Year 3 Architecture Portfolio (Studio 3.1)

10 things to remember while designing in Hot & Humid climate (2020) RTF Rethinking The Future. [Online] https://www.re-thinkingthefuture.com/ rtf-fresh-perspectives/a2128-10-things-to-remember-while-designing-in-hot-humid-climate/.

5 ways climate change affects women and girls - World (n.d.) ReliefWeb. [Online] https://reliefweb.int/report/world/5-ways-climate-change-affects-womenand-girls.

ACAU, Nicolas da Silva Lucas School in Saint-Ouen-du-Tilleul (n.d.) Divisare. [Online] [Accessed on 22nd December 2022] https://divisare.com/projects/470313-acau-nicolas-da-silva-lucas-school-in-saint-ouen-du-tilleul#lg=1&slide=22.

Adow, S. H., Mohamed (n.d.) Climate change is devastating the Global South. www.aljazeera.com. [Online] https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2022/5/11/ climate-change-is-devastating-the-global-south#:~:text=While%20such%20impacts%20are%20global.

Amplifying women’s voices on climate change is essential for climate justice (n.d.) Hope for the Future. [Online] [Accessed on 22nd December 2022] https://www.hftf.org.uk/blog/amplifying-womens-voices-on-climate-change-is-essential-for-climate-justice.

Beyond Survival - A Safe Space for Rohingya Women & Girls / Rizvi Hassan (2021) ArchDaily. [Online] https://www.archdaily.com/951479/beyond-survival-asafe-space-for-rohingya-women-and-girls-rizvi-hassan.

Buckle, J. (2021) Exploring Feminist Theory & Feminist Architecture. Design Exchange. [Online] [Accessed on 22nd December 2022] https://www.demagazine.co.uk/2021/03/08/exploring-feminist-theory-feminist-architecture/.

Charlotte Perkins Gilman (2019) Herland.

Climate Change-Original Research (2018).

DLW-architectes, Francois Dantart SNCF rail network repair centre (n.d.) Divisare. [Online] [Accessed on 22nd December 2022] https://divisare.com/projects/367335-dlw-architectes-francois-dantart-sncf-rail-network-repair-centre.

DLW-architectes, Francois Dantart Waste, recyling and repair centre (n.d.) Divisare. [Online] [Accessed on 22nd December 2022] https://divisare.com/ projects/367317-dlw-architectes-francois-dantart-waste-recyling-and-repair-centre.

Dunne, D. (2020) Mapped: How climate change disproportionately affects women’s health. Carbon Brief. [Online] https://www.carbonbrief.org/ mapped-how-climate-change-disproportionately-affects-womens-health/.

Elle Hunt (2019) City with a female face: how modern Vienna was shaped by women. the Guardian. The Guardian. [Online] https://www.theguardian.com/ cities/2019/may/14/city-with-a-female-face-how-modern-vienna-was-shaped-by-women.

Explainer: How gender inequality and climate change are interconnected (n.d.) UN Women – Headquarters. [Online] https://www.unwomen.org/en/ news-stories/explainer/2022/02/explainer-how-gender-inequality-and-climate-change-are-interconnected#:~:text=As%20climate%20change%20 drives%20conflict.

Fanned and sawtooth roofs top Sanand Factory in India by Studio Saar (2022) Dezeen. [Online] https://www.dezeen.com/2022/03/22/studio-saar-sanand-factory-india-architecture/.

Gallery of Community Sewing Workshop Amairis ruta 4 taller - 32 (n.d.) ArchDaily. [Online] [Accessed on 22nd December 2022] https://www.archdaily.com/935533/community-sewing-workshop-amairis-ruta-arquitectura/5e66a973b357658efb00009f-community-sewing-workshop-amairis-ruta-arquitectura-photo?next_project=no.

Herland: the forgotten feminist classic about a civilisation without men (2015) the Guardian. [Online] https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2015/mar/30/ herland-forgotten-feminist-classic-about-civilisation-without-men.

Iberdrola (2022) COUNTRIES MOST AFFECTED BY CLIMATE CHANGE. Iberdrola. [Online]

https://www.iberdrola.com/sustainability/top-countries-most-affected-by-climate-change.

Interview: ‘Women are a driving force in disaster risk reduction and emergency response’ (n.d.) UN Women – Headquarters. [Online] [Accessed on 22nd December 2022] https://www.unwomen.org/en/news-stories/interview/2022/02/interview-women-are-a-driving-force-in-disaster-risk-reduction-and-emergency-response.

Kern, L. (2020) Feminist City. Verso. Manufacturing Guide (n.d.) www.wikihouse.cc. [Online] [Accessed on 22nd December 2022] https://www.wikihouse.cc/guides/manufacturing. Nations, U. (n.d.) Transforming climate issues into action. United Nations. [Online] https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/science/climate-issues. NOAA (2021) Climate change impacts. www.noaa.gov. NOAA. [Online] https://www.noaa.gov/education/resource-collections/climate/climate-change-impacts.

Osman-Elasha, B. (2012) Women...In The Shadow of Climate Change. United Nations. [Online] https://www.un.org/en/chronicle/article/womenin-shadow-climate-change.

Re:lab Arquitectos | Federico Colella, Jaime Navarro CENTRO COMUNITARIO EN XOXOCOTLA (n.d.) Divisare. [Online] [Accessed on 22nd December 2022] https://divisare.com/projects/448151-re-lab-arquitectos-federico-colella-jaime-navarro-centro-comunitario-en-xoxocotla.

Rena, Ravinder and N. Narayana (2007) “Gender Empowerment in Africa: An Analysis of Women Participation in Eritrean Economy”, New Delhi: International Journal of Women, Social Justice and Human Rights, Vol.2. No.2., pp. 221-237 (Serials Publishers).

Rojas, D. (2021) How the Climate Crisis Is Impacting Bangladesh. Climate Reality. [Online] https://www.climaterealityproject.org/blog/how-climate-crisis-impacting-bangladesh.

Steinmetz, K. (2020) She Coined the Term ‘Intersectionality’ over 30 Years Ago. Here’s What It Means to Her Today. Time. Time. [Online] https://time. com/5786710/kimberle-crenshaw-intersectionality/.

The Gendered Role of Climate Change (2017) State of the Planet. [Online] https://news.climate.columbia.edu/2017/07/13/the-gendered-role-of-climatechange/.

THE PLUS by Bjarke Ingels Group (n.d.) 88DesignBox. [Online] http://88designbox.com/architecture/the-plus-by-bjarke-ingels-group-4972.html.

UN Women (2020) Intersectional feminism: what it means and why it matters right now. UN Women. United Nations. [Online] https://www.unwomen.org/en/ news/stories/2020/6/explainer-intersectional-feminism-what-it-means-and-why-it-matters.

UN Women Watch (2009) Women, Gender Equality and Climate Change.

USAID (2016) Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment | Bangladesh | U.S. Agency for International Development. Usaid.gov. [Online] https://www. usaid.gov/bangladesh/gender-equality-and-womens-empowerment.

Vernacular architecture of Bangladesh (2020) RTF Rethinking The Future. [Online] [Accessed on 22nd December 2022] https://www.re-thinkingthefuture. com/rtf-fresh-perspectives/a1634-vernacular-architecture-of-bangladesh/.

Why climate change is sexist and what to do about it (n.d.) SIWI - Leading expert in water governance. [Online] https://siwi.org/latest/why-climate-change-issexist/.

Why climate change is sexist (n.d.) www.nhm.ac.uk. [Online] https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/why-climate-change-is-sexist.html.

Women in Bangladesh build resilience against climate change (n.d.) UN Women. [Online] https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2015/9/bangladesh-climate-change.

WE ARE ATELIER PRAXXIS

Feminism

What does feminism look like to me?

Feminism is many different things to me, but to begin with, feminism looked like my mum. She has spoken to me and my brother about the importance of equality and womens rights ever since I can remember. However, as have gotten older, began to see the need for feminism through my own eyes as I witnessed and recognised inequality and sexism in the world around me, and without the protection of my mum. Now, toW me feminism looks like the coming together of everyone to recognise the suffering of women in a patriarchal world, and to promote full social, economic and political equality for women.

What is intersectional feminism?

The Personal Profile

Name

Age Residence

Race

Ethnicity

Sex

Religion

Occupation

PRAXXIS Aims.

We are a vertical cross disciplinary teaching atelier in BA3, M.Arch years 1+2 and MLA2 at the MSA investigating architecture, landscape architecture and urban design.

We explore and ask questions as to what socially inclusive architecture might be now in the future by using the lens of intersectional feminism.

The ultimate goal is equity for all genders. In PRAXXIS we identify the various layers of what we see as social characteristics (class, race, sexual orientation, age, marriage status, disability and gender) and explore how they do not exist separately from each other but are interwoven as a complex matrix – a bit like a personal Venn diagram of ourselves and others. In this project will analyse how the interlocking systems of power impact on those who are most marginalised in society and through this I will explore what feminist architecture looks like.

The Brief

To design a Feminist Factory of (?) on the site of Ville Radieuse, the unrealised Le Corbusier modernist utopian model

Intersectional feminism is a term coined by Kimberlé Crenshaw in 1989, an American law professor, as a “prism for seeing the way in which various forms of inequality often operate together and exacerbate each other” (Time, 2020). An intersectional approach to feminism shows that social identities can overlap and centres the voices of those experiencing this overlap to further understand the depths of inequality. My experience with feminism as a white, able-bodied cis-woman is different to that of other women with contrasting intersecting characteristics. While can not know how others experience inequality on a personal level, can listen, learn and use my own voice to join the battle for equality.

How is feminism related to architecture?

In the world of architecture and urban design, there are concerns that it often fails to consider the needs of all people. Facially, architecture seems impartial to gender, yet “gender critically influences how we consider occupying space and what the user feels is important” (Buckle, 2021). By employing feminist design methodologies to architecture, each individual is valued, regardless of social characteristics. Environments formed without this approach often involve segregation and cause obstables. For example a woman taking the long route home to avoid the dark streets, that a man might be oblivious to. The way our spaces are designed need to consider everyone’s needs, espesically those who are under-represented. Feminism in architecture doesn’t necessarily mean a female focus; it is a widespread concept.

Katherine Nancarrow 22 Withington, Manchester White British Female Atheist Student

if you see inequality as a “them” problem or “unfortunate other” problem, that is a problem.

Kimberlé Crenshaw

Feminism + the City Feminist theories and readings

Feminist City by

Leslie Kern

I was first introduced to this book during an ‘antidebate’ at MSA about feminism, architecture and the city. It sheds a light on the things in cities didn’t even realise were negatively impacting me as a woman in “cities of men”. Through a gendered perspective, Kern discusses urban theories such that of the flaneur (a man exploring and experiencing the city) with the absent thought of women, especially pregnant women from this theory.

In her final chapter ‘a city of possibility’ Kern talks of a city where women aren’t afraid to take up space with our “too fat, fertile, too sexual, too messy, too vulnerable” (p.166) bodies.

City of Women

In response to these readings, I have imagined a Manchester city centre that is populated with only women; women deserve to take up space in the city. In my project I want to further challenge this by exploring feminist design strategies and creating a space where everyone, especailly women, are thought of at every stage of design.

CITY OF W O M

E N

Herland is a utopian novella about a lost, allfemale civilisation that is discovered by three male explorers, who as a result, are forced to re-examine their assumptions about women’s roles in society. The three men represent tropes of ‘brutal caricatures of masculinity’ (West, 2015) that can still be compared with the tropes of today, 100 years later. Their expectations of a female-only society as not “inventive” or “progressive” are quite the opposite as they discover to be a paradise: no war, crime, waste, hunger...

While the suggestion that a world of only women would be flawless is far-fectched, it sheds light on female justice and the fact that women have been drastically underrepresented in media, commerce and seats of power for hundred of years. The question is: what would a modernday Herland look like? As expressed by Lindy West (2015), it would be intersectional.

Herland (1915) by Charlotte Perkins Gilman

FEMINIST CONFESSIONS

My strong feminist role is my mum. She has always made me aware of the need for feminism and we often discuss womens rights in the UK and globally. She has inspired me to be passionate and fight for equality, and I am very grateful for that.

Feminist Conversations.

Vertical atelier discussions

The Personal and Political of You and Me and Us

Every studio morning, BA3 and M.Arch sit together in groups and we have our “feminist conversations”. We have discussed all matters of feminism such as intersectionality, privilege, diversity, identity as well as imagining what a city would look like if it were designed by feminists. These conversations have been beneficial in many ways: we have gotten to know each other on a deeper level and also mixed with students from the older years and formed work connections with them. It has also enabled us to develop our “feminist position” in architecture.

At the end of the sessions we share our conversations with the whole atelier, which in turn creates further discussion and debate. As a feminist, it is great to sit with like-minded people who feel just as passionate, and learn about their experiences with feminism, relationships, intersectioning characteristics and more.

My project initial ideas

From our feminist conversations and learning about intersectionality, I want to use my privileges and discriminations against to my advantage. I know what it is like to be a woman living in a patriarchal society, yet the discriminations I face are uncomparable to those oppressed by other things such as poverty, climate change, race etc. Through an intersectional feminist lens, I want to look deeper into the hardships women face beyond the UK and what I know, and form a project that sheds light onto this.

WHAT IS GENDER?

WHAT ARE MY PRIVILEGES

WHO IS YOUR STRONG FEMINIST ROLE?

Yes have been discriminated against as a woman.

HAVE I EVER BEEN DISCRIMINATED AGAINST?

Gender interacts and is related to but is different from sex (the biological and physiological characteristics). Gender refers to the characteristics of people that are socially constructed and varies from society to society.

WHAT ARE MY PRIVILEGES?

HOW DIVERSE IS THE CITY I LIVE IN?

see myself as being very fortunate as definitely thrive in society more than others. For example both of my sisters are neurodivergent and even though they have the same background as me, are the same race etc. their experience in society is much harder.

HOW DO I SEE MYSELF?

Unlike my small village in West Yorkshire, Manchester is a very diverse city in the sense of there being many people from different backgrounds/countries.

As a white, able-bodied, middle-class, cis woman it is important to note ones privileges. My life experience will be very different to someone else with other sociocharacteristics. This is important to note in intersectional feminism.

What is a feminist city?

Analysing and comparing two cities

As part of our Urban Reader Workshop, we analysed the urban conditions of a randomly assigned city. Our group was given Manchester (a city plan we know all too well). We used trace to identify street hierarchy, land use and public realm. Then the discussion began as to whether Manchester uses feminist urban principles.

Feminist principles include:

_EQUITABLE ACCESS

_EMPLOYMENT ACCESS

_CARE PROVISIONS

_RESPECT FOR THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT

_SECURITY AND SAFETY

_AFFORDABILITY

_GREEN ENERGY GENERATION

_PARTICIPATORY DEMOCRACY

_FAIRER DISTRIBUTION OF RESOURCES

_LOCAL AS POSSIBLE (WALKABLE CITY)

ManchesterAncoats

Vienna is the perfect modern example of a feminist city. It has been shaped by women to strongly consider the needs of women and other under-represented groups like the queer community in it’s urban design.

Aspern is a neighbourhood in Vienna and one of the largest urban developments in Europe. It has a family-oriented design and a strong focus on public space. Centred on an artificial lake, it has one of the highest qualities of life than any city in the world.

Something to note is that all the streets and public spaces are named after women (a counter to traditional Vienna’s 3,750 streets named after men). The point is to show that Aspern specifcally considers the needs of women and uses “gender mainstreaming” in all policy and legislation making.

We rated Manchester a 5/10.

Successes include good walking distances to amenities and mixed use buildings.

Things to improve on include more green spaces (inclusive and safe), more 24/7 activity such as late night cafes, and less harsh boundaries (created through the gentrification of New Islington).

I have rated Vienna a 9/10

It has lots of green space, seating areas and also lots of public toilets in parks.

Vienna is also working to make the queer community more visible, such as same-sex couples illustrations in traffic lights.

The Urban Reader Workshop

Our aim is to make sure that all the infrastructure and services of the city can be equally used by women and men

Ursula Bauer

Feminist Design Principles.

Thinking through feminist cities.

As part of our XX. Feminisms Conversations #3, we were challenged to address the question “What would our cities be like if they were designed by feminists?”. On a long scroll of paper, we drew a long windy road and illustrated it with our personal feminist urban principles. While we drew, we discussed and shared ideas. It is worth noting that the road was immedietaly pedestranised.

For me, it is about having 24/7 street use with interactive elements such as active frontages, art installations and lots of green and blue space. Regular seating and stopping points provide moments of interaction and cater for lessable people.

Our main feminist principles

WALKABILITY

MIXED-USE REUSE

if they were designed by feminists?

TRANSPORT ACTIVE FRONTS LIGHTING

1920

Nature morte à la pile d’assiettes

Alongside French painter Amédée Ozenfant, they coined the term Purism for their new movement in modern painting

1922

Ville Radieuse

An urban design project for the centre of Paris which was firs presented in the Parisian Salon d’Automne. Corbusier criticised the urban model at the time and proposed this as a ‘solution’. It is the epitome of modernist, functionalist design.

1925

Pavillon de L’Esprit Nouveau, Paris

The pavilion formed a manifesto of Corb’s modern architecture ideas. It presented his views on standardisation for mass-production and creating “practical machines for living in”

Swiss Architect Le Corbusier Who is ?

Born

Died

Movement

Subjects of Study Info

October 6, 1887. La Chaux-de-Finds, Switzerland

August 27, 1965. France

Cubism, Internationl Style, New Brutalism, Purism

Functionlism, Purism, Modular, Architecture, Urban Planning

Le Corbusier is an internationally influential Swiss architect and city planner. His work is heavily influenced by the functionalism of the modern movement as well as bold expressionism. In 2016, 17 of his architectural works were named World Heritage sites by UNESCO.

1951

Chandigarh, India

Corbusier was finally able to put his urban design ideas into place when India’s first prime minister commissioned him to create a new vision for Punjab.

1929

Ville Savoye Commissioned by an upper-class Parisian couple, it is known to be “one of the icons of modern European architecture” and coined the term “The International Style”

1945

Unité d’Habitation, Marseilles

The first large-scale housing block Corbusier built. Was imagined to be part of a bigger urban development that never was created. Presents his ideas of communal housing and a “city within a city”

T I M E L I N

Ville Radieuse The Radient City

Introduction

In 1922, architect Charles-Édouard Jeanneret, aka Le Corbusier, first presented the concept of Radient City or Ville Radieuse as an urban design project for the centre of Paris.

Set onto the asymmetrical masterplan of Paris, he proposed 24 cruciform skyscrapers reaching 200m in height and containing businesses and hotels. Around that were apartment buildings housing 2,700 residents with a laundry, restaurants and daycare centres on the ground floor. The south side of the site was to be used for manufacturing, storage and large industries while the north providing gardens and leisure areas.

The purpose

In his 1935 book, La Ville Radieuse, Le Corbusier criticises the urban model of the time and suggests success lies in geometry, repetition and a standard.

Main objectives for Ville Radieuse:

Efficient communication networks

Enlarged, vast areas of greenery in city

Increase access to sun

Reduce urban traffic

Increase urban capacity

1935

Successes

The advantages of the Radient City

Le Corbusier favoured “living, working, circulation as well as care of the body and spirit”, in this order and hierarchy”. As a result, and combining his socialist views, successes include:

_maximum functionality at minimum cost regardless of the users social class

_well lit spaces with a focus on garden areas. This was based off the modernist movement as promoters of sanitisation, sunlight and ventilation. It was also reflective of the medical knowledge of the time: that sunlight kills bacteria and disease

_mixed skyscrapers as a solution to urban density to prevent areas on the outskirts becomind detached and disconnected from the city

_it proposed a current concept of the walkable city: the division of spaces between vehicles and pedestrians and having a well connected public transport system

Failures

Why the Radient City fell

The Radient City faced much criticism and was never built. Some reasons include:

_the exceedingly rationalist vision of the city. Hugo Haring, his colleague, argued the proposal was an “abhorrent future, organised like a “Prussian military world”, orderly, aligned, disciplined, but cold”

_the calculations on natural light to illuminate the city didn’t coincide with the light conditions offered by the centre of Paris

_the construction would involve demolishing the whole of central Paris therefore destroying the architectural history of the city

Conclusion

The lessons learned

It’s important to note that this design is very much of its time: it was very new and forward thinking at the time, but reflected a specific context, a world between wars and a rationalist way of thinking. Lessons learned for the future include:

_cities can’t be designed just with a set square, they are more than grids, but instead living organisms that shape and grow with new times and needs

_ unité d’habitation actually causes segregation in housing

_zoning can be successful but when done too strictly, it can pigeonhole zones and prevent the formation of new spaces that represent the diversity that makes up our cities

Ville Radieuse Site Model

“The city of today is a dying thing because its planning is not in proportion of a geometrical one...the perfect form” Le Corbusier,

“alas! not everybody can read a plan”

The business centre

Skyscrapers with restaurants, cafes and luxury shops housed inside as well as offices

Railway station and air terminal

There is only one station at the centre of the city, and it is connected to all arteries of the city

Hotels and embassies

Housing

Each housing block is 400mx400m with six double storeys and is surrounded by green space. The units all have their own communal services. The pedestrian routes through the blocks are horizontal and vertical

Exploring the utopia.

What did Le Corbusier’s model city consist of?

The Radient City was proposed as Corbusier’s paradigm for fundamental modern town planning.

SITE

“a level site is the ideal site”

POPULATION

A mixture of suburban dwellers and mixed dwellers; citizens of the city live and work, suburban dwellers work in the undustrial zone and don’t come into the city, and the mixed dwellers work in the business sector and bring up their families in the garden cities

LUNGS

“We must increase the open spaces and diminish the distances to be covered” meaning the centre of the city must be constructed vertically. The urban dwellings are built away from the “noise and dust” of the streets and with windows looking out onto large parks

THE AESTHETIC

The arrangement of streets is uniform and set within a geometric grid. There is a vast amount of open space set around the tall skyscrapers and far-stretching housing blocks. The sky-scrapers are glass-clad and their is an emphasis on the sterile, homogenous architecture of the modernist movement

Leisure

Factories

Light industry

Warehouses

Between railroad and truck lanes covering entire surface area

Heavy Industry

Factories Warehouses Heavy Industry

Business Housing

Leisure

Zoning

The site is separated by typology.

Circulation + Zoning.

Analysing the plan

One of Corbusier’s key design principles is to separate typologies and create zoning of buildings as shown above. He believed this maximised the efficiency of the city. The automobile was also a main driver for the design of the city with the traffic segregated into heavy goods, light goods and fast traffic. There is also a vast underground subway system.

Tabula Rasa

Erasure and removal of context

(topographical, geographical, societal and historical)

Key Themes.

Themes that have resulted from his objectives

Deriving from his objectives (efficient transport, large green space, sunlight and reduced traffic) key themes arose. As shown above he proposed a Tabula Rasa, the City As A Machine (Brott et al, 2017), Geometry + Grid Structure, Homogeneity, ‘Modular’ (Healthy Male) Body (Bridge, 2000) and Patriarchal Hegemony (Carrenza 1994).

The City as a Machine

uninterrupted flows of traffic and structured mass production

Geometry + Grid

strict ordering of space and function through zoning

Homogeneity

of lifestyles, population, class, age + urban experience

The Male Archetype

design based off the healthy male body as the main organising system

Ultimately, Corbusier hoped to create a city that materialised equality and justice. It is important to note that while it is easy to look back on his visions as sterile and inhumane, at the time Modernists thought they were improving cities (see Robert Moses of NY for example!)

Feminist Lens.

Le Corbusier was striving for equality and justice, yet if you look at the site through a feminist lens, it fails. Based off the Male Archetype and a Patriarchal power system alone, the model is designed for the generic “white middle-class man” who travels to work for 9am everyday and returns at 5pm every evening. While this model for living may suit this archetype, women and other underrepresented people will fall.

Subway

Fast traffic

Goods traffic

Circulation

Traffic is separated into heavy goods traffic, lighter goods traffic and fast traffic and is therefore separated from the pedestrian

Patriarchal Hegemony

Universalising aspirations

So now lets reimagine this model through a feminist lens that promotes social, economic and climate justice equity.

My project

What might a feminist factory look like in a patriarchal urban model? How can my feminist position address the issue of the patriarchy?

Redesigning the Site.

Feminist Urban Model workshop

As part of a workshop with the masters students, we analysed Ville Radieuse’s urban condition, selected an area of interest and proposed an initial design strategy of how this can be redesigned with a feminist lens.

Ville Radieuse’s urban condition

Positives

_abundance of green space

_hierarchy of heavy/light traffice

Negatives

_separated/not mixed use

_tall blocks feel enclosed and intimidating

_linear transport routes

_erasure of history

_based off male archetype

Selected zone of site to redesign The housing and factory zone

Original Strategy

Redesigned Strategy

10,000m2

Le Corbusier’s original strategy is to separate housing from the factories with abundances of green space between.

For our experiemental redesign, we have mixed the factory and housing typologies, broken up the building blocks to be smaller and to create more through-routes, inroduced blue space and more sporadic green space.

Feminist Design Principles

MIXED USE ACTIVE FRONTS PEDESTRIANISED REGIONALISM PUBLIC TRANSPORT

My Feminist Position.

What is my feminist position?

My feminist position is one that is concerned with climate change and also with climate justice: how do women fit, especially in the “Global South”, in climate discussion and equity?

The daily struggles a women or girl might face living in a natural disaster-prone area in Bangladesh.

Climate policy needs to consider climate justice in order to address the needs of everyone in a crisis situation. Otherwise people, especially women, will suffer.

Looking at a small aspect of climate justice, providing education, resources and including women in policy making will empower women and have a positive domino effect on all society.

The Climate Crisis.

Climate change and the increased risks on the global south

Summary of climate change

Climate change refers to the long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns (UN, 2020). The burning of fossil fuels which generates greenhouse gases, is the main driver of climate change.

These emissions come from every part of the world yet the 100 least-emitting countries cause 3% of total emissions compared with the 10 largest-emitting countries causing 68%.

Climate change effects

Hotter temperatures

More severe storms

Increased drought

A warming, rising ocean

Loss of species

Food scarcity

Health risks

Poverty and displacement

Impacts on Global South

The impacts of climate change are the hardest hitting on the Global South. According to the Climate Impact Lab, these countries are at risk of losing the most lives, property and economic wealth.

The 2020 EPI (Yale, 2020) ranks each country on its environmental performance and therefore its’ potential for climate resilience. It is clear that the Global South with lower GDPs (and less money to invest in climate adaptation and mitigation) have lower EPI rankings, meaning they are at more risk to the impacts of climate change.

Feminist Lens.

In our feminist conversations we discussed the matters of privilege. know that as a woman have been discriminated against but I, as a white, middle-class woman, have had those things in my favour. Not only that but a woman living in the UK, a country that is susceptible to no devastating natural disasters and one that has strong financial capabilities, will have a hugely less threatened life and livelihood than a woman living in Bangladesh who is responsible for her families food and water. In my project, I want to highlight the inequalities that are excarberbated by climate change and provide an example of how support can be given to empower women.

“we can’t save the planet without uplifting the voices of its people, especially those most often unheard

Leah Thomas

7th on the list of most vulnerable countries to climate devastation according to Germanwatch’s 2021 Global Climate Risk Index

Bangladesh.

Bangladesh (“Land of the Bengals”) is a country in South Asia, boardering India and is the 8th most densely populated country in the world (165 million). The official language is Bengali and the official religion is Islam. Most of the country is dominated by the Ganges Delta, and it is also home to the Sundarbans, the worlds largest mangrove forest. The climate is tropical, with a warm and humid monsoon season from June to October. Due to its geography, the country is prone to natural disasters such as floods and tropical cyclones. The worsening impacts of climate change such as sea level rise and more extreme weather events also threaten the country and as a result it is recognised to be one of the countries most vulnerable to climate change.

Positioning in Bangladesh.

Why I have chosen to situate my project in Bangladesh.

In my project, I have decided to lift up Corbusier’s Ville Radieuse (my site) and place it in Bangladesh. My research for my posters has led me to a feminist position oriented arond climate justice and Bangladesh is a strong example of a country that is impacted by climate change.

Why Bangladesh?

Bangladesh is threated by the impacts of climate change such as flooding and tropical cyclones. This exacerbates gender-based violence and makes women more vulnerable.

News stories such as the 2013 Rana Plaza factory collapse killing over 1000 female garment workers shed light onto poor labour conditions for millions of people, mainly women and girls.

Bangladesh has a patriarchal society which implements societal rules such as work division, social rules and regulation, dress code, rights and power. Girls are deprived of their rights and have to be dependent on men, creating more obstacles in life. This reflects Le Corbusier’s patriarchal model: how do these interact?

Bangladesh has had many recent successes in women’s empowerment such as in governmental policies, yet there is still a long way to go.

BY 2050...

18m people may have to migrate because of sea-level alone

11% of Bangladesh’s land may be lost

1in7 Bangladeshi’s will be displaced by climate change

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Climate change is sexist.

The vulnerabilities of women and girls

Hazards of climate change are impacting women disproportionately to men, especially in the Global South. Drought, flooding and displacement are harming the lives and livelihoods of women and girls such as increased gender-based violence, higher levels of child marriage casualty rates in extreme weather events and girls being withdrawn from school

It’s important to note that these women are also highly resourceful when it comes to mitigation and adaptation and “leaving them out of the [climate] conversation is a missed opportunity for both effective policy design and actually addressing climate change” (Alam, 2021)

Why does it effect women and girls more?

It doesn’t matter where you live in the world, gender will always impact our lives in every way and this is the same for climate change.

“Most of the world’s poor, and in fact the world’s poorest, are women and girls” (Alam, 2021). This is because women are more likely to live in poverty as they have less access to education and opportunities. The patriarchal structures of the world, especially in the Global South, create obstables for women such as the ability to own property/assets and participate in politics. Not only this but we are seeing the most extreme weather events due to climate change in the Global South. All of this is making women more vulnerable.

50% of the world’s food is grown by women

BUT ONLY

10% of the land is owned by women

Women in Bangladesh.

Gender relations and power dynamics exacerbating the impacts of climate change on women

Bangladesh is a traditional patriarchal society (Tanjeela, 2018) where men play dominant roles in family, community and society. A study by the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF, 2010) states that Bangladeshi women’s mobility is controlled as the male family members make the decisions. These statistics show how men dominate formal employment, however leaving out the unofficial labour contributions women make to the economy. Something important to note is that while women head less households, when they do they experience less poverty (26%) than male-headed households (32%) (BBS, 2012).

82% of rape cases in West Darfur occur when women conduct daily tasks

Despite these inequalities, Bangladeshi women have shown strong resilience in confronting these societal barriers and a large number of NGOs play a big role in empowering women in Bangladesh.

77% casualties were women in Indonesian fishing villages impacted by 2004 tsunami

Empowerment Strategies in Bangladesh.

What is being done in the fight for climate justice in Bangladesh?

70% of the 1.3bn people living in poverty are women

30% increase in human trafficking during climatic disasters

In 2007, Bangladesh was ranked 100 out of 145 countries in the global gender gap. Today it is ranked 64 out of 145 and it is now the top out of all South Asian countries (World Economic Forum, 2015).

NGOs such as USAID are fighting for climate justice in Bangladesh and these diagrams show some of the initiatives they are promoting.

Feminist Lens.

93% disaster shelters seen as not ‘women-friendly’ in Bangladesh

These empowerment strategies will help form my manifesto as I want to embody these in my project. How can a factory empower women in Bangladesh? Does it start with providing employment and then education? Might the manufacturing product contribute towards said empowerment?

Promoting Women’s Entrepreneurship by training women in agriculture mechanisation and local service providers and helping women secure loans

Empowering Women against GenderBased Violence supporting Bangladeshis by offering psychosocial counselling, legal services, job skills training and job-placement support for survivors

Promoting Food Security and Healthy Communities increase women participation in private sector and improve access to market systems

Advocating for Women’s Leadership in Society supporting women’s political and civic participation, cultivating women’s leadership roles in elections and politics

A Manifesto.

A Feminist Factory of Empowerment

WHAT?

A factory using WikiHouse to design flatpack building components that can form adaptable small buildings dedicated to female empowerment in Bangladesh

WHO?

A factory that employs women in Bangladesh, providing skills, employment, education and support via entreneurship programmes and funding

HOW?

The flatpack modular buildings will be constructed anywhere when needed for all things female empowerment. The buildings could form small community centres, disaster relief housing, entrepreneurial buildings and more in support of women in Bangladesh

WHY?

This is a climate justice mission to empower women in Bangladesh by aiding them in creating resilience

WikiHouse

when women are empowered, they have the capacity and inner will to improve their situation and gain control over their own lives

Project Model.

Diagram representing building outcomes, spaces and users

Empowering women in Bangladesh in the fight for climate justice

Bubble Diagrams.

Initial space relationship ideas

Iteration 1

BUILD SPONSOR SUPPORT LEARN

FACTORY WORKERS

TEACHERS SPONSERS STUDENTS VISITORS

Factory

CAD Labs

Workshops

Classrooms Counsel Rooms

Providing a space for the women of Bangladesh to imagine and then build their own futures

A journey of empowerment in the fight for climate justice

Meeting Room Offices Storage Changing Rooms

Iteration 2

Cafeteria

Community Space Outdoor Space

Providing support for women to share their experiences/journeys

Gaining support from sponsers to start own entrepreneurship

Feminist Lens.

Deriving from my research into female empowerment in Bangladesh, I have considered what themes my factory should address. These diagrams show how these themes form spaces and their initial interactions with each other.

located close to vehicle loading bay stored in flat, dry area out of direct sunlight and sources of heat/moisture

dust filters are connected to extraction ducting that runs above CNC with flexible pipe fitted to CNC gantry partition area so can be closed off during machining (optional)

Materials Area 20m2

storage area for raw materials (pallets of 1220x2440mm sheets of plywood/OSB) and rolled insulation located close to vehicle loading bay

can be external but needs to be covered/protected

reception space for 2 people CAD labs space for 6 people office space for 6 people

self-contained 6 cubicles near reception male/female toilets at 1:2 ratio as more women

with mini kitchen for tea/coffee with outdoor space adjoining for factory workers external loading area

Fabrication Area 35m2

key piece of equipment for manufacturing WikiHouse blocks. Needs plenty of space around it for loading material and unloading cut parts, maintenance and tool-changing, and a computer station to control CAM programming

3.

Waste Disposal 5m2

wood waste during machining to be composted and reused via wood recyling

Assembly Area 40m2 4.

pre-assembled components before being delivered to site for the main build

Storage Area 30m2 5.

once WikiHouse bloacks such as floor beams and wall cassettes have been assembled, need to be stacked ready for transport to site by lorry. Parts that haven’t been pre-assembled can be flat-packed

WikiHouse Manufacturing.

Required equipment/material space to produce WikiHouse parts

The Actors.

Who are the main users of my building?

Feminist Design Strategies.

Key feminist strategies to consider in project

Saw-Tooth Roof

allows indirect sunlight to penetrate the factory space

Name Ada

Age Country

Info Personal Goals

57

Netherlands

Architect from the Netherlands that specialises in disaster relief housing research

“Natural hazards are ever increasing and intensifying and leaving so many people without homes. For my PhD, I researched new technologies and housing prototypes and I want to carry on this research as well as empower and teach other women”

Hansa

33

Bangladesh

Lost husband two years ago in a flood and has been struggling to find a stable income and rebuild life

“I tragically lost my husband and home at the hands of climate channge and it has been hard to pull myself back up. I have not been able to emmigrate as I was caring for my older relatives, but since I have had help, am keen to learn new skills and seek employment in this factory.”

Akeefah

26

United Kingdom

Second generation Bangladeshi UK dezeen journalist writing an article about the effects of climate change on Bangladeshi women

“I want to shed light on the inequalities women in Bangladesh face as a result of climate change”

allows for change of space to suit different needs

Design that encourages interaction between users

Unrestricted Views

Social Interaction views of site so users can fully experience the space

Adaptable Spaces the opposite of Le Corbusier’s ‘geometrical supremacy’

Courtyard Spaces

open courtyards to let light in and connect interior with exterior

Organic Landscaping sloped roofing to collect, store and reuse water

Water Collection

prayer rooms that consider all religions

Vernacular

Reimagining Ancillary Spaces use of local materials such as bamboo

FLOWS

Visitor

Factory Worker

travel to site via undergound travel to site via boat taxi

arrive via undergound arrive via boat taxi

Programme Flows.

The flows of people and products around the factory

In order to determine the relationships the spaces need with each other, I have considered the journeys and flows around my building.

Learners arrive via undergound arrive via boat taxi

PRODUCT FLOWS

arrive at reception to register visit

sit in waiting area toilets and locker room

tour of factory facility on the way to the meeting room

meeting room

coffee and breakfast

lunch break in cafeteria relax in the break room enjoy the outdoor areas

tour of education spaces and talk to the students/factory workers

back to reception and sign out

head home via boat taxi via undergound

materials

workers entrance/ reception to sign in

changing rooms and lockers coffee and breakfast

head to work station for the morning

arrive at reception to sign in

changing rooms and lockers

coffee and breakfast

Materials arrive via van from highway

unload into factory material space osb pallets rolled insulation

cnc machine with auto-feeder cad labs

head to classroom station for morning

indoor class workshop session outdoor class

mobile table cut-offs

assembly area work table adjoining extra space

enjoy the outdoor areas break in cafeteria

after work hang-out

lunch break

back to work stations or go to learning space for the afternoon

changing rooms and lockers

lunch break enjoy the outdoor areas break in cafeteria

back to class or work in factory for the afternoon

changing rooms and lockers

stacked in storage area flat-packed and wrapped

taken for delivery by van or by boat

delivered where needed and assembled with chosen design on site

after class hang-out

head home via boat taxi via undergound

Programme Adjacency.

What do the main programmes consist of?

The requirements of each main programme has been further considered in adjacency diagrams. These help to organise space and the circulation around each space in the building. The next steps are to bring in more detailed scale and to experiment how each of these spaces then interact.

adjacency Section adjacency

Delivery

_the manufacturing process starts here with the loading of the materials _production moves in a linear progression in a big open space _small workshops situated to the side which are closed off

Fabrication

_once delivered and stored, materials fed into cnc machines to be fabricated into “building blocks” _lasercutter and workshop space attached for student use and testing of new ideas at smaller scales

_fabricated parts are wheeled/driven over to assembly space _parts assembled on benchs with the help of machinery and adjoining tool areas

Storage Factory Amenities Main Entrance Education

_the required amenities for the factory users that can be accessed from factory space

_education element accessed via main circulation with classrooms that look over the factory space

Cafeteria

_cafeteria for factory workers and learners to use together

_access to outdoor gardens and walkway

_assembled parts flat-packed and stored in preparation to be delivered to necessary site

_needs to consider access for visitors, learners and workers _access to outside, factory and education space

The Big Draw.

Using precedents to start imagining my proposal

We conducted the Big Draw workshop by researching precedents with a similar programme to our factory, printing them out in plan and section, and collaging them together to form iterations.

This process forced us to be creative and decisive and also think through drawing.

LFA, Modul’air, France, 2021

The programme combines offices, workshops, an event location as well as a covered area for drone testing.

am inspired by the triple-height light-weight structure as well as the spatial organisation in plan (the stacked shipping containers

Atelier17c Architectes, ÖkoFen HQ, France, 2022

The HQ houses a logistics warehouse and a complex of offices, training rooms and showrooms.

The facade is interesting in how it plays with opacity and light. The connecting bridge between the warehouse and ammenities is something might explore.

Feminist Lens.

Is the Big Draw a feminist way of designing? If the precedents used are examples of participatory design such as involving the users in every stage of the design process, then I would say yes. When the users have been involved, thats when the building is truly built for their needs.

Out of the precedents I have chosen, a lot involve participation as they work with locals and their needs, as well as using local materials and reflecting the vernacular.

Studio Anna Heringer, Anandaloy Centre, Bangladesh, 2019

Hosts a centre for people with diasabilities. Mainly built out of mud and bamboo from local farmers and invests in local craftswomen. The roof shape as well as the use of vernacular is very interesting and a good precedent.

DLW-Architectes, SNCF Rail Network Repair

Centre, Nantes, 2017

Bioclimatic approach implemented with exposed structure and organised internal volumes. The concept of “boxes in the box” and the spatial organisation (storage to north, offices to south) is something to consider as well as

Rizvi Hassan, Beyond Survival, Bangladesh, 2019

Built as a safe space for Rohingya Women & Girls refugees, it offers a place to have a bath a day, a place to talk about abuse and violence and a safe space to learn, create, share.

The use of the internal courtyard is successful in how it encourages interaction and connects the surroundng rooms into one space.

RE:LAB Arquitectos, Centro Comunitario, Mexico, 2020

Built as a safe space for Rohingya Women & Girls refugees, it offers a place to have a bath a day, a place to talk about abuse and violence and a safe space to learn, create, share.

The use of the internal courtyard is successful in how it encourages interaction and connects the surroundng rooms into one space.

ruta 4 taller, Community Sewing Workshop Amairis, Colombia, 2019

Cutting and sewing facotry managed by women from the village and accompanied by community centre that promotes educational and cultural strategies. Use of local vernacular as well as ability to open the building up to the elements - makes it adapatable and good natural ventilation.

1+1>2 Architects, Cam Thanh Community House, Vietnam, 2015

Includes 3 buildings that have adaptable spaces to meet different requirements. The use of internal courtyards throughout, sloping roofs and local bamboo is something want to explore in my project

ZUS, Luchtsingel, Rotterdam, 2015

An example of participation in architecture as a crowd funded project that promotes social interaction and safety within urban space.

I am inspired by how the walkway can encourage interaction, something I want to explore as a feminist principle.

Moguang Studio, Youth Centre, China, 2020

Site originally a garment manufacturing factory and has been renovated

The red winding ramp is a key feature in the building’s design. I like how it stands out from the building and creates a

Nasra’s work space

THE BIG DRAW.

Strengths

movement trhough space via walkways creates connections between programmes

Weaknesses

The boundaries of the site haven’t been determined so it doesn’t feel containedcurrently quite far-reaching.

Opportunities

Opportunities for physical connections between buildings or landscaping

Threats

If walkway is elevated, will access be easy? A route could be created that has to be followed and leaves no room for flexibility.

Strengths

Spaces feel more connected by central core

Weaknesses

Should buildings be connected? Central space is undetermined

Opportunities

Opportunities for use of multiple levels throughout building and walkways

Threats

Possibly overcrowded and too enclosed

Strengths

central garden/walkway creates a central node of interaction

Weaknesses

Site feels disjointed with programmes very separate

Opportunities

Opportunities to join the three programmes together and have walkway throughout Threats

Connection to Le Corbusier site is limited

Translating the Big Draw.

Using the Big Draw to inform my initial design ideas in programmatic form

Iteration 1

Iteration 2

Iteration 3

Iteration 4

“I prefer drawing to talking. Drawing is faster, and leaves less room for lies.”

Le Corbusier

Big Draw Diagram

Spatial Adjacency Plans

Programmatic Massing Models

Final Massing Iteration Design Strategies

Design Strategies

_L-shape design surrounds private outdoor space for users

Feminist Strategies

_Water collection via cylindrical mass which also acts as cooling device

_Roof access provides views across whole site

_internal courtyards which also reflects vernacular Precedents

_Studio Andrew Todd Theatre

_KPMG CCTF Community Centre Plan

Design Strategies

_circular circulation around factory

_central space contains ammenities and shared spaces

Feminist Strategies

_organic outdoor spaces

_communal and interactive outdoor spaces

Precedents

_The Plus by BIG

Elevation 1

Design Strategies

_solar panels on south facing roof

_bamboo facade on cylindrical mass to act as shade and cooling

Feminist Strategies

_saw-tooth roof for indirect sunlight in factory space

_use of vernacular material bamboo for facade

Precedents

_Studio Saar Factory

Elevation 2

Design Strategies

_canopy style roof shelters from sun and heavy rains

Feminist Strategies

_water collection via roof into internal pond that collects water and acts as cooling

Precedents

_Anna Heringer Community Centre

Further Sketch Development Precedents

Studio Andrew Todd, Hardelot Theatre, France, 2016

Bjarke Ingels Group, The Plus, Norway, 2022

Studio Saar, Sanand Factory, India, 2022

Studio Anna Heringer, Anandaloy Center, Bangladesh, 2019

Initial Floor Plans.

Using my feminist design strategies and research to form initial plans. have annotated the plans to show improvements I will make when drawing up my final plans.

Courtyard Spaces Reimagining Ancillary Spaces

Water Collection

Adaptable Spaces

Building Regulations.

Part

Final Floor Plans.

First Floor Second Floor

Materiality.

MOSO Bamboo

Beams

For the structure will use MOSO Bamboo which reflects the local vernacular as well as having many benefits such as being CO2 neutral, hard and durable, high stability, fire resistant and healthy.

Structural Strategy.

A glubam and laminated bamboo lumber system

For my structure I will use MOSO glue laminated bamboo (glubam) and laminated bamboo lumber (LBL). Bangladesh has lots of bamboo and it is often used in local vernacular architecture, therefore it is a sustainable choice.

Feminist Lens.

By using locally sourced and recycled (when I can) bamboo in the structure and facade, I am addressing two feminist design principles. The re-use principle that came from my feminist city design and the use of local materials to adhere to the vernacular.

Precedent

KPMG CCTF Community Centre uses laminated bamboo for its structure.

Bamboo Shading

To keep the building shaded and cool, will use bamboo operable shading as a facade on the cylindrical part of the building. This is because it will be fully glazed so needs shading from warm sun.

MOSO Bamboo Facade

For the factory cuboid sections to my building, will clad these in bamboo to reflect the local vernacular. The natural material also has a softer finish, making the building more welcoming and feminist.

Reflective Metal Roofing

This roofing is ideal in the Bangladeshi climate as they keep out the heat and reflect sunlight. It is also lightweight and ideal for the factory portal frame roofing.

Red Steel

For the central spiral stairs and roof terrace, will use a red steel to create a vivid focal point to the building.

Curtain Wall

For the exterior of the cylindrical core will use curtain walling to ensure 360 views, especially into the factory spaces and out to the surrounding areas.

Structural Axonometric

Structural Grid

Exploring in Section and Perspective.

Vignettes and section of building

Environmental Strategy.

Initial environmental and sustainability design considerations

Environmental strategy in accordance with Bangladesh’s humid and wet climate. Focus on shading, cooling and crossventilation.

I’ve never felt like my place as a woman, has ever truly been in the city. It’s felt as if the city is against women and unsafe, and it’s our responsibilities to stay safe, not the place and people around us. This is something need to unlearn. Women’s place is in the city: we deserve to take up space and to have an environment around us that supports that.

have learnt to not “assume” things and instead research and learn from people. In Bangladesh assumed that women suffered in a patriarchal society, but what learnt was that in the last 20 years it has made vast progress in improving the lives of women and girls. Women still suffer from genderbased violence but there are more and more schemes in place to empower women.

have relearnt about being political and the importance of climate justice and equity. Climate change is as much about the change of the physical environment as it is about its’ effects and these disproportionately impact women.

While my factory and entrepreneur scheme won’t single-handely result in climate justice in Bangladesh and beyond, it is about shedding light on gender politics and how we can start to create a more equitable society in the face of climate change

I think my project has a great starting point and my next steps are to delve deeper into locality and technology. How can I further my feminist design strategies and make a truly feminist factory?

being PERSONAL + POLITICAL

Climate change impacts everyone differently and it is impossible to reach equity for all. But what we can do on is talk about climate justice at all levels: in conversations with our friends and social media to involving government and in protests. To address the personal we need to be political.

ACTION PLAN

Dive deeper into local vernacular and materiality for a stronger connection to Bangladesh

unlearn learn relearn reflect evaluate

From looking into privilege and researching the lives of women outside of the UK (Bangladesh), have found that I’ve questioned my own experiences of a woman and compared them to that of Bangladesh. While it is important to be aware of the equity and feminist issues globally, I need to unlearn that my feminist issues are “not relevant because they are less extreme”. must show support for women globally and also support for myself.

I have learnt about oppression and discrimination of women and other minorities from urban planning and architecture. didn’t realise the scale of the use of the male archetype when designing. I have also learnt about the existence of “feminist cities” such as Vienna which shows that feminist design is possible and successful!

Relearning that architecture and space is for people. Cities shouldn’t be viewed from this god-like above perspective, such as one Corbusier uses, but from the street-level with the people that make up the city.

It is easy to blame the patriarchal society of Bangladesh for the inequalities women face and while this is true, the focus needs to be on promoting women’s position in society: including them in politics and decision making and at all levels.

In relation to my building, want to further dive into the vernacular of Bangladesh: specify a certain region and take inspiration from exisiting environmental strategies. People have always been very resilient and I need to rediscover this.

being PROPOSITIONAL being FEMINIST

The approach to the proposal is to create a space for women in Bangladesh to learn, make and overall be ‘empowered’. Schemes like this already exist but here it is been solidified in a feminist factory that stretches wider than the site.

By focussing on climate justice in Bangladesh, I am pushing for women’s mobility in society and their improved resilience to climate change. To be feminist is to fight for equality and equity and this starts with the most under-represented people in society.

Explore roof system in more depth: how can it cope in monsoon season as well as with the heat?

Develop connection between three volumes: should they be separated for a more successful programme?

Develop facade and environmental strategies

Refine the structural gridlines and system

Movable shading device

Photovoltaic panels Composite insulated roof with overhangs

Saw-tooth roof

Deciduous trees around exterior Electronically operated window systems

Thermal mass

Water as evaporative cooling

Minimal southfacing glazing

Self shading courtyard for cross ventilation