Landscape Architecture Senior Project

Navigating the Delta: the McCormack-Williamson Tract

Katie Herman // Senior Project 2014

Navigating the Delta

The McCormack-WIlliamson Tract

Presented to the Faculty of the Landscape Architecture Program at the University of California, Davis in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelors of Science in Landscape Architecture

Accepted and approved by:

Steve Greco

Brett Milligan

Patsy Owens

Acknowledgments I would like to thank my committee members for all their support throughout this process. I am grateful for the time each of you have invested in meeting with me each week to discuss my design. Brett and Patsy, thank you for pushing me to improve my design through your critiques and insights into the project. Steve, thank you for teaching me the practical skills needed to complete my analysis and design using ArcGIS. I would not have been successful without your guidance.

I would also like to acknowledge my classmates for their enthusiasm and continued encouragement throughout the past few years. Your antics and endless energy has kept me sane.

Table of Contents I. Introduction ..............................................................1 2. The Delta Context......................................................3

Early History Geography

Relevant Legislature and Programs

3. Recreation Opportunities ..........................................15

Nature-Based Recreation

Aquatic Recreation

4. Adjacent Recreational Opportunities ..........................27

The Delta Meadows

Delta Cross Channel

The Consumnes River Preserve

5. The McCormack-Williamson Tract .............................41

Hydrology

Existing Framework Making Connections

Tidal Inundation

6. Master Plan + Design Intervention ............................57

Proposed Grading Plan

Recreation Plan »»Boating Trails »»Boat-access camping »»Master plan »»Glowing Buoys

7. References................................................................77

Abstract The McCormack-Williamson Tract (MWT), situated within the larger Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta system, is currently part of the North Delta Flood Control Project which includes flood control and habitat restoration efforts. A topic of much debate, this site must balance the many goals and objectives established for the Delta, creating an opportunity to investigate the potential for integrating flood control, restoration, and recreational activities.

This project examines this existing framework for development, building a vision of incorporated aquatic recreation with the natural ecological and hydrological processes in the site. Based on the growing recreational demand in the Delta, this plan proposes implementing a network of boating trails, campsites, and interactive wayfinding media for the waterways.

List of Figures 1. Introduction Fig 1.1. Size comparison. (maps.google.com) Fig 1.2. Delta Waterway. (California State Parks, 2011) Fig 1.3. Context map. (USDA Geospatial data gateway, Herman)

2. The Delta Context Fig 2.1. Levee built along the Sacramento River. (Beagle, Whipple, & Grossinger, 2013) Fig 2.2. Current levee system (DWR Bay-Delta Office, 2007) Fig 2.3. Delta flood inundation and subsidence maps (USDA Geospatial data gateway, Herman) Fig 2.4. Flooding Timeline (DWR, 2008, Herman) Fig 2.5. Dense stands of tule during land reclamation (Whipple, Grossinger, Rankin, Stanford, & Askevold, 2012) Fig 2.6. Change in land cover (Whipple, Grossinger, Rankin, Stanford, & Askevold, 2012, Herman).

Fig 2.7. Flooding along Sacramento River (Whipple, Grossinger, Rankin, Stanford, & Askevold, 2012) Fig 2.8. Historic land cover map (USDA Geospatial data gateway, Herman) Fig 2.9. Current land cover map (USDA Geospatial data gateway, Herman) Fig 2.10. Hydrology map (USDA Geospatial data gateway, Herman)

3. Recreation Opportunities Fig 3.1 Boaters fishing on the river. (DWR, 2008) Fig 3.2. Preferred recreational activities. (California State Parks, 2011, Herman) Fig 3.3. Recreational boating (Herman) Fig 3.4. Average spending by activity. (California State Parks, 2011, Herman) Fig 3.5. Projected regional populations (California State Parks, 2011, Herman)

Fig 3.6. Birdwatchers in the Delta (Consumnes.org) Fig 3.7. Delta waterway (California State Parks, 2011) Fig 3.8. Birdwatchers in the Delta (California State Parks, 2011) Fig 3.9. Canoers in the Delta Meadows (Consumnes.org) Fig 3.10. Delta zones map. (Delta Protection Commission, 2006) Fig 3.11. Delta Hub marinas. (Delta Protection Commission, 2006)

4. Adjacent Recreational Opportunities Fig 4.1. Delta Meadows panorama (DeltaNationalPark.org) Fig 4.2. Delta Meadows landscape (CaliforniaStateParks.org) Fig 4.3. Adjacent recreational opportunities map (Herman) Fig4.4. Wimpy's Marina site photo (Herman) Fig, 4.5. Delta Cross Channel aerial (www.water.ca.gov) Fig. 4.6. Delta Cross Channel Gates (DeltaNationalPark.org) Fig 4.7. Consumnes River Preserve boardwalk (Consumnes.org) Fig 4.8. Photographers on the Consumnes River Preserve boardwalk (Consumnes.org) Fig 4.9. Consumnes River Preserve Map (CFAD, Herman) Fig 410. Adjacent boat launches (USDA Geospatial data gateway, Herman) Fig 4.11. Sandhill Cranes taking flight at Staten Island (DeltaNationalPark. org) Fig 4.12 Sunset on Staten Island (Herman)

5. The McCormack-Williamson Tract Fig 5.1. Scour pond (maps.google.com) Fig 5.2. : 1986 Flooding aerial (DWR, 2007) Fig 5.3. Degraded eastern levee plans (DWR, 2007) Fig 5.4 Existing Fluvial Optimalization Plan (DWR, 2007) Fig 5.5. KCRA Transmission Tower (Herman) Fig 5.6. Degraded southwest levee plans (DWR, 2007)

List of Figures Fig 5.7. Photo of existing sheds (Herman) Fig 5.8. Mokelumne River breach plans (DWR, 2007) Fig 5.9. Boating photo (kayakingcaldelta.blogspot.com) Fig 5.10. Agricultural canal (Herman) Fig 5.11. Connections to MWT (USDA Geospatial data gateway, Herman) Fig 5.12. Tidal Densities near the MWT. (San Francisco Estuary Institute, Herman) Fig 5.13. Snodgrass Slough Tidal Channels (Beagle, Whipple, & Grossinger, 2013) Fig 5.14. Snodgrass Slough Tidal Channels (Beagle, Whipple, & Grossinger, 2013) Fig 5.15. Tidal inundation zone maps (DWR, Herman) Fig 5.16. Tidal inundation levels (Herman) Fig 5.17. Existing topography map (DWR)

6. Master Plan + Design Intervention Fig 6.1. High and Low Tide inundation extents. (Herman) Fig 6.2. Grading plan (Herman) Fig 6.3. Sections through the MWT. (Herman) Fig 6.4. Tidal zones based on proposed and existing grading (Herman) Fig 6.5. Areas of cut and fill. (Herman) Fig 6.6. Navigable water trails at low tide. (Herman) Fig 6.7. Non-motorized boats (kayakingcaldelta.blogspot.com) Fig 6.8. Small motor boats (www.nauticexpo.com) Fig 6.9. Medium motor boats (trends.nauticexpo.com) Fig 6.10. Campsite area comparisons (Herman) Fig 6.11. Maps of potential and proposed campsites (Herman) Fig 6.12. Campsite sections (Herman) Fig 6.13. Master plan (Herman) Fig 6.14. Floating restrooms (Delta Protection Commission, 2006) Fig 6.15. Boat-access campsite (Herman)

Fig 6.16. Oroville floating campsite (raiders.com) Fig 6.17. Image of potential floating campsites (bonjourquebec.com) Fig 6.18. Buoy field sites. (Delta Protection Commission, 2006) Fig 6.19. Lighting Scheme. (Herman) Fig 6.20. Image of illuminated buoys as navigation tools (Herman) Fig 6.21. Main channel lights and buoys (Herman)

Introduction

City of Davis 6,348 acres

MWT 1,645 acres  Fig 1.1. Size comparison. The MWT is a quarter the area of the City of Davis

1

Located in an area of hydrological and ecological importance along the Mokelumne River, the McCormack-Williamson Tract (MWT) is of particular significance as it is one of the few restoration efforts currently in progress. The Nature Conservancy purchased the 1,645 acre site and has partnered with the Department of Water Resources to develop a plan focusing on flood control and ecosystem restoration with additional elements such as improved recreational use. This integrated approach, acknowledges the complex overlapping interest converging over the future of the Delta.

This project builds on the existing restoration framework to further define and develop a comprehensive analysis of the site, in order to identify opportunities for developing recreational activities. Focusing on water-based recreation, the proposed master plan provides important habitat wildlife while integrating boating trails, boat accessible camp sites, and wayfinding buoys. Thus, the MWT will become a hub of activity that not only responds to the demands of our growing population, but also acts to restore of the Delta’s natural ecological resources.

 Fig 1.2. Delta Waterway. Most of the Delta’s channels and sloughs have been restricted between levees and crossed by bridges

Fig 1.3. Context map.

0

5

10miles

2

3

The Delta Context

4

Delta Context Early History

Early development in the Delta began in the late 1850s when the Swamp and Overflow Land Act transferred ownership of swam and overflow lands to the State of California. The State Legislature created the Board of Swamp and Overflowed Land Commissioners to manage reclamation projects and facilitated the reclamation of the swamplands and by 1871 most of the States marshes were privately owned (Department of Water Resources [DWR] Bay-Delta Office, 2007).

In 1866, early developers created 4 foot high and 12 foot wide levees on Sherman and Twitchell Islands using peat soils subject to sinking and erosion, compromising the levee system. After World War I, most of the Delta marshes had been reclaimed creating a landscape of channels and leveed islands seen today.

Over time, levee construction has improved and vastly expanded as agriculture and urban lands rely on 1,100 miles of levees for protection from floodwaters. (DWR Bay-Delta Office, 2007)

ď ° Fig 2.2. Levee built along the Sacramento River. Orchard seen on the left at the elevation of the natural levee. The new artificial levee built to prevent overflow of flood waters (1906).

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Today 35% of levees are part of the Federal Flood Control Project.

These project levees provide higher flood protection levels (DWR BayDelta Office, 2007).

The remaining 65% are “non project levees� maintained by landowners or local levee and reclamation districts. They generally have lower flood projection due to less strict standards, are more unstable, and commonly subject to overtopping.

PROJECT VS NON PROJECT LEVEES

Project Levees

Non-project Levees

Fig 2.2. Current levee system

6

Delta Context Early History

»»Damage to Delta communities, farmland, habitat, and transportation infrastructure »»Increased wave action, seepage, and potential for levee erosion »»Water quality degradation and possible disruption of water supply distribution systems

Tyler Island

Tyler_Island 2

1902

Brannan-Andrus Island Brannan-Andrus Island

Since 1955, many areas (such as Canal Ranch Tract, Glanville Tract, and Franklin Pond area) have flooded due to levee failure. (DWR, 2007).

Flooding in the delta results in large economic loses and threatens important public facilities such as Interstate 5 and the Union Pacific Railroad line. In addition levee failures result in:

 7

Fig 2.4. Flooding Timeline

1900

Staten Island

Staten_Island

Canal Island

Canal Ranch

1904

The Delta receives runoff from more than 40% of California’s land area, provides important habitat for many sensitive species of plants and animals, supports large agricultural lands, provides for recreational activities, and provides freshwater for 25 million people (DWR, 2007).

With increased farming operations, subsidence caused by the aerobic decomposition of peat soils increased. This contributed to levee seepage increased risk of failure, which led to lower flood protection levels. As a result, the 60 islands and tracts are surrounded by levees and well below sea level (DWR, 2007).

1904

1928 1920 1919 MWT first reclaimed

1938 1940

Inundation Frequency

Flood Inundation

ď °

Subsidence

0

0

Fig 2.3. Delta flood inundation and subsidence maps 0

44,000

1950

1958

66,000

Feet 88,000

Glanville Tract Glanville_Tract

MWT

McCormack_Williamson_Tract

DeadhorseDeadhorse IslandIsland

1986

NewNew_Hope_Tract Hope Tract

1958

Terminous Tract Terminous_Tract 3

11,00022,000

1960

1964

1972

1980 1980

1986

1997 2000

1947 Legal Agreement requiring MWT

levees are lower then the surrounding tracts

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The Delta Context Geography

Prior to reclamation in the 1850s, the Delta was predominantly characterized by tidal marsh habitat. During the flood season the land becomes an “inland lake.” When floodwater receded the Delta was a large floodplain surrounded by a network of marsh sloughs and channels (DWR, 2007).

“Wetlands dominated by tule stretched north along the Sacramento River and its distributaries, gradually transitioning from tidal to non-tidal freshwater wetlands. The expansive wetlands were interspersed with large lakes but few channels, boarded by riparian forest along the rivers, and merged with seasonal wetlands at their upland margins.”

(Whipple, Grossinger, Rankin, 2012)

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

The North Delta was made up of flood basins that contained large floods which occurred frequently and could persist for several months.

These flood basins, characterized by dense stands of tule that grew over ten feet tall, contained large non-tidal freshwater emergent wetlands that transitioned into tidal freshwater emergent wetlands.

Natural levees along the rivers seasonally isolated some tidal elevation areas. These levees were covered in dense riparian forests ranging from a half mile to a mile wide.

Flooding Typically, the Sacramento River historically overflowed during storm events as flood flows exceeded the capacity of the river. These flood waters spread into the adjacent basins which reduced flood peaks.

During late winter and spring storm events, flood waters would extend over a mile beyond the edge of the tule. Sometimes several feet deep, more water would flow through these basins than the river channels.

Wetland channels were primarily located in the downstream tidal areas.

In addition, channels bisected natural levees bringing flood water into wetland areas (Whipple, Grossinger, Rankin, 2012).

Fig 2.5. Dense stands of tule during land reclamation (1916)

Once a complex mosaic of oak woodlands, riparian forests, seasonal wetlands, sinuous channels, and open water lakes and ponds, the delta is now characterized by dammed, levee defined rivers, drained wetlands, agricultural fields, and urban development. Today, only 3% of the Delta’s historical tidal wetlands exist today and over 1,000 miles of branching tidal channels have been replaced with agricultural ditches. The historic Delta once contained 449,420 acres of wetlands. Today only 11,590 acres remain today (Whipple, Grossinger, Rankin, 2012).

Wetlands

Agriculture Urban Oak woodland/savanna Grassland Stabilized dune vegetation Vernal pool Wilow riparian forest scrub Valley foothill riparian Alkali seasonal wetland complex Wet meadow/seasonal wetland Freshwater emergent wetland Water ď ´

ď °

Fig 2.6. Change in land cover (1800s to 2000s).

Fig 2.7. Flooding along Sacramento River (1927) 10

HISTORIC Land Use

Wetlands Tidal freshwater emergent Non-tidal emergent Wet meadow/seasonal Pond/lake

Channels Mainstream Lower order Riparian Savanna/grassland Vernal pool 11

Fig 2.8. Historic land cover map

CURRENT Land Use

Land Use Urban Vegetation Water Wetlands Agriculture

0

6,000

12,000

Fig 2.9. Current land cover map

12

Hydrology

Historic Channels Mainstem Low order Current Hydrology

0

6,000

Fig 2.10. Hydrology map 13

12,000

The Delta Context

Relevant Legislature and Programs

Overall there has been a call for integrating flood control, ecosystem restoration, and recreational activities throughout the Delta. Several agencies and programs have called for this integration, specifying goals and objectives for projects in the region. This push to incorporate these multiple objectives calls for an integrative approach to planning in the Delta that takes into account the multiple uses within the site. The following are several goals and objectives put forth that pertain to the MWT as it becomes a flood control and restoration project that integrates recreational opportunities.

CALFED Bay-Delta Program This project is proposed as an element of the CALFED California BayDelta Program’s Preferred Program Alternative, a long term plan of potential actions for several public and private entities to implement in order to improve the Bay-Delta Estuary health. The project will meet the CALFED’s goals for: »»Improved water quality, ecosystem quality, levee integrity, and water supply reliability Consistency with the Delta Reform Act The MWT will remain consistent with the Delta Reform Act’s goals of improved flood protection, ecosystem restoration, and recreation in the Delta. These goals are to: »»Protect, restore, and enhance the Delta ecosystem »»Protect, maintain, and, where possible, enhance and restore the overall quality of the Delta environment, including, but not limited to, agriculture, wildlife habitat, and recreational activities. »»Ensure orderly, balanced conservation and development of Delta land resources. »»Improve flood protection by structural and nonstructural means to ensure an increased level of public health and safety.

“(a) Achieve the two coequal goals of providing a more reliable water supply for California and protecting, restoring, and enhancing the Delta ecosystem.

The coequal goals shall be achieved in a manner that protects and enhances the unique cultural, recreational, natural resource, and agricultural values of the Delta as an evolving place. (b) Protect, maintain, and, where possible, enhance and restore the overall quality of Delta environment, including, but not limited to, agriculture, wildlife habitat, and recreational activities” (Delta Reform Act SBx7 1, 2009)

Delta Vision The Delta Vision focuses on natural resource, land use, infrastructure, and governance issues relevant to creating a sustainable ecosystem that supports environmental and economic functions (DWR, 2007).

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15

Recreation Opportunities

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Recreational Opportunities Nature-Based Recreation

Existing Recreational Demand The Delta, with its mix of land and water and network of publicly managed lands and waterways, contains an array of parks, boating facilities, and levee trails that provide a diverse selection of recreational activities. Many of these “nature based” activities rely on the natural setting of the Delta as visitors are drawn to its landscape and wildlife. This nature based recreation encompasses outdoor leisure activities that take place in natural settings or an in connection with elements of nature such as such as water, plants, and wildlife.

Current recreation activities include:

“The Delta and Suisun Marsh are renowned for bird watching, angling, and waterfowl hunting” (California Sate Parks, 2011)

»»Boating »»Wildlife viewing »»Hunting and fishing »»Camping

»»Hiking and Bicycling »»Picnicking »»Visiting parks, resorts, and historic communities

The Delta and Suisun Marsh is home to 3.9 million residents who not only benefit from recreational spending in the Delta region, but also contribute to that demand as they enjoy the nearby available activities. Preferences for recreational activities vary by region. For example, paddle boating and wildlife viewing is more popular to residents of the San Francisco Bay Area and the Central Valley than California statewide.

 Fig 3.1. Boaters fishing on the river.

Preferred Recreational Activities Walking & Picnicking

65%

Camping

45%

 Fig 3.2. Preferred recreational activities.

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Wildlife Viewing

40%

Bicycling

35%

Swimming

30%

Boating in the Delta 18%

Registered Vessels 810,000 registered vessels in California

Paddle Boating

116, 000 registered within the Delta’s 5 counties

Power Boating

15% 7%

Annual visitor boating days in the Delta 2010 7.4 million annual visitor boating days 2020 8 million annual visitor boating days

Sail Boating

 Fig 3.3: Recreational boating. A large percentage of residents living in the Delta currently engage in recreational boating. 116 thousand vessels are registered within the Delta area, demonstrating the large demand for boating services.

Economic Outcomes The Delta’s many miles of waterways, acres of parks and wildlife preserves, marinas, and historic communities provides countless recreational opportunities for local residents and tourists. The existing collection of public lands, private nature preserves, recreational trails, and scenic highways creates the basis of recreation in the Delta.

Furthermore, the mix of land and water provides a diverse and unique array of recreational opportunities that draws many visitors to the Delta (California Sate Parks, 2011).

Groceries and other supplies Restaurants Equipment rentals and tours Gas and transportation Overnight Lodging Other

Recreational Spending in the Delta State Parks 42%

44%

Anglers

25% 33%

$16 /person

$ 51 16% 26%

8% 6%

Overnight Camping

Boaters

27%

30% 45%

39%

$ 52

$ 41

16%

9%

18%

8%

5% 3%

 Fig 3.4. Average spending by activity. Per person spending in the Delta varies considerably. Overnight camping for example increasing visitors’ spending.

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Recreational Opportunities Nature-Based Recreation

San Francisco Bay Area: 9.5 million

Central Valley: 13 million

5 Delta Counties: 7 million

Fig 3.5. Projected regional populations

Increasing recreational development in the Delta “will help transition the

rural portions of the Delta to a more sustainable economic basis that is more compatible with the impending physical changes in the region” (Medellín-Azuara (2012)

19

Recreation and tourism contribute significantly to the Delta region’s economy. Spending on recreational activities, supplies, equipment, and services provides opportunities for tourism business, creates local jobs, and increases revenues for land management agencies.

Recreators visiting the Delta spend money on equipment and other supplies in the nearby communities contributing to the local economies. Boaters, for example, spend one fifth of their recreational expenditures on equipment and tours (California State Parks, 2011).

This increase in expenditures provides great incentives for increasing recreational activities throughout the Delta.

Currently, 5 million people live within a 20 minute drive of the Delta and Suisun Marsh. However as the region’s population increases, demand for recreational activities will grow. The population of the five counties within the Delta is projected to almost double approaching approximately 7 million by 2050. This increase in population and recreational demand can help to balance the loss of agricultural production (Medelin-Azuara, 2012).

Ways to increase recreational spending in the Delta: »»Promoting and improving outdoor recreation for residents and attract visitors from the Central Valley and San Francisco Bay Area »»Increasing the variety of outdoor recreation opportunities in order to attract a diverse array of interests »»Increasing opportunities for visitor spending within the nearby communities »»Provide related recreational services (equipment rentals, guided tours, dining, groceries, and other supplies)

 Fig 3.6. Birdwatchers in the Delta

Fig 3.7. Delta waterway 20

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Fig 3.8. Birdwatchers in the Delta

Recreational Opportunities Aquatic Recreation

The increasing demand for recreation, specifically water based recreation, in the Delta provides an important opportunity to increase boating facilities in the region in order to facilitate increased tourism spending. In fact, many recreational activities in the Delta are water-dependent (boating, fishing, rafting, and swimming) or waterenhanced (camping, picnicking, hiking, bicycling, hunting, and wildlife viewing). Thus, examining the potential for improving water based recreation in the region is an important component to recreational activities in the Delta region.

The Delta’s 750,000 acre landscape contains canals, cuts, levees, and islands. With 95 marinas and numerous other facilities distributed around the Delta, water-based recreation contributes significantly to the economy of the region (Delta Protection Commission, 2006).

“The region offers diverse settings, water depths, micro-climates, and unique physical resources, thereby attracting a wide variety of recreation enthusiasts” (Delta Protection Commission, 2006)

The Delta is currently made up of a maze of islands surrounded by channels and sloughs that are enclosed on levees. Some channels follow natural stream courses while others are subject to “unnatural” altered conditions that create hazards for boaters. Many channels have blind corners and irregular widths and depths. In addition, low elevation tidal floodplain waterways depths and flow velocities are influenced by tidal effects. This creates highly variable conditions that greatly affect the boating environment.

 Fig 3.9. Canoers in the Delta Meadows 22

Recreational Opportunities Aquatic Recreation

"The primary recreation uses in the Delta Hub include boat cruising, fishing, water-skiing, boat camping, and sailing" (Delta Protection Commission, 2006)

Furthermore, the success of the Delta as a recreational destination relies on the ecological health of the region which attracts visitors to the area. The conditions and resources that support recreation rely on the ecological function of dynamic environmental and hydrological processes. The water quality, for example, is one of the biggest concerns for boaters in the Delta.

The Delta Hub The Delta is subdivided into six zones by the Department of Parks and Recreation and the Department of Boating and Waterways, each with different recreational opportunities and geographies. The MWT is located within the Delta Hub, the north central portion of the legal Delta.

ď ° Fig 3.10. Delta zones map

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The Delta Hub contains approximately 5,552 acres of water surface, including an estimated 132 linear miles of navigable channels, primarily located along the Mokelumne and Sacramento Rivers and Steamboat, Georgiana, and Snodgrass Sloughs. The MWT, connected to the Sacramento River through the Delta Cross Channel, is directly connected to popular boating routes and destinations. In addition this area’s waterways form connecting loops that provide multiple route options that attract boaters to the area.

There are numerous existing boating facilities including twelve marinas that provide 1,271 boating slips, boat-accessed restaurants, resorts, and yacht clubs, and many other boating

facilities. Several courtesy docks are located in Walnut Grove and the surrounding areas are important access points for boaters and are in demand in the area (Delta Protection Commission, 2006).

Special attractions within the area include the Cosumnes River Preserve, Staten Island, and the Delta Meadows which provides access to natural areas for recreational purposes. Important cultural touring features include the historic Chinese settlement of Locke, the Japanese districts of Walnut Grove, and several historic mansions along the Sacramento River.

Boating Constraints Primary concerns for recreational boaters focus on safety concerns as the high number of boaters on the waterways create conflicts between the different types of users. In addition risks arise from the serpentine nature of the waterways. Sensitive habitat areas restricts boater activities (such as reduced speed zones) but creates an opportunity for low impact recreation such as canoeing or kayaking. This allows for the integration of boating with habitat enhancement projects.

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The lack of landside boatin destinations that connect to additional services, such as nature walks or historic community tours, is one of the key limitations, reducing the potential for boating in the Delta.

These landside recreation areas are especially important for small boat users and the unmet demand is evidenced by the use of makeshift docks and hideouts built on shore frontages along many sloughs and channels in ď ° Fig 3.11. Delta Hub marinas 24

Recreational Opportunities Aquatic Recreation

the central Delta. This creates conflicts with property owners who claim boaters use private property as public areas (Delta Protection Commission, 2006). However this shortage represents an opportunity to increase recreation in the Delta. Furthermore providing additional facilities would capture this latent demand and increase recreational spending in the surrounding areas.

“The smaller boat user is more focused on associated activities such as fishing, waterskiing, wake boarding, picnicking, and camping” (Delta Protection Commission, 2006)

The deficiency of boat launches in the delta can, in part, be attributed to the lack of publicly owned launch facilities due to the limited public land in the Delta. However, as smaller boat users tend to recreate near their launching point, additional boat launches could greatly increase nearby recreational activities. Thus implementing boat launches and improving boat access and would improve the economic potential of the nearby recreational facilities and landside destinations by expanding market opportunities to local businesses.

Although both small and larger boat owners have similar concerns, they prioritize needed facility differently. However they both consider water quality to be the most important issue for boating in the Delta. In general small boat owners are concerned with additional recreational activities such as fishing and swimming. Another important concern was about the lack of information and signage for directional, safety, and general amenity-related information. (Delta Protection Commission, 2006). Improving signage would help new visitors explore waterways and understand and learn about the Delta and its unique resources and projects.

Meeting the Demand The deficiencies listed above represent the unmet potential for boating in the Delta. In order to meet the growing demand for aquatic recreation in the Delta the following is recommended:

»»Campgrounds (with launch ramps) »»Day use boat-in destinations »»Integrated marina camping facilities with safe over-night parking »»More (floating) restrooms »»Overnight destinations »»Better Delta Cross Channel management »»Family-orient picnic sites and day use areas for kids 25

»»More general retail services »»New courtesy docks for access to restaurants, events, and other landside resources »»Boat launch lanes »»Boating-exclusive parks such as the Delta Meadows »»More tie-up overnight facilities »»Shore access for hiking and walking »»Improved wildlife habitat

Boating Needs Assessment Estimated Deficiencies by 2020 273

Transient Dock/Tie up 183

Restrooms

173

Day-Use/Picnic Sites Boat Launch Lanes

92

Important Facilities & Services Launch Ramps

82%

Parking

79%

Restrooms

69%

Marinas

67%

Day-Use Areas

51%

In Need of Repair, Replacement, & Additions Restroom/Showers

53%

Launch Ramps

52%

Campgrounds

49%

Slips/Tie Ups

49%

Day-Use/Picnic areas

45%

Parking

Undertaken on behalf of the Department of Boating and Waterways, this study reviewed and evaluated the boating needs within the Delta in order to inform future planning. The study took place over a two year period evaluating the status and needs associated with recreational boating in the Delta.

These deficiencies identified in the Boating Needs Assessment, specifically the lack of launch ramps, boat-in day use destinations, and campgrounds, will form the basis for the facilities proposed for MWT. (California State Parks, 2008)

43%

Most Important Improvements 21%

Improve water quality More/better ramps More restrooms

15% 10%

Activities by Small Boat Users 67%

Fishing 55%

Sightseeing Swimming

47%

Wildlife Viewing

45%

Picnicking

39%

Camping Hiking/Walking

31% 15%

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27

Recreation Opportunities

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Adjacent Recreational Opportunities The Delta Meadows

 Fig 4.1. Delta Meadows panorama

The Delta Meadows, located just west of the MWT, is one of the most preferred areas for overnight mooring. The Department of Parks and Recreation has managed this areas since 1985 in order to protect and preserve the area’s the natural resources, including sloughs, riparian habitat, and a natural island with wildlife and native vegetation.

One of the last natural areas undisturbed from settlement (150yrs ago), it contains Native American occupancy sites and remnants of early farming and ranching activities and is one of the most popular destinations for boaters in the Delta. Additional destinations similar to the Delta Meadows are in high demand for recreational boaters (Department of Parks and Recreation).

Recreational Opportunities: »»Public access to boating, fishing, hiking along levee trails, and canoe tours hosted by the California State Parks Desired facility/amenity improvements: »»Boat launch and parking areas, signage, and public restrooms

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 Fig 4.2. Delta Meadows landscape

ranklin Blvd .

Twin Cities Rd.

Consumnes River Preserve

h loug Snodgrass S

o ad

ws

5

gh ou l S

e

M

Delta Meadows

am

en

to

R.

MCCORMACKWILLIAMSON TRACT 160

e lu m n e R.

cr

Locke Clampett

ok

Sa

M

Walnut Grove

Delta Cross Channel

NEW HOPE TRACT

DEAD HORSE ISLAND

Wimpy’s Marina

Staten Island

Fig 4.3. Adjacent recreational opportunities map

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Wimpy’s Marina Located at the southern tip of the MWT, this popular marina draws recreational boats to the area increasing the recreational potential for the site

Fig4.4. Wimpy's Marina site photo

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Adjacent Recreational Opportunities The Delta Cross Channel

Constructed as a part of the Bureau of Reclamation’s Central Valley Project Delta Division in 1951 to improve water conveyance through the Delta, the Delta Cross Channel (DCC) is a controlled diversion channel that diverts water from the Sacramento River into the Mokelumne River.

(Department of the Interior). Controlled releases from the Central Valley Project storage reserves and freshwater from the Sacramento River, Snodgrass Slough, and the Mokelumne River help to prevent saltwater intrusion, dilute water pollution, and improve the quality of irrigation water in the Central Valley.

The 6,000 ft long channel (3,5000 cfs capacity) provides boaters a shortcut to the Delta Meadows, Snodgrass Slough and the marinas and restaurants along the Mokelumne River. It acts as the primary

33

 Fig. 4.6. Delta Cross Channel Gates

recreational connection between the Sacramento and the Mokelumne Rivers. However operation periods are variable and subject to changing flows as the DCC close once the Sacramento River flows reach 25,000 cfs (DWR, 2007). As a result, boaters typically don’t know in advance if the gates will be open or not creating a need for better management and communication of operating hours as noted boaters in the Boating Needs Assessment.

In addition, when the gates are closed, boaters must detour around Tyler Island, traveling over 20 miles, to access destinations such as Delta Meadows and marinas along the Mokelumne River (Delta Protection Commission, 2006).

ď ° Fig, 4.5. Delta Cross Channel aerial

34

Adjacent Recreational Opportunities The Consumnes River Preserve

 Fig 4.7. Consumnes River Preserve boardwalk

The Vision:

“The Cosumnes River Preserve Partners envision the permanent protection of a continuous riparian corridor extending from the Cosumnes headwaters to the Delta, including adjacent floodplain and wetland habitats and a vast vernal pool grassland complex supporting endangered species. The Partners will utilize stewardship and compatible ranching and farming activities as methods to sustain native plant and wildlife communities and the processes that perpetuate a dynamic mosaic of habitats.

We will provide opportunities for people of all ages to appreciate the flora and fauna of the Cosumnes River Preserve and to experience being part of a natural landscape.”

This preserve, centered along the Cosumnes River floodplains and riparian habitat, contains 45,859 acres of wildlife habitat and agricultural land. It seeks to preserve the natural habitat through a cooperative management approach with seven Partners (The Nature Conservancy, Bureau of Land Management, California Department of Fish & Game, Sacramento County, Department of Water resources, Ducks Unlimited, and the California State Lands Commission), developing conservation and management projects that provide social, economic, and recreational benefits to the local communities.

There are three trails available for visitors: the River Walk Trail, Lost Slough Wetlands Walk, and Rancho Seco Howard Ranch Trail.

These trails (the shortest spanning one-mile) offer visitors views of a variety of habitats including seasonal wetlands, tule marsh, native grasslands, valley oak riparian forest, and cottonwood-williow riparian forest.

The Consumnes River Preserve provides habitat for wildlife such as migratory birds following the Pacific Flyway. Currently 250 species of bird, 40 species of fish, and 230 plant varieties have been identified within the Preserve (Cosumnes River Preserve).

(Cosumnes River Preserve)

35

 Fig 4.8. Photographers on the Consumnes River Preserve boardwalk

The Consumnes River Preserve Landholdings

99

5

160

12

Fig 4.9. Consumnes River Preserve Map

The Nature Conservancy Other protected lands Urban 36

Twin Cities Rd.

h loug Snodgrass S s

w do

gh ou l S

ea

M

Sa

Delta Meadows

cr am

to

R.

160

1.5

McCormackWilliamson Tract

mi

Locke

ok

Clampett

e lu m n e R.

en

M

Walnut Grove

mi

Dead Horse Island

37

Fig 410. Adjacent boat launches

.1mi

1.1

Wimpy’s Marina

5 Consumnes River Preserve Information Center

mi 2.5

New Hope Tract

Marina/Boat Launch Agriculture Vegetation Urban Projected urban growth

0

1,000

Thornton

3,000 feet

38

Adjacent Recreational Opportunities The Consumnes River Preserve

“The Cosumnes is the last free-flowing river from the mighty Sierra Nevada Mountains into the Great Central Valley. Paddlers can enjoy a scenic glide through the river’s sloughs and main channel, cruising along riparian forest, oak woodland, and through wetlands teeming with wildlife.

(Consumnes River Preserve)

► Fig 4.12 Sunset on Staten Island 39

The current paddling facilities on the Preserve just north east of the MWT attract boaters. The boat launch is located south of the information center, where a paddling guide and map are located. But with only three allowed landings on the Preserve, current boating recreation is limited. However expanding facilities into the MWT offers greater opportunities for creating a network of launch sites.

Recreational Opportunities: »»Access to an interpretive information center, hiking trials, bird watching, canoeing, kayaking, hunting and fishing, self guided driving tours, picnic areas, and guided field trips.

Staten Island Part of the Cosumnes River Preserve, Staten Island offers significant habitat for Pacific Flyway migratory birds such as the Sandhill Crane and has become an significant destination for birdwatching. â–ş Fig 4.11. Sandhill Cranes taking flight at Staten Island

40

41

McCormackWilliamson Tract

42

McCormack-Williamson Tract Hydrology

The Delta receives runoff from more than 40% of California’s land area, provides important habitat for many sensitive species of plants and animals, supports large agricultural lands, provides for recreational activities, and provides freshwater for 25 million people.

(DWR Bay-Delta Office, 2007)

“It is believed that metering flows more evenly through McCormackWilliamson Tract in flood events will significantly reduce failures caused in part by this surge effect” (DWR, 2007)

Water flowing into the MWT originates from four drainage basins: the Mokelumne River, Cosumnes River, Dry Creek, and Morrison Creek creating a total drainage area of 2,000 mi2 (DWR, 2007).

Currently the Mokelumne and Consumnes Rivers do not have sufficient channel capacity to sustain peak flows from the Sierra Nevada watersheds which has led to frequent levee failure and flooding. The North and South Forks of the Mokelumne River channel capacities are approximately 40,000 cubic feet per second (cfs), which is less than half of the required 90,000 cfs needed to safely convey water flows during a 100 year flood event (DWR, 2007).

Consequently, MWT is one of the most frequently flooded tract in the Delta. Runoff from the Sacramento, San Joaquin, Mokelumne, and Cosumnes Rivers during storm events has repeatedly let to levee failures and the flooding of homes, infrastructure, farms, and other business in the Delta.

 Fig 5.1. Scour pond created through water surging over the north east levee on the MWT

43

A particular issue of concern for the MWT is the consequences of the surge effect. This is a large pulse of water created when the levee is breached or overtopped causing water to rush across the island (from northeast to the southwest) to Walnut Grove and Wimpy’s and New Hope marinas. Floodwaters from the Cosumnes, Dry Creek, and Mokelumne watersheds meet near Benson’s Ferry causing water to back up near the east levee of the MWT. Because the MWT’s levees are at the lowest elevation in the area, water historically overtops causing the southwest levee downstream to breach. This strong surge of water, compounded with the high flood stages during storm events, causes further levee failures on Dead Horse Island, New Hope Tract, and Tyler Island. The force of the water displaces mobile homes, damages infrastructure, and breaks boats mooring boats loose. These boats and other debris get lodged against the New Hope Bridge, further constricting the channel and worsening conditions upstream by raising the water surface elevation. This affects adjacent tracts and results in large property damages (DWR, 2007).

Fig 5.2. 1986 Flooding aerial

44

McCormack-Williamson Tract The Existing Framework

The McCormack-Williamson Tract is uniquely situated between the Sacramento and Mokelumne-Cosumnes Rivers where the riverine floodplain and intertidal wetlands intersect and connect to upland habitat. This provides an opportunity for shifting ecological function expected with climate change and sea level rise. Identified for its potential for habitat restoration and improved flood protection, the Nature Conservancy purchased the MWT in 1999 using funds from CALFED Ecosystem Restoration Program. Currently a partnership between the Department of Water Resources, the US Army Corps of Engineers, and The Nature Conservancy have developed a proposal focusing on flood control and ecosystem restoration with additional elements such as improved recreational use.

Currently plans for the MWT include: Degrading the east levee to function as a weir The east levee will be lowered from an existing 17 to 18.5 feet to 8.5 feet to allow flood waters to enter the site. This will be used as an access road to the transmission tower on the northwest corner of the tract (DWR, 2007).

A

A

ď ° Fig 5.3. Degraded eastern levee plans 268.01 EIR

45

Source: Northwest Hydraulic Consultants 2005.

A

Degrade east levee to function as a weir and construct access road

Breach Mokelumne River Levee

Construct wildlife friendly levee

Completely degrade southwest levee

0

1,000

2,000 feet

Fig 5.4 Existing Fluvial Optimalization Plan 46

McCormack-Williamson Tract The Existing Framework

Constructing Transmission Tower protective levee and access road Current flood projection for the property leased to KCRA-3 in 1983 will be maintained through the construction of a levee. This levee, 4,000 feet in length, will protect the transmission tower and control building creating no additional flood risk. In addition, degrading the east levee will cut off access to the tower necessitating the construction of an access road along the degraded levee.

Completely degrading the southwest levee to match the elevation of the island floor The southwest levee will be degraded along the length of Dead Horse Cut from approximately 15 feet to -1 and -2.5 feet to match the existing island floor. This will allow water to enter the site creating permanent water at the southern tip of the island. This will allow tidal flows to occur, reestablishing tidal wetlands in the tract and facilitating the formation of dendritic intertidal channels. In addition to the creation of wetland habitat, degrading the levee will allow floodwaters to flow out of the tract without causing a surge effect (DWR, 2007). ď ° Fig 5.5. KCRA Transmission Tower

C

01268.01 EIR

C

ď ° Fig 5.6. Degraded southwest levee plans C

47

Figure 7. Levee "C"

Source: Northwest Hydraulic Consultants 2005.

Demolishing farm residence and infrastructure Currently there are sheds and a two-story wood-frame multifamily farmworker residence used for housing migrant farmworkers on the upper half of the southeast levee. These structures will be removed to permit water to flow into the tract and prevent them from being dislodged during flood events.

Breach Mokelumne River Levee ď ° Fig 5.7. Photo of existing sheds A 300 foot levee breach at the north eastern side of the Tract will establish hydraulic connectivity between the breach and the southwestern degraded levee. This secondary channel of the Mokelumne River will meander through the tract. The 3,000 feet starter channel will be graded to integrate with the topography and to encourage flow through the breach (DWR, 2007).

B

01268.01 EIR

ď ° Fig 5.8. Mokelumne BRiver breach plans Figure 6. Levee "B" nhc

B

Source: Northwest Hydraulic Consultants 2005.

Figure 2-8

48

McCormack-Williamson Tract The Existing Framework

Allow Boating on southeastern McCormack-Williamson Tract Degrading the southern levee will open the Tract up to tidal influence and create permanent open water. Signage or buoys would be placed on the levee ends to limit speeds to five miles per hour in order to be consistent with the Delta Meadows (DWR, 2007).

49

ď ° Fig 5.9. Boating photo

Modify Landform and restore Agricultural land and habitat The MWT will no longer be cultivated for agricultural crops.

Landform will be modified to provide “more diverse geomorphic surfaces� (DWR, 2007). Dredging starter channels in the intertidal elevations will encourage natural dendritic tidal channels to form and create a network of tidal channels that maximizes the edge habitat for fish and wildlife.

Fig 5.10. Agricultural canal

50

McCormack-Williamson Tract Making Connections

51

Fig 5.11. Connections to MWT

The restoration of the MWT will provide the last piece connecting the Consumnes River Preserve, creating a continuous ecological corridor. Establishing this link between the series of protected lands will help to reestablish the natural ecological processes. In addition, the MWT’s strategic location between the Consumnes River Preserve and Staten Island creates a unique opportunity to connect the two areas not only ecologically and hydrologically but also through recreational activities.

Urban Port Facilities Boat Launch Bridge 0

Protected Areas Private Public 3,000

However, the tract is isolated from the surrounding areas due to the lack of access routes entering the tract. Currently there is only one access point in the northeastern corner of the tract.

Visitors from the south must detour around the entire tract in order to gain access. This limited accessibility reduces the potential for the site to attract tourists.

Visitors from nearby towns such as Walnut Grove must drive 10 miles to the entrance of the tract despite living 1 mile from the western edge of the site.

Thus establishing an additional entrance on the southwestern edge of the tract would greatly improve access to the site and its potential to attract visitors.

6,000 feet

52

Historic Tidal Channel Densities

Pearson District

Historic MWT

McCormack-Williamson Tract

Channels

Tyler Island

53

Mainstem Low order

Staten Island

0

3,000

9,000 feet

Fig 5.12. Tidal Densities near the MWT. Historically the Tract contained higher channel densities then the nearby islands. This reflects the significant tidal influence and regular flooding of the Mokelumne and Cosumnes Rivers. The historical boundary unit includes Dead Horse Island and extends to the lakes on the northwest side

McCormack-Williamson Tract Tidal Inundation

The MWT experiences mixed semidiurnal tides. Every lunar day exhibits two high and two low tides of different sizes. This results in tidal fluctuations that change the water surface elevation and direction of water. This “push and pull” action creates small sinuous tidal channels that were characteristic of the historic Delta. However, over time almost all the small blind tidal networks have been lost. This has reduced both the spatial and temporal complexity of the Delta, affecting the quality and quantity of habitat for the Delta’s fish and wildlife (Beagle, Whipple, & Grossinger, 2013).

Area (km2)

Historic MWT Tyler Island Staten Island Pearson District

Channel length (km)

8

35 37 37

 Fig 5.13. Snodgrass Slough Tidal Channels (1864). This map shows the tidal channels branching from the Snodgrass Slough into the MWT. Six tidal channels are circled in blue

12.67 58.25 35.53 26.65

Channel densities (km/km2)

1.63 1.66 .96 .69

 Fig 5.14. Snodgrass Slough Tidal Channels (1939). This aerial photo shows the existing channels seven and a half decades later.

54

McCormack-Williamson Tract Tidal Inundation

These tidal effects play a large role in the current hydrodynamics of the MWT. Both the Cosumnes and Mokelumne Rivers are subject to tidal inundation. In general, the tidal range is approximately three feet.

Currently the MWT topography creates a gradient that ranges from 0 to 6 feet in elevation. As a result, the amount of area inundated will vary significantly with the tide. During high tides, the vast majority of the site will be underwater, with only the levees surrounding the site remaining dry. However during low tides, the water will retract exposing some of the interior of the tract.

Low Tide

High Tide

 Fig 5.15. Tidal inundation zone maps 0

1,000

3,000 feet

High and Low Tide Elevations High Tide 6.4 Mean Tide Low Tide

feet 4.84 3.28

0

 Fig 5.16. Tidal inundation levels 55

Permanent Deep Water

-2.72

Existing Typography

Elevation

20

0

490

490

980

0

980

1 2

20 0

Elevation

0

Contour Interval

Feet 2,940 3,920 Contour Interval

1,960

1 2

0

750

1,960

1,500

2,940

Feet 3,000 feet 3,920

Fig 5.17. Existing topography map 0

750

1,500

Feet 2,250

56

57

Master Plan + Design Intervention

58

Master Plan + Design Intervention Proposed Grading Plan

The redesign of the MWT involves regarding the site to create not only a more varied experience that offers multiple opportunities for recreation, but also to improve the variability of habitat types.

Thus, the Tract will support a complex mosaic of habitat types to meet the requirements of many sensitive species while maintaining the dual goal integrated recreational opportunities.

Low Tide

Dredging channels and creating islands will encourage a dynamic flood plain that highlights the impact of the tide on the landscape. Low tide will expose island, restricting boat access to deeper channels while high tide will cover the landscape.

Only the tops the islands will remain above the tidal influence.

High Tide

ď ´ Fig 6.1. High and Low Tide inundation extents. The large temporal variability of the MWT due to the tidal influence creates a dynamic site that is constantly changing. This temporal quality creates a unique experience for visitors, as fluctuating tidal inundations constantly transforms the appearance and character of the site.

0

59

1,000

3,000 feet

2 ft Contour Map

ď ´ Fig 6.2. Grading plan with two foot contours.

Elevational changes are represented in a blue to brown gradient and two foot contour lines.

18

Elevation

Elevation

18

0

Contour Interval

0 -4

Contour Interval

2 5

2 5

-4 0

750

1,500

3,000 feet

60

Master Plan + Design Intervention Proposed Grading Plan

Proposed Habitat Types

Existing Habitat Types

ď ´ Fig 6.4. Tidal zones based on proposed and existing grading 20 acres 0

1,000

3,000 feet

Legend (NTS)

287.7 Upland 466.6 Mudflats 368.1

Shallow Water

249.6

High tide deep

137.5 61

Low tide deep water

Legend (NTS)

74.67

Upland

738.4

Mudflats

0

670

800.8

1,340

Feet 2,010

Permanent water

 Fig 6.3. Sections through the MWT. These vertically exaggerated (x5) sections show the spatial complexity of the site as channels cut between upland habitats creating a diverse assortment of islands that vary in size and elevation.

Cut and Fill Within the tract, elevation ranges from -4 to 16 feet in elevation. This topographic variation within the Tract allows for multiple types of habitat. Deep water provides, shaded aquatic habitat important for fish species. Mudflats, an important wetland habitat type for a diverse array of species such as shorebirds like the Sandhill crane, are located in shallow water (6-8 inch water depth) in the zone between high and low tide. Areas above the tidal zone will provide upland habitat for non-aquatic species that require riparian habitat. Thus this complex mosaic of habitat types will provide for increased diversity of plant and animal species.

Fill Cut

 Fig 6.5.

Areas of cut and fill.

Implementing the current grading plan will require 1.2 million cubic yards of fill.

3.90 Cut -2.68 Fill

1.22 Million yd

3

In contrast, the site as it remains today is dominated by shallow water with upland areas concentrated around the levee. This existing topography lacks the necessary habitat diversity and spatial complexity to support the broad range of species.

cut

total

Reductions in the amount of dredge material needed could be achieved by lowering the southern tip of the tract.

Dredging the deeper channels would more equally balance the cut and fill for the site.

62

12 acres

0

1,000

3,000 feet

Boat Launch Transient/Courtesy Dock Floating Campsite

Navigable Water Ac r

es

772

Paddle boats

481

Small motorized boats

289

Medium motorized boats

30.2 linear miles

22.87 16.79

Fig 6.6. Navigable water trails at low tide. The color coded channels depict that permanently accessible water trails by each type of boat. Low tide supports a channel density of 4.48 63

Master Plan + Design Intervention Recreation Plan // Boating Trails

The variation in size and depth of the channels determines the form of recreation that can occur within each channel. The majority of the site is accessible by paddle boats, which require only a few inches of water. Meanwhile small and medium motor boats may only access specific islands and facilities, ensuring access for maintenance and safety concerns.

Non-motorized boats ( < 16 feet) Channel depth: less then 6 inches

Fig 6.7. Non-motorized boats

Small motor boats (16 - 26 feet) Channel width: 20-30 feet Channel depth: 2 feet

Fig 6.8. Small motor boats

Medium motor boats ( > 26 feet) Channel width: 40-50 feet Channel depth: 4 feet

Fig 6.9. Medium motor boats 64

Master Plan + Design Intervention Recreation Plan // Boat-access camping

In order to allow for islands of sensitive habitat and provide upland refugia for wildlife, camping will be concentrated within specific areas of the site, as indicated through illuminated “reeds”. This will increase the efficiency of the infrastructure needed and constrain camping impacts. The collection of islands on the western site of the Tract provided the best opportunity for clustering camping activities. These areas would provide 13.14 acres of campsites within 100 feet and 37 acres within 200 feet.

te

ial

13.14

Po

nt

Proposed

154.22

Acres within 200 feet ti a l en

t

286.94

Pro

Boat-in campsites along the islands of the tract will only be accessible by boat. These will be located within walking distance of the shore and above the daily inundated tidal zone. The preferred camping zones will be located within 100 of the shore, but additional boat-access camping could be located up to 200 feet from the water. This would allow visitors to experience the Delta waterways and watch the tide move through the site as they camp. Maximizing camping within these zones would create 154.22 acres within 100 feet and 286.94 acres within 200 feet of the water edge.

Acres within 100 feet

Po

This network of boating trails form the basis for incorporating boat-in campgrounds. Identified as deficient in number, additional campsites are needed for recreationalists in the Delta. In order to accommodate this increased demand, the MWT will contain low-impact camping on the islands created within the interior of the Tract. This will allow canoers and kayakers overnight facilities near existing destination spots such as the Cosumnes River Preserve, Delta Meadows, and historic town of Locke (as mentioned previously). This integrates the existing landside resources with the new boating opportunities, providing visitors with multiple opportunities for recreation.

sed po

37

 Fig 6.10. Campsite area comparisons

High Tide Low Tide

Potential camping above tidal zone within 100 ft of low tide  Fig 6.12. Campsite sections

100’ 65

Potential

Proposed

Camping within 100’ Camping within 200’ Potential, undeveloped 0

1,500

3,000 feet

Fig 6.11. Maps of potential and proposed campsites

0

200

500 feet

Potential camping within 200 ft of low tide

100’ 66

Upland Trails

Transient/Courtesy Dock

with interpretive signage and dayuse facilities

Boat Launch

Non-motorized paddle boats

Upland Trails

with transient dock and dayuse facilities

Upland Trails

Main Access Road & Connecting Bridge

with waterfront access and views

Boat Launch Small & motor boats

Upland Trails

with ferry and transient dock access

Upland Trails with waterfront access and views

12 acres

0

Bridge

Connecting the MWT with Dead Horse Island

67

1,000

3,000 feet

Boat Launch Transient/Courtesy Dock Fig 6.13. Master plan

Master Plan + Design Intervention Recreation Plan // Master Plan

These islands contained 30 acres of land above the tidal influence. This space could be developed to provide day-use facilities such as picnic areas and small walking trails for boaters who wish to stop Recreationof Component of the Delta Recreation Strategy Plan and explore the wildlife for the afternoon. This would then clusterAquatic a variety recreational activities, while maintaining some isolated habitat islands for species sensitive to disturbance. Overall, the MWT Floating Restrooms A frequently-cited in thesurrounding Delta is restrooms. Floating Restrooms, would provide a network of recreational opportunities that complement thedeficiency Deltaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s areas. as illustrated in Figure 6-10, could be provided in isolated sloughs or unpopulated waterways where no other support facilities exist. A potential benefit of additional restrooms would be the reduction of illegal dumping of wastes in the Delta waters. The placement of floating restrooms should consider both motorized and non-motorized travel routes in the Delta.

Figure 6-12

Boat launches will be located near the main entrance into the Tract. The main boat launch area will be located on the natural levee which will act as the main hub for the upland recreational activities. Parking and other day-use facilities will be provided Courtesy/transient docks will be dispersed throughout the site providing multiple landside destinations for boaters. These areas will support small day-use sites with interpretive signage with information about native plants and wildlife for nature recreators. Figure 6-13 Boat-Access Campsites are adapted from the Delta Protection Commissionâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Aquatic Recreation Strategy Plan these tent campsites will provide for the growing demand for campsites, creating a perfect opportunity for canoe camping in the Delta Floating Campsites: Inspired by the floating campsites at Lake Oroville, rafts will act as campsites for visitors who wish to experience the Delta in a unique setting. Located in the natural landscape, these rafts will allow for camping directly on the water.

Fig 6.14. Floating118 restrooms will be located throughout the site for the convenience of recreational boaters.

Ferry access will be located on the western edge of the Tract.

This will establish a direct connection with the Delta Meadows and Locke.

Fig 6.15. Boat-access campsite

Fig 6.16. Oroville floating campsite 68

Fig 6.17. Image of potential floating campsites 69

SMART BUOYS (?)

The camping rafts will be integrated within the environment, allowing visitors an isolated personal experience of the MWT and its dynamic water surface. The rafts themselves will mimic the landscape, incorporating natural materials that enhance the visitorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s experience.

70

Master Plan + Design Intervention Recreation Plan // Illuminated Buoys

In response to the need for additional buoy fields for overnight mooring in the Delta, the MWT will contain rows of buoys that line the channels. This will expand the existing mooring facilities in the Delta Meadows that are in currently in high demand.

In addition, these buoys will function as wayfinding devices that direct boaters to the main channel. The new meandering tidal channels mimic the historic waterways that created challenges for boaters as they act as a maze that is constantly changing with the tide. The proposed channels create similar conditions that may disorient novice boaters in the Delta.

Aquatic Recreation Component of the Delta Recreation Strategy Plan Buoy Field Sites

Buoy fields are an alternative to the boat-in campground concept. Currently Delta Meadows functions as an impromptu buoy field destination for boaters, but does not offer essential provisions for convenience and hygiene. In areas where non-permitted buoys currently exist, a publicly operated buoy field facility could serve as a useful amenity to help maintain the scenic quality of the waterway and reduce the risk of accidents and water contamination that can result from makeshift buoy fields. Because of the extreme seasonal fluctuations of water flows in the Delta, floating buoys would need to be detachable during the peak flow winter period and then reattached during more favorable conditions. In addition to the buoy field, this suggested facility would include vault toilets on a floating platform with boat tie-ups.

This three-acre buoy field layout would be ideal in some of the current anchorage areas, including the scenic sloughs and inundated islands.

(a) Campsite Access

Buoy Field Sites

ently Delta Meadows functions as an impromptu bouy field destination for boaters, but does fer esssential provisions for convience and hygiene Figure 6-11

ď ° Fig 6.18. Buoy field sites. Currently the Delta Meadows operates as an impromptu buoy filed destination. However it is currently lacking essential facilities for convenience and hygiene. This type of development helps to serve as an 117 important amenity, while maintaining the scenic quality of the Delta.

71

However, the proposed buoys will act as an interactive guide to the MWT’s waterways, guiding boaters through the complex network of channels. These “smart buoys” will respond to the tide, changing color based on the depth of water. Blue buoys indicate shallow water while purple buoys signify deep water. Thus beginner boaters, who wish to remain in deep water, can choose to only explore blue buoy paths. However, those who wish to explore the smaller tidal channel are free to do so without fear to getting lost.

Over the course of the day, the colors of the buoys will respond to the tide, as the water level rises and lowers.

This will draw attention to the tidal hydrodynamics of the site as viewers witness the changing water levels.

(b) Directional Navigation

(c) Main Channel

 Fig 6.19. Lighting Scheme. (a) Small elevated orange lights mimic the form of the wetland vegetation and are used to indicate islands with campsites available for boaters. (b) The buoy fields will line the channels creating a blue-purple gradient that indicates the direction of the main channel. (c) The elevated purple lights will signal the location of the main channel. These will be visible from a distance, allowing boaters to locate themselves within the Tract.

72

Fig 6.20. Image of illuminated buoys as navigation tools 73

74

Fig 6.21. Main channel lights and buoys 75

This dynamic landscape, accented by the lighted buoys, will create a unique destination point in the Delta. As this project proceeds, it will become a â&#x20AC;&#x153;building blockâ&#x20AC;? for a Delta characterized by unique recreational opportunities that integrate the natural environment, complementing more resilient ecological processes. As future developments within the Delta must respond to the increasing interest and legislation calling for integrating habitat restoration, flood protection, and enhanced recreation opportunities, the McCormackWilliamson Tract will become a model for the region.

76

References Beagle JR, AA Whipple, and RM Grossinger. 2013. Landscape Patterns and Processes of the McCormack-Williamson Tract and Surrounding Area: A framework for restoring a resilient and functional landscape. Prepared for The Nature Conservancy. SFEI-ASC Publication #674, San Francisco Estuary Institute-Aquatic Science Center, Richmond, CA. California State Parks. Department of Boating and Waterways.

Sacramento - San Joaquin Delta Boating Needs Assessment 2000-2020. Department of Boating and Waterways, 2008. http://www.dbw.ca.gov/Reports/ deltaindex.aspx California State Parks. Planning Division. Recreation Proposal for the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta and Suisun Marsh.

By California State Parks Planning Division. Department of Parks and Recreation, 2011.

Consumnes River Preserve. "About the Cosumnes River Preserve." Cosumnes River Preserve. <http://www. cosumnes.org/about-the-preserve/>.

Consumnes River Preserve. "Gallery." Gallery. Web. 11 June 2014. <http://www.cosumnes.org/gallery/>.

Consumnes River Preserve. "Recreation." Cosumnes River Preserve. <http://www.cosumnes.org/activities/>.

Delta National Park. "Delta National Park." Delta National Park. <http://www.deltanationalpark.org/>.

Delta Protection Commission. Aquatic Recreation Component of the Delta Recreation Strategy Plan. By Dangermond Group. Delta Protection Commission, 28 Mar. 2006.

Delta Reform Act of 2009. http://info.sen.ca.gov/pub/09-10/

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bill/sen/sb_0001-0050/sbx7_1_bill_20091104_enrolled. html.

Department of Water Resources. Bay-Delta Office.

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