Fig. 7 The Nudge Concept (Rai, 2018

NUDGE THEORY (THALER & SUNSTEIN, 2008)

American academics Richard Thaler and Cass Sunstein coined the term “nudge theory” discussed in their book: Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness. The book is about influencing the decisionmaking of a person by understanding human behavior. The nudge theory is a concept for helping people improve their decisions, understanding how people think, and identifying and modifying unhelpful influences on people.

“Nudge theory is mainly concerned with the design of choices, which influences the decisions we make. Nudge theory proposes that the designing of choices should be based on how people actually think and decide (instinctively and rather irrationally), rather than how leaders and authorities traditionally (and typically incorrectly) believe people think and decide (logically and rationally). “ - Businessballs, 2013

This theory is related to promoting the use of water transportation to reduce road traffic. By placing other destinations together with the water transport station, the users are presented with choices: either to commute home and go through all the traffic or traverse through the Pasig River to avoid it. Their choice of using water transportation may not be instant, but it slowly influences their way of thinking so that next time, they already know that they have that choice and it is faster and less hassle than the other choices. Fig. 7 The Nudge Concept (Rai, 2018)

CHAPTER 1-10

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This project is a mixture of not-so-new architectural concepts, ideas, and uses. First off, the main use of the development is hydrological research. The study of hydrology, especially water quality, can also have a huge impact to our environment and to our health. Hydrologic science is basically the study of the water on Earth. It deals with the physical and chemical properties, distribution, occurrence, and movement of water (Beven, 1998). It can be divided into two parts: Engineering hydrology, and Applied Hydrology. Under those two parts has 27 branches, each focusing on a different aspect (Balasubramanian, 2017), some of it are:

• Urban hydrology - investigating water regime in an urbanized environment; • Ecohydrology - ecological processes in the hydrologic cycle; • Hydrogeology - distribution and movement of water; • Surface Water Hydrology - study water near the earth’s surface, (i.e. rivers, dams); • Hydraulics - behavior, motion, and interaction of fluids. Mostly studied by engineering students

Water is vital to our planet and basically provides most of our core necessities every day. It is one of the main factors that our future depends on. Of course, we want to keep our waters clean for us to utilize it. An article by Senthil Kumar Kurunthachalam of the Savannah State University talks about how water affects many things happening in our environment. He stated that nowadays, our water table is in danger, because of rapid urban development (uncontrollable population increase, industrial developments, negligence of proper use of water) which causes global warming.

Rapid urban development also means that there is an increase of water demand because water is one of our necessities. As this happens, the water level is expected to lower, the more population increases in the future. He pointed out that there are seven ways to achieve water conservation and sustainability: • Through logical policy; • From existing resources; • By mechanical auditing; • By rainwater harvesting; • Increasing desalination projects; • By reusing water; and • Stringent regulations to improve the quality and quantity of sustainable water (Kurunthachalam, 2014).

The topic of hydrologic research leads us to the research culture itself. As time passes by, certain trends to the research and development industry also emerge. Today, three research trends are becoming popular: (1) Team-based research; (2) Sustainable laboratory design; and (3) Flexible Architecture.

Team-based research. Modern scientific research is heavily dependent on social engagement. Instead of competition, modern science focuses on support and cooperation. Managing how the scientific world pursues team-based research is

significant to produce successful results that would determine our future. The article by Professor Howard Aldrich (2017) states that there are four structural elements in managing successful teambased research: (1) Defining the Scope and Logic of the Project; (2) Agreeing about Responsibilities; (3) Enforcing Deadlines and Give/Receive Timely Feedback; (4) Using Coordination Mechanisms that facilitate the Collaboration Process. According to Daniel Watch (2016), designing for a team-based research facility means designing two main spaces, namely:

Meeting places It is critical for a group of people to communicate their ideas properly in order to come up with different projects to pursue. This mainly focuses on “planning” the project. Meeting places does not only mean the formal room for meetings, this also includes the assembly areas of a building, such as atrium spaces, break rooms, etc. where people can congregate and talk amongst themselves.

Team-based Laboratories This focuses on the “execution” of a project. These laboratories should support every research team; therefore, its design should be flexible. One example is the laboratories of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Building 110. Their research teams were able to create 60 different configurations of their laboratories customized specifically to their research needs.

Also, collaborative research suggests that each team of scientists must have members working in other disciplines, which would make the team multidisciplinary. In this way, through collaborative research, the members would communicate with each other, always learning new things other than their respective expertise. Laboratory designers can achieve these by accomplishing the following:

• Creating flexible engineering systems and casework that encourage research teams to alter their spaces to meet their needs; • Designing offices and write-up areas as places where people can work in teams; • Creating “research centers” that are team-based; • Creating necessary spaces for research members to operate properly near each other; • Minimizing spaces that are identified with a department; • Establishing defined circulation patterns; and • Provide interior glazing to allow people to see each other (Watch, 2016). Sustainable Laboratory Design. Research facilities generate high demands of energy because of the following reasons (Watch & Tolat, 2016):

• They contain large numbers of containment and exhaust devices; • These facilities have heat-generating equipment; • Scientists sometimes needs 24–hour laboratory access; and • Irreplaceable experiments require fail-safe redundant backup systems and uninterrupted power supply or emergency power.

Because of this, sustainable laboratory designs are a must have in research facilities to be more environmentally friendly. The authors stated some key aspects to keep in mind when designing sustainable laboratory designs:

• Increase energy and water efficiency • Reduce or eliminate all kinds of wastes (especially harmful ones) • Improve facility environments, both interior and exterior to promote productivity to researchers • Use recycled materials, and recycle materials as much as possible

The authors also enumerated sustainability steps in all aspects of building design: architectural (e.g. glazing, roofing and walls, lighting) and engineering (e.g. mechanical, plumbing, HVAC systems) considerations.

Flexible Architecture is defined by Professor Kronenburg (n.d.) is when building is designed to respond to changing situations or usage of spaces. This type of architecture is more dynamic than stagnant, it ‘responds’ rather than it ‘denies’. The professor mentioned that this type of architecture was based on us humans. Humans are flexible, dynamic, mobile, and creative. It was pointed out in the essay that there are three ways to achieve the flexibility of a space:

• Use of changeable elements - specific spaces that are designed for specific use can also be adjusted to encourage other uses also. For example, in a large theater, the high ceiling can be adjusted down to accommodate the acoustics of a smaller gathering. Changeable elements allow future users to be creative in using a space.

• Adding multi-purpose spaces - the professor mentioned a ‘theatre park’ as an example. It is a multi-purpose space that can cater to anything: an art show, a workshop, a wedding, or a dance performance.