022.3.1 and those necessar y for egress from the exit passageway. The exit passageway shall be separated from the remainder of the building by 2-hour fire barriers constructed in accordance with Section 707 or horizontal assemblies constructed in accordance with Section 711, or both.

Exceptions: 1. Openings in the exit passageway ser ving a smokeproof enclosure are permitted where the exit passageway is protected and pressurized in the same manner as the smokeproof enclosure, and openings are protected as required for access from other floors.

2. Openings in the exit passageway ser ving a pressurized stair way are permitted where the exit passageway is protected and pressurized in the same manner as the pressurized stair way.

3. The fire barrier separating the smokeproof enclosure or pressurized stair way from the exit passageway is not required, provided the exit passageway is protected and pressurized in the same manner as the smokeproof enclosure or pressurized stair way.

4. A smokeproof enclosure or pressurized stair way shall be permitted to egress through areas on the level of exit discharge or vestibules as permitted by Section 1027.

1022.10.2 Enclosure access.

Access to the stair way within a smokeproof enclosure shall be by way of a vestibule or an open exterior balcony.

SECTION 1023 EXIT PASSAGEWAYS

1023.1 Exit passageway.

Exit passageways ser ving as an exit component in a means of egress system shall comply with the requirements of this section. An exit passageway shall not be used for any purpose other than as a means of egress.

1023.2 Width The minimum width of exit passageways shall be determined as specified in Section 1005.1 but such width shall not be less than 44 inches (1118 mm), except that exit passageways ser ving an occupant load of less than 50 shall not be less than 36 inches (914 mm) in width. The required width of exit passageways shall be unobstructed.

Exception: Encroachments complying with Section 1005.7.

1023.3 Construction.

Exit passageway enclosures shall have walls, floors and ceilings of not less than a 1-hour fire-resistance rating, and not less than that required for any connecting interior exit stair way or ramp. Exit passageways shall be constructed as fire barriers in accordance with Section 707 or horizontal assemblies constructed in accordance with Section 711, or both.

1023.4 Termination.

Exit passageways on the level of exit discharge shall terminate Exception: Access is not required by way of a vestibule at an exit discharge. Exit passageways on other levels shall or exterior balcony for stair ways using the pressurization terminate at an exit. alternative complying with Section 909.20.5.

1023.5 Openings and penetrations.

Exit passageway opening protectives shall be in accordance with the requirements of Section 716.

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Except as permitted in Section 402.8.7, openings in exit passageways other than exterior openings shall be limited to those necessar y for exit access to the exit passageway from normally occupied spaces and for egress from the exit passageway.

Where an interior exit stair way or ramp is extended to an exit discharge or a public way by an exit passageway, the exit passageway shall also comply with Section 1022.3.1.

Elevators shall not open into an exit passageway.

1023.6 Penetrations.

Penetrations into and openings through an exit passageway are prohibited except for required exit doors, equipment and ductwork necessar y for independent pressurization, sprinkler piping, standpipes, electrical raceway for fire department communication and electrical raceway ser ving the exit passageway and terminating at a steel box not exceeding 16 square inches (0.010m2). Such penetrations shall be protected in accordance with Section 714. There shall be no penetrations or communicating openings, whether protected or not, between adjacent exit passageways.

Exception: Membrane penetrations shall be permitted on the outside of the exit passageway. Such penetrations shall be protected in accordance with Section 714.3.2.

SECTION 1026 EXTERIOR EXIT STAIRWAYS AND RAMPS 1026.1 Exterior exit stair ways and ramps.

Exterior exit stair ways and ramps ser ving as an element of a required means of egress shall comply with this section.

1026.2 Use in a means of egress.

Exterior exit stair ways shall not be used as an element of a required means of egress for Group I-2 occupancies. For occupancies in other than Group I-2, exterior exit stair ways and ramps shall be permitted as an element of a required means of egress for buildings not exceeding six stories above grade plane or which are not high-rise buildings.

1026.3 Open side.

Exterior exit stair ways and ramps ser ving as an element of a required means of egress shall be open on at least one side.

An open side shall have a minimum of 35 square feet (3.3 m2) of aggregate open area adjacent to each floor level and the level of each intermediate landing. The required open area shall be located not less than 42 inches (1067 mm) above the adjacent floor or landing level.

1026.4 Side yards.

The open areas adjoining exterior exit stair ways or ramps shall be either yards, courts or public ways; the remaining sides are permitted to be enclosed by the exterior walls of the building.

1026.5 Location.

Exterior exit stair ways and ramps shall have a minimum fire separation distance of 10 feet (3048 mm) measured from the exterior edge of the stair way or ramp, including landings, to adjacent lot lines and from other buildings on the same lot unless the adjacent building exterior walls and openings are protected in accordance with Section 705 based on fire separation distance.

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1026.6 Exterior stair way and ramp protection.

Exterior exit stair ways and ramps shall be separated from the interior of the building as required in Section 1022.2. Openings shall be limited to those necessar y for egress from normally occupied spaces.

Exceptions: 1. Separation from the interior of the building is not required for occupancies, other than those in Group R-1 or R-2, in buildings that are no more than two stories above grade plane where a level of exit discharge ser ving such occupancies is the first stor y above grade plane.

2. Separation from the interior of the building is not required where the exterior stair way or ramp is ser ved by an exterior ramp or balcony that connects two remote exterior stair ways or other approved exits with a perimeter that is not less than 50 percent open. To be considered open, the opening shall be a minimum of 50 percent of the height of the enclosing wall, with the top of the openings no less than 7 feet (2134 mm) above the top of the balcony.

3. Separation from the interior of the building is not required for an exterior stair way or ramp located in a building or structure that is permitted to have unenclosed exit access stair ways in accordance with Section 1009.3.

4. Separation from the interior of the building is not required for exterior stair ways or ramps connected to open-ended corridors, provided that Items 4.1 through 4.5 are met: 4.1. The building, including corridors, stair ways or ramps, shall be equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2.

4.2. The open-ended corridors comply with Section 1018.

4.3. The open-ended corridors are connected on each end to an exterior exit stair way or ramp complying with Section 1026.

4.4. The exterior walls and openings adjacent to the exterior exit stair way or ramp comply with Section 1022.7.

4.5. At any location in an open-ended corridor where a change [International Building Code 2012} 112 I code [IBC 2012]

of direction exceeding 45 degrees (0.79 rad) occurs, a clear opening of not less than 35 square feet (3.3 m2) or an exterior stair way or ramp shall be provided. Where clear openings are provided, they shall be located so as to minimize the accumulation of smoke or toxic gases.

2.2. The depth from the exterior of the building is not greater than 10 feet (3048 mm) and the length is not greater than 30 feet (9144 mm).

2.3. The area is separated from the remainder of the level of 1027.1 General.

Exits shall discharge directly to the exterior of the building. exit discharge by construction providing protection at least The exit discharge shall be at grade or shall provide direct the equivalent of approved wired glass in steel frames. access to grade. The exit discharge shall not reenter a building. 2.4. The area is used only for means of egress and exits The combined use of Exceptions 1 and 2 shall not exceed 50 directly to the outside.

3. Horizontal exits complying with Section 1025 shall not be percent of the number and capacity of the required exits. required to discharge directly to the exterior of the building.

Exceptions: 1027.2 Exit discharge capacity.

1. A maximum of 50 percent of the number and capacity The capacity of the exit discharge shall be not less than the of interior exit stair ways and ramps is permitted to egress required discharge capacity of the exits being ser ved. through areas on the level of exit discharge provided all of the 1027.3 Exit discharge components. following are met: 1.1. Such enclosures egress to a free and unobstructed path of Exit discharge components shall be sufficiently open to the travel to an exterior exit door and such exit is readily visible exterior so as to minimize the accumulation of smoke and and identifiable from the point of termination of the enclosure. toxic gases.

1.2. The entire area of the level of exit discharge is separated from areas below by construction conforming to the fire- 1027.4 Egress courts.

Egress courts ser ving as a portion of the exit discharge in the resistance rating for the enclosure.

1.3. The egress path from the interior exit stair way and ramp means of egress system shall comply with the requirements on the level of exit discharge is protected throughout by an of Section 1027. approved automatic sprinkler system. All portions of the level of exit discharge with access to the egress path shall either 1027.4.1 Width. be protected throughout with an automatic sprinkler system The minimum width of egress courts shall be determined as installed in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2, specified in Section 1005.1, but such width shall not be less than or separated from the egress path in accordance with the 44 inches (1118 mm), except as specified herein. Egress courts requirements for the enclosure of interior exit stair ways or ser ving Group R-3 and U occupancies shall not be less than 36 inches (914 mm) in width. The required width of egress courts ramps.

2. A maximum of 50 percent of the number and capacity of shall be unobstructed to a height of 7 feet (2134 mm). the interior exit stair ways and ramps is permitted to egress Exception: Encroachments complying with Section 1005.7. through a vestibule provided all of the following are met: 2.1. The entire area of the vestibule is separated from areas below by construction conforming to the fire-resistance rating Where an egress court exceeds the minimum required width and the width of such egress court is then reduced along the for the enclosure.

SECTION 1027 EXIT DISCHARGE

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path of exit travel, the reduction in width shall be gradual. The transition in width shall be affected by a guard not less than 36 inches (914 mm) in height and shall not create an angle of more than 30 degrees (0.52 rad) with respect to the axis of the egress court along the path of egress travel. In no case shall the width of the egress court be less than the required minimum.

1027.4.2 Construction and openings.

Where an egress court ser ving a building or portion thereof is less than 10 feet (3048 mm) in width, the egress court walls shall have not less than 1-hour fire-resistance-rated construction for a distance of 10 feet (3048 mm) above the floor of the court. Openings within such walls shall be protected by opening protectives having a fire protection rating of not less than 3/4 hour.

Exceptions: 1. Egress courts ser ving an occupant load of less than 10.

2. Egress courts ser ving Group R-3.

SECTION 1029 EMERGENCY ESCAPE AND RESCUE 1029.1 General.

In addition to the means of egress required by this chapter, provisions shall be made for emergency escape and rescue openings in Group R-2 occupancies in accordance with Tables 1021.2(1) and 1021.2(2) and Group R-3 occupancies. Basements and sleeping rooms below the fourth stor y above grade plane shall have at least one exterior emergency escape and rescue opening in accordance with this section. Where basements contain one or more sleeping rooms, emergency escape and rescue openings shall be required in each sleeping room, but shall not be required in adjoining areas of the basement. Such openings shall open directly into a public way or to a yard or court that opens to a public way.

Exceptions:

1. Basements with a ceiling height of less than 80 inches (2032 mm) shall not be required to have emergency escape and 1027.5 Access to a public way. rescue openings.

The exit discharge shall provide a direct and unobstructed 2. Emergency escape and rescue openings are not required access to a public way. from basements or sleeping rooms that have an exit door or exit access door that opens directly into a public way or to a Exception: Where access to a public way cannot be provided, a yard, court or exterior exit balcony that opens to a public way. safe dispersal area shall be provided where all of the following 3. Basements without habitable spaces and having no more are met: than 200 square feet (18.6 m2) in floor area shall not be required to have emergency escape and rescue openings.

1. The area shall be of a size to accommodate at least 5 square feet (0.46 m2) for each person.

1029.2 Minimum size.

2. The area shall be located on the same lot at least 50 feet (15 Emergency escape and rescue openings shall have a minimum 240 mm) away from the building requiring egress. net clear opening of 5.7 square feet (0.53 m2).

3. The area shall be permanently maintained and identified as a safe dispersal area.

Exception: The minimum net clear opening for grade-floor 4. The area shall be provided with a safe and unobstructed emergency escape and rescue openings shall be 5 square feet path of travel from the building.

(0.46 m2).

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1029.2.1 Minimum dimensions.

The minimum net clear opening height dimension shall be 24 inches (610 mm). The minimum net clear opening width dimension shall be 20 inches (508 mm). The net clear opening dimensions shall be the result of normal operation of the opening.

1029.3 Maximum height from floor.

Emergency escape and rescue openings shall have the bottom of the clear opening not greater than 44 inches (1118 mm) measured from the floor.

1029.4 Operational constraints.

Emergency escape and rescue openings shall be operational from the inside of the room without the use of keys or tools.

Bars, grilles, grates or similar devices are permitted to be placed over emergency escape and rescue openings provided the minimum net clear opening size complies with Section 1029.2 and such devices shall be releasable or removable from the inside without the use of a key, tool or force greater than that which is required for normal operation of the escape and rescue opening. Where such bars, grilles, grates or similar devices are installed in existing buildings, smoke alarms shall be installed in accordance with Section 907.2.11 regardless of the valuation of the alteration.

1029.5 Window wells.

An emergency escape and rescue opening with a finished sill height below the adjacent ground level shall be provided with a window well in accordance with Sections 1029.5.1 and 1029.5.2.

1029.5.1 Minimum size.

The minimum horizontal area of the window well shall be 9 square feet (0.84 m2), with a minimum dimension of 36 inches (914 mm). The area of the window well shall allow the emergency escape and rescue opening to be fully opened.

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CH. 30 - Elevators and Conveying Systems SECTION 3001 GENERAL 3001.1 Scope.

This chapter governs the design, construction, installation, alteration and repair of elevators and conveying systems and their components.

3001.2 Referenced standards.

Except as other wise provided for in this code, the design, construction, installation, alteration, repair and maintenance of elevators and conveying systems and their components shall conform to ASME A17.1/CSA B44, ASME A90.1, ASME B20.1, ALI ALCTV, and ASCE 24 for construction in flood hazard areas established in Section 1612.3.

3001.3 Accessibility.

Passenger elevators required to be accessible or to ser ve as part of an accessible means of egress shall comply with Sections 1107 and 1109.7.

3001.4 Change in use.

A change in use of an elevator from freight to passenger, passenger to freight, or from one freight class to another freight class shall comply with Section 8.7 of ASME A17.1/CSA B44.

SECTION 3002 HOISTWAY ENCLOSURES 3002.1 Hoistway enclosure protection.

Elevator, dumbwaiter and other hoistway enclosures shall be shaft enclosures complying with Section 713.

3002.1.1 Opening protectives.

Openings in hoistway enclosures shall be protected as required in Chapter 7.

Exception: The elevator car doors and the associated hoistway enclosure doors at the floor level designated for recall in accordance with Section 3003.2 shall be permitted to remain open during Phase I Emergency Recall Operation.

3002.1.2 Hardware.

Hardware on opening protectives shall be of an approved type installed as tested, except that approved interlocks, mechanical locks and electric contacts, door and gate electric contacts and door-operating mechanisms shall be exempt from the fire test requirements.

3002.2 Number of elevator cars in a hoistway.

Where four or more elevator cars ser ve all or the same portion of a building, the elevators shall be located in no fewer than two separate hoistways. Not more than four elevator cars shall be located in any single hoistway enclosure.

3002.3 Emergency signs.

An approved pictorial sign of a standardized design shall be posted adjacent to each elevator call station on all floors instructing occupants to use the exit stair ways and not to use the elevators in case of fire.

The sign shall read: IN CASE OF FIRE, ELEVATORS ARE OUT OF SERVICE. USE EXIT STAIRS. Exceptions: 1. The emergency sign shall not be required for elevators that are part of an accessible means of egress complying with Section 1007.4.

2. The emergency sign shall not be required for elevators that are used for occupant self-evacuation in accordance with Section 3008.

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3002.4 Elevator car to accommodate ambulance stretcher.

Where elevators are provided in buildings four or more stories above, or four or more stories below, grade plane, at least one elevator shall be provided for fire department emergency access to all floors. The elevator car shall be of such a size and arrangement to accommodate an ambulance stretcher 24 inches by 84 inches (610 mm by 2134 mm) with not less than 5-inch (127 mm) radius corners, in the horizontal, open position and shall be identified by the international symbol for emergency medical ser vices (star of life). The symbol shall not be less than 3 inches (76 mm) in height and shall be placed inside on both sides of the hoistway door frame.

3002.5 Emergency doors.

Where an elevator is installed in a single blind hoistway or on the outside of a building, there shall be installed in the blind portion of the hoistway or blank face of the building, an emergency door in accordance with ASME A17.1/CSA B44.

3002.6 Prohibited doors.

Doors, other than hoistway doors and the elevator car door, shall be prohibited at the point of access to an elevator car unless such doors are readily openable from the car side without a key, tool, special knowledge or effort.

3002.7 Common enclosure with stair way.

Elevators shall not be in a common shaft enclosure with a stair way.

Exception: Elevators within open parking garages need not be separated from stair way enclosures.

3002.8 Glass in elevator enclosures.

Glass in elevator enclosures shall comply with Section 2409.1.

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CH. 34 - Existing Structures SECTION 3401 GENERAL 3401.1 Scope.

The provisions of this chapter shall control the alteration, repair, addition and change of occupancy of existing buildings and structures.

Exception: Existing bleachers, grandstands and folding and telescopic seating shall comply with ICC 300.

3401.2 Maintenance.

Buildings and structures, and parts thereof, shall be maintained in a safe and sanitar y condition.

Devices or safeguards which are required by this code shall be maintained in conformance with the code edition under which installed. The owner or the owner ’s designated agent shall be responsible for the maintenance of buildings and structures. To determine compliance with this subsection, the building official shall have the authority to require a building or structure to be reinspected. The requirements of this chapter shall not provide the basis for removal or abrogation of fire protection and safety systems and devices in existing structures.

3401.3 Compliance.

Alterations, repairs, additions and changes of occupancy to, or relocation of, existing buildings and structures shall comply with the provisions for alterations, repairs, additions and changes [International Building Code 2012} 118 I code [IBC 2012]

of occupancy or relocation, respectively, in the International Energy Conser vation Code, International Fire Code, International Fuel Gas Code, International Mechanical Code, International Plumbing Code, International Property Maintenance Code, International Private Sewage Disposal Code, International Residential Code and NFPA 70. Where provisions of the other codes conflict with provisions of this chapter, the provisions of this chapter shall take precedence.

3401.4 Building materials and systems.

Building materials and systems shall comply with the requirements of this section.

3401.4.1 Existing materials.

Materials already in use in a building in compliance with requirements or approvals in effect at the time of their erection or installation shall be permitted to remain in use unless determined by the building official to be unsafe per Section 116.

3401.4.2 New and replacement materials.

Except as other wise required or permitted by this code, materials permitted by the applicable code for new construction shall be used.

Like materials shall be permitted for repairs and alterations, provided no hazard to life, health or property is created. Hazardous materials shall not be used where the code for new construction would not permit their use in buildings of similar occupancy, purpose and location.

3401.4.3 Existing seismic force-resisting systems.

Where the existing seismic force-resisting system is a type that can be designated ordinar y, values of R, ď —0, and Cd for the existing seismic force-resisting system shall be those specified by this code for an ordinar y system unless it is demonstrated that the existing system will provide performance equivalent to that of a detailed, intermediate or special system.

3401.6 Alternative compliance.

Work performed in accordance with the International Existing Building Code shall be deemed to comply with the provisions of this chapter.

3401.5 Dangerous conditions.

The building official shall have the authority to require the elimination of conditions deemed dangerous.

SECTION 3403 ADDITIONS 3403.1 General.

Additions to any building or structure shall comply with the requirements of this code for new construction. Alterations to the existing building or structure shall be made to ensure that the existing building or structure together with the addition are no less conforming with the provisions of this code than the existing building or structure was prior to the addition. An existing building together with its additions shall comply with the height and area provisions of Chapter 5.

gravity load of more than 5 percent shall be strengthened, supplemented, replaced or other wise altered as needed to carr y the increased gravity load required by this code for new structures. Any existing gravity load-carr ying structural element whose gravity load-carr ying capacity is decreased shall be considered an altered element subject to the requirements of Section 3404.3. Any existing element that will form part of the lateral load path for any part of the addition shall be considered an existing lateral load-carr ying structural element subject to the requirements of Section 3403.4.

3403.3.1 Design live load.

Where the addition does not result in increased design live load, existing gravity load-carr ying structural elements shall be permitted to be evaluated and designed for live loads approved prior to the addition. If the approved live load is less than that required by Section 1607, the area designed for the nonconforming live load shall be posted with placards of approved design indicating the approved live load. Where the addition does result in increased design live load, the live load 3403.2 Flood hazard areas.

For buildings and structures in flood hazard areas established required by Section 1607 shall be used. in Section 1612.3, any addition that constitutes substantial improvement of the existing structure, as defined in Section 3403.4 Existing structural elements carr ying lateral load.

1612.2, shall comply with the flood design requirements for Where the addition is structurally independent of the existing new construction, and all aspects of the existing structure shall structure, existing lateral load-carr ying structural elements be brought into compliance with the requirements for new shall be permitted to remain unaltered. Where the addition is not structurally independent of the existing structure, the construction for flood design. existing structure and its addition acting together as a single For buildings and structures in flood hazard areas established in structure shall be shown to meet the requirements of Sections Section 1612.3, any additions that do not constitute substantial 1609 and 1613. improvement of the existing structure, as defined in Section 1612.2, are not required to comply with the flood design Exception: Any existing lateral load-carr ying structural element whose demand-capacity ratio with the addition considered is requirements for new construction. no more than 10 percent greater than its demand-capacity ratio with the addition ignored shall be permitted to remain 3403.3 Existing structural elements carr ying gravity load.

Any existing gravity load-carr ying structural element for which unaltered. For purposes of calculating demand-capacity ratios, an addition and its related alterations cause an increase in design the demand shall consider applicable load combinations with [International Building Code 2012} code [IBC 2012] l 119

design lateral loads or forces in accordance with Sections 1609 and 1613. For purposes of this exception, comparisons of demand-capacity ratios and calculation of design lateral loads, forces and capacities shall account for the cumulative effects of additions and alterations since original construction.

3404.3 Existing structural elements carr ying gravity load.

Any existing gravity load-carr ying structural element for which an alteration causes an increase in design gravity load of more than 5 percent shall be strengthened, supplemented, replaced or other wise altered as needed to carr y the increased gravity load required by this code for new structures. Any existing 3403.5 Smoke alarms in existing portions of a building. gravity load-carr ying structural element whose gravity loadWhere an addition is made to a building or structure of a carr ying capacity is decreased as part of the alteration shall Group R or I-1 occupancy, the existing building shall be provided be shown to have the capacity to resist the applicable design with smoke alarms in accordance with Section 1103.8 of the gravity loads required by this code for new structures.

International Fire Code.

3404.3.1 Design live load.

Where the alteration does not result in increased design live load, existing gravity load-carr ying structural elements shall be permitted to be evaluated and designed for live loads approved prior to the alteration. If the approved live load is SECTION 3404 ALTERATIONS less than that required by Section 1607, the area designed for the nonconforming live load shall be posted with placards of 3404.1 General.

Except as provided by Section 3401.4 or this section, alterations approved design indicating the approved live load. Where the to any building or structure shall comply with the requirements alteration does result in increased design live load, the live load of the code for new construction. Alterations shall be such required by Section 1607 shall be used. that the existing building or structure is no less complying with the provisions of this code than the existing building or 3404.4 Existing structural elements carr ying lateral load.

Except as permitted by Section 3404.5, where the alteration structure was prior to the alteration. increases design lateral loads in accordance with Section 1609 or 1613, or where the alteration results in a structural irregularity Exceptions: as defined in ASCE 7, or where the alteration decreases 1. An existing stair way shall not be required to comply with the the capacity of any existing lateral load-carr ying structural requirements of Section 1009 where the existing space and element, the structure of the altered building or structure shall be shown to meet the requirements of Sections 1609 and 1613 construction does not allow a reduction in pitch or slope.

2. Handrails other wise required to comply with Section 1009.15 shall not be required to comply with the requirements of Exception: Any existing lateral load-carr ying structural element Section 1012.6 regarding full extension of the handrails where whose demand-capacity ratio with the alteration considered such extensions would be hazardous due to plan configuration. is no more than 10 percent greater than its demand-capacity ratio with the alteration ignored shall be permitted to remain unaltered. For purposes of calculating demand-capacity ratios, the demand shall consider applicable load combinations with [International Building Code 2012} 120 I code [IBC 2012]

design lateral loads or forces per Sections 1609 and 1613. For SECTION 3408 CHANGE OF OCCUPANCY purposes of this exception, comparisons of demand-capacity ratios and calculation of design lateral loads, forces, and 3408.1 Conformance. capacities shall account for the cumulative effects of additions No change shall be made in the use or occupancy of any and alterations since original construction. building that would place the building in a different division of the same group of occupancies or in a different group 3404.5 Voluntar y seismic improvements. of occupancies, unless such building is made to comply with Alterations to existing structural elements or additions of the requirements of this code for such division or group of new structural elements that are not other wise required by occupancies. Subject to the approval of the building official, this chapter and are initiated for the purpose of improving the use or occupancy of existing buildings shall be permitted the performance of the seismic force-resisting system of to be changed and the building is allowed to be occupied an existing structure or the performance of seismic bracing for purposes in other groups without conforming to all the or anchorage of existing nonstructural elements shall be requirements of this code for those groups, provided the new permitted, provided that an engineering analysis is submitted or proposed use is less hazardous, based on life and fire risk, demonstrating the following: than the existing use.

1. The altered structure and the altered nonstructural elements are no less conforming with the provisions of this code with respect to earthquake design than they were prior to the alteration.

2. New structural elements are detailed as required for new construction.

3. New or relocated nonstructural elements are detailed and connected to existing or new structural elements as required for new construction.

4. The alterations do not create a structural irregularity as defined in ASCE 7 or make an existing structural irregularity more severe.

3408.2 Certificate of occupancy.

A certificate of occupancy shall be issued where it has been determined that the requirements for the new occupancy classification have been met.

3408.3 Stair ways.

An existing stair way shall not be required to comply with the requirements of Section 1009 where the existing space and construction does not allow a reduction in pitch or slope.

3408.4 Seismic.

When a change of occupancy results in a structure being reclassified to a higher risk categor y, the structure shall 3404.6 Smoke alarms. conform to the seismic requirements for a new structure of Individual sleeping units and individual dwelling units in Group the higher risk categor y.

R and I-1 occupancies shall be provided with smoke alarms in accordance with Section 1103.8 of the International Fire Code. Exceptions: 1. Specific seismic detailing requirements of Section 1613 for a new structure shall not be required to be met where the seismic performance is shown to be equivalent to that of a [International Building Code 2012} code [IBC 2012] l 121

new structure. A demonstration of equivalence shall consider the regularity, overstrength, redundancy and ductility of the structure.

2. When a change of use results in a structure being reclassified from Risk Categor y I or II to Risk Categor y III and the structure is located where the seismic coefficient, SDS, is less than 0.33, compliance with the seismic requirements of Section 1613 are not required.

SECTION 3409 HISTORIC BUILDINGS 3409.1 Historic buildings.

The provisions of this code relating to the construction, repair, alteration, addition, restoration and movement of structures, and change of occupancy shall not be mandator y for historic buildings where such buildings are judged by the building official to not constitute a distinct life safety hazard.

SECTION 3411 ACCESSIBILITY FOR EXISTING BUILDINGS 3411.1 Scope.

The provisions of Sections 3411.1 through 3411.9 apply to maintenance, change of occupancy, additions and alterations to existing buildings, including those identified as historic buildings.

3411.2 Maintenance of facilities.

A facility that is constructed or altered to be accessible shall be maintained accessible during occupancy.

3411.3 Extent of application.

An alteration of an existing facility shall not impose a requirement for greater accessibility than that which would be required for new construction. Alterations shall not reduce or have the effect of reducing accessibility of a facility or portion of a facility.

3409.2 Flood hazard areas.

Within flood hazard areas established in accordance with 3411.4 Change of occupancy.

Section 1612.3, where the work proposed constitutes substantial Existing buildings that undergo a change of group or occupancy improvement as defined in Section 1612.2, the building shall be shall comply with this section. brought into compliance with Section 1612.

Exception: Type B dwelling units or sleeping units required by Section 1107 of this code are not required to be provided Exception: Historic buildings that are: in existing buildings and facilities undergoing a change of 1. Listed or preliminarily determined to be eligible for listing in occupancy in conjunction with alterations where the work area is 50 percent or less of the aggregate area of the building. the National Register of Historic Places; 2. Determined by the Secretar y of the U.S. Department of Interior as contributing to the historical significance of a 3411.4.1 Partial change in occupancy. registered historic district or a district preliminarily determined Where a portion of the building is changed to a new occupancy classification, any alterations shall comply with Sections 3411.6, to qualify as an historic district; or 3. Designated as historic under a state or local historic 3411.7 and 3411.8 preser vation program that is approved by the Department of .

3411.4.2 Complete change of occupancy.

Interior.

Where an entire building undergoes a change of occupancy, [International Building Code 2012} 121 I code [IBC 2012]

it shall comply with Section 3411.4.1 and shall have all of the following accessible features: 1. At least one accessible building entrance.

2. At least one accessible route from an accessible building entrance to primar y function areas.

3. Signage complying with Section 1110.

4. Accessible parking, where parking is being provided.

5. At least one accessible passenger loading zone, when loading zones are provided.

6. At least one accessible route connecting accessible parking and accessible passenger loading zones to an accessible entrance.

Where it is technically infeasible to comply with the new construction standards for any of these requirements for a change of group or occupancy, the above items shall conform to the requirements to the maximum extent technically feasible.

Exception: The accessible features listed in Items 1 through 6 are not required for an accessible route to Type B units.

3411.5 Additions.

Provisions for new construction shall apply to additions. An addition that affects the accessibility to, or contains an area of, a primar y function shall comply with the requirements in Section 3411.7.

3411.6 Alterations.

A facility that is altered shall comply with the applicable provisions in Chapter 11 of this code, unless technically infeasible. Where compliance with this section is technically infeasible, the alteration shall provide access to the maximum extent technically feasible.

Exceptions: 1. The altered element or space is not required to be on an accessible route, unless required by Section 3411.7.

2. Accessible means of egress required by Chapter 10 are not required to be provided in existing facilities.

3. The alteration to Type A individually owned dwelling units within a Group R-2 occupancy shall be permitted to meet the provision for a Type B dwelling unit.

4. Type B dwelling or sleeping units required by Section 1107 of this code are not required to be provided in existing buildings and facilities undergoing a change of occupancy in conjunction with alterations where the work area is 50 percent or less of the aggregate area of the building.

3411.7 Alterations affecting an area containing a primar y function.

Where an alteration affects the accessibility to, or contains an area of primar y function, the route to the primar y function area shall be accessible. The accessible route to the primar y function area shall include toilet facilities or drinking fountains ser ving the area of primar y function.

Exceptions: 1. The costs of providing the accessible route are not required to exceed 20 percent of the costs of the alterations affecting the area of primar y function.

2. This provision does not apply to alterations limited solely to windows, hardware, operating controls, electrical outlets and signs.

3. This provision does not apply to alterations limited solely to mechanical systems, electrical systems, installation or alteration of fire protection systems and abatement of hazardous materials.

4. This provision does not apply to alterations undertaken for the primar y purpose of increasing the accessibility of a facility.

5. This provision does not apply to altered areas limited to Type B dwelling and sleeping units.

3411.8 Scoping for alterations.

The provisions of Sections 3411.8.1 through 3411.8.14 shall apply to alterations to existing buildings and facilities.

[International Building Code 2012} code [IBC 2012] l 122

3411.8.1 Entrances.

Accessible entrances shall be provided in accordance with Section 1105.

Exception: Where an alteration includes alterations to an entrance, and the facility has an accessible entrance, the altered entrance is not required to be accessible, unless required by Section 3411.7. Signs complying with Section 1110 3411.8.6 Performance areas. shall be provided.

Where it is technically infeasible to alter performance areas to be on an accessible route, at least one of each type of 3411.8.2 Elevators.

Altered elements of existing elevators shall comply with ASME performance area shall be made accessible.

A17.1 and ICC A117.1. Such elements shall also be altered in elevators programmed to respond to the same hall call control 3411.8.7 Accessible dwelling or sleeping units.

Where Group I-1, I-2, I-3, R-1, R-2 or R-4 dwelling or sleeping as the altered elevator. units are being altered or added, the requirements of Section 1107 for Accessible units apply only to the quantity of spaces 3411.8.3 Platform lifts.

Platform (wheelchair) lifts complying with ICC A117.1 and being altered or added. installed in accordance with ASME A18.1 shall be permitted as a 3411.8.8 Type A dwelling or sleeping units. component of an accessible route.

Where more than 20 Group R-2 dwelling or sleeping units are being altered or added, the requirements of Section 1107 for 3411.8.4 Stairs and escalators in existing buildings.

In alterations, change of occupancy or additions where an Type A units apply only to the quantity of the spaces being escalator or stair is added where none existed previously and altered or added. major structural modifications are necessar y for installation, an accessible route shall be provided between the levels ser ved 3411.8.9 Type B dwelling or sleeping units. by the escalator or stairs in accordance with Sections 1104.4 Where four or more Group I-1, I-2, R-1, R-2, R-3 or R-4 dwelling or sleeping units are being added, the requirements of Section and 1104.5.

1107 for Type B units apply only to the quantity of the spaces being added. Where Group I-1, I-2, R-1, R-2, R-3 or R-4 dwelling 3411.8.5 Ramps.

Where slopes steeper than allowed by Section 1010.2 are or sleeping units are being altered and where the work area is necessitated by space limitations, the slope of ramps in or greater than 50 percent of the aggregate area of the building, providing access to existing facilities shall comply with Table the requirements of Section 1107 for Type B units apply only to the quantity of the spaces being altered.

3411.8.5.

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3411.8.10 Jur y boxes and witness stands.

In alterations, accessible wheelchair spaces are not required to be located within the defined area of raised jur y boxes or witness stands and shall be permitted to be located outside these spaces where the ramp or lift access restricts or projects into the means of egress.

3411.9.2 Multilevel buildings and facilities.

An accessible route from an accessible entrance to public spaces on the level of the accessible entrance shall be provided.

3411.8.11 Toilet rooms.

Where it is technically infeasible to alter existing toilet and bathing rooms to be accessible, an accessible family or assisted-use toilet or bathing room constructed in accordance with Section 1109.2.1 is permitted. The family or assisted-use toilet or bathing room shall be located on the same floor and in the same area as the existing toilet or bathing rooms.

Exceptions: 1. If a main entrance cannot be made accessible, an accessible nonpublic entrance that is unlocked while the building is occupied shall be provided; or 2. If a main entrance cannot be made accessible, a locked accessible entrance with a notification system or remote monitoring shall be provided.

3411.9.3 Entrances.

At least one main entrance shall be accessible.

3411.8.14 Thresholds.

Signs complying with Section 1110 shall be provided at the The maximum height of thresholds at door ways shall be 3/4 primar y entrance and the accessible entrance. inch (19.1 mm). Such thresholds shall have beveled edges on each side.

3411.9.4 Toilet and bathing facilities.

Where toilet rooms are provided, at least one accessible family 3411.9 Historic buildings. or assisted-use toilet room complying with Section 1109.2.1 These provisions shall apply to facilities designated as historic shall be provided. structures that undergo alterations or a change of occupancy, unless technically infeasible. Where compliance with the requirements for accessible routes, entrances or toilet rooms would threaten or destroy the historic significance of the facility, as determined by the applicable governing authority, the alternative requirements of Sections 3411.9.1 through 3411.9.4 for that element shall be permitted.

Exception: Type B dwelling or sleeping units required by Section 1107 are not required to be provided in historical buildings.

3411.9.1 Site arrival points.

At least one accessible route from a site arrival point to an accessible entrance shall be provided.

[International Building Code 2012} code [IBC 2012] l 124

2010 ADA Standards for Acessible Design CH. 1 Application and Administration 101 Purpose 101.1 General. This document contains scoping and technical requirements for accessibility to sites, facilities, buildings, and elements by individuals with disabilities. The requirements are to be applied during the design, construction, additions to, and alteration of sites, facilities, buildings, and elements to the extent required by regulations issued by Federal agencies under the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA).

101.2 Effect on Removal of Barriers in Existing Facilities. This document does not address existing facilities unless altered at the discretion of a covered entity. The Department of Justice has authority over existing facilities that are subject to the requirement for removal of barriers under title III of the ADA. Any determination that this document applies to existing facilities subject to the barrier removal requirement is solely within the discretion of the Department of Justice and is effective only to the extent required by regulations issued by the Department of Justice.

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102 Dimensions for Adults and Children The technical requirements are based on adult dimensions and anthropometrics. In addition, this document includes technical requirements based on children’s dimensions and anthropometrics for drinking fountains, water closets, toilet compartments, lavatories and sinks, dining surfaces, and work surfaces.

103 Equivalent Facilitation Nothing in these requirements prevents the use of designs, products, or technologies as alternatives to those prescribed, provided they result in substantially equivalent or greater accessibility and usability.

CH. 2 Scoping Requirements 201 Application 201.1 Scope. All areas of newly designed and newly constructed buildings and facilities and altered portions of existing buildings and facilities shall comply with these requirements.

201.2 Application Based on Building or Facility Use. Where a site, building, facility, room, or space contains more than one use, each portion shall comply with the applicable requirements for that use.

201.3 Temporar y and Permanent Structures.

These requirements shall apply to temporar y and permanent buildings and facilities.

202 Existing Buildings and Facilities 202.1 General. Additions and alterations to existing buildings or facilities shall comply with 202.

202.2 Additions. Each addition to an existing building or facility shall comply with the requirements for new construction. Each addition that affects or could affect the usability of or access to an area containing a primar y function shall comply with 202.4.

202.3 Alterations. Where existing elements or spaces are altered, each altered element or space shall comply with the applicable requirements of

Chapter 2.

EXCEPTIONS: 1. Unless required by 202.4, where elements or spaces are altered and the circulation path to the altered element or space is not altered, an accessible route shall not be required.

2. In alterations, where compliance with applicable requirements is technically infeasible, the alteration shall comply with the requirements to the maximum extent feasible 3. Residential dwelling units not required to be accessible in compliance with a standard issued pursuant to the Americans with Disabilities Act or Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, as amended, shall not be required to comply with 202.3.

202.3.1 Prohibited Reduction in Access. An alteration that decreases or has the effect of decreasing the accessibility of a building or facility below the requirements for new construction at the time of the alteration is prohibited.

202.3.2 Extent of Application. An alteration of an existing element, space, or area of a building or facility shall not impose a requirement for accessibility greater than required for new construction.

202.4 Alterations Affecting Primar y Function Areas. In addition to the requirements of 202.3, an alteration that affects or could affect the usability of or access to an area containing a primar y function shall be made so as to ensure that, to the maximum extent feasible, the path of travel to the altered area, including the rest rooms, telephones, and drinking fountains ser ving the altered area, are readily accessible to and usable by individuals with disabilities, unless such alterations are disproportionate to the overall alterations in terms of cost and scope as determined under criteria established by the Attorney General. In existing transportation facilities, an area of primar y function shall be as defined under regulations published by the Secretar y of the Department of Transportation or the Attorney General.

[Standards for Accessible Design, 2010} code [ADA 2010] l 126

EXCEPTION: Residential dwelling units shall not be 206.2.2 Within a Site. At least one accessible route shall connect required to comply with 202.4. accessible buildings, accessible facilities, accessible elements, and accessible spaces that are on the same site.

202.5 Alterations to Qualified Historic Buildings and Facilities.

EXCEPTION: An accessible route shall not be required Alterations to a qualified historic building or facility shall comply between accessible buildings, accessible facilities, accessible with 202.3 and 202.4. elements, and accessible spaces if the only means of access EXCEPTION: Where the State Historic Preser vation between them is a vehicular way not providing pedestrian Officer or Advisor y Council on Historic Preser vation determines access. that compliance with the requirements for accessible routes, entrances, or toilet facilities would threaten or destroy the 206.2.3 Multi-Stor y Buildings and Facilities. At least one historic significance of the building or facility, the exceptions accessible route shall connect each for alterations to qualified historic buildings or facilities for that stor y and mezzanine in multi-stor y buildings and facilities. element shall be permitted to apply.

EXCEPTIONS: 1. In private buildings or facilities that are less than three stories or that have less than 3000 square feet (279 m2) per stor y, an accessible route shall not be required to connect stories 206 Accessible Routes provided that the building or facility is not a shopping center, a 206.1 General. Accessible routes shall be provided in accordance shopping mall, the professional office of a health care provider, a terminal, depot or other station used for specified public with 206 and shall comply with Chapter 4. transportation, an airport passenger terminal, or another type 206.2 Where Required. Accessible routes shall be provided of facility as determined by the Attorney General.

2. Where a two stor y public building or facility has one stor y where required by 206.2. with an occupant load of five or fewer persons that does not 206.2.1 Site Arrival Points. At least one accessible route shall contain public use space, that stor y shall not be required to be be provided within the site from accessible parking spaces connected to the stor y above or below. and accessible passenger loading zones; public streets and 3. In detention and correctional facilities, an accessible route sidewalks; and public transportation stops to the accessible shall not be required to connect stories where cells with mobility features required to comply with 807.2, all common use areas building or facility entrance they ser ve. ser ving cells with mobility features required to comply with EXCEPTIONS: 1. Where exceptions for alterations to qualified historic 807.2, and all public use areas are on an accessible route. buildings or facilities are permitted by 202.5, no more than one 4. In residential facilities, an accessible route shall not be required to connect stories where residential dwelling units accessible route from a site arrival point to an accessible with mobility features required to comply with 809.2 through entrance shall be required.

2. An accessible route shall not be required between site arrival 809.4, all common use areas ser ving residential dwelling units points and the building or facility entrance if the only means with mobility features required to comply with 809.2 through of access between them is a vehicular way not providing 809.4, and public use areas ser ving residential dwelling units are on an accessible route. pedestrian access.

[Standards for Accessible Design, 2010} 127 I code [ADA 2010]

5. Within multi-stor y transient lodging guest rooms with mobility features required to comply with 806.2, an accessible route shall not be required to connect stories provided that spaces complying with 806.2 are on an accessible route and sleeping accommodations for two persons minimum are provided on a stor y ser ved by an accessible route.

6. In air traffic control towers, an accessible route shall not be required to ser ve the cab and the floor immediately below the cab.

7. Where exceptions for alterations to qualified historic buildings or facilities are permitted by 202.5, an accessible route shall not be required to stories located above or below the accessible stor y.

206.2.3.1 Stairs and Escalators in Existing Buildings. In alterations and additions, where an escalator or stair is provided where none existed previously and major structural modifications are necessar y for the installation, an accessible route shall be provided between the levels ser ved by the escalator or stair unless exempted by 206.2.3 Exceptions 1 through 7.

206.2.4 Spaces and Elements. At least one accessible route shall connect accessible building or facility entrances with all accessible spaces and elements within the building or facility which are other wise connected by a circulation path unless exempted by 206.2.3 Exceptions 1 through 7.

EXCEPTIONS: 1. Raised courtroom stations, including judges’ benches, clerks’ stations, bailiffs’ stations, deputy clerks’ stations, and court reporters’ stations shall not be required to provide vertical access provided that the required clear floor space, maneuvering space, and, if appropriate, electrical ser vice are installed at the time of initial construction to allow future installation of a means of vertical access complying with 405, 407, 408, or 410 without requiring substantial reconstruction of the space.

2. In assembly areas with fixed seating required to comply

with 221, an accessible route shall not be required to ser ve fixed seating where wheelchair spaces required to be on an accessible route are not provided.

3. Accessible routes shall not be required to connect mezzanines where buildings or facilities have no more than one stor y. In addition, accessible routes shall not be required to connect stories or mezzanines where multi-stor y buildings or facilities are exempted by 206.2.3 Exceptions 1 through 7.

206.2.8 Employee Work Areas. Common use circulation paths within employee work areas shall comply with 402.

EXCEPTIONS: 1. Common use circulation paths located within employee work areas that are less than 1000 square feet (93 m2) and defined by permanently installed partitions, counters, casework, or furnishings shall not be required to comply with 402.

2. Common use circulation paths located within employee work areas that are an integral component of work area equipment shall not be required to comply with 402.

3. Common use circulation paths located within exterior employee work areas that are fully exposed to the weather shall not be required to comply with 402.

206.4 Entrances. Entrances shall be provided in accordance with 206.4. Entrance doors, door ways, and gates shall comply with 404 and shall be on an accessible route complying with 402.

[Standards for Accessible Design, 2010} code [ADA 2010] l 128

EXCEPTIONS: 1. Where an alteration includes alterations to an entrance, and the building or facility has another entrance complying with 404 that is on an accessible route, the altered entrance shall not be required to comply with 206.4 unless required by 202.4.

2. Where exceptions for alterations to qualified historic buildings or facilities are permitted by 202.5, no more than one public entrance shall be required to comply with 206.4.

Where no public entrance can comply with 206.4 under criteria established in 202.5 Exception, then either an unlocked entrance not used by the public shall comply with 206.4; or a locked entrance complying with 206.4 with a notification system or remote monitoring shall be provided.

206.5 Doors, Door ways, and Gates. Doors, door ways, and gates providing user passage shall be provided in accordance with 206.5.

206.5.1 Entrances. Each entrance to a building or facility required to comply with 206.4 shall have at least one door, door way, or gate complying with 404.

206.5.2 Rooms and Spaces. Within a building or facility, at least one door, door way, or gate ser ving each room or space complying with these requirements shall comply with 404.

206.5.3 Transient Lodging Facilities. In transient lodging facilities, entrances, doors, and door ways providing user passage into 206.4.1 Public Entrances. In addition to entrances required and within guest rooms that are not required to provide mobility by 206.4.2 through 206.4.9, at least 60 percent of all public features complying with 806.2 shall comply with 404.2.3. entrances shall comply with 404.

EXCEPTION: Shower and sauna doors in guest rooms that are not required to provide mobility features complying 206.4.2 Parking Structure Entrances. Where direct access is with 806.2 shall not be required to comply with 404.2.3. provided for pedestrians from a parking structure to a building or facility entrance, each direct access to the building or facility 206.5.4 Residential Dwelling Units. In residential dwelling units entrance shall comply with 404. required to provide mobility features complying with 809.2 through 809.4, all doors and door ways providing user passage 206.4.6 Residential Dwelling Unit Primar y Entrance. In residential shall comply with 404. dwelling units, at least one primar y entrance shall comply with 404. The primar y entrance to a residential dwelling unit shall 206.6 Elevators. Elevators provided for passengers shall not be to a bedroom. comply with 407. Where multiple elevators are provided, each elevator shall comply with 407.

206.4.7 Restricted Entrances. Where restricted entrances EXCEPTIONS: are provided to a building or facility, at least one restricted 1. In a building or facility permitted to use the exceptions to entrance to the building or facility shall comply with 404.

206.2.3 or permitted by 206.7 to use a platform lift, elevators complying with 408 shall be permitted.

2. Elevators complying with 408 or 409 shall be permitted in 206.4.8 Ser vice Entrances. If a ser vice entrance is the only multi-stor y residential dwelling units. entrance to a building or to a tenancy in a facility, that entrance shall comply with 404.

206.6.1 Existing Elevators. Where elements of existing elevators are altered, the same element shall also be altered in all

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elevators that are programmed to respond to the same hall 208.2.3 Residential Facilities. Parking spaces provided to ser ve call control as the altered elevator and shall comply with the residential facilities shall comply with 208.2.3. requirements of 407 for the altered element.

208.2.3.1 Parking for Residents. Where at least one parking space is provided for each residential dwelling unit, at least one parking space complying with 502 shall be provided for each residential dwelling unit required to provide mobility features complying with 809.2 through 809.4.

208.2.3.2 Additional Parking Spaces for Residents. Where the total number of parking spaces provided for each residential 208.1 General. Where parking spaces are provided, parking dwelling unit exceeds one parking space per residential dwelling unit, 2 percent, but no fewer than one space, of all the parking spaces shall be provided in accordance with 208.

EXCEPTION: Parking spaces used exclusively for buses, spaces not covered by 208.2.3.1 shall comply with 502. trucks, other deliver y vehicles, law enforcement vehicles, or vehicular impound shall not be required to comply with 208 208.2.3.3 Parking for Guests, Employees, and Other Nonprovided that lots accessed by the public are provided with a Residents. Where parking spaces are provided for persons other than residents, parking shall be provided in accordance passenger loading zone complying with 503. with Table 208.2.

08 Parking Spaces

208.2 Minimum Number. Parking spaces complying with 502 shall be provided in accordance with Table 208.2 except as required by 208.2.1, 208.2.2, and 208.2.3. Where more than one parking facility is provided on a site, the number of accessible spaces provided on the site shall be calculated according to the number of spaces required for each parking facility.

208.2.4 Van Parking Spaces. For ever y six or fraction of six parking spaces required by 208.2 to comply with 502, at least one shall be a van parking space complying with 502. 208.3 Location. Parking facilities shall comply with 208.3 208.3.1 General. Parking spaces complying with 502 that ser ve a particular building or facility shall be located on the shortest accessible route from parking to an entrance complying with 206.4. Where parking ser ves more than one accessible entrance, parking spaces complying with 502 shall be dispersed and located on the shortest accessible route to the accessible entrances. In parking facilities that do not ser ve a particular building or facility, parking spaces complying with 502 shall be located on the shortest accessible route to an accessible pedestrian entrance of the parking facility.

EXCEPTIONS: 1. All van parking spaces shall be permitted to be grouped on

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one level within a multi-stor y parking facility.

210 Stair ways 2. Parking spaces shall be permitted to be located in different parking facilities if substantially equivalent or greater accessibility 210.1 General. Interior and exterior stairs that are part of a is provided in terms of distance from an accessible entrance means of egress shall comply with 504. or entrances, parking fee, and user convenience.

EXCEPTIONS: 1. In detention and correctional facilities, stairs that are not 208.3.2 Residential Facilities. In residential facilities containing located in public use areas shall not be required to comply residential dwelling units required to provide mobility features with 504. complying with 809.2 through 809.4, parking spaces provided 2. In alterations, stairs between levels that are connected by in accordance with 208.2.3.1 shall be located on the shortest an accessible route shall not be required to comply with 504, accessible route to the residential dwelling unit entrance they except that handrails complying with 505 shall be provided ser ve. Spaces provided in accordance with 208.2.3.2 shall be when the stairs are altered. dispersed throughout all types of parking provided for the 3. In assembly areas, aisle stairs shall not be required to comply residential dwelling units. with 504.

EXCEPTION: Parking spaces provided in accordance 4. Stairs that connect play components shall not be required with 208.2.3.2 shall not be required to be dispersed throughout to comply with 504. all types of parking if substantially equivalent or greater accessibility is provided in terms of distance from an accessible entrance, parking fee, and user convenience.

211 Drinking Fountains 211.1 General. Where drinking fountains are provided on an exterior site, on a floor, or within a secured area they shall be provided in accordance with 211.

209 Passenger Loading Zones and Bus Stops EXCEPTION: In detention or correctional facilities, drinking fountains only ser ving holding or housing cells not 209.1 General. Passenger loading zones shall be provided in required to comply with 232 shall not be required to comply accordance with 209. with 211.

209.2 Type. Where provided, passenger loading zones shall 211.2 Minimum Number. No fewer than two drinking fountains comply with 209.2. shall be provided. One drinking fountain shall comply with 602.1 through 602.6 and one drinking fountain shall comply 209.2.1 Passenger Loading Zones. Passenger loading zones, with 602.7. except those required to comply with 209.2.2 and 209.2.3, EXCEPTION: Where a single drinking fountain complies shall provide at least one passenger loading zone complying with 602.1 through 602.6 and 602.7, it shall be permitted to be with 503 in ever y continuous 100 linear feet (30 m) of loading substituted for two separate drinking fountains. zone space, or fraction thereof.

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211.3 More Than Minimum Number. Where more than the minimum number of drinking fountains specified in 211.2 are provided, 50 percent of the total number of drinking fountains provided shall comply with 602.1 through 602.6, and 50 percent of the total number of drinking fountains provided shall comply with 602.7.

213.2 Toilet Rooms and Bathing Rooms. Where toilet rooms are provided, each toilet room shall comply with 603. Where bathing rooms are provided, each bathing room shall comply with 603.

EXCEPTIONS: 1. In alterations where it is technically infeasible to comply with 603, altering existing toilet or bathing rooms shall not be required where a single unisex toilet room or bathing room complying with 213.2.1 is provided and located in the same area and on the same floor as existing inaccessible toilet or 212 Kitchens, Kitchenettes, and Sinks bathing rooms.

212.1 General. Where provided, kitchens, kitchenettes, and sinks 2. Where exceptions for alterations to qualified historic buildings or facilities are permitted by 202.5, no fewer than one toilet shall comply with 212. room for each sex complying with 603 or one unisex toilet 212.2 Kitchens and Kitchenettes. Kitchens and kitchenettes shall room complying with 213.2.1 shall be provided.

3. Where multiple single user portable toilet or bathing units comply with 804. are clustered at a single location, no more than 5 percent 212.3 Sinks. Where sinks are provided, at least 5 percent, but of the toilet units and bathing units at each cluster shall be no fewer than one, of each type provided in each accessible required to comply with 603. Portable toilet units and bathing units complying with 603 shall be identified by the International room or space shall comply with 606.

EXCEPTION: Mop or ser vice sinks shall not be required Symbol of Accessibility complying with 703.7.2.1.

4. Where multiple single user toilet rooms are clustered at a to comply with 212.3. single location, no more than 50 percent of the single user toilet rooms for each use at each cluster shall be required to comply with 603.

213 Toilet Facilities and Bathing Facilities

214 Washing Machines and Clothes Dr yers

213.1 General. Where toilet facilities and bathing facilities are provided, they shall comply with 213. Where toilet facilities and bathing facilities are provided in facilities permitted by 206.2.3 Exceptions 1 and 2 not to connect stories by an accessible route, toilet facilities and bathing facilities shall be provided on a stor y connected by an accessible route to an accessible entrance.

214.1 General. Where provided, washing machines and clothes dr yers shall comply with 214.

214.2 Washing Machines. Where three or fewer washing machines are provided, at least one shall comply with 611.

Where more than three washing machines are provided, at least two shall comply with 611.

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214.3 Clothes Dr yers. Where three or fewer clothes dr yers are 216 Signs provided, at least one shall comply with 611. Where more than three clothes dr yers are provided, at least two shall comply 216.1 General. Signs shall be provided in accordance with 216 with 611. and shall comply with 703.

EXCEPTIONS: 1. Building directories, menus, seat and row designations in assembly areas, occupant names, building addresses, and company names and logos shall not be required to comply with 216.

2. In parking facilities, signs shall not be required to comply with 215 Fire Alarm Systems 216.2, 216.3, and 216.6 through 216.12.

215.1 General. Where fire alarm systems provide audible alarm 3. Temporar y, 7 days or less, signs shall not be required to comply with 216. coverage, alarms shall comply with 215.

EXCEPTION: In existing facilities, visible alarms shall not 4. In detention and correctional facilities, signs not located in be required except where an existing fire alarm system is public use areas shall not be required to comply with 216. upgraded or replaced, or a new fire alarm system is installed.

216.2 Designations. Interior and exterior signs identifying 215.2 Public and Common Use Areas. Alarms in public use areas permanent rooms and spaces shall comply with 703.1, 703.2, and 703.5. Where pictograms are provided as designations of and common use areas shall comply with 702. permanent interior rooms and spaces, the pictograms shall 215.3 Employee Work Areas. Where employee work areas have comply with 703.6 and shall have text descriptors complying audible alarm coverage, the wiring system shall be designed so with 703.2 and 703.5.

EXCEPTION: Exterior signs that are not located at the that visible alarms complying with 702 can be integrated into door to the space they ser ve shall not be required to comply the alarm system. with 703.2.

215.5 Residential Facilities. Where provided in residential dwelling units required to comply with 809.5, alarms shall comply with 216.3 Directional and Informational Signs. Signs that provide direction to or information about interior spaces and facilities 702. of the site shall comply with 703.5.

216.4 Means of Egress. Signs for means of egress shall comply with 216.4.

216.4.1 Exit Doors. Doors at exit passageways, exit discharge, and exit stair ways shall be identified by tactile signs complying with 703.1, 703.2, and 703.5.

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216.4.2 Areas of Refuge. Signs required by section 1003.2.13.5.4 of the International Building Code (2000 edition) or section 1007.6.4 of the International Building Code (2003 edition) (incorporated by reference, see “Referenced Standards” in Chapter 1) to provide instructions in areas of refuge shall comply with 703.5.

216.4.3 Directional Signs. Signs required by section 1003.2.13.6 of the International Building Code (2000 edition) or section 1007.7 of the International Building Code (2003 edition) (incorporated by reference, see “Referenced Standards” in Chapter 1) to provide directions to accessible means of egress shall comply with 703.5.

224 Transient Lodging Guest Rooms

224.3 Beds. In guest rooms having more than 25 beds, 5 percent minimum of the beds shall have clear floor space complying with 806.2.3.

224.1 General. Transient lodging facilities shall provide guest rooms in accordance with 224.

224.1.1 Alterations. Where guest rooms are altered or added, the requirements of 224 shall apply only to the guest rooms being 226 Dining Surfaces and Work Surfaces altered or added until the number of guest rooms complies with the minimum number required for new construction.

226.1 General. Where dining surfaces are provided for the consumption of food or drink, at least 5 percent of the seating 224.1.2 Guest Room Doors and Door ways. Entrances, doors, spaces and standing spaces at the dining surfaces shall comply and door ways providing user passage into and within guest with 902. In addition, where work surfaces are provided for rooms that are not required to provide mobility features use by other than employees, at least 5 percent shall comply complying with 806.2 shall comply with 404.2.3. with 902.

EXCEPTION: Shower and sauna doors in guest rooms EXCEPTIONS: 1. Sales counters and ser vice counters that are not required to provide mobility features complying shall not be required to comply with 902. with 806.2 shall not be required to comply with 404.2.3.

2. Check writing surfaces provided at check-out aisles not required to comply with 904.3 shall not be required to comply 224.2 Guest Rooms with Mobility Features. In transient lodging with 902. facilities, guest rooms with mobility features complying with 806.2 shall be provided in accordance with Table 224.2.

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dwelling units required to provide mobility features complying with 809.2 through 809.4 shall be on an accessible route as 229.1 General. Where glazed openings are provided in required by 206. In addition, such entities shall provide residential accessible rooms or spaces for operation by occupants, at dwelling units with communication features complying with least one opening shall comply with 309. Each glazed opening 809.5 in a number required by the applicable HUD regulations.

Entities subject to 233.2 shall not be required to comply with required by an administrative authority to be operable shall comply with 309. 233.3.

EXCEPTION: 1. Glazed openings in residential dwelling units required to 233.3 Residential Dwelling Units Provided by Entities Not Subject to HUD Section 504 Regulations. Facilities with residential comply with 809 shall not be required to comply with 229.

2. Glazed openings in guest rooms required to provide dwelling units provided by entities not subject to regulations communication features and in guest rooms required to issued by the Department of Housing and Urban Development comply with 206.5.3 shall not be required to comply with 229. (HUD) under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, as amended, shall comply with 233.3.

230 Two-Way Communication Systems 233.3.1 Minimum Number : New Construction. Newly constructed 230.1 General. Where a two-way communication system is facilities with residential dwelling units shall comply with 233.3.1.

EXCEPTION: Where facilities contain 15 or fewer provided to gain admittance to a building or facility or to restricted areas within a building or facility, the system shall residential dwelling units, the requirements of 233.3.1.1 and 233.3.1.2 shall apply to the total number of residential dwelling comply with 708.` units that are constructed under a single contract, or are developed as a whole, whether or not located on a common site.

229 Windows

233.3.1.1 Residential Dwelling Units with Mobility Features. In facilities with residential dwelling units, at least 5 percent, but no fewer than one unit, of the total number of residential 233.1 General. Facilities with residential dwelling units shall dwelling units shall provide mobility features complying with comply with 233.

809.2 through 809.4 and shall be on an accessible route as required by 206.

233.2 Residential Dwelling Units Provided by Entities Subject to HUD Section 504 Regulations. Where facilities with residential 233.3.1.2 Residential Dwelling Units with Communication dwelling units are provided by entities subject to regulations Features. In facilities with residential dwelling units, at least 2 issued by the Department of Housing and Urban Development percent, but no fewer than one unit, of the total number of (HUD) under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Ac of 1973, as residential dwelling units shall provide communication features amended, such entities shall provide residential dwelling units complying with 809.5. with mobility features complying with 809.2 through 809.4 in a number required by the applicable HUD regulations. Residential

233 Residential Facilities

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233.3.2 Residential Dwelling Units for Sale. Residential dwelling units offered for sale shall provide accessible features to the extent required by regulations issued by Federal agencies under the Americans with Disabilities Act of Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, as amended.

233.3.3 Additions. Where an addition to an existing building results in an increase in the number of residential dwelling units, the requirements of 233.3.1 shall apply only to the residential dwelling units that are added until the total number of residential dwelling units complies with the minimum number required by 233.3.1. Residential dwelling units required to comply with 233.3.1.1 shall be on an accessible route as required by 206.

233.3.4 Alterations. Alterations shall comply with 233.3.4.

EXCEPTION: Where compliance with 809.2, 809.3, or 809.4 is technically infeasible, or where it is technically infeasible to provide an accessible route to a residential dwelling unit, the entity shall be permitted to alter or construct a comparable residential dwelling unit to comply with 809.2 through 809.4 provided that the minimum number of residential dwelling units required by 233.3.1.1 and 233.3.1.2, as applicable, is satisfied.

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CH. 3 Building Blocks

304 Turning Space 304.1 General. Turning space shall comply with 304.

301 General 301.1 Scope. The provisions of Chapter 3 shall apply where required by Chapter 2 or where referenced by a requirement in this document.

304.2 Floor or Ground Surfaces. Floor or ground surfaces of a turning space shall comply with 302. Changes in level are not permitted.

EXCEPTION: Slopes not steeper than 1:48 shall be permitted.

304.3 Size. Turning space shall comply with 304.3.1 or 304.3.2.

302 Floor or Ground Surfaces 302.1 General. Floor and ground surfaces shall be stable, firm, and slip resistant and shall comply with 302.

EXCEPTIONS: 1. Within animal containment areas, floor and ground surfaces shall not be required to be stable, firm, and slip resistant.

2. Areas of sport activity shall not be required to comply with 302.

304.3.1 Circular Space. The turning space shall be a space of 60 inches (1525 mm) diameter minimum. The space shall be permitted to include knee and toe clearance complying with 306.

304.3.2 T-Shaped Space. The turning space shall be a T-shaped space within a 60 inch (1525 mm) square minimum with arms and base 36 inches (915 mm) wide minimum. Each arm of the T shall be clear of obstructions 12 inches (305 mm) minimum in each direction and the base shall be clear of obstructions 24 inches (610 mm) minimum. The space shall be permitted to include knee and toe clearance complying with 306 only at the end of either the base or one arm.

302.2 Carpet. Carpet or carpet tile shall be securely attached and shall have a firm cushion, pad, or backing or no cushion or pad. Carpet or carpet tile shall have a level loop, textured loop, level cut pile, or level cut/uncut pile texture.

Pile height shall be ½ inch (13 mm) maximum.

Exposed edges of carpet shall be fastened to floor surfaces and shall have trim on the entire length of the exposed edge. Carpet edge trim shall comply with 303.

303.4 Ramps. Changes in level greater than ½ inch (13 mm) high shall be ramped, and shall comply with 405 or 406.

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304.4 Door Swing. Doors shall be permitted to swing into turning spaces.

305 Clear Floor or Ground Space 305.1 General. Clear floor or ground space shall comply with 305.

305.2 Floor or Ground Surfaces. Floor or ground surfaces of a clear floor or ground space shall comply with 302. Changes in level are not permitted.

EXCEPTION: Slopes not steeper than 1:48 shall be permitted. 305.3 Size. The clear floor or ground space shall be 30 inches (760 mm) minimum by 48 inches (1220 mm) minimum.

305.6 Approach. One full unobstructed side of the clear floor or ground space shall adjoin an accessible route or adjoin another clear floor or ground space.

305.7 Maneuvering Clearance. Where a clear floor or ground space is located in an alcove or other wise confined on all or part of three sides, additional maneuvering clearance shall be provided in accordance with 305.7.1 and 305.7.2.

305.7.1 For ward Approach. Alcoves shall be 36 inches (915 mm) wide minimum where the depth exceeds 24 inches (610 mm).

305.4 Knee and Toe Clearance. Unless other wise specified, clear floor or ground space shall be permitted to include knee and toe clearance complying with 306.

305.5 Position. Unless other wise specified, clear floor or ground space shall be positioned for either for ward or parallel approach to an element.

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305.7.2 Parallel Approach. Alcoves shall be 60 inches (1525 mm) clearance shall extend 17 inches (430 mm) minimum under the wide minimum where the depth exceeds 15 inches (380 mm). element.

306.2.4 Additional Clearance. Space extending greater than 6 inches (150 mm) beyond the available knee clearance at 9 inches (230 mm) above the finish floor or ground shall not be considered toe clearance. 306.2.5 Width. Toe clearance shall be 30 inches (760 mm) wide minimum.

306 Knee and Toe Clearance 306.1 General. Where space beneath an element is included as part of clear floor or ground space or turning space, the space shall comply with 306. Additional space shall not be 306.3 Knee Clearance. prohibited beneath an element but shall not be considered as part of the clear floor or ground space or turning space.

306.3.1 General. Space under an element between 9 inches (230 mm) and 27 inches (685 mm) above the finish floor or ground shall be considered knee clearance and shall comply with 306.3.

306.2 Toe Clearance.

306.3.2 Maximum Depth. Knee clearance shall extend 25 inches (635 mm) maximum under an element at 9 inches (230 mm) above the finish floor or ground .

306.3.3 Minimum Required Depth. Where knee clearance is 306.2.2 Maximum Depth. Toe clearance shall extend 25 inches required under an element as part of a clear floor space, the knee clearance shall be 11 inches (280 mm) deep minimum at (635 mm) maximum under an element.

9 inches (230 mm) above the finish floor or ground, and 8 306.2.3 Minimum Required Depth. Where toe clearance is inches (205 mm) deep minimum at 27 inches (685 mm) above required at an element as part of a clear floor space, the toe the finish floor or ground.

306.2.1 General. Space under an element between the finish floor or ground and 9 inches (230 mm) above the finish floor or ground shall be considered toe clearance and shall comply with 306.2.

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306.3.4 Clearance Reduction. Between 9 inches (230 mm) and floor or ground.

27 inches (685 mm) above the finish floor or ground, the knee EXCEPTION: The sloping portions of handrails ser ving clearance shall be permitted to reduce at a rate of 1 inch (25 stairs and ramps shall not be required to comply with 307.3. mm) in depth for each 6 inches (150 mm) in height.

307.4 Vertical Clearance. Vertical clearance shall be 80 inches (2030 mm) high minimum. Guardrails or other barriers shall be 307 Protruding Objects provided where the vertical clearance is less than 80 inches (2030 mm) high. The leading edge of such guardrail or barrier 307.1 General. Protruding objects shall comply with 307. shall be located 27 inches (685 mm) maximum above the finish 307.2 Protrusion Limits. Objects with leading edges more than floor or ground.

EXCEPTION: Door closers and door stops shall be 27 inches (685 mm) and not more than 80 inches (2030 mm) permitted to be 78 inches (1980 mm) minimum above the finish floor or ground shall protrude 4 inches (100 above the finish floor or ground. mm) maximum horizontally into the circulation path.

EXCEPTION: Handrails shall be permitted to protrude 4½ inches (115 mm) maximum.

308.2 For ward Reach.

308.2.1 Unobstructed. Where a for ward reach is unobstructed, the high for ward reach shall be 48 inches (1220 mm) maximum and the low for ward reach shall be 15 inches (380 mm) minimum above the finish floor or ground.

307.3 Post-Mounted Objects. Free-standing objects mounted on posts or pylons shall overhang circulation paths 12 inches (305 mm) maximum when located 27 inches (685 mm) minimum and 80 inches (2030 mm) maximum above the finish floor or ground. Where a sign or other obstruction is mounted between posts or pylons and the clear distance between the posts or pylons is greater than 12 inches (305 mm), the lowest edge of such sign or obstruction shall be 27 inches (685 mm) maximum or 80 inches (2030 mm) minimum above the finish

308.2.2 Obstructed High Reach. Where a high for ward reach is over an obstruction, the clear floor space shall extend beneath the element for a distance not less than the required reach depth over the obstruction. The high for ward reach shall be [Standards for Accessible Design, 2010} code [ADA 2010] l 139

48 inches (1220 mm) maximum where the reach depth is 20 inches (510 mm) maximum. Where the reach depth exceeds 20 inches (510 mm), the high for ward reach shall be 44 inches (1120 mm) maximum and the reach depth shall be 25 inches (635 mm) maximum.

308.3.2 Obstructed High Reach. Where a clear floor or ground space allows a parallel approach to an element and the high side reach is over an obstruction, the height of the obstruction shall be 34 inches (865 mm) maximum and the depth of the obstruction shall be 24 inches (610 mm) maximum. The high side reach shall be 48 inches (1220 mm) maximum for a reach depth of 10 inches (255 mm) maximum. Where the reach depth exceeds 10 inches (255 mm), the high side reach shall be 46 308.3 Side Reach. inches (1170 mm) maximum for a reach depth of 24 inches (610 308.3.1 Unobstructed. Where a clear floor or ground space mm) maximum.

EXCEPTIONS: allows a parallel approach to an element and the side reach is unobstructed, the high side reach shall be 48 inches (1220 mm) 1. The top of washing machines and clothes dr yers shall be maximum and the low side reach shall be 15 inches (380 mm) permitted to be 36 inches (915 mm) maximum above the finish floor. minimum above the finish floor or ground.

2. Operable parts of fuel dispensers shall be permitted to be EXCEPTIONS: 1. An obstruction shall be permitted between the clear floor 54 inches (1370 mm) maximum measured from the surface or ground space and the element where the depth of the of the vehicular way where fuel dispensers are installed on existing curbs obstruction is 10 inches (255 mm) maximum.

2. Operable parts of fuel dispensers shall be permitted to be 54 inches (1370 mm) maximum measured from the surface of the vehicular way where fuel dispensers are installed on existing curbs.

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CH. 4 Accessible Routes 401 General 401.1 Scope. The provisions of Chapter 4 shall apply where required by Chapter 2 or where referenced by a requirement in this document.

402 Accessible Routes 402.1 General. Accessible routes shall comply with 402.

403.5 Clearances. Walking surfaces shall provide clearances complying with 403.5.

EXCEPTION: Within employee work areas, clearances on common use circulation paths shall be permitted to be decreased by work area equipment provided that the decrease is essential to the function of the work being performed.

403.5.1 Clear Width. Except as provided in 403.5.2 and 403.5.3, the clear width of walking surfaces shall be 36 inches (915 mm) minimum.

EXCEPTION: The clear width shall be permitted to be reduced to 32 inches (815 mm) minimum for a length of 24 inches (610 mm) maximum provided that reduced width segments are separated by segments that are 48 inches (1220 mm) long minimum and 36 inches (915 mm) wide minimum.

402.2 Components. Accessible routes shall consist of one or more of the following components: walking surfaces with a running slope not steeper than 1:20, door ways, ramps, curb ramps excluding the flared sides, elevators, and platform lifts. All components of an accessible route shall comply with the applicable requirements of Chapter 4.

403 Walking Surfaces 403.1 General. Walking surfaces that are a part of an accessible route shall comply with 403.

403.2 Floor or Ground Surface. Floor or ground surfaces shall comply with 302.

403.3 Slope. The running slope of walking surfaces shall not be steeper than 1:20. The cross slope of walking surfaces shall not be steeper than 1:48.

403.4 Changes in Level. Changes in level shall comply with 303.

403.5.2 Clear Width at Turn. Where the accessible route makes a 180 degree turn around an element which is less than 48 inches (1220 mm) wide, clear width shall be 42 inches (1065 mm) minimum approaching the turn, 48 inches (1220 mm) minimum at the turn and 42 inches (1065 mm) minimum leaving the turn.

EXCEPTION: Where the clear width at the turn is 60 inches (1525 mm) minimum compliance with 403.5.2 shall not be required.

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be operated only by security personnel shall not be required to comply with 404.2.7, 404.2.8, 404.2.9, 404.3.2 and 404.3.4 through 404.3.7.

404.2 Manual Doors, Door ways, and Manual Gates. Manual doors and door ways and manual gates intended for user passage shall comply with 404.2.

404.2.2 Double-Leaf Doors and Gates. At least one of the active leaves of door ways with two leaves shall comply with 404.2.3 and 404.2.4.

403.5.3 Passing Spaces. An accessible route with a clear width less than 60 inches (1525 mm) shall provide passing spaces at inter vals of 200 feet (61 m) maximum. Passing spaces shall be either : a space 60 inches (1525 mm) minimum by 60 inches (1525 mm) minimum; or, an intersection of two walking surfaces providing a T-shaped space complying with 304.3.2 where the base and arms of the T-shaped space extend 48 inches (1220 mm) minimum beyond the intersection.

403.6 Handrails. Where handrails are provided along walking surfaces with running slopes not steeper than 1:20 they shall comply with 505.

404 Doors, Door ways, and Gates 404.1 General. Doors, door ways, and gates that are part of an accessible route shall comply with 404.

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404.2.3 Clear Width. Door openings shall provide a clear width of 32 inches (815 mm) minimum. Clear openings of door ways with swinging doors shall be measured between the face of the door and the stop, with the door open 90 degrees.

Openings more than 24 inches (610 mm) deep shall provide a clear opening of 36 inches (915 mm) minimum. There shall be no projections into the required clear opening width lower than 34 inches (865 mm) above the finish floor or ground.

Projections into the clear opening width between 34 inches (865 mm) and 80 inches (2030 mm) above the finish floor or ground shall not exceed 4 inches (100 mm).

EXCEPTIONS: 1. In alterations, a projection of 5/8 inch (16 mm) maximum into the required clear width shall be permitted for the latch side stop. 2. Door closers and door stops shall be permitted to be 78 inches (1980 mm) minimum above the finish floor or ground.

404.2.4 Maneuvering Clearances. Minimum maneuvering clearances at doors and gates shall comply with 404.2.4.

Maneuvering clearances shall extend the full width of the door way and the required latch side or hinge side clearance.

EXCEPTION: Entr y doors to hospital patient rooms shall not be required to provide the clearance beyond the latch side of the door.

404.2.4.1 Swinging Doors and Gates. Swinging doors and gates shall have maneuvering clearances complying with Table 404.2.4.1.

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404.2.4.2 Door ways without Doors or Gates, Sliding Doors, and Folding Doors. Door ways less than 36 inches (915 mm) wide without doors or gates, sliding doors, or folding doors shall have maneuvering clearances complying with Table 404.2.4.2.

404.2.4.4 Floor or Ground Surface. Floor or ground surface within required maneuvering clearances shall comply with 302.

Changes in level are not permitted.

EXCEPTIONS: 1. Slopes not steeper than 1:48 shall be permitted.

2. Changes in level at thresholds complying with 404.2.5 shall be permitted.

404.2.5 Thresholds. Thresholds, if provided at door ways, shall be ½ inch (13 mm) high maximum. Raised thresholds and changes in level at door ways shall comply with 302 and 303.

EXCEPTION: Existing or altered thresholds ž inch (19 404.2.4.3 Recessed Doors and Gates. Maneuvering clearances mm) high maximum that have a beveled edge on each side for for ward approach shall be provided when any obstruction with a slope not steeper than 1:2 shall not be required to within 18 inches (455 mm) of the latch side of a door way comply with 404.2.5. projects more than 8 inches (205 mm) beyond the face of the door, measured perpendicular to the face of the door or gate. 404.2.6 Doors in Series and Gates in Series. The distance between two hinged or pivoted doors in series and gates in series shall be 48 inches (1220 mm) minimum plus the width of doors or gates swinging into the space.

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404.2.7 Door and Gate Hardware. Handles, pulls, latches, locks, and other operable parts on doors and gates shall comply with 309.4. Operable parts of such hardware shall be 34 inches (865 mm) minimum and 48 inches (1220 mm) maximum above the finish floor or ground. Where sliding doors are in the fully open position, operating hardware shall be exposed and usable from both sides.

EXCEPTIONS: 1. Existing locks shall be permitted in any location at existing glazed doors without stiles, existing overhead rolling doors or grilles, and similar existing doors or grilles that are designed with locks that are activated only at the top or bottom rail.

2. Access gates in barrier walls and fences protecting pools, spas, and hot tubs shall be permitted to have operable parts of the release of latch on self-latching devices at 54 inches (1370 mm) maximum above the finish floor or ground provided the self-latching devices are not also self-locking devices and operated by means of a key, electronic opener, or integral combination lock.

404.2.8 Closing Speed. Door and gate closing speed shall comply with 404.2.8.

404.2.8.1 Door Closers and Gate Closers. Door closers and gate closers shall be adjusted so that from an open position of 90 degrees, the time required to move the door to a position of 12 degrees from the latch is 5 seconds minimum.

404.2.8.2 Spring Hinges. Door and gate spring hinges shall be adjusted so that from the open position of 70 degrees, the door or gate shall move to the closed position in 1.5 seconds minimum.

404.2.9 Door and Gate Opening Force. Fire doors shall have a minimum opening force allowable by the appropriate administrative authority. The force for pushing or pulling open a door or gate other than fire doors shall be as follows: 1. Interior hinged doors and gates: 5 pounds (22.2 N) maximum.

2. Sliding or folding doors: 5 pounds (22.2 N) maximum.

These forces do not apply to the force required to retract latch bolts or disengage other devices that hold the door or gate in a closed position.

405 Ramps 405.1 General. Ramps on accessible routes shall comply with 405.

EXCEPTION: In assembly areas, aisle ramps adjacent to seating and not ser ving elements required to be on an accessible route shall not be required to comply with 405.

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405.2 Slope. Ramp runs shall have a running slope not steeper than 1:12.

EXCEPTION: In existing sites, buildings, and facilities, ramps shall be permitted to have running slopes steeper than 1:12 complying with Table 405.2 where such slopes are necessar y due to space limitations.

405.7 Landings. Ramps shall have landings at the top and the bottom of each ramp run. Landings shall comply with 405.7.

405.7.4 Change in Direction. Ramps that change direction between runs at landings shall have a clear landing 60 inches (1525 mm) minimum by 60 inches (1525 mm) minimum.

405.7.5 Door ways. Where door ways are located adjacent to a ramp landing, maneuvering clearances required by 404.2.4 and 404.3.2 shall be permitted to overlap the required landing area.

405.8 Handrails. Ramp runs with a rise greater than 6 inches (150 mm) shall have handrails complying with 505.

EXCEPTION: Within employee work areas, handrails shall not be required where ramps that are part of common use circulation paths are designed to permit the installation of handrails complying with 505. Ramps not subject to the exception to 405.5 shall be designed to maintain a 36 inch (915 mm) minimum clear width when handrails are installed.

405.9 Edge Protection. Edge protection complying with 405.9.1 or 405.9.2 shall be provided on each side of ramp runs and at each side of ramp landings.

EXCEPTIONS: 1. Edge protection shall not be required on ramps that are not required to have handrails and have sides complying with 406.3.

2. Edge protection shall not be required on the sides of ramp landings ser ving an adjoining ramp run or stair way.

405.7.1 Slope. Landings shall comply with 302. Changes in level 3. Edge protection shall not be required on the sides of ramp landings having a vertical drop-off of ½ inch (13 mm) maximum are not permitted.

EXCEPTION: Slopes not steeper than 1:48 shall be within 10 inches (255 mm) horizontally of the minimum landing area specified in 405.7. permitted.

405.9.1 Extended Floor or Ground Surface. The floor or ground surface of the ramp run or landing shall extend 12 inches (305 mm) minimum beyond the inside face of a handrail complying 405.7.3 Length. The landing clear length shall be 60 inches (1525 with 505. mm) long minimum.

405.7.2 Width. The landing clear width shall be at least as wide as the widest ramp run leading to the landing.

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407 Elevators 407.1 General. Elevators shall comply with 407 and with ASME A17.1 (incorporated by reference, see “Referenced Standards” in Chapter 1). They shall be passenger elevators as classified by ASME A17.1. Elevator operation shall be automatic.

407.2 Elevator Landing Requirements. Elevator landings shall comply with 407.2.

407.2.1 Call Controls. Where elevator call buttons or keypads 405.9.2 Curb or Barrier. A curb or barrier shall be provided that are provided, they shall comply with 407.2.1 and 309.4. Call prevents the passage of a 4 inch (100 mm) diameter sphere, buttons shall be raised or flush. where any portion of the sphere is within 4 inches (100 mm) EXCEPTION: Existing elevators shall be permitted to of the finish floor or ground surface. have recessed call buttons.

407.2.1.1 Height. Call buttons and keypads shall be located within one of the reach ranges specified in 308, measured to the centerline of the highest operable part.

EXCEPTION: Existing call buttons and existing keypads shall be permitted to be located at 54 inches (1370 mm) maximum above the finish floor, measured to the centerline of the highest operable part.

407.2.1.2 Size. Call buttons shall be ¾ inch (19 mm) minimum in the smallest dimension.

EXCEPTION: Existing elevator call buttons shall not be required to comply with 407.2.1.2.

407.2.1.3 Clear Floor or Ground Space. A clear floor or ground space complying with 305 shall be provided at call controls.

405.10 Wet Conditions. Landings subject to wet conditions shall be designed to prevent the accumulation of water.

407.2.1.4 Location. The call button that designates the up direction shall be located above the call button that designates the down direction.

EXCEPTION: Destination-oriented elevators shall not be required to comply with 407.2.1.4.

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407.2.2.1 Visible and Audible Signals. A visible and audible signal shall be provided at each hoistway entrance to indicate which car is answering a call and the car ’s direction of travel. Where in-car signals are provided, they shall be visible from the floor area adjacent to the hall call buttons.

EXCEPTIONS: 1. Visible and audible signals shall not be required at each destinationoriented elevator where a visible and audible signal complying with 407.2.2 is provided indicating the elevator car designation information.

2. In existing elevators, a signal indicating the direction of car travel shall not be required.

407.3 Elevator Door Requirements. Hoistway and car doors shall comply with 407.3.

407.2.2.2 Visible Signals. Visible signal fixtures shall be centered at 72 inches (1830 mm) minimum above the finish floor or ground. The visible signal elements shall be 2-½ inches (64 mm) minimum measured along the vertical centerline of the element. Signals shall be visible from the floor area adjacent to the hall call button.

EXCEPTIONS: 1. Destination-oriented elevators shall be permitted to have signals visible from the floor area adjacent to the hoistway entrance.

2. Existing elevators shall not be required to comply with 407.2.2.2.

407.3.3 Reopening Device. Elevator doors shall be provided with a reopening device complying with 407.3.3 that shall stop and reopen a car door and hoistway door automatically if the door becomes obstructed by an object or person.

EXCEPTION: Existing elevators with manually operated doors shall not be required to comply with 407.3.3.

407.3.1 Type. Elevator doors shall be the horizontal sliding type.

Car gates shall be prohibited.

407.3.2 Operation. Elevator hoistway and car doors shall open and close automatically.

EXCEPTION: Existing manually operated hoistway swing doors shall be permitted provided that they comply with 404.2.3 and 404.2.9. Car door closing shall not be initiated until the hoistway door is closed.

407.3.3.1 Height. The device shall be activated by sensing an obstruction passing through the opening at 5 inches (125 mm) nominal and 29 inches (735 mm) nominal above the finish floor.

407.3.3.2 Contact. The device shall not require physical contact to be activated, although contact is permitted to occur before the door reverses.

407.3.3.3 Duration. Door reopening devices shall remain effective for 20 seconds minimum.

407.3.4 Door and Signal Timing. The minimum acceptable time from notification that a car is answering a call or notification of the car assigned at the means for the entr y of destination information until the doors of that car start to close shall be calculated from the following equation: T = D/(1.5 ft/s) or T = D/(455 mm/s) = 5 seconds minimum

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where T equals the total time in seconds and D equals the distance (in feet or millimeters) from the point in the lobby or corridor 60 inches (1525 mm) directly in front of the farthest call button controlling that car to the centerline of its hoistway door.

EXCEPTIONS: 1. For cars with in-car lanterns, T shall be permitted to begin when the signal is visible from the point 60 inches (1525 mm) directly in front of the farthest hall call button and the audible signal is sounded.

2. Destination-oriented elevators shall not be required to comply with 407.3.4.

407.3.5 Door Delay. Elevator doors shall remain fully open in response to a car call for 3 seconds minimum.

407.3.6 Width. The width of elevator doors shall comply with Table 407.4.1.

EXCEPTION: In existing elevators, a power-operated car door complying with 404.2.3 shall be permitted.

407.4 Elevator Car Requirements. Elevator cars shall comply with 407.4.

407.4.1 Car Dimensions. Inside dimensions of elevator cars and clear width of elevator doors shall comply with Table 407.4.1.

EXCEPTION: Existing elevator car configurations that provide a clear floor area of 16 square feet (1.5 m2) minimum and also provide an inside clear depth 54 inches (1370 mm) minimum and a clear width 36 inches (915 mm) minimum shall be permitted.

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CH. 5 General Site and Building Elements 501 General 501.1 Scope. The provisions of Chapter 5 shall apply where required by Chapter 2 or where referenced by a requirement in this document.

502 Parking Spaces 502.1 General. Car and van parking spaces shall comply with 502. Where parking spaces are marked with lines, width measurements of parking spaces and access aisles shall be made from the centerline of the markings.

EXCEPTION: Where parking spaces or access aisles are not adjacent to another parking space or access aisle, measurements shall be permitted to include the full width of the line defining the parking space or access aisle.

502.2 Vehicle Spaces. Car parking spaces shall be 96 inches (2440 mm) wide minimum and van parking spaces shall be 132 inches (3350 mm) wide minimum, shall be marked to define the width, and shall have an adjacent access aisle complying with 502.3.

EXCEPTION: Van parking spaces shall be permitted to be 96 inches (2440 mm) wide minimum where the access aisle is 96 inches (2440 mm) wide minimum.

502.3 Access Aisle. Access aisles ser ving parking spaces shall comply with 502.3. Access aisles shall adjoin an accessible route. Two parking spaces shall be permitted to share a common access aisle.

502.3.1 Width. Access aisles ser ving car and van parking spaces shall be 60 inches (1525 mm) wide minimum.

502.3.2 Length. Access aisles shall extend the full length of the parking spaces they ser ve.

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502.3.3 Marking. Access aisles shall be marked so as to discourage parking in them.

502.3.4 Location. Access aisles shall not overlap the vehicular way. Access aisles shall be permitted to be placed on either side of the parking space except for angled van parking spaces which shall have access aisles located on the passenger side of the parking spaces.

502.4 Floor or Ground Surfaces. Parking spaces and access aisles ser ving them shall comply with 302. Access aisles shall be at the same level as the parking spaces they ser ve. Changes in level are not permitted.

EXCEPTION: Slopes not steeper than 1:48 shall be permitted.

503 Passenger Loading Zones

503.4 Floor and Ground Surfaces. Vehicle pull-up spaces and access aisles ser ving them shall comply with 302. Access aisles shall be at the same level as the vehicle pull-up space they ser ve. Changes in level are not permitted.

EXCEPTION: Slopes not steeper than 1:48 shall be permitted.

503.1 General. Passenger loading zones shall comply with 503.

503.2 Vehicle Pull-Up Space. Passenger loading zones shall provide a vehicular pull-up space 96 inches (2440 mm) wide minimum and 20 feet (6100 mm) long minimum.

504 Stair ways

503.3 Access Aisle. Passenger loading zones shall provide 504.1 General. Stairs shall comply with 504. access aisles complying with 503 adjacent to the vehicle pullup space. Access aisles shall adjoin an accessible route and 504.2 Treads and Risers. All steps on a flight of stairs shall have shall not overlap the vehicular way. uniform riser heights and uniform tread depths. Risers shall be 4 inches (100 mm) high minimum and 7 inches (180 mm) high 503.3.1 Width. Access aisles ser ving vehicle pull-up spaces shall maximum. Treads shall be 11 inches (280 mm) deep minimum. be 60 inches (1525 mm) wide minimum.

504.3 Open Risers. Open risers are not permitted.

503.3.2 Length. Access aisles shall extend the full length of the vehicle pull-up spaces they ser ve.

504.4 Tread Surface. Stair treads shall comply with 302. Changes in level are not permitted.

503.3.3 Marking. Access aisles shall be marked so as to EXCEPTION: Treads shall be permitted to have a slope discourage parking in them. not steeper than 1:48.

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504.5 Nosings. The radius of cur vature at the leading edge of the tread shall be ½ inch (13 mm) maximum. Nosings that project beyond risers shall have the underside of the leading edge cur ved or beveled. Risers shall be permitted to slope under the tread at an angle of 30 degrees maximum from vertical. The permitted projection of the nosing shall extend 1½ inches (38 mm) maximum over the tread below.

505.2 Where Required. Handrails shall be provided on both sides of stairs and ramps.

EXCEPTION: In assembly areas, handrails shall not be required on both sides of aisle ramps where a handrail is provided at either side or within the aisle width.

505.3 Continuity. Handrails shall be continuous within the full length of each stair flight or ramp run. Inside handrails on switchback or dogleg stairs and ramps shall be continuous between flights or runs.

EXCEPTION: In assembly areas, handrails on ramps shall not be required to be continuous in aisles ser ving seating.

505.4 Height. Top of gripping surfaces of handrails shall be 34 inches (865 mm) minimum and 38 inches (965 mm) maximum vertically above walking surfaces, stair nosings, and ramp surfaces. Handrails shall be at a consistent height above walking surfaces, stair nosings, and ramp surfaces.

504.6 Handrails. Stairs shall have handrails complying with 505.

504.7 Wet Conditions. Stair treads and landings subject to wet conditions shall be designed to prevent the accumulation of water.

505 Handrails 505.1 General. Handrails provided along walking surfaces complying with 403, required at ramps complying with 405, and required at stairs complying with 504 shall comply with 505.

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505.5 Clearance. Clearance between handrail gripping surfaces and adjacent surfaces shall be 1½ inches (38 mm) minimum.

505.7 Cross Section. Handrail gripping surfaces shall have a cross section complying with 505.7.1 or 505.7.2.

505.7.1 Circular Cross Section. Handrail gripping surfaces with a circular cross section shall have an outside diameter of 1¼ inches (32 mm) minimum and 2 inches (51 mm) maximum.

505.7.2 Non-Circular Cross Sections. Handrail gripping surfaces with a non-circular cross section shall have a perimeter dimension of 4 inches (100 mm) minimum and 6¼ inches (160 mm) maximum, and a cross-section dimension of 2¼ inches 505.6 Gripping Surface. Handrail gripping surfaces shall be (57 mm) maximum. continuous along their length and shall not be obstructed along their tops or sides. The bottoms of handrail gripping surfaces shall not be obstructed for more than 20 percent of their length. Where provided, horizontal projections shall occur 1½ inches (38 mm) minimum below the bottom of the handrail gripping surface.

EXCEPTIONS: 1. Where handrails are provided along walking surfaces with slopes not steeper than 1:20, the bottoms of handrail gripping surfaces shall be permitted to be obstructed along their entire length where they are integral to crash rails or bumper guards.

2. The distance between horizontal projections and the bottom of the gripping surface shall be permitted to be reduced by 1/8 inch (3.2 mm) for each ½ inch (13 mm) of additional handrail 505.8 Surfaces. Handrail gripping surfaces and any surfaces adjacent to them shall be free of sharp or abrasive elements perimeter dimension that exceeds 4 inches (100 mm). and shall have rounded edges.

505.9 Fittings. Handrails shall not rotate within their fittings.

505.10 Handrail Extensions. Handrail gripping surfaces shall extend beyond and in the same direction of stair flights and ramp runs in accordance with 505.10.

EXCEPTIONS: 1. Extensions shall not be required for continuous handrails at the inside turn of switchback or dogleg stairs and ramps.

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2. In assembly areas, extensions shall not be required for ramp handrails in aisles ser ving seating where the handrails are discontinuous to provide access to seating and to permit crossovers within aisles.

3. In alterations, full extensions of handrails shall not be required where such extensions would be hazardous due to plan configuration.

505.10.1 Top and Bottom Extension at Ramps. Ramp handrails shall extend horizontally above the landing for 12 inches (305 mm) minimum beyond the top and bottom of ramp runs.

Extensions shall return to a wall, guard, or the landing surface, or shall be continuous to the handrail of an adjacent ramp run. 505.10.3 Bottom Extension at Stairs. At the bottom of a stair flight, handrails shall extend at the slope of the stair flight for a horizontal distance at least equal to one tread depth beyond the last riser nosing. Extension shall return to a wall, guard, or the landing surface, or shall be continuous to the handrail of an adjacent stair flight.

505.10.2 Top Extension at Stairs. At the top of a stair flight, handrails shall extend horizontally above the landing for 12 inches (305 mm) minimum beginning directly above the first riser nosing. Extensions shall return to a wall, guard, or the landing surface, or shall be continuous to the handrail of an adjacent stair flight.

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CH. 6 Plumbing Elements and Facilities 601 General 601.1 Scope. The provisions of Chapter 6 shall apply where required by Chapter 2 or where referenced by a requirement in this document.

603 Toilet and Bathing Rooms 603.1 General. Toilet and bathing rooms shall comply with 603.

603.2 Clearances. Clearances shall comply with 603.2.

603.2.1 Turning Space. Turning space complying with 304 shall be provided within the room.

603.2.2 Overlap. Required clear floor spaces, clearance at fixtures, and turning space shall be permitted to overlap.

602 Drinking Fountains 602.1 General. Drinking fountains shall comply with 307 and 602.

602.2 Clear Floor Space. Units shall have a clear floor or ground space complying with 305 positioned for a for ward approach and centered on the unit. Knee and toe clearance complying with 306 shall be provided.

EXCEPTION: A parallel approach complying with 305 shall be permitted at units for children’s use where the spout is 30 inches (760 mm) maximum above the finish floor or ground and is 3½ inches (90 mm) maximum from the front edge of the unit, including bumpers.

602.3 Operable Parts. Operable parts shall comply with 309.

603.2.3 Door Swing. Doors shall not swing into the clear floor space or clearance required for any fixture. Doors shall be permitted to swing into the required turning space.

EXCEPTIONS: 1. Doors to a toilet room or bathing room for a single occupant accessed only through a private office and not for common use or public use shall be permitted to swing into the clear floor space or clearance provided the swing of the door can be reversed to comply with 603.2.3.

2. Where the toilet room or bathing room is for individual use and a clear floor space complying with 305.3 is provided within the room beyond the arc of the door swing, doors shall be permitted to swing into the clear floor space or clearance required for any fixture.

603.3 Mirrors. Mirrors located above lavatories or countertops shall be installed with the bottom edge of the reflecting surface 40 inches (1015 mm) maximum above the finish floor or ground. Mirrors not located above lavatories or countertops shall be installed with the bottom edge of the reflecting surface 35 inches (890 mm) maximum above the finish floor or ground.

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604 Water Closets and Toilet Compartments 604.1 General. Water closets and toilet compartments shall comply with 604.2 through 604.8.

EXCEPTION: Water closets and toilet compartments for children’s use shall be permitted to comply with 604.9.

604.2 Location. The water closet shall be positioned with a wall or partition to the rear and to one side. The centerline of the water closet shall be 16 inches (405 mm) minimum to 18 inches (455 mm) maximum from the side wall or partition, except that the water closet shall be 17 inches (430 mm) minimum and 19 inches (485 mm) maximum from the side wall or partition in the ambulator y accessible toilet compartment specified in 604.8.2. Water closets shall be arranged for a left-hand or right-hand approach.

604.3 Clearance. Clearances around water closets and in toilet compartments shall comply with 604.3. 604.3.1 Size. Clearance around a water closet shall be 60 inches (1525 mm) minimum measured perpendicular from the side wall and 56 inches (1420 mm) minimum measured perpendicular from the rear wall.

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604.3.2 Overlap. The required clearance around the water closet shall be permitted to overlap the water closet, associated grab bars, dispensers, sanitar y napkin disposal units, coat hooks, shelves, accessible routes, clear floor space and clearances required at other fixtures, and the turning space. No other fixtures or obstructions shall be located within the required water closet clearance.

EXCEPTION: In residential dwelling units, a lavator y complying with 606 shall be permitted on the rear wall 18 inches (455 mm) minimum from the water closet centerline where the clearance at the water closet is 66 inches (1675 mm) minimum measured perpendicular from the rear wall.

604.4 Seats. The seat height of a water closet above the finish floor shall be 17 inches (430 mm) minimum and 19 inches (485 mm) maximum measured to the top of the seat. Seats shall not be sprung to return to a lifted position.

EXCEPTIONS: 1. A water closet in a toilet room for a single occupant accessed only through a private office and not for common use or public use shall not be required to comply with 604.4.

2. In residential dwelling units, the height of water closets shall be permitted to be 15 inches (380 mm) minimum and 19 inches (485 mm) maximum above the finish floor measured to the top of the seat.

604.5 Grab Bars. Grab bars for water closets shall comply with 609. Grab bars shall be provided on the side wall closest to the water closet and on the rear wall.

EXCEPTIONS: 1. Grab bars shall not be required to be installed in a toilet room for a single occupant accessed only through a private office and not for common use or public use provided that reinforcement has been installed in walls and located so as to permit the installation of grab bars complying with 604.5.

2. In residential dwelling units, grab bars shall not be required to be installed in toilet or bathrooms provided that reinforcement has been installed in walls and located so as to permit the installation of grab bars complying with 604.5.

3. In detention or correction facilities, grab bars shall not be required to be installed in housing or holding cells that are specially designed without protrusions for purposes of suicide prevention.

604.5.2 Rear Wall. The rear wall grab bar shall be 36 inches (915 mm) long minimum and extend from the centerline of the water closet 12 inches (305 mm) minimum on one side and 24 inches (610 mm) minimum on the other side.

EXCEPTIONS: 1. The rear grab bar shall be permitted to be 24 inches (610 mm) long minimum, centered on the water closet, where wall space does not permit a length of 36 inches (915 mm) minimum due to the location of a recessed fixture adjacent to the water closet.

2. Where an administrative authority requires flush controls for flush valves to be located in a position that conflicts with the location of the rear grab bar, then the rear grab bar shall be permitted to be split or shifted to the open side of the toilet area.

604.5.1 Side Wall. The side wall grab bar shall be 42 inches (1065 mm) long minimum, located 12 inches (305 mm) maximum from the rear wall and extending 54 inches (1370 mm) minimum from the rear wall.

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604.6 Flush Controls. Flush controls shall be hand operated or automatic. Hand operated flush controls shall comply with 309. Flush controls shall be located on the open side of the water closet except in ambulator y accessible compartments complying with 604.8.2.

floor mounted water closets measured perpendicular to the rear wall. Wheelchair accessible compartments for children’s use shall be 60 inches (1525 mm) wide minimum measured perpendicular to the side wall, and 59 inches (1500 mm) deep minimum for wall hung and floor mounted water closets measured perpendicular to the rear wall.

604.6 Flush Controls. Flush controls shall be hand operated or automatic. Hand operated flush controls shall comply with 309. Flush controls shall be located on the open side of the water closet except in ambulator y accessible compartments complying with 604.8.2.

604.8 Toilet Compartments. Wheelchair accessible toilet compartments shall meet the requirements of 604.8.1 and 604.8.3. Compartments containing more than one plumbing fixture shall comply with 603. Ambulator y accessible compartments shall comply with 604.8.2 and 604.8.3.

604.8.1 Wheelchair Accessible Compartments. Wheelchair accessible compartments shall comply with 604.8.1.

604.8.1.1 Size. Wheelchair accessible compartments shall be 60 inches (1525 mm) wide minimum measured perpendicular to the side wall, and 56 inches (1420 mm) deep minimum for wall hung water closets and 59 inches (1500 mm) deep minimum for [Standards for Accessible Design, 2010} 156 I code [ADA 2010]

604.8.1.2 Doors. Toilet compartment doors, including door hardware, shall comply with 404 except that if the approach is to the latch side of the compartment door, clearance between the door side of the compartment and any obstruction shall be 42 inches (1065 mm) minimum. Doors shall be located in the front partition or in the side wall or partition farthest from the water closet. Where located in the front partition, the door opening shall be 4 inches (100 mm) maximum from the side wall or partition farthest from the water closet. Where located in the side wall or partition, the door opening shall be 4 inches (100 mm) maximum from the front partition. The door shall be self-closing. A door pull complying with 404.2.7 shall be placed on both sides of the door near the latch. Toilet compartment doors shall not swing into the minimum required compartment area.

604.8.1.5 Grab Bars. Grab bars shall comply with 609. A sidewall grab bar complying with 604.5.1 shall be provided and shall be located on the wall closest to the water closet. In addition, 604.8.1.3 Approach. Compartments shall be arranged for left- a rear-wall grab bar complying with 604.5.2 shall be provided. hand or right-hand approach to the water closet.

604.8.1.4 Toe Clearance. The front partition and at least one side partition shall provide a toe clearance of 9 inches (230 mm) minimum above the finish floor and 6 inches (150 mm) deep minimum beyond the compartment-side face of the partition, exclusive of partition support members. Compartments for children’s use shall provide a toe clearance of 12 inches (305 mm) minimum above the finish floor.

EXCEPTION: Toe clearance at the front partition is not required in a compartment greater than 62 inches (1575 mm) deep with a wall-hung water closet or 65 inches (1650 mm) deep with a floor-mounted water closet. Toe clearance at the side partition is not required in a compartment greater than 66 inches (1675 mm) wide. Toe clearance at the front partition is not required in a compartment for children’s use that is greater than 65 inches (1650 mm) deep.

607 Bathtubs 607.1 General. Bathtubs shall comply with 607.

607.2 Clearance. Clearance in front of bathtubs shall extend the length of the bathtub and shall be 30 inches (760 mm) wide minimum. A lavator y complying with 606 shall be permitted at the control end of the clearance. Where a permanent seat is provided at the head end of the bathtub, the clearance shall extend 12 inches (305 mm) minimum beyond the wall at the head end of the bathtub.

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installed 15 inches (380 mm) maximum from the head end wall and 12 inches (305 mm) maximum from the control end wall.

607.4.1.2 Control End Wall. A grab bar 24 inches (610 mm) long minimum shall be installed on the control end wall at the front edge of the bathtub.

607.3 Seat. A permanent seat at the head end of the bathtub or a removable in-tub seat shall be provided. Seats shall comply with 610.

607.4 Grab Bars. Grab bars for bathtubs shall comply with 609 and shall be provided in accordance with 607.4.1 or 607.4.2.

EXCEPTIONS: 1. Grab bars shall not be required to be installed in a bathtub located in a bathing facility for a single occupant accessed only through a private office and not for common use or public use provided that reinforcement has been installed in walls and located so as to permit the installation of grab bars complying with 607.4.

2. In residential dwelling units, grab bars shall not be required to be installed in bathtubs located in bathing facilities provided that reinforcement has been installed in walls and located so as to permit the installation of grab bars complying with 607.4.

607.4.2 Bathtubs Without Permanent Seats. For bathtubs without permanent seats, grab bars shall comply with 607.4.2.

607.4.2.1 Back Wall. Two grab bars shall be installed on the back wall, one located in accordance with 609.4 and other located 8 inches (205 mm) minimum and 10 inches (255 mm) maximum above the rim of the bathtub. Each grab bar shall be 24 inches (610 mm) long minimum and shall be installed 24 inches (610 mm) maximum from the head end wall and 12 inches (305 mm) maximum from the control end wall.

607.4.2.2 Control End Wall. A grab bar 24 inches (610 mm) long minimum shall be installed on the control end wall at the front edge of the bathtub.

607.4.1 Bathtubs With Permanent Seats. For bathtubs with permanent seats, grab bars shall be provided in accordance 607.4.2.3 Head End Wall. A grab bar 12 inches (305 mm) long minimum shall be installed on the head end wall at the front with 607.4.1. edge of the bathtub.

607.4.1.1 Back Wall. Two grab bars shall be installed on the back wall, one located in accordance with 609.4 and the other located 8 inches (205 mm) minimum and 10 inches (255 mm) maximum above the rim of the bathtub. Each grab bar shall be [Standards for Accessible Design, 2010} 158 I code [ADA 2010]

607.7 Bathtub Enclosures. Enclosures for bathtubs shall not obstruct controls, faucets, shower and spray units or obstruct transfer from wheelchairs onto bathtub seats or into bathtubs.

Enclosures on bathtubs shall not have tracks installed on the rim of the open face of the bathtub.

607.5 Controls. Controls, other than drain stoppers, shall be located on an end wall. Controls shall be between the bathtub 608 Shower Compartments rim and grab bar, and between the open side of the bathtub and the centerline of the width of the bathtub. Controls shall 608.1 General. Shower compartments shall comply with 608. comply with 309.4.

608.2 Size and Clearances for Shower Compartments. Shower compartments shall have sizes and clearances complying with 608.2.

607.6 Shower Spray Unit and Water. A shower spray unit with a hose 59 inches (1500 mm) long minimum that can be used both as a fixed-position shower head and as a hand-held shower shall be provided. The shower spray unit shall have an on/off control with a non-positive shut-off. If an adjustable-height shower head on a vertical bar is used, the bar shall be installed so as not to obstruct the use of grab bars. Bathtub shower spray units shall deliver water that is 120째F (49째C) maximum.

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608.2.2 Standard Roll-In Type Shower Compartments. Standard roll-in type shower compartments shall be 30 inches (760 mm) wide minimum by 60 inches (1525 mm) deep minimum clear inside dimensions measured at center points of opposing sides and shall have a 60 inches (1525 mm) wide minimum entr y on the face of the shower compartment.

608.2.2.1 Clearance. A 30 inch (760 mm) wide minimum by 60 inch (1525 mm) long minimum clearance shall be provided adjacent to the open face of the shower compartment.

EXCEPTION: A lavator y complying with 606 shall be permitted on one 30 inch (760 mm) wide minimum side of the clearance provided that it is not on the side of the clearance adjacent to the controls or, where provided, not on the side of the clearance adjacent to the shower seat.

608.3 Grab Bars. Grab bars shall comply with 609 and shall be provided in accordance with 608.3. Where multiple grab bars are used, required horizontal grab bars shall be installed at the same height above the finish floor.

EXCEPTIONS 1. Grab bars shall not be required to be installed in a shower located in a bathing facility for a single occupant accessed only through a private office, and not for common use or public use provided that reinforcement has been installed in walls and located so as to permit the installation of grab bars complying with 608.3.

2. In residential dwelling units, grab bars shall not be required to be installed in showers located in bathing facilities provided that reinforcement has been installed in walls and located so as to permit the installation of grab bars complying with 608.3.

608.2.3 Alternate Roll-In Type Shower Compartments. Alternate roll-in type shower compartments shall be 36 inches (915 mm) wide and 60 inches (1525 mm) deep minimum clear inside dimensions measured at center points of opposing sides. A 36 inch (915 mm) wide minimum entr y shall be provided at one end of the long side of the compartment.

[Standards for Accessible Design, 2010} 160 I code [ADA 2010]

608.3.1 Transfer Type Shower Compartments. In transfer type compartments, grab bars shall be provided across the control wall and back wall to a point 18 inches (455 mm) from the control wall.

608.5 Controls. Controls, faucets, and shower spray units shall comply with 309.4.

608.5.1 Transfer Type Shower Compartments. In transfer type shower compartments, the controls, faucets, and shower spray unit shall be installed on the side wall opposite the seat 38 inches (965 mm) minimum and 48 inches (1220 mm) maximum above the shower floor and shall be located on the control wall 15 inches (380 mm) maximum from the centerline of the seat toward the shower opening.

608.3.2 Standard Roll-In Type Shower Compartments. Where a seat is provided in standard rollin type shower compartments, grab bars shall be provided on the back wall and the side wall opposite the seat. Grab bars shall not be provided above the seat. Where a seat is not provided in standard roll-in type shower compartments, grab bars shall be provided on three walls. Grab bars shall be installed 6 inches (150 mm) maximum from adjacent walls.

608.5.2 Standard Roll-In Type Shower Compartments. In standard roll-in type shower compartments, the controls, faucets, and shower spray unit shall be located above the grab bar, but no higher than 48 inches (1220 mm) above the shower floor. Where a seat is provided, the controls, faucets, and shower spray unit shall be installed on the back wall adjacent to the seat wall and shall be located 27 inches (685 mm) maximum from the seat wall.

608.4 Seats. A folding or non-folding seat shall be provided in transfer type shower compartments. A folding seat shall be provided in roll-in type showers required in transient lodging guest rooms with mobility features complying with 806.2.

Seats shall comply with 610.

EXCEPTION: In residential dwelling units, seats shall not be required in transfer type shower compartments provided that reinforcement has been installed in walls so as to permit the installation of seats complying with 608.4.

[Standards for Accessible Design, 2010} code [ADA 2010] l 161

611 Washing Machines and Clothes Dr yers 611.1 General. Washing machines and clothes dr yers shall comply with 611.

611.2 Clear Floor Space. A clear floor or ground space complying with 305 positioned for parallel approach shall be provided. The clear floor or ground space shall be centered on the appliance.

611.3 Operable Parts. Operable parts, including doors, lint screens, and detergent and bleach compartments shall comply with 309.

611.4 Height. Top loading machines shall have the door to the laundr y compartment located 36 inches (915 mm) maximum above the finish floor. Front loading machines shall have the bottom of the opening to the laundr y compartment located 15 inches (380 mm) minimum and 36 inches (915 mm) maximum above the finish floor.

[Standards for Accessible Design, 2010} 162 I code [ADA 2010]

CH. 7 Communication Elements and Features 701 General 701.1 Scope. The provisions of Chapter 7 shall apply where required by Chapter 2 or where referenced by a requirement in this document.

702 Fire Alarm Systems 702.1 General. Fire alarm systems shall have permanently installed audible and visible alarms complying with NFPA 72 (1999 or 2002 edition) (incorporated by reference, see “Referenced Standards” in Chapter 1), except that the maximum allowable sound level of audible notification appliances complying with section 4-3.2.1 of NFPA 72 (1999 edition) shall have a sound level no more than 110 dB at the minimum hearing distance from the audible appliance.

In addition, alarms in guest rooms required to provide communication features shall comply with sections 4-3 and 4-4 of NFPA 72 (1999 edition) or sections 7.4 and 7.5 of NFPA 72 (2002 edition).

EXCEPTION: Fire alarm systems in medical care facilities shall be permitted to be provided in accordance with industr y practice.

703 Signs 703.1 General. Signs shall comply with 703. Where both visual and tactile characters are required, either one sign with both visual and tactile characters, or two separate signs, one with visual, and one with tactile characters, shall be provided.

703.2 Raised Characters. Raised characters shall comply with 703.2 and shall be duplicated in braille complying with 703.3. Raised characters shall be installed in accordance with 703.4.

703.2.1 Depth. Raised characters shall be 1/32 inch (0.8 mm) minimum above their background.

703.2.2 Case. Characters shall be uppercase.

703.2.3 Style. Characters shall be sans serif. Characters shall not be italic, oblique, script, highly decorative, or of other unusual forms.

703.2.4 Character Proportions. Characters shall be selected from fonts where the width of the uppercase letter “O” is 55 percent minimum and 110 percent maximum of the height of the uppercase letter “I”.

703.2.5 Character Height. Character height measured vertically from the baseline of the character shall be 5/8 inch (16 mm) minimum and 2 inches (51 mm) maximum based on the height of the uppercase letter “I”.

EXCEPTION: Where separate raised and visual characters with the same information are provided, raised character height shall be permitted to be ½ inch (13 mm) minimum.

[Standards for Accessible Design, 2010} code [ADA 2010] l 163

703.2.6 Stroke Thickness. Stroke thickness of the uppercase the finish floor or ground surface, measured from the baseline letter “I� shall be 15 percent maximum of the height of the of the lowest tactile character and 60 inches (1525 mm) character. maximum above the finish floor or ground surface, measured from the baseline of the highest tactile character.

703.2.7 Character Spacing. Character spacing shall be measured EXCEPTION: Tactile characters for elevator car controls between the two closest points of adjacent raised characters shall not be required to comply with 703.4.1. within a message, excluding word spaces. Where characters have rectangular cross sections, spacing between individual raised characters shall be 1/8 inch (3.2 mm) minimum and 4 times the raised character stroke width maximum. Where characters have other cross sections, spacing between individual raised characters shall be 1/16 inch (1.6 mm) minimum and 4 times the raised character stroke width maximum at the base of the cross sections, and 1/8 inch (3.2 mm) minimum and 4 times the raised character stroke width maximum at the top of the cross sections. Characters shall be separated from raised borders and decorative elements 3/8 inch (9.5 mm) minimum.

703.2.8 Line Spacing. Spacing between the baselines of separate lines of raised characters within a message shall be 135 percent minimum and 170 percent maximum of the raised character height.

703.3 Braille. Braille shall be contracted (Grade 2) and shall comply with 703.3 and 703.4.

703.3.1 Dimensions and Capitalization. Braille dots shall have a domed or rounded shape and shall comply with Table 703.3.1.

The indication of an uppercase letter or letters shall only be used before the first word of sentences, proper nouns and names, individual letters of the alphabet, initials, and acronyms 703.4 Installation Height and Location. Signs with tactile characters shall comply with 703.4.

703.4.1 Height Above Finish Floor or Ground. Tactile characters on signs shall be located 48 inches (1220 mm) minimum above [Standards for Accessible Design, 2010} 164 I code [ADA 2010]

CH. 8 Special Rooms, Spaces, and Elements

802.1.3 Depth. Where a wheelchair space can be entered from the front or rear, the wheelchair space shall be 48 inches (1220 mm) deep minimum. Where a wheelchair space can be entered only from the side, the wheelchair space shall be 60 inches (1525 mm) deep minimum.

801 General 801.1 Scope. The provisions of Chapter 8 shall apply where required by Chapter 2 or where referenced by a requirement in this document.

802 Wheelchair Spaces, Companion Seats, and Designated Aisle Seats 802.1 Wheelchair Spaces. Wheelchair spaces shall comply with 802.1. 802.1.1 Floor or Ground Surface.

The floor or ground surface of wheelchair spaces shall comply with 302. Changes in level are not permitted.

EXCEPTION: Slopes not steeper than 1:48 shall be permitted.

802.1.2 Width. A single wheelchair space shall be 36 inches (915 mm) wide minimum Where two adjacent wheelchair spaces are provided, each wheelchair space shall be 33 inches (840 mm) wide minimum.

802.1.4 Approach. Wheelchair spaces shall adjoin accessible routes.

Accessible routes shall not overlap wheelchair spaces.

802.1.5 Overlap. Wheelchair spaces shall not overlap circulation paths.

804 Kitchens and Kitchenettes 804.1 General. Kitchens and kitchenettes shall comply with 804 804.2 Clearance. Where a pass through kitchen is provided, clearances shall comply with 804.2.1. Where a U-shaped kitchen is provided, clearances shall comply with 804.2.2.

EXCEPTION: Spaces that do not provide a cooktop or conventional range shall not be required to comply with 804.2.

804.2.1 Pass Through Kitchen. In pass through kitchens where counters, appliances or cabinets are on two opposing sides, or where counters, appliances or cabinets are opposite a parallel wall, clearance between [Standards for Accessible Design, 2010} code [ADA 2010] l 165

all opposing base cabinets, counter tops, appliances, or walls 804.3 Kitchen Work Surface. In residential dwelling units within kitchen work areas shall be 40 inches (1015 mm) minimum. required to comply with 809, at least one 30 inches (760 mm) Pass through kitchens shall have two entries. wide minimum section of counter shall provide a kitchen work surface that complies with 804.3.

804.3.1 Clear Floor or Ground Space. A clear floor space complying with 305 positioned for a for ward approach shall be provided. The clear floor or ground space shall be centered on the kitchen work surface and shall provide knee and toe clearance complying with 306.

EXCEPTION: Cabinetr y shall be permitted under the kitchen work surface provided that all of the following conditions are met: (a) the cabinetr y can be removed without removal or replacement of the kitchen work surface; (b) the finish floor extends under the cabinetr y; and (c) the walls behind and surrounding the cabinetr y are finished.

804.3.2 Height. The kitchen work surface shall be 34 inches 804.2.2 U-Shaped. In U-shaped kitchens enclosed on three (865 mm) maximum above the finish floor or ground.

EXCEPTION: A counter that is adjustable to provide a contiguous sides, clearance between all opposing base cabinets, counter tops, appliances, or walls within kitchen work kitchen work surface at variable heights, 29 inches (735 mm) minimum and 36 inches (915 mm) maximum, shall be permitted. areas shall be 60 inches (1525 mm) minimum.

804.3.3 Exposed Surfaces. There shall be no sharp or abrasive surfaces under the work surface counters.

804.4 Sinks. Sinks shall comply with 606.

804.5 Storage. At least 50 percent of shelf space in storage facilities shall comply with 811.

804.6 Appliances. Where provided, kitchen appliances shall comply with 804.6.

804.6.1 Clear Floor or Ground Space. A clear floor or ground space complying with 305 shall be provided at each kitchen [Standards for Accessible Design, 2010} 166 I code [ADA 2010]

appliance. Clear floor or ground spaces shall be permitted to 804.6.6 Refrigerator/Freezer. Combination refrigerators and overlap. freezers shall have at least 50 percent of the freezer space 54 inches (1370 mm) maximum above the finish floor or ground.

804.6.2 Operable Parts. All appliance controls shall comply with The clear floor or ground space shall be positioned for a 309. parallel approach to the space dedicated to a refrigerator/ EXCEPTIONS: freezer with the centerline of the clear floor or ground space 1. Appliance doors and door latching devices shall not be offset 24 inches (610 mm) maximum from the centerline of required to comply with 309.4. the dedicated space.

2. Bottom-hinged appliance doors, when in the open position, shall not be required to comply with 309.3.

804.6.3 Dishwasher. Clear floor or ground space shall be positioned adjacent to the dishwasher door. The dishwasher door, in the open position, shall not obstruct the clear floor or ground space for the dishwasher or the sink.

804.6.4 Range or Cooktop. Where a for ward approach is provided, the clear floor or ground space shall provide knee and toe clearance complying with 306. Where knee and toe space is provided, the underside of the range or cooktop shall be insulated or other wise configured to prevent burns, abrasions, or electrical shock. The location of controls shall not require reaching across burners.

804.6.5 Oven. Ovens shall comply with 804.6.5.

804.6.5.1 Side-Hinged Door Ovens. Side-hinged door ovens shall have the work surface required by 804.3 positioned adjacent to the latch side of the oven door.

804.6.5.2 Bottom-Hinged Door Ovens. Bottom-hinged door ovens shall have the work surface required by 804.3 positioned adjacent to one side of the door.

804.6.5.3 Controls. Ovens shall have controls on front panels.

[Standards for Accessible Design, 2010} code [ADA 2010] l 167

Interior Design Standards Living Rooms Furniture Arrangements

[De Chiara, 2001] 168 I code [INTERIOR DESIGN STANDARD]

In this section diagrams are provided to show design standards in rooms throughout the living environment.

Dining Rooms Furniture Arrangements Diam.

Approx.

Steating

Room Size

10’ 0”

12-15

20’ x 20’

9’ 0”

11-14

19’ x 19’

8’ 0”

10-12

18’ 3” x 18’ 3”

7’0”

9-11

16’ x 16’

6’0”

8-9

14’ 6” x 14’ 6”

5’0”

7-8

13’ x 13’

4’0”

5-6

11’ 6” x 11’ 6”

3’6”

4-5

10’ 6” x 10’ 6”

WxL

Approx.

Steating

5’ 0” 4’ 6” 4’ 0” 3’ 6” 3’ 0”

Room Size 8 - 12 13’ x 13’ 12’ x 12’ 4-8 11’ 6” x 11’ 6” 4-8 10’ 6” x 10’ 6” 4

[De Chiara, 2001] code [INTERIOR DESIGN STANDARD] l 169

Bed Rooms Furniture Arrangements

[De Chiara, 2001] 170 I code [INTERIOR DESIGN STANDARD]

Bathrooms Furniture Arrangements

[De Chiara, 2001] code [INTERIOR DESIGN STANDARD] l 171

Kitchens Furniture Arrangements

[De Chiara, 2001] 172 I code [INTERIOR DESIGN STANDARD]

Accessible Design

Accessible Design

Wheelchair Clearances

Grab Bars

[De Chiara, 2001] code [INTERIOR DESIGN STANDARD] l 173

07

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