Chapter 01

cÖ_g Aa¨vq

cÖvwYi wewfbœZv I †kÖwYweb¨vm ANIMAL DIVERSITY & CLASSIFICATION ˆewPΨgq G c„w_ex, wewPÎ Zvi cÖvwYRMr| ˆewPΨ Zv‡`i MV‡b, emwZ‡Z, PvjPj‡b, Lv`¨ AvniY I MÖn‡b, Pjv‡divq, AvPvi-AvPi‡Y Ges cÖRb‡b| c„w_ex‡Z cÖvq GK †KvwU RxweZ cÖvwYi msL¨v Rvbv wM‡q‡Q| ZvQvov cÖwZeQi bZzb bZzb Avwe¯‹…Z A‡bK cÖvwYi ZvwjKv cÖKvk Kiv n‡”Q| ZviciI Aejyß cÖvwYi cÖRvwZi msL¨vI Kg bq; Zv nj cÖvq 50 jÿ| ZvB GB wekvj cÖvwYRMZ‡K mwVK Dcv‡q Rvb‡Z Ges cÖvwYKzj‡K Kv‡R jvMv‡Z I G‡`i myôz e¨e¯’vcbvq ˆZwi n‡q‡Q GKwU myk„•Lj †kÖwYweb¨vm| cÖavb kã (Key Word)  cÖvwYRMZ  †kÖwYKiY  åæY¯Íi  cÖwZmvg¨Zv  LÐvqb  wm‡jvg  b‡UvKW©  bbKW©vUv

G Aa¨vq cvV †k‡l AvgivÑ  cÖvwYRM‡Zi wewfbœZv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  cÖvwY‡K wewfbœ †kÖwY‡Z fvM Kivi wfwË I bxwZ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  wewfbœ ai‡bi cÖvwY‡K †kÖwY‡Z web¨¯Í Kivi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  bb-KW©vUv cÖvwY‡K cÖavb ce© ch©šÍ web¨¯Í Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  KW©vUv cÖvwY‡K †kÖwY ch©šÍ web¨¯Í Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  e¨envwiK: wewfbœ cÖvYx kbv³ I wPÎ AsKb Ki‡Z cvi‡ev|

1.1 cÖvwYRM‡Zi wfbœZv c„w_ex‡Z wewfbœ cÖRvwZi cÖvYx i‡q‡Q| wewfbœ cwi‡e‡k evm Kivi Rb¨ cÖvYx wfbœ wfbœfv‡e Awf‡hvwRZ nq| Gme cÖvwY‡`i Kv‡iv Kv‡iv g‡a¨ ˆewk‡ó¨i cÖPzi wgj i‡q‡Q, Avevi Kv‡iv Kv‡iv g‡a¨ wewfbœ gvÎvi cv_©K¨ cwijwÿZ nq| cÖvwYRM‡Zi g‡a¨ weivwRZ wewfbœ ai‡bi cv_©K¨‡K cÖvwYRM‡Zi wfbœZv (Animal diversity) e‡j| cÖvwYRM‡Zi wfbœZv¸‡jv wewfbœ ai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i, †hgb: evm¯’vbMZ, AvPiYMZ, RxbMZ, cÖRvwZ ev cÖKiYMZ cÖf…wZ|

2

RxeweÁvb wØZxq cÎ

1| RxbMZ ev eskMZ wfbœZv (Genetic diversity) : GK ev GKvwaK cÖRvwZi m`m¨‡`i g‡a¨ Rx‡bi cv_©K¨‡K RxbMZ wfbœZv e‡j| A_©vr GKB cÖRvwZi wewfbœ Rb‡Mvôx ev GKwU Rb‡Mvôxi m`‡m¨ RxbMZ cv_©K¨ ( †hgbÑ fviZxq eo GK k„•M MÐv‡i cv_©K¨ A‡bK †ewk| wKšÍy wPZvev‡N Lye Kg)ÑB n‡jv RxbMZ wfbœZv| 2| cÖRvwZK wfbœZv (Species diversity) : GKwU wbw`©ó A‡j wewfbœ cÖRvwZi mgv‡ek‡K cÖRvwZ wfbœZv (Species diversity) e‡j | cÖRvwZ wfbœZv `ych©v‡q nq, h_v : (K) AvšÍtcÖRvwZK (Inter-specific) ch©v‡q wfbœZv : wfbœ wfbœ cÖRvwZi cÖvwYi g‡a¨ weivRgvb cv_©K¨RwbZ wfbœZv‡K AvšÍ:cÖRvwZK wfbœZv e‡j| †hgb- i‡qj †e½j UvBMvi (Panthera tigris) Ges wmsn (Panthera leo) GKB M‡Yi AšÍfy©³ nIqvq Zv‡`i g‡a¨ †hŠb cÖRbb c×wZ‡Z (evN I wms‡ni g‡a¨) cÖRbbÿg mšÍvb Drcvw`Z nq bv| myZivs evN I wmsn GKB cÖRvwZi AšÍfy©³ bq Ges Zv‡`i ‰ewkó¨vewji g‡a¨ AvšÍtcÖRvwZK wfbœZv weivRgvb| (L) AšÍtcÖRvwZK (Intra-specific) ch©v‡q wfbœZv : GKB cÖRvwZi AšÍf³ y© cÖvwY‡`i g‡a¨ weivwRZ cv_©‡K¨i Rb¨ D³ cÖRvwZi cÖvwY‡`i g‡a¨ †h wfbœZvi D™¢e nq, Zv‡K AšÍtcÖRvwZK wfbœZv ejv nq| †hgb- GKB cÖRvwZ Homo sapiens Gi AšÍfy©³ nIqv m‡Ë¡I GKRb BD‡ivcxq †k¦Zv•M I GKRb Avwd«Kvb K…òv•M gvby‡li Mv‡qi is, Pz‡ji eY© I AvK…wZ BZ¨vw`‡Z A‡bK cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| myZivs Zv‡`i g‡a¨ weivRgvb Gme wfbœZvÑB n‡jv AšÍtcÖRvwZK ch©v‡q wfbœZv| 3| ev¯ÍyZvwš¿K wfbœZv (Ecosystem diversity) : †Kv‡bv cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡k weivRgvb †fŠZ, ivmvqwbK ev ˆRweK ‰ewkó¨My‡jvi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b NU‡j mvwe©Kfv‡e †mB we‡kl cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ wewNœZ nq| G cwieZ©b `xN© mg‡qi Rb¨ ¯’vqx n‡j †mLv‡b emevmiZ cÖvwY‡`i g‡a¨ †h wfbœZvi D™¢e nq, Zv‡K ev¯ÍyZvwš¿K wfbœZv e‡j| 4| AvPiYMZ wfbœZv (Cultural diversity) : c„w_exi wewfbœ As‡k Awf‡hvR‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ gvby‡li bvbvwea mvgvwRK MVb, wek¦vm‡eva, †KŠk‡ji wewfbœZv cÖf„wZ AvPiYMZ wfbœZvi AšÍM©Z|

1.2 cÖvwYi †kªwYKi‡Yi wfwË I bxwZ (Base and rules of classififcation) †h‡Kv‡bv cÖvYx m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf Ki‡Z n‡j cÖ_‡g Zvi kbv³KiY (Identification) cÖ‡qvRb| Avi G kbv³Ki‡Yi Ab¨Zg gva¨g n‡jv †kªwYweb¨vm (Classification)| cÖvwYRM‡Zi mg¯Í cÖvwY‡K Zv‡`i ga¨Kvi cvi¯úwiK mv`„k¨ I ˆemv`„‡k¨i wfwˇZ weÁvbwfwËKfv‡e wewfbœ ¯Í‡i ev av‡c Taxon ch©vqμ‡g web¨vm Kiv‡KB †kªwYweb¨vmKiY e‡j| cÖL¨vZ †kªwYweb¨vmwe` wm¤úm‡bi g‡Z, Classification is the ordering or scientific management of similar organisms into groups or sets on the basis of their relationship. myZivs Rxewe`¨vi †h kvLvq Dw™¢` I cÖvwY‡`i †kªyYwefvM, we‡kølY, bvgKiY I †kªwYweb¨vm Ges cÖvgvY¨ `wjj iÿY m¤ú‡K© weÁvbm¤§Zfv‡e Av‡jvwPZ nq, Zv‡K †kªwYweb¨vmwe`¨v (Taxonony) e‡j|

cÖvwYi wewfbœZv I †kÖwYweb¨vm

3

1.2.1 †kªwYweb¨v‡mi wfwË (Base of classification): cÖ‡Z¨K cÖvwYiB wbR¯^ KZKMy‡jv ˆewkó¨ ev jÿY _v‡K| †hme ˆewk‡ó¨i Dci wfwË K‡i mvaviYZ †kªwYweb¨vm Kiv nq, Zv‡`i‡K †kªwYweb¨v‡mi wfwË e‡j| GMy‡jv n‡jvц`‡ni AvKvi I AvK…wZ, †Kv‡li msL¨v, cÖwZmvg¨Zv, åƒY¯Íi, †`n MnŸ‡ii Dcw¯’wZ, LÐvqb, cÖvwšÍKZv, cywó, †cŠwóK bvjxi MVb, b‡UvKW©, RxebhvÎv, evm¯’vb BZ¨vw`| †kªwYweb¨v‡mi MyiæZ¡c~Y© K‡qKwU wfwË wb‡gœ Av‡jvwPZ n‡jv : 1| åƒY¯Í‡ii wfwˇZ : ¯Íiwenxb : †`n GKUv gvÎ †Kvl Øviv MwVZ, D`vniY: Amoeba proteus GK¯Íix : †`‡ni †Kvlmg~n GKwU gvÎ ¯Í‡i mw¾Z, D`vniY : Spongilla fragilis. wدÍix : G‡±vWvg© I G‡ÛvWvg© bvgK å~Yxq †Kvl¯Íi wb‡q MwVZ| D`vniY : Hydra vulgaris. wίÍix : G‡±vWvg©, †g‡mvWvg© I G‡ÛvWvg© bv‡g wZbwU å~Yxq †Kvl¯Íi wb‡q MwVZ| D`vniY : Homo sapiens.

2| cÖwZmv‡g¨i wfwˇZ : AcÖwZmg (Asymmetrical) : G‡ÿ‡Î cÖvwYi †`n‡K Aÿ eivei †Q` Ki‡j `ywU Amgvb I mv`„k¨wenxb Ask cvIqv hvq| D`vniY : Pila globosa (Av‡cj kvgyK) wØcvk¦©xq cÖwZmg (Bilaterally symmetrical) : G‡ÿ‡Î cÖvwYi †`n‡K Aÿ eivei †Q` Ki‡j `ywU mgvb I mv`„k¨c~Y© Ask cvIqv hvq| D`vniY : Homo sapiens Aixq cÖwZmg (Radial symmetrical) : G‡ÿ‡Î cÖvwYi †`n‡K †K›`ªxq Aÿ eivei †K‡U `yB ev `yB‡qi †ewk msL¨K mgvb As‡k fvM Kiv hvq| D`vniY : Aurelia aurita †Mvjxq cÖwZmg (Spherical symmetry) : G‡ÿ‡Î cÖvwYi †`n‡K †K›`ª w`‡q †h‡Kv‡bv Z‡j Dj¤^fv‡e KvU‡j cÖwZ‡ÿ‡Î `ywU mgvb I mv`„k¨c~Y© Ask cvIqv hvq| D`vniY : Volvox globator

4

RxeweÁvb wØZxq cÎ

3| †`n MnŸi ev wm‡jv‡gi wfwˇZ : A¨vwm‡jv‡gU (Acoelomate) : G ai‡bi cÖvwY‡Z †Kv‡bv wm‡jvg _v‡K bv,D`vniY: Taenia solium (wdZvK…wg)| AcÖK…Z wm‡jv‡gU (Pseudo coelomate) : G ai‡bi cÖvwYi †`ncÖvPxi I †cŠwóKbvjxi ga¨eZ©x ¯’vb †g‡mvWvg©vj †cwi‡Uvwbqvg Øviv Ave„Z _v‡K bv| Nematoda, Rotifera, Acanthocephala BZ¨vw` ce©fy³ cÖvwY‡Z G ai‡bi wm‡jvg cvIqv hvq| D`vniY : Ascaris lumbricoides (†Ku‡Pv/†Mvj K…wg) cªK…Z wm‡jv‡gU/wm‡jv‡gU (Eucoelomate/ Coelomate) : G ai‡bi cªvwYi †`n cÖvPxi I †cŠwóKbvjxi ga¨eZ©x ¯’vb †g‡mvWvg©vj †cwi‡Uvwbqvg Avei‡Y Ave„Z _v‡K| A‡cÿvK…Z DbœZ cªvYx (†hgb- gjv¯‹v, A¨vwbwjWv, Av‡_ª©v‡cvW, K‡W©U) G ch©v‡qi AšÍf³ ©y | D`vniY : Metaphire posthuma ( †Ku‡Pv)

4| LÐvq‡bi wfwˇZ : mgLÐvqbwewkó: G ai‡bi cªvwYi †`n LÐMy‡jv m`„k nq| D`vniY : †Ku‡Pvi LÛvqb| Amg LÐvqbwewkó: G ai‡bi cÖvwYi LÐvqb m`„k nq bv| D`vniY : cZ‡½i LÐvqb| LÐvqbwenxb : G ai‡bi cÖvwY‡Z LÐvqb Abycw¯’Z| D`vniY : kvgyK, mgy`ªZviv BZ¨vw`i LÐvqb| 5| b‡UvK‡W©i Dcw¯’wZi wfwˇZ : b‡UvKW©wenxb: Gme cÖvwY‡Z b‡UvKW© Abycw¯’Z, D`vniY : Periplaneta americana. b‡UvKW©wewkó: Gme cÖvwY‡Z mviv Rxeb A_ev kyaygvÎ åyYxq `kvq b‡UvKW© Dcw¯’Z, D`vniY : Bufo melanostictus

6| AvKv‡ii wfwˇZ : AvYyexÿwYK cÖvYx: Gme cÖvYx AZ¨šÍ ÿz`ªvKvi, AvbyexÿwYK| D`vniY : Amoeba proteus e„nËi cÖvYx : Gme cÖvYx eo Ges G‡`i‡K Lvwj‡Pv‡L †`Lv hvq| D`vniY : Elephas indicus (nvwZ) 7| †Kv‡li msL¨vi wfwˇZ : †Kvlwenxb: †`n †Kvlwenxb| D`vniY : Virus GK‡Kvlx: †`n GKwU gvÎ †Kvl Øviv ˆZwi| D`vniY : Plasmodium vivax eû‡Kvlx: †`n eû msL¨K †Kvl Øviv MwVZ| D`vniY : Homo sapiens

8| †giæ`‡Ði Dcw¯’wZi wfwˇZ : †giæ`Ðwenxb (Invertebrate) : Gme cÖvwY‡Z †giæ`Ð †bB| D`vniY : Bombyx mori (†ikg †cvKv)| †giæ`Ðwewkó (Vertebrate) : Gme cªvwY‡`i †giæ`Ð Av‡Q| D`vniY : Homo sapiens

cÖvwYi wewfbœZv I †kÖwYweb¨vm

5

wkÿv_x©i KvR: wkÿK wkÿv_x©‡`i `ywU `‡j fvM K‡i GKwU `j‡K wm‡jv‡gU I A¨vwm‡jv‡gU cÖvwYi g‡a¨ Ges Ab¨ `j‡K wW‡cøveøvw÷K I wUªc‡jveøvw÷K cÖvwY‡`i g‡a¨ ˆemv`„k¨mg~n Q‡Ki gva¨‡g Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z ej‡eb|

1.2.2 †kªwYweb¨v‡mi bxwZ (Rules of classification) †kªwYweb¨vm GKwU mymse× weÁvb| Gi cÖavb bxwZMy‡jv wbgœiƒc : 1| K¨vUvMwi web¨vm : †kªwYweb¨vm Ki‡Z n‡j U¨v·v‡K μgvš^‡q K¨vUvMwii AšÍfy©³ Ki‡Z n‡e| 2| †kªwYe×MZ ˆewkó¨ : cÖ‡Z¨K K¨vUvMwi‡Z AšÍf³ y© U¨v·‡bi kbv³Kvix ˆewkó¨vejxi D‡jøL Ki‡Z n‡e| 3| bvgKiY : cÖwZwU U¨v·‡bi ˆeÁvwbK bvg _vK‡Z n‡e| ICZN-Gi wbqgvewj AbymiY K‡i myôzfv‡e bvgKiY cÖwμqv m¤úbœ Ki‡Z n‡e| 4| msiÿY : †kªwYweb¨¯Í bgybv h_vh_fv‡e msiÿY Ki‡Z n‡e| 5| kbv³KiY cÖwμqv : wewfbœ cÖvwY‡Mvôxi Rb¨ wbw`©ó msMÖn I msiÿY c×wZ AbymiY Ki‡Z n‡e Ges m¤úK©hy³ Ab¨vb¨ cÖvwYi mv‡_ Zzjbvg~jK eY©bv _vK‡Z n‡e| 1.2.3 †kªwYweb¨v‡mi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv: †kªwYweb¨v‡mi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Acwimxg| ZË¡xq I dwjZ Dfq cÖvwYweÁv‡bB †kªwYweb¨v‡mi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Ab¯^xKvh©| ZvwË¡K cÖ‡qvRbxqZv: †kªwYweb¨v‡mi gva¨‡g †Kv‡bv cÖvwY‡Mvôxi AšÍfy©³ GKwU cÖvYx m¤^‡Ü Ávb jvf Ki‡j H †Mvôxi Ab¨vb¨ cÖvYx m¤^‡Ü aviYv R‡b¥| Kg cwikªg I Aí mg‡qi g‡a¨ cÖvwYRM‡Zi A‡bK m`m¨ m¤ú‡K© Rvbv I †kLv hvq| cÖvwYK~‡ji cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© ev RvwZRwbi wewfbœ Z_¨ cvIqv hvq| cÖvwYK~‡ji weeZ©wbK aviv wbY©‡q I bZzb cÖRvwZ kbv³ Ki‡Z †kªªwYweb¨vm Acwinvh©| dwjZ cÖ‡qvRbxqZv : Rb¯^v¯’¨, K…wl I e‡bi ÿwZKi cÖRvwZ `g‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ †kªwYweb¨vm wbw`©ó cÖRvwZi mwVK cwiPq `vb K‡i| A_©‰bwZK MyiæZ¡m¤úbœ cÖvYx evQvB Kiv hvq, K…wÎg cÖRb‡bi gva¨‡g DbœZ Rv‡Zi ckycvwL D™¢veb mnRZi nq| eb¨cÖvYx msiÿ‡Y I f~ZË¡xq NUbvejxi wbLuyZ wPÎ Zz‡j ai‡Z RxeRM‡Zi †kªwYweb¨v‡mi cÖ‡qvRb| ]

1.4 cÖvwYRM‡Zi bb KW©vUv I KW©vUv ce© cÖvwYRM‡Zi me©‡gvU 33 wU ce© i‡q‡Q, Zvi g‡a¨ bqwU ce©‡K †gRi ce© Ges evwKMy‡jv gvBbi ce© wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ| cÖvq 13,48,000 cÖRvwZi RxweZ cÖvYx G ce©¸‡jvi AšÍf³ ~© | AvUwU bbK‡W©U ce©¸‡jv n‡jvÑ 1. Porifera, 2. Cnidaria, 3. Platyhelminthes, 4. Nematoda, 5. Annelida, 6.

Arthropoda, 7. Mollusca, 8. Echinodermata,

Phylum-1 : Porifera (cwi‡div)- (L.porus-pore+ferre-to bear) Porifera c‡e©i cÖvwY‡`i mvaviY bvg ¯úÄ (sponge) | Bs‡iR weÁvbx Ellis (1765) G‡`i cÖvwYiƒ‡c wPwýZ K‡ib| Robert Grant (1836) G‡`i cÖvwYiƒc ˆewk‡ó¨i eY©bv K‡ib Ges Porifera bvgKiY K‡ib|

6

RxeweÁvb wØZxq cÎ

ˆewkó¨ : p †`n cÖvPxi Aw÷qv (ostia) bvgK AmsL¨ wQ`ªhy³| p †`‡n we‡kl bvwjKvZš¿ (canal system) Av‡Q hv Øviv †`‡ni Avf¨šÍixY cwienb msNwUZ nq| p G‡`i †`nZ¡K CaCO3 ev wmwjKv wbwg©Z w¯úwKDj (spicule) ev KÈKhy³| p †`‡ni wfZi ¯ú‡Ävwmj (Spongocoel) bvgK GK ai‡bi cÖk¯Í MnŸi _v‡K hv †`‡ni evB‡i A¯‹zjvg bvgK wQ`ªc‡_ Db¥y³ nq| p Dfwjw½K| RxebP‡μ mšÍiYkxj A¨vwçeøv÷zjv jvf©v (amphiblastula larva) A_ev c¨v‡ibKvBgyjv jvf©v (paranchimula larva) †`Lv hvq| p cwiYZ cÖvYx †mmvBj (sessile) A_©vr PjvP‡j Aÿg Ges mv‡÷ªUv‡gi mv‡_ mshy³ _v‡K| p K‡qKwU cÖRvwZi cÖvYx Qvov cÖvq mK‡jB mvgyw`ªK| D`vniY: Sycon gelatinosum (¯úÄ), Spongilla locustris (wgVv cvwb ¯úÄ)|

Phylum-2: Cnidaria (wbWvwiqv)-(Gr. knide=nettle+L.aria=like or connected with) wbWvwiqvb cÖvwY‡`i mgy‡`ªi dyj (flower of the sea) ejv nq| GB c‡e©i cÖvwYiv mgy`ª Zj‡`‡k K‡jvwb MVb K‡i| GB c‡e©i cÖRvwZi msL¨v cÖvq 10,000 hv‡`i g‡a¨ †Kej 20wU cÖRvwZi cÖvYx wgVv cvwb‡Z evm K‡i| ˆewkó¨ : p †`n Aixq cÖwZmg| p Giv wدÍix ev wW‡cøveøvw÷K cÖvYx| Gme cÖvwYi åyY‡`‡n G‡±vWvg© I G‡ÛvWvg© bvgK `y‡Uv †Kvl¯Íi _v‡K| ¯Íi `y‡Uvi ga¨eZ©x ¯’v‡b †g‡mvwMøqv Dcw¯’Z| p †`‡ni Af¨šÍ‡i wm‡j‡›UiY ev M¨v‡÷ªvfv¯‹yjvi MnŸi i‡q‡Q hv GKwU gvÎ wQ‡`ªi gva¨‡g †`‡ni evB‡i Db¥y³ nq| p †`nZ¡‡K AmsL¨ wb‡Wveøv÷ †Kvl _v‡K hv wbgv‡Uvwm÷ enb K‡i| p cwjc I †gWymv bvgK `yB ai‡bi Avw½K MVb †`Lv hvq| p †Kvlxq I Av½xK ch©v‡q mij ai‡bi kªgwefvM cwijwÿZ nq| D`vniY: Hydra viridis (nvBWªv) , Obelia geniculata (I‡ewjqv)

Phylum-3: Platyhelminthes (cøvwU‡njwgbw_m)-(Gr. platys = flat + helminth = worm) G‡`i‡K P¨vÞvK…wg (flat worm) ejv nq| eû‡Kvlx cÖvwY‡`i g‡a¨ Platyhelminthes c‡e©i cÖvwYivB cÖ_g wίÍix cÖvYx| GB c‡e© cÖRvwZi msL¨v cÖvq 20,000| G‡`i AwaKvskB ciRxex|

cÖvwYi wewfbœZv I †kÖwYweb¨vm

7

ˆewkó¨ : p Giv wίÍix ev wUªc‡jveøvw÷K cÖvYx Ges A¨vwm‡jv‡gU (wm‡jvg I MnŸiwenxb)| p G‡`i †`n big, j¤^v, c„ôxqÑA¼xq Zj eivei cvZv ev wdZvi gZ P¨vÞv| p †iPbZš¿ wkLv †Kvl (flame cell) wb‡q MwVZ| p †cŠwóKZš¿ cvqywQ`ª wenxb Ges kvLvwš^Z| p Dfwjw½K, wb‡lK Af¨šÍixY, cwiùzUb cÖZ¨ÿ ev c‡ivÿ| p AwaKvskB ciRxex, wKQz msL¨K gy³Rxex| D`vniY : Fasciola hepatica (hK…Z K…wg), Taenia solium (wdZv K…wg)

Phylum-4: Nematoda (†bgv‡UvWv)-(Gr. nematos=thread + helminth=worm) Nematoda -†`i mvaviY bvg myZvK…wg (thread worm) ev †MvjK…wg (round worm)| GB c‡e© kbv³K…Z cÖvq 12000 cÖRvwZi K…wg Av‡Q hv‡`i AwaKvskB wewfbœ Rxe‡`‡n ciRxex| ˆewkó¨ : p †`n bjvKvi, wØÑcvk¦©xq cÖwZmg I `yw`K myuPv‡jv| p gyLwQ`ª ˆewkó¨c~Y© Iô (lip) Øviv cwi‡ewóZ| †cŠwóKbvjx †mvRv I kvLvnxb Ges gyL †_‡K cvqy ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z| p †`nMnŸi †g‡mvWvg© Ave„Z bq e‡j G‡K Pseudocoelom e‡j| p †`n ALÐvwqZ wmwjqvwenxb I wKDwUKj Øviv Ave„Z| p k¦mbZš¿ I msenbZš¿ Abycw¯’Z| p AwaKvsk cÖvYx GKwjw½K, †hŠb wØiƒcZv †`Lv hvq| D`vniY : Ascaris lumbricoides,(†Mvj / †Ku‡Pv K…wg), Loa loa (gvby‡li †Pv‡Li K…wg)

Phylum-5: Annelida (A¨v‡bwjWv)-(Lt. annulus = small ring) Giv ¯’jPi, wgVvcvwbevmx ev mvgyw`ªK| GB c‡e© RxweZ cÖRvwZi msL¨v cÖvq 12000| ˆewkó¨ : p †`n j¤^v, bjvKvi, wØcvk¦x© q cÖwZmg, wKDwUKj w`‡q Ave„Z Ges cÖK…Z wm‡jvghy³| p †bwd«wWqv bv‡gi cu¨vPv‡bv bvwjKv cÖavb †iPb A½ wnmv‡e KvR K‡i| p mvaviYZ wmUv (Seta) A_ev c¨viv‡cvwWqv (Parapodia) bvgK wPÎ: 1.8: Metaphire posthuma A½ Pj‡b mnvqZv K‡i| p RxebP‡μ †Uªv‡Kv‡dvi (Trochophore) bvgK jvf©v _vK‡Z cv‡i A_ev mivmwi cwiùzUb nq| D`vniY: Metaphire posthuma ( †Ku‡Pv), Hirudo medicinalis (†RuvK)

8

RxeweÁvb wØZxq cÎ

Phylum-6: Arthropoda (Av‡_ª©v‡cvWv)- (Gr. arthron-joint + podos-foot) cÖvwYRM‡Zi e„nËg ce© nj Arthropoda| GB c‡e©i cÖvq 900,000 cÖRvwZi cÖvwY‡K G ch©šÍ kbv³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| ˆewkó¨ : p †`‡n wZb ev Z‡ZvwaK †Rvov mwÜhy³ cvk¦©xq cv ev Dcv½ _v‡K| p †`n wØcvk¦xq© cÖwZmg, LÐvwqZ Ges wewfbœ U¨vMgvq (tagma) wef³ ( †hgb-wki, eÿ I D`i)| p wKDwUKj wbwg©Z ewntKsKvj i‡q‡Q hv wbqwgZ †gvwPZ nq| p gv_vq G‡›Ubv I GK‡Rvov cyÄvwÿ _v‡K|

wPÎ 1.9 : Poekilocerus pictus

p k¦mbA½ UªvwKqv, dzjKv, eyKjvs A_ev mvaviY †`nZj| p gvjwcwRqvb bvwjKv cÖavb †iPb A½| p wn‡gvwmj (haemocoel) bvgK †`n MnŸi _v‡K| p GKwjw½K cÖvYx, A‡bK‡ÿ‡Î †hŠb wØiƒcZv †`Lv hvq| p AšÍtwb‡lK N‡U, cwiùzUb cÖZ¨ÿ ev c‡ivÿ, RxebP‡μ jvf©v, wcDcv ev wbç `kv †`Lv hvq| D`vniY : Poekilocerus pictus (Nvmdwos), Apis indica (†gŠgvwQ)|

Phylum-7: Mollusca ( †gvjv¯‹v)- (L. molluscus = soft) Mollusca cÖvwYRM‡Zi wØZxq e„nËg ce©| †gvjv¯‹v‡`i RxweZ cÖRvwZi msL¨v cÖvq 100.000 (Barnes et al. 2004) G‡`i Rxevk¥ cÖRvwZi msL¨vB cÖvq 35000| ˆewkó¨ : p †`n wØÑcvk¦©xq cÖwZmg, ALÐvwqZ Ges my¯úó gv_vwewkó| p A¼xq †`ncÖvPxi gvsmj c`ÑG we‡kwlZ hv cÖavbZ Pjb A½ wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| p c„ôxq †`ncÖvPxi g¨v›Uj bvgK GK‡Rvov fuv‡Ri m„wó K‡i hv g¨v›Uj MnŸi‡K wN‡i †i‡L k¦mb A‡½ iƒcvšÍwiZ nq| p †`n mvaviYZ GK ev GKvwaK †Lvjm Øviv Ave„Z| p AwaKvs‡ki cwicvKZ‡š¿ i¨vWyjv (radula) bvgK Ask i‡q‡Q| p i³ msenbZš¿ gy³ ai‡bi A_©vr i³bvjx I wn‡gvwmj DfqB _v‡K| D`vniY : Pila globosa (kvgyK), Octopus valgaris ( A‡±vcvm)

cÖvwYi wewfbœZv I †kÖwYweb¨vm

9

Phylum-8 : Echinodermata (GKvB‡bvW©vgvUv)-Gr.echinos = hedgehog/spine + derma = skin Echinodermata c‡e©i cÖvwYiv AwZ cwiwPZ mvgyw`ªK cÖvYx| GB c‡e© RxweZ cÖRvwZi msL¨v cÖvq 6000, wKš‘ G‡`i Rxev‡k¥i msL¨v AviI A‡bK †ekx, cÖvq 13000 (Barnes et al., 2004) ˆewkó¨ : p c~Y©v½ cÖvYx cÂAixq (pentamerous) cÖwZmg, ALÐvwqZ, ZviKvKvi, †MvjvKvi, PvKwZi b¨vq A_ev j¤^vK…wZi| jvf©v `kvq wØcvk¦©xq (bilateral) cÖwZmg| p †`‡ni Af¨šÍ‡i cvwb msenb Zš¿ we`¨gvb Ges mswkøó bvwjKvc` G‡`i Pjb A½| p g¯ÍK, gw¯Í®‹ I †iPb A½ Abycw¯’Z| p KÈKgq AwmK&j (Ossicle) A_ev w¯úwKDj (Spicule) wbwg©Z AšÍ:K¼vj _v‡K| p †`‡n my¯úó †gŠwLK Zj (oral) I civOgyL Zj (abroal) we`¨gvb; †gŠwLK Z‡j cuvPwU A¨v¤^yj¨vμvj LuvR _v‡K| D`vniY: Asterias vulgaris, (mgy`ª Zviv) , Echinus esculentus (GKvBbvm) wkÿv_x©i KvR: wkÿK wkÿv_x©‡`i K‡qKwU `‡j fvM K‡i cÖ‡Z¨K `‡j wZbwU K‡i bb-K‡W©U cÖvwYi mieivnK…Z bgybv wkÿ_x©‡`i ch©‡eÿY Kiv‡bvi ci Gme c‡e©i kbv³Kvix ˆewkó¨ wjL‡Z ej‡eb|

Phylum-9: Chordata (KW©vUv)- (Gr. Chorda= cord + ata= to bear) cÖvwY‡`‡n b‡UvK‡W©i Dcw¯’wZ I Abycw¯’wZi Dci wfwË K‡i cÖvwYRMZ‡K `ywU MÖæ‡c wef³ Kiv nq| cÖvwYRM‡Zi 43wU c‡e©i g‡a¨ 42wU ce©B bb-KW©vUv `jf‚³| Balfour (1880) b‡UvKW©avix cÖvwY‡`i wb‡q Chordata ce©wU m„wó K‡ib| GB c‡e©i cÖRvwZi msL¨v cÖvq 46000| ˆewkó¨ : 1. å~Yve¯’vq A_ev AvRxeb c„ô ga¨‡iLv eivei `ÐvK…wZ I w¯’wZ¯’vcK wb‡iU b‡UvKW© _v‡K| 2. b‡UvK‡W©i wVK Dc‡i j¤^ Aÿ eivei duvcv, bjvKvi mœvqyi¾y ev bvf©KW© _v‡K| 3. Rxe‡bi †h †Kv‡bv `kvq ev AvRxeb Mjwe‡ji `ycv‡k K‡qK‡Rvov dzjKviÜ« _v‡K| 4. G‡Ûv÷vBj (Endostyle) Dcw¯’Z hv c‡i _vBi‡qW (Thyroid) MÖwš’‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ nq| 5. AwaKvsk m`‡m¨ ZiæYvw¯’gq (Cartilaginous) A_ev Aw¯’gq (Bony) AšÍ:K¼vj (Endoskeleton) Dcw¯’Z| D`vniY : Homo sapiens (gvbyl), Panthera tigirs (evN)|

10

RxeweÁvb wØZxq cÎ

1.5 Chordata c‡e©i Dc-ce©mg~n : Subphylum-1: Urochordata (Gr. oura=tail+L. chorda=cord)

kbv³Kvix ˆewkó¨ : p b‡UvKW©, mœvqyi¾y Ges cvqy cieZx© †jR ïaygvÎ gy³ mšÍiYkxj jvf©vq Dcw¯’Z _v‡K| p cwiYZ cÖvYx †mmvBj A_©vr PjvP‡j mÿg Ges ¯’vqxfv‡e †Kv‡bv e¯‘i mv‡_ mshy³ _v‡K, A_ev gv‡S-g‡a¨ cøv¼UwbK Ges wUDwbK Øviv Ave„Z _v‡K hv‡Z wKQyUv †mjy‡jvR Dcw¯’Z| p mevB mvgyw`ªK Ges mgy‡`ªi Zj‡`‡k GKKfv‡e ev K‡jvbx MVb K‡i evm K‡i| p mvgyw`ªK †dvqviv ev wUDwb‡KU bv‡g cwiwPZ| p Dfwjw½K RxebP‡μ jvf©v`kv †`Lv hvq| D`vniY : Ascidia mentula, Doliolum rarum

Subphylum-2: Cephalochordata- (Gr. kephalo = head + L. chorda = cord) ˆewkó¨ : p †`n j¤^v, cvk¦x©qfv‡e Pvcv (laterally compressed), gvQ AvK…wZ I ¯^”Q| Dfq cÖvšÍ m~uPv‡jv| p jvf©v I cwiYZ cÖvwYi †`‡n ˆ`N©¨ eivei b‡UvKW© I mœvqyi¾y we¯Í…Z| p †`‡ni AMÖ A¼fv‡M ÔIivj ûWÕ _v‡K; Iivj û‡W wmwi (cirri) _v‡K| p Mjwe‡j AmsL¨ dzjKv iܪ Dcw¯’Z, dzjKv¸‡jv A¨vwUªqv‡g Db¥y³; A¨vwUªI‡cvi cvqywQ‡`ªi m¤§y‡L Aew¯’Z| p G‡`i‡K Bs‡iwR‡Z Lancelet e‡j| eZ©gv‡b Amphioxus bvgwU †mdv‡jvK‡W©U‡`i mvaviY bvg wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq| D`vniY : Branchiostoma lanceolatum (A¨vwçA·vm)

Subphylum 3: Vertebrata (j¨vwUb, vertebratus = †giæ`Û) ˆewkó¨ : p AšÍZtc‡ÿ åƒY Ae¯’vq b‡UvKW©, mœvqyi¾y, dzjKv wQ`ª Ges cvqy cieZx© †jR Dcw¯’Z _v‡K| p c„ôxq duvcv mœvqyi¾y †_‡K gw¯Í®‹ I myly¤œv KvÛ (spinal cord) MwVZ nq|

cÖvwYi wewfbœZv I †kÖwYweb¨vm

11

p Aw¯’gq (bony) ev ZiæYvw¯’gq (cartilaginous) K‡kiæKv myly¤§v KvÛ‡K wN‡i iv‡L; K‡kiæKv cÖv_wgK Aÿxq fvievnx (primary axial support) wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i; K¼vj m¤§yLcÖv‡šÍ cwiewZ©Z n‡q K‡ivwU (skull) MV‡bi gva¨‡g gw¯Í®‹‡K myiwÿZ iv‡L| p Mjwe‡ji Dfq cv‡k¦© 5-15 †Rvov dzjKv wQ`ª _v‡K; DbœZ †giæ`Ûx‡`i †ÿ‡Î Mjwejxq dzjKv iܪ åæY`kvq Dcw¯’Z _v‡K| p cvk¦x©q †Rvo cvLbv ev c` Pjb A½ wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq|

Vertebrata Dcc‡e©i †kªwYmg~n : Vertebrata Dcce© `ywU Awa‡kªwY‡Z (Superclass) wef³| h_v: Agnatha I Gnathostomata|

Awa‡kªwY 1- Agnatha (A¨vMbv_v) : cÖK…Z †Pvqvj I †Rvo Dcv½ Abycw¯’Z| †kªwY 1- Myxini (wgw·bx) ‰ewkó¨: p Giv n¨vMwdm (Hagfish) bv‡g cwiwPZ| p †`n miæ Bj m`„k (Eel-like), †MvjvKvi, †Pvqvjwenxb, hyM¥ cvLbvwenxb Ges ¯øvBg MÖwš’hy³ bMœ Z¡K| p 4 †Rvov †U›UvKjhy³ cÖvšÍxq gyL| ev°vj dv‡bj Abycw¯’Z| p dzjKv wQ`ª 5-15 †Rvov| p bvwmKv _wj (Nasal sac) gyL Mne‡i Db¥y³ D`vniY: Myxine glutinosa (AvUjvw›UK n¨vMwdm), Eptatretus stouti (c¨vwmwdK n¨vMwdm) †kªwY 2- Cephalaspidomorphi (†mdvjvmwc‡Wvgiwd) ‰ewkó¨: p mvaviY bvg j¨v‡¤cÖ (Lamprey) p †`n miæ Bj m`„k (Eel-like) , †MvjvKvi, †Pvqvj wenxb, hyM¥ cvLbvwenxb| p nwb© `uvZhy³, †PvlY ÿgZvm¤úbœ gyL (suctorial mouth with horny teeth) p 7 †Rvov dzjKv wQ`ª _v‡K Ges bvwmKv _wj gyL MnŸ‡i Db¥y³ bq| D`vniY : Petromyzon marinus (†c‡UªvgvB‡Rvb)

12

RxeweÁvb wØZxq cÎ

Awa‡kªwY 2- Gnathostomata (b¨v‡_v‡÷vgvUv) : cÖK…Z †Pvqvj I †Rvo Dcv½ (cvLbv/c`) Dcw¯’Z| †kªwY 3- Chondrichthyes (KbwWªKw_m) ‰ewkó¨: p †`n cø¨vK‡qW (Placoid) AvuBk Øviv Ave„Z| AšÍtK¼vj KvwU©‡jR wbwg©Z| p cy”QcvLbv †nUv‡ivmviKvj (heterocercal) gyLwQ`ª I bvmviܪ A¼xq| p dzjKvwQ`ª 5-7 †Rvov| (Operculum) _v‡K bv|

Kvb‡Kv

p evqy_wj (air bladder) _v‡K bv| D`vniY : Scoliodon sorrakowah (_ywÆ nv½i) †kªwY 4 - Actinopterygii (A¨vKwU‡bvc‡UivBwR) ‰ewkó¨: p AšÍtK¼vj Aw¯’ wbwg©Z| p Z¡‡K wgDKvm MÖwš’ Dcw¯’Z Ges mvaviYZ mvBK¬‡qW (cycloid), wUb‡qW (ctenoid) ev M¨vb‡qW (ganoid) ai‡bi AvuBk Øviv Ave„Z; wKQy wKQy †ÿ‡Î AvuBk Abycw¯’Z| p cy”Q cvLbv †nv‡gvmviKvj (homocercal); gyLwQ`ª g¯Í‡Ki m¤§yLfv‡M Aew¯’Z| p †f‡m _vKvi Rb¨ cUKv (swim bladder) _v‡K| p †Rvov dzjKv, KvbKzqv I evqy_wj we`¨gvb| D`vniY : Tenualosa ilisha (Bwjk), Labeo rohita (iæB)

†kªwY 5- Sarcopterygii (mvi‡Kvc‡UivBwR) ‰ewkó¨: p AšÍtKsKvj Aw¯’gq Ges †`n M¨vb‡qW ai‡bi AvuB‡k Ave„Z| p gv_vi `ycv‡k GKwU K‡i dzjKviÜ« _v‡K hv Kvb‡Kv w`‡q Ave „Z| p †f‡m _vKvi Rb¨ cUKv _v‡K| p †jR WvBwdmviKvj ai‡bi A_©vr c„óxq I A¼xq cvLbv GKxf~Z n‡q Awfbœ I bgbxq cvLbv wn‡m‡e †jR wN‡i Aew¯’Z|

cÖvwYi wewfbœZv I †kÖwYweb¨vm

13

D`vniY : Neoceratodus forsteri (A‡÷ªwjqvb jvswdk), Protopterus annectens (Avwd«Kvb jvswdk) †kªwY 6 - Amphibia (A¨vwçweqv) ‰ewkó¨: p jvf©v `kvq dzjKv Ges c~Y©v½ Ae¯’vq dzmdzm Øviv k¦vmKvh© Pvjvq| p †`nZ¡K bMœ (naked), †fRv I MÖwš’gq (glandular) p AMÖc‡` PviwU Ges cðv`c‡` cuvPwU bLiwenxb AvOyj Dcw¯’Z| p Awj›` `ywU I wbjq GKwU cÖ‡Kvôwewkó| p cvwb‡Z dzjKvi mvnv‡h¨ I ¯’‡j dzmdz‡mi mvnv‡h¨ k¦mb Pvjvq| D`vniY : Bufo melanostictus (Kz‡bve¨vO)

†kªwY 7 - Reptilia (‡icwUwjqv) ˆewkó¨: p †`nZ¡K ﮋ Ges GwcWvwg©m wbtm„Z AvuBk ev k³ †cøU Øviv Ave„Z| p `yB †Rvov c` (mvc e¨ZxZ), Dfq c` cuvPwU K‡i bLihy³ AvOyjwewkó| p AemviYx wQ`ª AvovAvwofv‡e Aew¯’Z| p ü`wc‡Ûi wbjq Am¤ú~Y©fv‡e wØwef³ (Kzwgi e¨ZxZ)| p ey‡K fi w`‡q P‡j| D`vniY : Hemidactylus frenatus (wUKwUwK), Draco volans (Do–°z wUKwUwK) †kªwY 8 - Aves (A¨vwfm) ‰ewkó¨: p cvjK (feather) Øviv †`n Ave„Z| AMÖc` Wvbvq (wing) iæcvšÍwiZ| p †Pvqvj `šÍnxb PÂz‡Z (back) cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| p Aw¯’ nvjKv I evqyc~Y|© dzmdz‡mi mv‡_ evqy_wj (air sac) hy³| D`vniY : Columba livia (KeyZi), passer domesticus (Po–B) †kªwY 9 - Mammalia (g¨vgvwjqv) ‰ewkó¨: p ¯ÍbMÖwš’ (mammary gland), Ng©MÖwš’ (sweat gland) I †mevwmqvm MÖwš’ (sebaceous gland) Dcw¯’Z| p eÿMnŸi I D`i MnŸi Gi ga¨eZx© ¯’v‡b †cwkeûj ga¨”Q`v (diaphragm) Dcw¯’Z| p †Pvqv‡j wewfbœ cÖKvi `uvZ (Heterodont) _v‡K| p †`n †jv‡g Ave„Z Ges ewntK‡Y© wcbv (pinna) Dcw¯’Z| †jvwnZ KwYKv wbDwK¬qvmwenxb|

14

RxeweÁvb wØZxq cÎ

D`vniY : Homo sapiens (gvbyl), Panthera tigris (evN) wkÿv_x©i KvR: wkÿK wkÿv_x©‡`i wewfbœ `‡j fvM K‡i fvwU©eªvUvi wewfbœ †kÖwYi bgybv cÖvYx ch©‡eÿY Kiv‡bvi ci cÖwZwU bgybvi †kÖwYi ˆewkó¨ LvZvq wjL‡Z ej‡eb|

1.6 e¨envwiK cixÿvi bvg: bb-KW©vUvi wewfbœ c‡e©i I fvwU©eªvUvi wewfbœ †kªwYi bgybv cÖvYx ch©‡eÿY| cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY: bb-K‡W©U I K‡W©U bgybv cÖvYx ch©‡eÿY:

bgybv 1. wgVv cvwbi ¯úÄ : Spongilla fragilis

wPÎ 1.23: Spongilla fragilis

†kªwYweb¨vmMZ Ae¯’vb Phylum (ce©) : Porifera Class (‡kªYx): Demospongiae Family (‡MvÎ): Spongillida Genus (MY): Spongilla Species (cÖRvwZ): Spongilla fragilis

kbv³Kvix ˆewkó¨ t 1| †`‡n Aw÷qv (Ostia) bvgK wQ`ª we`¨gvb| 2| Gi K‡jvbxwU eû kvLv wewkó| 3| ¯úwÄb I wmwjKv wbwg©Z †QvU KvUvi gZ Aw÷qv Øviv K¼vj MwVZ|

bgybv 2. nvBWªv : Hydra viridis †kªwYweb¨vmMZ Ae¯’vb Phylum(ce©) : Cnidaria Class(‡kªYx) : Hydrozoa Family(‡MvÎ): Hydridae Genus(MY) : Hydra Species (cÖRvwZ) : Hydra viridis

wPÎ 1.24: Hydra viridis

cÖvwYi wewfbœZv I †kÖwYweb¨vm

15

kbv³Kvix ˆewkó¨ 1. †`n bjvKvi, GKcÖvšÍ gy³ I AcicÖvšÍ e×| 2. gy³ cÖv‡šÍ Aew¯’Z nvB†cv‡÷v‡gi P~ovq gyLwQ`ª Aew¯’Z| 3. nvB‡cv‡÷vg‡K wN‡i 6-8wU myZvK…wZ Kwl©Kv i‡q‡Q|

bgybv 3. wdZv K…wg : Taenia solium †kªwYweb¨vmMZ Ae¯’vb Phylum (ce©): Platyhelminthes Class(‡kªYx): Cestoda Family(‡MvÎ): Taeniidae Genus(MY): Taenia Species (cÖRvwZ) : Taenia solium

wPÎ 1.25: Taenia soltum

kbv³Kvix ˆewkó¨ 1. wdZvi g‡Zv †`n Dc‡i-wb‡P Pvcv I j¤^v| 2. †`n †¯‹v‡j·, MÖxev I †÷ªvwejv-q wef³| 3. ‡¯‹v‡j· ÿz`ª, 4wU †PvlK †KvYvKvi i‡÷jvg Ges LÛ‡Ki g‡Zv AmsL¨ †cÖv‡MøvwUW i‡q‡Q|

bgybv 4. Nvm dwos: Poecilocerus pictus †kªwYweb¨vmMZ Ae¯’vb

wPÎ 1.26: Poekilocerus pictus

Phylum (ce©) : Arthropoda Class (‡kªYx) : Insecta Family (‡MvÎ) : Acrididae Genus (MY): Poekilocerus Species (cÖRvwZ) : Poekilocerus pictus

kbv³Kvix ˆewkó¨ 1. †`n wKDwUK‡j Ave„Z Ges g¯ÍK, eÿ I D`‡i wef³| 2. g¯Í‡K GK‡Rvov cyÄvÿx I GK‡Rvov A¨v‡›Ubv Ges Pe©bÿg gy‡Lvcv½ i‡q‡Q| 3. wZb †Rvov mwÜhy³ c`, ga¨e‡ÿ GK‡Rvov Ges cðvre‡ÿ GK‡Rvov Wvbv Av‡Q|

16

RxeweÁvb wØZxq cÎ

bgybv 5. mgy`ª Zviv : Astropecten auranciacus †kªwYweb¨vmMZ Ae¯’vb Phylum (ce©) : Echinodermata Class (‡kªYx) : Asteroidea Family (‡MvÎ) : Asteroidae Genus (MY) : Astropecten Species (cÖRvwZ) : Astropecten auranciacus

wPÎ 1.27: Astropecten auranciacus (ev‡g-wegyLZj Ges Wv‡b- †gŠwLKZj

kbv³Kvix ˆewkó¨ 1. †`n Aixq cÖwZmg, ZviKvm`„k Ges K›UKgq Z¡‡K Ave„Z| 2. †`‡ni †gŠwLK Z‡j cÖ‡Z¨K evûi ‰`N¨© eivei A¨¤^yj¨vμvj LuvR Av‡Q| 3. †`‡ni we†gŠwLK Z‡j g¨v‡Wª‡cvivBU I cvqy i‡q‡Q| A¨v¤^yj¨vμvj Luv‡Ri Dfq cv‡k mvwie× bvwjKv c` Aew¯’Z|

bgybv 5. nv½i : Scoliodon sorrakowah †kªwYweb¨vmMZ Ae¯’vb Phylum (ce©) : Chordata Sub phylum (Dcce©) : Vertebrata Class (‡kªYx) : Chondrichthyes Family (‡MvÎ) : Scyllidae Genus (MY) : Scoliodon Species (cÖRvwZ) : Scoliodon sorrrakowah

cÖvwYi wewfbœZv I †kÖwYweb¨vm

17

wPÎ 1.28: Scoliodon sorrakowah

kbv³Kvix ˆewkó¨ 1. †`n j¤^v I cvk¦©xqfv‡e Pvcv Ges g¯ÍK Dci-wb‡P Pvcv| ‡`nZ¡K cøvK‡qW ai‡bi AuvB‡k Ave„Z, †jR †n‡U‡ivmvK©vj ai‡bi, cuvP‡Rvov cvk¦x©q dzjKvwQ`ª we`¨gvb| 2. g¯Í‡Ki AMÖcÖv‡šÍ ZzÛ I A¼w`‡K Aa©P›`ªKvi gyLwQ`ª we`¨gvb|

bgybv 7. KvZj gvQ : Catla catla †kªwYweb¨vmMZ Ae¯’vb Phylum (ce©) : Chordata Sub-phylum (Dc-ce©) : Vertebrata Class (‡kªYx) : Actinopterygie Order (eM©) : Cypriniformes Family (‡MvÎ) : Cyprinidae Genus (MY) : Catla Species (cÖRvwZ) : Catla catla

wPÎ 1.29: Catla catla

18

RxeweÁvb wØZxq cÎ

kbv³Kvix ˆewkó¨ 1. †`n cvk¦x©qfv‡e Pvcv I mvBK¬‡qW AuvB‡k Ave„Z| 2. gyLwQ`ª ‡QvU Ges Dש I wb¤œ gvsmj †VuvUhy³| 3. cy”Q cvLbv †nv‡gvmvK©vj ai‡bi |

bgybv 8. wUKwUwK : Hemidactylus brooki †kªwYweb¨vmMZ Ae¯’vb Phylum(ce©): Chordata Sub-phylum (Dc-ce©): Vertebrata Class (‡kªYx): Reptilia Family (‡MvÎ): Geckonidae Genus (MY): Hemidactylus Species (cÖRvwZ): Hemidactylus brooki

wPÎ 1.30: Hemidactylus brooki

kbv³Kvix ˆewkó¨ 1. gv_vwU w·KvbvKvi, G‡Z GK †Rvov †PvL, GK †Rvov bvmviÜ« Ges GK †Rvov KY©wQ`ª i†q‡Q| 2. `y‡Rvov cv‡qi cÖwZwU‡Z cvPuwU K‡i c¨vW I bLiwewkó Av½yj Av‡Q| 3. †jR gvSvwi AvKv‡ii, f½yi I cybiærcwË ÿgZv m¤úbœ| bgybv 9. ‡`v‡qj cvwL: Copsychus saularis †kªwYweb¨vmMZ Ae¯’vb Phylum (ce©): Chordata Sub-phylum(Dc-ce©): Vertebrata Class (‡kªYx): Aves Family (‡MvÎ): Turdidae Genus (MY): Copsychus Species (cÖRvwZ): Copsychus saularis wPÎ 1.31: Copsychus saularis

cÖvwYi wewfbœZv I †kÖwYweb¨vm

19

kbv³Kvix ˆewkó¨ 1. ‡`n cvjK Øviv Ave„Z | cvjK¸‡jv mv`v-Kv‡jv eY©hy³ (¯¿x †`v‡q‡ji bxj‡P-a~mi)| 2. cy”Q cvjK j¤^v I wZh©Kfv‡e cÖmvwiZ, Wvbv j¤^v mv`v `vMmn Kvj‡P&-ev`vgx, †VuvU miæ I Zxÿè| cÖwZ cv‡q 4wU bLihy³ Av½yj Av‡Q hv‡`i 3wU mvg‡bi w`‡K Ges 1wU wcQ‡bi w`‡K cÖmvwiZ|

bgybv 10. wMwbwcM : Cavia porcellus †kªwYweb¨vmMZ Ae¯’vb Phylum (ce©): Chordata Sub-phylum (Dc-ce©): Vertebrata Class (‡kªYx): Mammalia Family (‡MvÎ): Cavidae Genus (MY): Cavia Species (cÖRvwZ): Cavia porcellus wPÎ 1.32: Cavia porcellus

kbv³Kvix ˆewkó¨ 1. mgMÖ †`n Nb I eo eo †jv‡g Ave„Z| 2. AMÖc‡` 4wU I cðvrc‡` 3wU K‡i bLihy³ Av½yj we`¨gvb| 3. gy‡L ms‡e`x †Muvd I ewntK‡Y© wcbv Dcw¯’Z|

 GB Aa¨v‡qi cÖavb kãwfwËK mvims‡ÿc  cÖvwYRMZ : c„w_exi mKj †QvU-eo cÖvYx wb‡q cÖvwYRMZ MwVZ|  †kÖwYweb¨vm: cÖvwYRM‡Zi mg¯Í cÖvwY‡K Zv‡`i ga¨Kvi cvi¯úwiK mv`„k¨ I ˆemv`„‡k¨i wfwˇZ

weÁvbwfwËKfv‡e wewfbœ ¯Í‡i ev av‡c ch©vqμ‡g web¨vmKiY‡KB †kÖwYweb¨vm e‡j|  åæY¯Íi: 僇Yi cwiùzUbKv‡j RvB‡Mv‡Ui evi evi wefvR‡bi gva¨‡g m„ó †Kvl¸‡jv ¯Í‡i mw¾Z n‡q ˆZwi K‡i åƒY¯Íi (germ layers) | åƒY¯Í‡ii msL¨v 2 ev 3 n‡Z cv‡i|  cÖwZmvg¨Zv : A‡ÿi mv‡_ mvgÄm¨ †i‡L cÖvwY‡`‡ni we‡fR¨Zvi cÖK…wZ‡K cÖwZmvg¨ e‡j|  LÐvqb : m`„k †`nL‡Ûi ˆiwLK cybive„wˇK LÐvqb (segmentation) e‡j| cÖwZwU LЇK ejv nq †gUvwgqvi (metamere) ev †mvgvBU (somite) |  wm‡jvg : åƒYxq †g‡mvWvg© †_‡K m„ó c¨vivBUvj †cwi‡Uvwbqvg I wf‡mivj †cwi‡Uvwbqvg AveiY Øviv Ave„Z †`nMnŸi‡K ejv nq wm‡jvg|  b‡UvKW© : åƒY‡`‡ni KvVv‡gv MVbKvix wb‡iU I w¯’wZ¯’vcK K¼vjgq `ЇK (skeletal rod) b‡UvKW© e‡j|  bb-KW©vUv : b‡UvKW©wenxb cÖvwY‡`i bb-KW©vUv e‡j|  KW©vUv : †hme cÖvwY‡`i åƒYve¯’vq ev AvRxeb c„ô ga¨‡iLv eivei b‡UvKW© Ae¯’vb K‡i Zv‡`i KW©vUv e‡j|

20

RxeweÁvb wØZxq cÎ

Abykxjbx m„Rbkxj cÖkœ wb‡Pi wPθ‡jv jÿ Ki Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI:

x y z K. wkLv †Kvl Kx? 1 L. mKj †giæ`ÛxB K‡W©U wKš‘ mKj K‡W©U †giæ`Ûx bq †Kb? 2 M. DÏxc‡K ‘z’ cÖvwYwUi ˆewkó¨vejxi Av‡jv‡K Zvi ¯^xq c‡e© ¯’vb `v‡bi KviY e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 3 N. grm¨ †Mvôxi AvIËvf~³ nIqv m‡Ë¡I x I y †K wfbœ `ywU †kÖwY‡Z ¯’vb †`Iqv n‡q‡Q|Ñwe‡kølY Ki| 4 eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ 1| †kÖwYweb¨v‡mi GKK n‡”QÑ K. MY L. †kÖwY M. eM© N. cÖRvwZ 2| cøvK‡qW AvuBk cvIqv hvq †Kvb cÖvwY‡Z? K. A‡÷ªwjqvb jvswdk L. Wjwdb M. Bwjk gvQ N. nv½i wb‡Pi DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI: GKRb †R‡j b`x †_‡K Rvj †U‡b Zzj‡ZB eo eo iæB gv‡Qi mv‡_ 19 †Rvov Dcv½ wewkó wKQz cÖvYx †c‡jb| 3| iæB gv‡Qi mv‡_ cÖvß cÖvwYwU †Kvb c‡e©i?

K. Arthropoda L. Annelida M. Mollusca N. Porifera 4| iæB gv‡Qi mv‡_ cÖvß cÖvwYwUiÑ i. wn‡gvwmj Dcw¯’Z ii. gvjwcwRqvb bvjx cÖavb †iPb A½ iii. gyL MnŸ‡i i¨vWzjv bvgK `šÍK _v‡K| wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K. i I ii L. ii I iii M. i I iii N. i, ii I iii 5| wkLv †Kvl †Kvb c‡e©i ˆewkó¨?

K. Porifera L. Annelida M. Platyhelminthes N. Arthropoda