Basic gad concepts session 1

Training of Technical Advisers on GAD Mainstreaming for CHED August 27, 2013 Office of the President Philippine Commission on Women

PRESENTATION OBJECTIVES • Review concepts of sex, gender, gender characteristics, gender roles, and other key concepts related to gender and development (GAD) mainstreaming. • Test the learnings of the participants via a review quiz

Office of the President Philippine Commission on Women

Key Principle • Principle of non-discrimination is the cornerstone of human rights principles.

• Discrimination based on sex is among forms of discrimination prohibited (Universal Declaration of Human rights).

• Commitment to non-discrimination was reiterated by the international community in a the following covenants: - Civil and Political Rights; Economic, Social and Cultural Rights; CEDAW • Article II Section 14 of the Philippine Constitution also provides for the equal treatment of women and men Office of the President Philippine Commission on Women

Concentration – Picture Association Game • Action: slap on the lap..one clap..snap of the fingers..one clap..slap on the lap • Picture Association. What comes to mind when they see a picture (e.g. Christmas, wad of bills, cup of coffee, etc.). The answer should come at the snap of the fingers.

• The participants will then be showed pictures that they have to classify under the word WOMAN and MAN. Office of the President Philippine Commission on Women

GENDER as a Social Construct Sex and Gender as Concepts

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Sex Defined Sex refers to the TWO categories of being Male and Female – needed for the act of mating to result in biological reproduction.

Sex is biologically determined (external genitalia or sex organ; chromosomal make-up; qualities of hormones) Sex is constant across time, across different societies and cultures Office of the President Philippine Commission on Women

Gender Defined Gender refers to the differentiated social roles, behaviors, capacities, intellectual, emotional and social characteristics attributed by a given culture to women and men. It is what makes one masculine or feminine Gender is socially determined and a learned behavior Gender changes across time, places and cultures

Office of the President Philippine Commission on Women

SEX BORN WITH

CANNOT BE CHANGED - only women can give birth - only men can produce sperm

GENDER SOCIALLY CONSTRUCTED

CHANGEABLE - women can do traditionally male jobs - men can take good care of children Office of the President Philippine Commission on 8Women

Relationship of sex and gender

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Sex and Gender Roles

• Sex role function - role which male or female assumes because of basic physiological or anatomical differences Reproductive Function MALE

FEMALE

Ovum fertilization

Gestation

Sperm determines sex of child

Child Bearing Lactation Office of the President Philippine Commission on Women

Sex and Gender Roles • Gender role – roles assigned to men and women based on their gender – refers to activities which are considered appropriate and acceptable for boys or girls; men or women.

– part of gender norms; it is society’s evaluation of behavior as masculine or feminine Office of the President Philippine Commission on Women

Female gender roles are associated with appropriate concepts of Femininity and traits such as:

• submissiveness • modesty • nurturance

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Male gender roles are associated with appropriate concepts of Masculinity and traits such as:

•dominance

•assertiveness •Independence Office of the President Philippine Commission on Women

GENDER STEREOTYPES It is the tendency or attitude, to ascribe particular traits, characteristics and roles distinctly to men and particular traits, characteristics, roles distinctly to women.

The assumption behind stereotyping is that the ascribed attributes of men apply to all men and that of women apply to all women in a given society.

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The confusion between sex and gender gives rise to such stereotypes as: Men: Physically stronger, then, they are better engineers, architects, welders or carpenters. They are the protectors of women.

Women: Physically weak, then, they need protection from men. They are better nurses, teachers, secretaries, and retail salespersons.

They need to be protected by men.

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Philippine Commission on Women

The confusion between sex and gender gives rise to such stereotypes as: Men: Bravery, aggressiveness, independence, and the ability to control emotions are traits of men.

Women: Timidity, passivity, while emotionally dependent demonstrative, loving, self sacrificing and being peaceful are traits of women.

Office of the President Philippine Commission on Women

The confusion between sex and gender gives rise to such stereotypes as: Men: Work is the center of their lives. Reason is the basis for decision-making. Decisive.

Women: Relationship both within and outside the family is the center of their lives. Intuition is basis of decision-making. Whimsical and fickle minded Office of the President Philippine Commission on Women

The confusion between sex and gender gives rise to such stereotypes as: Men: More fit to be leaders, head of families, business enterprises, social and political organizations, states, armies and communities.

Women: More fit to take secondary roles .

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Gender Division of Labor GENDER ROLES MALE

FEMALE

Productive Role Community Role Office of the President Philippine Commission on Women

Roles of Women and Men WOMEN Reproductive • Childbearing and child rearing Role • Organizing of households Productive • Rural Areas: often disguised in subsistence Role economy or domestic work • Urban Areas: many in small scale enterprises (“informal sector: mainly in household (often disguised) and neighborhood level) • As ‘secondary’ income earners, make a critical contribution to income of poor households • Female headed may be sole income earner Communitylevel Role

MEN •Provider, joint responsibility • Often “primary” income earners • Often organized around this role i.e., workers’ organization/trade unions

Community managing: Community politics: • Is an extension of reproductive role into • Organized at formal community action political level i.e., traditional decision• Because services they need in reproductive making structures; role not/badly provided • Leaders (often paid) Community politics: • Tend to be leaders by virtue of relationship with other men • Rank and file (voluntary) Office of the President Philippine Commission on Women

Traditional gender roles divide men and women from each other.

Deny women access to the public world of: *Work *Achievement

*Power

*Independence

Deny men access to: *The Nurturant

Other oriented world of domestic life.

*Emotive

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However, the good news is Gender Roles do change.

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L et’s R eview Office of the President Philippine Commission on Women

Differentiating sex and gender SEX

GENDER

Biological Fact

Socially and culturally constructed

Natural attribute that a person is born with

Created, produced, reproduced and maintained by social institutions

Natural. Born. Fixed.

Aquired/learned. Can be unlearned.

Sex characteristics are universal

Gender characteristics are not universal. It may differ from society to society.

Office of the President Philippine Commission on Women

Differentiating sex and gender SEX

GENDER

Sex characteristics are equally valued and equally important

Gender characteristics are marked by inequality

Uses terms like male and female

Uses terms like masculine and feminine

Fixed. Sex roles can be Interchangeable. Gender performed by only the male roles can be performed by or the female both sexes Constant regardless of time place

Time and place-bound Office of the President Philippine Commission on Women

Differentiating SEX from GENDER QUIZ

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Differentiating SEX from GENDER QUIZ

Office of the President Philippine Commission on Women

Office of the President Philippine Commission on Women

Office of the President Philippine Commission on Women

Office of the President Philippine Commission on Women

Office of the President Philippine Commission on Women

Office of the President Philippine Commission on Women

Office of the President Philippine Commission on Women

Office of the President Philippine Commission on Women

Office of the President Philippine Commission on Women

Office of the President Philippine Commission on Women

Office of the President Philippine Commission on Women