Chapter 02 1 by kawsar hawlader

wØZxq Aa¨vq

cÖvwYi cwiwPwZ

(INTRODUCTION OF ANIMAL) nvBWªv (Hydra) 1744 mv‡j weÁvbx Aveªvnvg †Uª¤^‡j (Abraham Trembley, 1700-1784) me©cÖ_g nvBWªv Avwe®‹vi K‡ib| nvBWªv GKwU eû g¯ÍKwewkó KvíwbK ˆ`‡Zï bvg hvi gv_v KvU‡j Zv †_‡K Avevi `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK bZzb gv_v MRvZ| nvBWªvi GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ êwkó¨ n‡jv Gi cybiærcv`b ÿgZv hv ˆ`‡Zï g‡Zv nviv‡bv ev ÿwZMÖ¯’ Ask cybivq m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i| ZvB wjwbqvm Gi bvgKiY K‡ib Hydra | cÖavb kã (Key Word)  wØ¯Íix cÖvwY  nvB‡cv‡÷vg  GwcWvwg©m  wb‡Wveøv÷  M¨v‡÷ªvWvwg©m  †g‡mvwMøqv  wm‡j‡›UiY  Pjb  wb‡lK  wg‡_vRxweZv G Aa¨vq cvV †k‡l AvgivÑ  nvBWªvi MVb eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  nvBWªvi Lv`¨ MÖnY I cwicvK cÖwμqv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  Pjb I Rbb c×wZ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  nvBWªvi wg‡_vRxweZv we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  eënvwiK: nvBWªvi ¯’vqx ¯øvBW ch©‡eÿY K‡i wPÎ AsKb Ki‡Z cvi‡ev|

2.1 nvBWªvi MVb (Structure) wbWvwiqv (Cnidaria) c‡e©i AwaKvsk m`m¨ mvgyw`ªK n‡jI Hydra GKwU wek¦Rbxb wgVv cvwbi gy³Rxex cÖvYx| RjR Dw™¢‡`i cvZvi wbgœZj ev cvwb‡Z wbgw¾Z KwVb e¯‘i Zj †_‡K Giv wbgœgyLx n‡q Szj‡Z _v‡K| Giv gvsmvkx| mvaviYZ Lvj, wej, cyKzi, n«`, †Wvev, SY©vi g‡Zv †mªvZnxb cvwb‡Z G‡`i †ewk cvIqv hvq|

RxeweÁvb wØZxq cÎ

nvBWªvi †kªwYweb¨vmMZ Ae¯’vb (Classification of Hydra) : Kingdom-Animalia Phylum-Cnidaria Class-Hydrozoa Order-Hydroida Family-Hydridae Genus-Hydra Species-Hydra vulgaris

2.1.1 evwn¨K MVb (External structure): Hydra Ñi †`n big I A‡bKUv bjvKvi| †`‡ni GKcÖvšÍ †Lvjv Ges AcicÖvšÍ e×| †`n Aixq cÖwZmg Ges 10Ñ30 wgwjwgUvi ch©šÍ j¤^v Ges cÖvq 1 wgwjwgUvi PIov| GKwU cwiYZ HydraÑi †`n‡K cªavbZ wZbwU As‡k fvM Kiv hvq : nvB‡cv‡÷vg, †`nKvÐ I c`Zj| nvB‡cv‡÷vg (Hypostome) : GwU †`‡ni gy³, †gvPvK…wZ, †QvU I ms‡KvPbÑcÖmviYÿg cÖvšÍ| Gi P~ovq e„ËvKvi gyLwQ`ª Aew¯’Z| gyLwQ`ªc‡_ Lv`¨ M„nxZ I AcvP¨ Ask ewn®K……Z nq| †`nKvÐ (Trunk) : nvB‡cv‡÷v‡gi wbP †_‡K cv`PvKwZi Dci ch©šÍ AskwU †`nKvÐ| nvB‡cv‡÷v‡gi †Mvovi PZzw`©‡K wN‡i 5Ñ8wU miy, ms‡KvPbÑcÖmviYÿg, †`n A‡cÿv mvgvb¨ j¤^v I duvcv myZvi g‡Zv Kwl©Kv Aew¯’Z| Kwl©Kvi ewntcÖvPx‡i wewfbœ ai‡bi †bgv‡Uvwm÷ _v‡K| Kwl©Kv I †bgv‡Uvwm÷ cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZvq wPÎ 2.1.1: Hydra-i ewn©MVb Lv`¨ msMÖn, Pjb Ges AvZ¥iÿvq Ask †bq| c`Zj ev cv` PvKwZ (Pedal disc) : nvBWªv †`‡ni †h Ask Øviv wbgw¾Z †Kv‡bv e¯‘i mv‡_ AvU‡K _v‡K †m Ask‡K c`Zj ev cv` PvKwZ e‡j| cv` PvKwZ P¨vÞv, _vjvi b¨vq| cÖ‡qvRbg‡Zv cv`PvKwZ wegy³ K‡i nvBWªv wewfbœ ai‡bi Pjb m¤úbœ K‡i|

2.1.2 Af¨šÍixY MVb (Internal structure) nvBWªv GKwU wØ¯Íix cÖvYx| Gi †`ncÖvPxi G‡±vWvg© (Ectoderm) I G‡ÛvWvg© (Endoderm) bvgK `ywU åƒYxq †Kvl¯Íi wb‡q MwVZ| hv cwiYZ nvBWªv‡Z h_vμ‡g GwcWvwg©m (Epidermis) I M¨v‡÷ªvWvwg©m (Gastrodermis)-G cwiYZ nq| G `ywU †Kvl¯Í‡ii ga¨¯’‡j †g‡mvwMøqv (Mesoglea) bvgK A‡Kvlxq ¯Íi we`¨gvb|

cÖvwYi cwiwPwZ (nvBWªv)

GwcWvwg©m (Epidermis) ev ewntZ¡K -Gi †Kvlmg~n : Hydra ÑGi ewntZ¡K wewfbœ cÖKvi †Kv‡li mgš^‡q MwVZ| G †KvlMy‡jv cÖavbZ msiÿK I DÏxcbv MÖvnK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| Z‡e Rbb A½ ˆZwi KivI G ¯Í‡ii Ab¨Zg KvR| Hydra ÑGi ewntZ¡K wbgœwjwLZ mvZ cÖKvi †Kv‡li mgš^‡q MwVZ, h_v :

†ckx AveiYx †Kvl (Epithelio-muscular cell) : nvBWªvi ewntZ¡‡Ki mgMÖ Ask Ry‡o Giv Ae¯’vb K‡i| ewntZ¡‡Ki wewfbœ †KvlMy‡jvi g‡a¨ Giv eo Ges msL¨vq †ewk| Giv †`L‡Z ¯Í¤¢vKvi| Giv AveiY m„wó K‡i †`n‡K evB‡ii AvNvZ †_‡K iÿv K‡i| ms‡KvPb-cÖmvi‡Yi gva¨‡g †`‡ni Ask we‡kl‡K euvKv K‡i wkKvi aiv, Pjb BZ¨vw`‡Z Ask †bq| wgDKvm `vbv wKDwUKj ÿiY K‡i I †`n wcw”Qj iv‡L| B›Uviw÷wkqvj †Kvl (Interstitial cell) : †cwk AveiYx †Kv‡li duv‡K duv‡K My”QvKv‡i †g‡mvwMøqv †Nu‡l Giv Ae¯’vb K‡i| Giv †MvjvKvi ev wÎ‡KvYvKvi my¯úó wbDwK¬qvm wewkó †Kvl| cÖ‡qvR‡b Giv Ab¨ †h †Kv‡bv ai‡bi †Kv‡l cwiYZ n‡Z cv‡i| cybiærcwË I gyKzj m„wó‡Z Ask †bq|

wPÎ:2.1.2: GwcWvwg©‡mi †Kvlmg~n

ms‡e`x †Kvl (Sensory cell) : Giv †cwk AveiYx †Kv‡li duv‡K duv‡K mg‡Kv‡Y I wewÿßfv‡e Qov‡bv _v‡K| Kwl©Kv, nvB‡cv‡÷vg I c`Z‡ji Pviw`‡K Giv †ewk _v‡K| G †Kvl miæ, j¤^v I m~² ms‡e`x †ivgwewkó| G‡`i †fZ‡ii cÖvšÍ n‡Z ¸wUKvhy³ m~² Zš‘ wbM©Z n‡q mœvqyZ‡š¿i mv‡_ hy³ nq| Giv cwi‡ek †_‡K wewfbœ DÏxcbv msMÖn K‡i mœvqy‡Kv‡l mieivn K‡i| mœvqy †Kvl (Nerve cell) : Giv GwcWvwg©‡mi wb‡Pi w`‡K †g‡mvwMøqv †Nu‡l mgvšÍivjfv‡e Ae¯’vb K‡i| G‡`i `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK kvLvwš^Z mœvqy m~Î _v‡K hviv ci¯úi hy³ n‡q mœvqy RvwjKv MVb K‡i| Giv ms‡e`x †Kvl Øviv M„nxZ DÏxcbv Abyhvqx Dchy³ cÖwZ‡e`b m„wó K‡i| wewfbœ †Kv‡li Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ mgš^q mvab K‡i| MÖwš’ †Kvl (Gland cell) : Giv gyLwQ‡`ªi Pviw`‡K I c`Z‡j we¯Í…Z MÖwš’ m¤^wjZ †Kvl| nvB‡cv‡÷v‡gi MÖwš’‡Kvl wbtm„Z wgDKvm Lv`¨`ªe¨‡K wcw”Qj K‡i MjatKi‡Y mvnvh¨ K‡i| ÿYc` m„wó K‡i Pj‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i| wgDKvm ÿiY K‡i †`n‡K †Kv‡bv e¯‘i m‡•M †j‡M _vK‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| Rbb †Kvl (Germ cell) : nvBWªvi cÖRbb FZz‡Z kyμvkq I wW¤^vkq MwVZ nq| kyμvkq n‡Z ïμvYy Ges wW¤^vkq n‡Z wW¤^vYy ˆZwi nq| G †Kvl¸‡jv †hŠb cÖRb‡bi mgq wb‡l‡Ki gva¨‡g RvB‡MvU m„wó K‡i

RxeweÁvb wØZxq cÎ

wb‡Wveøv÷ †Kvl (Cnidoblast cell) : c`Zj Qvov ewntZ¡‡Ki me©Î we‡kl K‡i Kwl©Kvi †cwk AveiYx †Kv‡li duv‡K duv‡K Giv Ae¯’vb K‡i| wb‡Wveøv÷ †Kvl wW¤^vKvi I d¬v‡¯‹i g‡Zv| Kwl©Kvq G‡`i msL¨v †ewk Z‡e c`Z‡j Abycw¯’Z| nvBWªvi wb‡Wveøv÷ †Kvl †`L‡Z d¬v‡¯‹i g‡Zv| †g‡mvwMøqv msjMœ cÖvšÍwU mvgvb¨ miæ Ges gy³ cÖvšÍ cÖk¯’| GUv wb‡gœv³ Ask wb‡q MwVZÑ AveiY : wb‡Wveøv÷ †Kv‡l ewnt I AšÍtAveiYx bvgK `ywU AveiYx _v‡K| G AveiYxØ‡qi gv‡S `vbv`vi mvB‡UvcøvRg I wbDwK¬qvm _v‡K| wbgv‡Uvwm÷ : †Kv‡li †K›`ª¯‡’ j ùxZKvq GKwU K¨vcmyj AvK…wZi _‡j _v‡K, G‡K wbgv‡Uvwm÷ e‡j| Gi Af¨šÍ‡i Avwgl I †db‡ji mgš^‡q MwVZ wnc‡bvUw·b bvgK welv³ c`v_© _v‡K| wbgv‡Uvwm‡÷i AMÖfv‡M GKwU duvcv m~ÎK _v‡K| G‡Z wZbwU eo eo Zxÿè KuvUvi g‡Zv eve© I wZb mvwi mwc©j mvwi‡Z web¨¯Í ÿz`ªZi KuvUvi g‡Zv evwe©Ij _v‡K| wbgv‡Uvwm÷ Db¥y³ nevi c~‡e© evULvwb KuvUv I m~ÎKmn K¨vcmy¨‡j D‡ëvfv‡e XyKv‡bv _v‡K| myÎ‡Ki Dci wfwË K‡i (fvb©¨vi-1965) wbgv‡Uvwmm Pvi cÖKviÑ w÷‡bvwUj (Stenotil), fj‡f›U (Volvent) †÷ªc‡UvjvBb MøywUb¨v›U (Streptoline glutinant) I w÷wiIjvBb MøywUb¨v›U (Stereoline glutinant).

w÷‡bvwUj

fj‡f›U

†÷ªc‡UvjvBb MøywUb¨v›U w÷wiIjvBb MøywUb¨v›U

wPÎ 2.1.3: wewfbœ cÖKvi wbgv‡Uvwm÷

AcviKzjvg : m~ÎK I K¨vcwmD‡ji ms‡hvM¯’‡j AcviKzjvg bvgK GKwU XvKbv _v‡K| wb‡Wvwmj : wb‡Wveøv÷ †Kv‡li AMÖcÖv‡šÍ GKwU KÈK _v‡K G‡K wb‡Wvwmj e‡j| GwU wUªMv‡ii g‡Zv KvR K‡i| GwU †Kv‡bv wKQyi ms¯ú‡k© Avm‡j AcviKzjv‡g Pvc †`q d‡j m~ÎKwU evB‡i wbwÿß nq|

wPÎ 2.1.4: wb‡Wveøv÷, ev‡g-¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vq I Wv‡b m~ÎKwU Db¥y³

cÖvwYi cwiwPwZ (nvBWªv)

†cwkm~Î : wb‡Wveøv‡÷i e„‡šÍi w`‡K †cwkm~Î _v‡K hv K¨vcwmD‡ji c„ô‡`k †_‡K m„wó nq| j¨v‡mv : mvB‡UvcøvRg †_‡K K¨vcwmDj ch©šÍ GKwU †gvUv cu¨vPv‡bv m~ÎK _v‡K G‡K j¨v‡mv e‡j| wb‡Wvwm‡ji †Mvovq I K¨vcwmD‡ji Dc‡i Aej¤^b `vbKvix iW _v‡K| wb‡Wveøv÷ †Kvl AvZ¥iÿvq, Pjb Ges †`n‡K †Kvb e¯‘i mv‡_ AvU‡K _vK‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| Gi m~ÎKwU wkKvi ai‡Z I wnc‡bvUw·b wkKvi‡K †g‡i †dj‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| 2.1.3 M¨v‡÷ªvWvwg©m (AšÍtZ¡K) Gi †Kvlmg~n nvBWªvi †g‡mvwMøqvi wfZ‡i wm‡j‡›Uib MnŸi‡K wN‡i M¨v‡÷ªvWvwg©m Aew¯’Z| G ¯Í‡ii †KvlMy‡jv mvwe©Kfv‡e cwicv‡Ki mv‡_ RwoZ| GRb¨ G †Kvl¯Íi‡K M¨v‡÷ªvWvg© e‡j| GwcWvwg©m A‡cÿv M¨v‡÷ªvWvwg©m Gi MVb A‡bKUv mij Ges cuvP ai‡bi †Kvl wb‡q MwVZ| 1| †ckxAveiYx †Kvl ev cywó †Kvl (Musculoepithelial cells Or nutritive cell) : M¨v‡÷ªvWvwg©m Gi †ewkifvM GjvKv Ry‡o Aew¯’Z Ges GB †Kvl¸‡jv ¯Í¤¢vKvi, eo wbDwK¬qvm I MnŸihy³ †Kvl| MVb I Kvh©‡f‡` cywó †KvlMy‡jv `yBcÖKvi, h_vwPÎ 2.1.5: nvBWªvi AšÍZ¡‡Ki †Kvlmg~n (K)d¬v‡Rjvhy³ †ckx AveiYx †Kvl (Flagellated musculo-epithelial cell) : G‡ì gy³ cÖv‡šÍ 1-3wU d¬v‡Rjv _v‡K| Gme d¬v‡Rjvi Av‡›`vj‡bi d‡j wm‡j‡›Ui‡b cÖ‡ekK…Z Lv`¨ g‡i hvq ev †f‡•M hvq| Giv AvšÍt‡Kvlxq I ewnt †Kvlxq cwicv‡K Ask †bq Ges d¬v‡Rjvi mvnv‡h¨ cvwb cÖevn m„wó K‡i c‡ivÿfv‡e k¦mb I †iP‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i (L) ÿYc`hy³ †ckx AveiYx †Kvl (Pseudopodial-musculo-epithelial cell) : G‡ì gy³cÖv‡šÍ A¯’vqx ÿYc` m„wó nq hvi mvnv‡h¨ Lv`ë¯‘ wm‡j‡›Ui‡b cÖ‡ek Ki‡j ÿYc‡ì mvnv‡h¨ Aa©cvwPZ Lv`¨KYv MjatKiY K‡i AšÍt†Kvlxq cwicvK m¤úbœ K‡i Ges cwicvKK…Z Lv‡`ï cwi‡kvl‡Y Ask †bq| 2| B›Uviw÷wkqvj †Kvl (Interstitial cells) : †ckx AveiYx †Kv‡li ewntcÖv‡šÍi duv‡K duv‡K Aew¯’Z †MvjvKvi ev Pvi‡KvYv ai‡bi Ges my¯úó wbDwK¬qvmhy³ †Kvl hv cÖ‡qvRbgZ Ab¨vb¨ †Kv‡l (wb‡Wveøv÷, Rbb †Kvl, gyKzj MVb) iƒcvšÍwiZ nq| 3| MÖwš’‡Kvl (Gland cells) : cywó‡Kv‡li duv‡K duv‡K wewÿßfv‡e Ae¯’vb K‡i| Z‡e nvB‡cv‡÷v‡g G‡ì msL¨v me©vwaK| Giv Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e ÿz`ª Ges 2-1wU d¬v‡Rjvhy³ Ges Kv‡Ri wfwË‡Z Mªwš’‡KvlMy‡jv `yBai‡bi, h_vÑ

RxeweÁvb wØZxq cÎ

(K) wgDKvm wbtmvix (Mucous secreting) : gyLwQ`ª I nvB‡cv‡÷vg AÂ‡j Aew¯’Z Ges wcw”Qj wgDKvm wbtmiY K‡i Lv`¨ MjatKi‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i|

(L) Dr‡mPK wbtmvix (Enzym secreting) : †`‡ni Ab¨vb¨ ¯’v‡b we`¨gvb Ges cwicv‡Ki Rb¨ Dr‡mPK ÿiY K‡i cwicv‡K AskMÖnb K‡i| 4| ms‡e`x †Kvl (Sensory cells) : Giv cywó †Kvl I Ab¨vb¨ †Kv‡li duv‡K duv‡K Aew¯’Z| miæ I j¤^vK…wZi †Kvl G‡ì gy³cÖv‡šÍ ms‡e`x †ivg _v‡K hvi mvnv‡h¨ cwi‡ek †_‡K DÏxcbv MÖnY K‡i Ges Ab¨vb¨ †Kvlmg~n‡K mwμq Ki‡Z f~wgKv iv‡L| 5| mœvqy‡Kvl (Nerve cells) : Giv †g‡mvwMøqvi wfZ‡ii Mv‡q msjMœ eûf~RvK…wZi †Kvl Ges kvLvÑcÖkvLv m„wói gva¨‡g mœvqyÑRvwjKv MVb K‡i| ewnt I AšÍtZ¡‡Ki ms‡e`x †Kvlmg~n KZ…©K M„nxZ DÏxcbv Abyhvqx mœvqy‡KvlMy‡jv Dchy³ cÖwZ‡e`b m„wó K‡i| 2.1.4 †g‡mvwMøqv (Mesoglea) nvBWªvi ewntZ¡K I AšÍtZ¡‡Ki gv‡S Aew¯’Z †Rjxi b¨vq A‡Kvlxq ¯Íi‡K †g‡mvwMøqv (Mesoglea) e‡j| G ¯Íi w¯’wZ¯’vcK I eY©nxb| Gi e¨vm 0.1 wg.wg| mœvqy‡Kvl I ms‡e`x †Kv‡li Zš‘mg~n Ges †cwk AveiYx †Kv‡li †ckx‡jR G ¯Í‡i Ae¯’vb K‡i| †g‡mvwMøqv ewnt I AšÍtZ¡‡Ki wfwË wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i †`‡ni wewfbœ †Kv‡li Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ mgš^q mvab K‡i| Gi w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv †`n ms‡KvPbÑcÖmvi‡Y mvnvh¨ K‡i| †cwk †Kvlmg~‡ni †cwk cÖea©bMy‡jvi mshyw³ Zj wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| 2.1.5 wm‡j‡›Uib (Coelenteron) : Cnidaria c‡e©i cÖvwY‡ì †`‡ni †K›`ª¯’‡j GwcWvwg©m ev M¨v‡÷ªvWvwg©m Øviv cwi‡ewóZ GKgvÎ †`nMnŸi‡K wm‡j‡Èib e‡j| GwU GKwU gvÎ wQ`ªc_ gyLwQ‡`ªi gva¨‡g cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM iÿv K‡i| wØ¯Íix cÖvwY‡ì †cŠwóKbvwj Ges †`n MnŸi Df‡qi KvRB wm‡j‡Èi‡bi gva¨‡g m¤úvw`Z nq| GwU Lv`¨ cwicvK, k¦mb, †iPb, Lv`¨mvi cwienY I eR©¨ c`v_© wb®‹vk‡bi gZ kixie„Ëxq KvR m¤úv`b K‡i| wm‡j‡›Ui‡b M„nxZ Lv`ë¯Íy cywó †cwk †KvlMy‡jvi mnvqZvq AšÍt I ewnt †Kvlxq cwicvK m¤úbœ K‡i| Avevi AcvP¨ Lv`¨vsk I wecv‡Ki d‡j Drcbœ eR©¨ c`v_©mg~n gyL wQ‡`ªi gva¨‡g †`‡ni evwn‡i wb®‹vwkZ nq| G Kvi‡Y wm‡j‡›Uib‡K cwicvKÑmsenb MnŸi (Gastrovascular cavity) e‡j|

cÖvwYi cwiwPwZ (nvBWªv)

2.2 nvBWªvi Lv`¨MÖnY I cwicvK cÖwμqv (Feeding and digestive machanism) nvBWªv gvskvmx (carnivorous) cÖvYx| wewfbœ RjR ÿz`ª ÿz`ª cÖvYx, †hgb- cZ‡•Mi jvf©v, Av‡_©ªv‡cvWv c‡e©i wewfbœ cÖvYx (Cyclops, Daphnia BZ¨vw`), evOvwP, gv‡Qi wWg, ÿz`ªvK…wZi †bgv‡UvW, iwUdvi BZ¨vw` Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i| 2.2.1 nvBWªvi Lv`¨ MÖnY c×wZ ÿzavZ© nvBWªv cv`PvK&wZi mvnv‡h¨ †Kv‡bv e¯‘i mv‡_ c`Zj Øviv msjMœ n‡q Kwl©KvMy‡jv cvwb‡Z fvwm‡q A‡cÿv Ki‡Z _v‡K| †Kv‡bv Lv`¨ cÖvYx ev wkKvi Kwl©Kvi Kv‡Q AvmvgvÎ Kwl©Kvi wb‡Wveøv÷ †KvlMy‡jv D‡ËwRZ nq Ges wkKv‡ii cÖwZ AmsL¨ wbgv‡Uvwm÷ wb‡ÿc K‡i| G mgq fj‡f›U wbgv‡Uvwm÷ wkKvi‡K Rwo‡q a‡i, MøywUb¨v›U AvVv‡jv c`v_© wbtmiY K‡i Ges w÷‡bvwUj wnc‡bvUw·b wbtmiY K‡i wkKvi‡K Aek K‡i| AZtci Kwl©KvMy‡jv euvKv I Lv‡Uv n‡q wkKvi‡K gy‡Li KvQvKvwQ wb‡q Av‡m| gyLwQ`ª eo n‡q wkKvi‡K MÖnY K‡i| gyLwQ‡`ªi Pvicv‡k wgDKvm MÖwš’ wcw”Qj wgDKvm wbtm„Z K‡i Lv`¨ MjatKi‡Y mnvqZv K‡i| nvB‡cv‡÷vg I †`ncÖvPx‡ii †KvlMy‡jvi ms‡KvPb-cÖmvi‡Yi gva¨‡g Lv`¨ wm‡j‡›Ui‡b cÖ‡ek K‡i|

wPÎ 2.1.7: nvBWªvi Lv`¨MÖnY c×wZ

2.2.2 cwicvK cÖwμqv Lv`¨ cwicv‡Ki Rb¨ nvBWªvi †`‡n D”P †kªwYi cÖvwYi g‡Zv †Kv‡bv cwicvKZš¿ †bB| wm‡j‡›Uib Ges cywó †Kv‡li mnvqZvq m¤ú~Y© cwicvK c×wZ m¤úbœ nq| nvBWªvi Lv`¨ cwicvK 2wU ch©v‡q N‡U| h_v: ewnt‡Kvlxq cwicvK I AšÍt‡Kvlxq cwicvK| (K) ewnt‡Kvlxq cwicvK (Extracellular digestion) : wm‡j‡›Ui‡b Lv`¨e¯‘ †cuŠQv‡j M¨v‡÷ªvWvwg©‡mi d¬v‡Rjvhy³ †Kvlmg~‡ni d¬v‡Rjv Av‡›`vwjZ nq| d‡j RxweZ Lv`¨ gviv hvq I wKQyUv P~Y©ÑweP~Y© nq| G mgq MÖwš’ †Kvl †_‡K Dr‡mPK wbtm„Z nq hv Lv`¨e¯‘‡K AvswkK cwicvK K‡i| wm‡j‡›Ui‡bi g‡a¨ G Lv`¨ cwicvK msNwUZ nq e‡j G‡K ewnt‡Kvlxq cwicvK e‡j|

RxeweÁvb wØZxq cÎ

(L) AšÍt‡Kvlxq cwicvK (Intracellular digestion) : wm‡j‡›Ui‡b G AvswkK cwicvKK…Z Lv`¨ Gici nvBWªvi G‡ÛvWv‡g©i ÿYc`hy³ †cwk AveiYx †Kvl d¨v‡MvmvB‡Uvwmm c×wZ‡Z MÖnY K‡i Ges cwicvK nq| †Kv‡li Af¨šÍ‡i Giƒc Lv`¨ cwicvK c×wZ‡K AšÍt‡Kvlxq cwicvK e‡j| cwicvK †k‡l Lv‡`¨i AcvP¨ Ask gyLwQ`ª c‡_ kix‡ii evB‡i wbM©Z nq Ges mvie¯‘ †`‡ni wewfbœ †Kvl Øviv cwi‡kvwlZ nq|

wPÎ: 2.1.8: nvBWªvi Lv`¨ cwicvK c×wZ

Lv`¨mvi cwi‡kvlY I AvZ¥xKiY (Absorption and assimilation) : Lv`¨mvi †Kv‡li mvB‡UvcøvRg KZ…©K mivmwi cwi‡kvwlZ nq Ges e¨vcb cÖwμqvq wewfbœ †Kv‡l cwievwnZ nq| Lv`¨mvi †_‡K m„ó ˆRekw³ †`‡ni e„w× I wewfbœ ˆRweK Kv‡R e¨eüZ nq| AcvP¨ Lv`¨vsk wb®‹vkb (Egestion) : AcvP¨ Lv`¨KYvMy‡jv wm‡jÈi‡b †_‡K hvq| nvBWªvi †`n cÖvPx‡ii ms‡KvPbÑcÖmviY Ges d¬v‡Rjvi mÂvj‡bi d‡j ewnM©vgx cvwb cÖev‡ni mv‡_ AcvP¨ Lv`¨vsk gyLwQ`ª w`‡q †`‡ni evB‡i wbM©Z nq|

2.3 nvBWªvi Pjb I Rbb c×wZ 2.3.1 Pjb (Locomotion) Pj‡bi Rb¨ nvBWªvi c„_K †Kv‡bv A½ †bB| nvBWªvi Pjb g~jZt †cwk AveiYx ev cywó †Kvlw¯’Z gv‡qvwbg Zš‘mg~‡ni ms‡KvPb, I cÖmvi‡Yi gva¨‡g msNwUZ nq, Z‡e Kwl©Kvmg~n, Kwl©Kvw¯’Z wbgv‡Uvwm÷, cv`PvK&wZ Ges MÖwš’‡Kvlmg~n Pj‡b D‡jøL‡hvM¨ f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| nvBWªv‡Z wb‡¤œv³ cÖKvi Pjb †`Lv hvq: jywcs/nvgv¸wo Pjb (Looping) : G c×wZ‡Z Pj‡bi mgq nvBWªv G‡±vWv‡g©i †cwk AveiYx †Kv‡li ms‡KvP‡bi Øviv MwZc‡_i w`‡K †`‡ni AMÖfvM‡K euvwK‡q Kwl©Kv Øviv Pjb Zj‡K ¯úk© K‡i Ges Kwl©Kvi MøywUb¨v›U RvZxq wbgv‡Uvwm‡÷i mvnv‡h¨ wfwË‡K AuvK‡o a‡i| AZtci c`Zj‡K gy³ K‡i gy‡Li KvQvKvwQ G‡b ¯’vcb K‡i| G Ae¯’vq nvBWªv‡K D‡ëv ‘U’ AvK…wZi g‡Zv †`Lvq| AZtci Kwl©Kv gy³ K‡i †mvRv n‡q `uvovq| d‡j †`‡ni cÖvq A‡a©K `~iZ¡ AwZμg K‡i| evi evi G cÖwμqvi cybive„wË NwU‡q nvBWªv m¤§y‡L AMÖmi nq| j¤^v `~iZ¡ AwZμg Kivi mgq nvBWªv mvaviYZ nvgv¸woi mvnv‡h¨ P‡j|

cÖvwYi cwiwPwZ (nvBWªv)

wPÎ 2.1.9: jywcs ev nvgv¸wo Pjb

mgvimwës/wWMevwR Pjb (Somersaulting) : G c×wZ‡Z nvBWªv wWMevwRi gva¨‡g PjvPj K‡i| GUv †ek `ªæZ PjvPj cÖwμqv| nvBWªv mgvimwës cÖwμqvi Pj‡bi ïiæ‡Z †`‡ni GK cv‡k¦©i †ckx AveiYx †Kvl‡K msKzwPZ Ges Aci cv‡k¦©i †Kvl‡K cÖmvwiZ K‡i| d‡j MwZc‡_i w`‡K †`n †eu‡K hvq Ges Kwl©Kvi mvnv‡h¨ MwZc_‡K ¯úk© K‡i| G mgq MøywUb¨v›U RvZxq wbgv‡Uvwm‡÷i mvnv‡h¨ ¯úk©K…Z ¯’vb‡K AvU‡K a‡i Ges c`Zj‡K gy³ K‡i Kwl©Kvi Dci D‡ëv Ae¯’vq `uvovq| AZtci c`Zj‡K ax‡i ax‡i Pj‡bi w`‡K euvwK‡q MwZc_‡K AuvK‡o a‡i| c‡i Kwl©Kv¸‡jv‡K D‡ËvwjZ K‡i ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vq wd‡i Av‡m| evi evi G cÖwμqvi cybive„wË NwU‡q nvBWªv `ªæZ AMÖmi nq| G Pj‡b nvBWªv GKevi Kwl©Kvi Dci GKevi cv`PvKwZi Dci `uvovq| hv ch©vqμ‡g P‡j e‡j G‡K wWMevwR Pjb e‡j| GKevi wWMevwR Pj‡bi gva¨‡g nvBWªv Zvi †`‡ni cÖvq wØ¸Y `~iZ¡ AwZμg K‡i| ¯^í `~iZ¡ AwZμ‡gi mgq nvBWªv G c×wZ‡Z P‡j |

wPÎ 2.1.10: mgvimwës ev wWMevRx Pjb

mšÍiY (Swimming) : nvBWªv †`n‡K Avbyf~wgKfv‡e ev cvwbi mv‡_ mgvšÍivjfv‡e †i‡L Kwl©KvMy‡jv‡K cvwb‡Z fvwm‡q w`‡q Ges mÂvwjZ K‡i muvZvi Kv‡U|

wPÎ: 2.1.11: muvZvi / mšÍiY

RxeweÁvb wØZxq cÎ

Av‡ivnb (Climbing) : gv‡S gv‡S nvBWªv Kwl©KvMy‡jv‡K cÖmvwiZ K‡i RjR Dw™¢‡`i kvLvÑcÖkvLvi mv‡_ `„pfv‡e mshy³ K‡i| Gici nvBWªv cv`PvKwZ wegy³ K‡i bZzb RvqMvq †i‡L wbP †_‡K Dc‡i Av‡ivnY ev Dci †_‡K wb‡P Ae‡ivnY K‡i| fvmv (Floating) : KLbI KLbI nvBWªv cÖ_‡g cv`PvK&wZ gy³ K‡i Ges Kwl©Kvi Dci fi w`‡q Dëvfv‡e `uvovq| Gici cv`PvK&wZi MÖwš’‡Kvl †_‡K wbtm„Z M¨v‡mi mvnv‡h¨ ey` ey` ˆZwi K‡i| d‡j cÖvYx wfwË †_‡K wePz¨Z I nvjKv n‡q cvwbi c„ôZ‡j †f‡m I‡V| G Ae¯’vq †XD‡qi AvNv‡Z wbw®Œq nvBWªv ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq|

wPÎ: 2.1.12: Av‡ivnb

Wyev (Drowing) : MÖwš’‡Kvl wbtm„Z ey`ey` †d‡U †M‡j nvBWªvi †`‡ni IRb †e‡o hvq| d‡j nvBWªv Lye mn‡RB cvwbi wb‡P P‡j †h‡Z cv‡i|

wPÎ: 2.1.13: fvmv

MøvBwWs (Gliding) : weÁvbx gvk©vj 1882 mv‡j nvBWªv‡Z MøvBwWs Pj‡bi eY©bv †`b| G c×wZ‡Z nvBWªv cÖ_‡g cv`PvK&wZi MÖwš’‡Kvl †_‡K AvVv‡jv im wbtm„Z K‡i| c‡i H ¯’v‡b GwcWvwg©m †Kv‡l ÿYc` MwVZ nq| ÿYc‡`i ch©vqμwgK ms‡KvPb I cªmvi‡Yi gva¨‡g AZ¨šÍ axi MwZ‡Z nvBWªv ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq| Kwl©Kvi mvnv‡h¨ nuvUv (Tentacle based movement ) : G‡ÿ‡Î nvBWªv Zvi †`‡ni fi c`Z‡ji Dci bv †i‡L Kwl©Kvi Dci ¯’vcb K‡i Ges Kwl©Kv‡K cv‡qi g‡Zv e¨envi K‡i Dëvfv‡e ax‡i ax‡i Pj‡Z cv‡i|

wPÎ: 2.1.14: Kwl©Kv Pjb

†`n ms‡KvPb cÖmvi‡Yi gva¨‡g Pjb (Spontaneous movement ) : nvBWªvi †`n cÖvPx‡ii †cwk AveiYx †Kvl †cwkZš‘My‡jvi ms‡KvPb cÖmviY NwU‡q †`n‡K B”Qvg‡Zv wewfbœfv‡e euvwK‡qI nvBWªv PjvPj Ki‡Z cv‡i| wkÿv_x©i KvR: GKwU Q‡Ki gva¨‡g jywcs I mgvimwës Pj‡bi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ †`LvI|

2.3.2 cÖRbb (Reproduction) cÖRvwZi avivevwnKZv iÿvi Rb¨ cÖRbb Acwinvh©| nvBWªv‡Z 2 ai‡bi cÖRbb †`Lv hvq, A‡hŠb cÖRbb (Asexual reproduction) Ges †hŠb cÖRbb (Sexual reproduction) | A‡hŠb cÖRbb (Asexual reproduction) : A‡hŠb cÖRbb c×wZ‡Z nvBWªv Rbb †Kvl m„wó QvovB wb‡R‡`i g‡Zv GK ev GKvwaK wkky cÖvYx Drcbœ Ki‡Z mÿg| nvBWªv‡Z 2 ai‡bi A‡hŠb cÖRbb N‡U h_v: gyKz‡jv`Mg (Budding) I wØÑwefvRb (Binary Fission) |

cÖvwYi cwiwPwZ (nvBWªv)

(K) gyKz‡jv`Mg (Budding) : GwU nvBWªvi ¯^vfvweK cÖRbb c×wZ| AbyK~j cwi‡e‡k nvBWªv G c×wZ‡Z eskwe¯Ívi K‡i| gyKz‡jv`&M‡gi mgq nvBWªvi †`‡ni wbgœfv‡Mi †Kv‡bv ¯’v‡bi ewntZ¡‡Ki B›Uviw÷wkqvj †Kvl `ªyZ wefvwRZ n‡q cÖ_‡g ùxZ Ask I c‡i bjvKvi duvcv gyKz‡j cwiYZ nq| gyKz‡ji †`n cÖvPx‡i G‡±vWvg©, G‡ÛvWvg© I †g‡mvwMøqv _v‡K Ges †K›`ªfv‡M wm‡j‡›Uib _v‡K| wm‡j‡Èi‡bi gva¨‡g gyKzj gvZ…‡`n †_‡K Lv`¨MÖnY K‡i e„w× jvf K‡i| Gmgq gyKz‡ji gy³ cÖv‡šÍ nvB‡cv‡÷vg, gyLwQ`ª I Kwl©Kv weKwkZ nq Ges gyKzjwU GKwU AcZ¨ nvBWªvq cwiYZ nq| AZtci gyKzj I gvZ… nvBWªvi ms‡hvM¯’v‡b Luv‡Ri m„wó nq| hv μgk Mfxi nevi d‡j gyKzjwU gvZ… nvBWªv n‡Z wew”Qbœ nq I ¯^vaxbfv‡e Rxebhvcb kyiæ K‡i| GKwU nvBWªvi †`‡n GKvwaK gyKzj Drcbœ n‡Z cv‡i| d‡j nvBWªv‡K `je× cÖvwYi g‡Zv g‡b nq| ÿzavZ© nvBWªv gyKzj cybtcwi‡kvlY Ki‡Z cv‡i|

wPÎ 2.1.15: gyKzj‡jv`M‡gi avcmg~n

(L) wØ-wefvRb (Binary Fission) : GwU nvBWªvi †Kv‡bv ¯^vfvweK cÖRbb c×wZ bq| `yN©UbvekZ: nvBWªvi †`n `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK As‡k wef³ n‡j wew”Qbœ As‡ki B›Uviw÷wkqvj †Kvl ZvovZvwo wefvwRZ I iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q wewfbœ cÖKvi †Kvl MVb K‡i| Gfv‡e cÖwZwU LÐ GKwU cwic~Y© nvBWªvq cwiYZ nq| †`n wefvR‡bi gva¨‡g GKwU nvBWªv †_‡K 2wU nvBWªv ˆZwii gva¨‡g eske„w× Kivi G c×wZ‡K wØÑwefvRb e‡j| nvBWªv‡Z 2 ai‡bi wØÑwefvRb †`Lv hvq| h_v: Aby‰`N©¨ wefvRb : G c×wZ‡Z nvBWªvi †`n ˆ`N©¨ eivei wefvwRZ n‡q 2wU AcZ¨ nvBWªvi m„wó K‡i| `yBgv_vwewkó ev `ywU c`Zjwewkó nvBWªv‡Z Giƒc wefvRb †`Lv hvq| AbycÖ¯’ wefvRb : hw` †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y nvBWªvi †`n AbycÖ¯’fv‡e wefvwRZ nq, Zvn‡j †`n cybtMV‡bi gva¨‡g cÖwZwU LÐ GKwU K‡i bZzb nvBWªvq cwiYZ nq| G‡K cybiærcwËI e‡j|

wPÎ 2.1.16: nvBWªvi cybiæcwËi avcmg~n

RxeweÁvb wØZxq cÎ

†hŠb cÖRbb (Sexual reproduction): kx‡Zi kyiæ‡Z nvBWªvi †hŠb cÖRb‡bi gva¨‡g eskwe¯Ívi K‡i| nvBWªvi †hŠb cÖRbb‡K 4wU ch©v‡q fvM Kiv hvq, h_v; A¯’vqx Rbbv½ m„wó, Rbb †Kvl m„wó, wb‡lK, cwiùzUb A¯’vqx Rbbv½ m„wó : cÖRbb FZz‡Z nvBWªvi †`‡n A¯’vqx Rbbv½ m„wó nq| Rbbv½ 2 cÖKvi| h_v: kyμvkq I wW¤^vkq| hv GKB nvBWªvi †`n ev wfbœ nvBWªvi †`‡n m„wó n‡Z cv‡i| wb‡gœ G‡`i eY©bv †`qv n‡jv : kyμvk‡qi DrcwË I MVb : †hŠb cÖRb‡bi kyiæ‡Z nvBWªvi ewntZ¡‡Ki B›Uviw÷wkqvj †Kv‡li `ªyZ wefvR‡bi d‡j nvB‡cv‡÷v‡gi wb‡P GK ev GKvwaK kyμvkq MwVZ nq| kyμvkq †gvPvK…wZi| Gi kxl©fv‡Mi DuPz Ask‡K wbcj e‡j| wW¤^vk‡qi DrcwË I MVb : nvBWªvi †`‡ni Aa©vs‡ki wb‡Pi ewntZ¡‡Ki B›Uviw÷wkqvj †Kvl `ªæZ wefvR‡bi d‡j 1wU †MvjvKvi wW¤^vkq MVb K‡i| Rbb †Kvl m„wó (Gametogenesis): cÖRbb FZz‡Z Hydra-i ewntZ¡‡Ki B›Uviw÷wkqvj †Kvl¸‡jv `ªæZ wefvwRZ n‡q †`‡ni Dc‡ii w`‡K GK ev GKvwaK †gvPvK…wZi ïμvkq Ges †`‡ni wb‡Pi w`‡K GK ev GKvwaK †MvjvK…wZi wW¤^vkq m„wó K‡i| Gme Rbb A½ cÖvwY‡`‡n A¯’vqxfv‡e m„wó nq| ïμvkq †_‡K ¯úvg©v‡Uv‡R‡bwmm cÖwμqvq AmsL¨ ïμvYy m„wó nq| cÖwZwU wW¤^vk‡q DI‡R‡bwmm cÖwμqvq GKwU e„n`vKvi wW¤^vYy m„wó nq|

(K)

(L) wPÎ: 2.1.17: (K) ïμvkq I (L)wW¤^vk‡qi cÖ¯’‡”Q`

wb‡lK (Fertilization) : kyμvYy I wW¤^vYyi wgjb cÖwμqv‡K wb‡lK e‡j| nvBWªvq ewntwb‡lK I ciwb‡lK N‡U| GKB nvBWªvi kyμvYy I wW¤^vYy GKB mv‡_ cwic° nq bv e‡j G‡`i ¯^wb‡lK N‡U bv| wb‡l‡Ki d‡j wWcø‡qW RvB‡MvU MwVZ nq| cwiùzUb (Development): RvB‡MvU n‡Z cwiùzU‡bi gva¨‡g wkï nvBWªvi DrcwË nq| cwiùzUbKv‡j nvB‡cv‡÷vg, Kwl©Kv I cv`PvKwZi c~Y© weKvk N‡U Ges AcZ¨ nvBWªv ev nvBWyªjvq cwiYZ nq hv AbyK‚j cwi‡e‡k wm÷ AveiYx †f` K‡i †ei n‡q Av‡m Ges e„w× †c‡q c~Y©v½ nvBWªvq cwiYZ nq| wkÿv_x©i KvR: †hŠb I A‡hŠb P‡μi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨g~jK QK ˆZwi Ki||

cÖvwYi cwiwPwZ (nvBWªv)

2.4 wg‡_vRxexZv (Symbiosis) hLb `ywU wfbœ cÖRvwZfy³ Rxe (Dw™¢`, cÖvYx ev AbyRxe) Nwbôfv‡e mnve¯’v‡bi d‡j ci¯ú‡ii KvQ †_‡K DcK…Z nq, ZLb G ai‡bi mvnPh©‡K wg‡_vRxexZv (Symbiosis) e‡j| G Ae¯’vq Rxe `ywU‡K wg‡_vRxex (Symbiont) ejv nq| Chlorohydra viridissima bvgK meyR nv&BWªv I Zoochlorella bvgK ˆkevj Gi g‡a¨ GiKg m¤úK© (Symbiosis) my¯úó cÖwZdwjZ nq| meyR nvBWªv Ges RyI‡K¬v‡ijv (ˆkevj) G‡K Ac‡ii mnvqZvq †eu‡P _v‡K| GLv‡b ci¯úi ci¯ú‡ii DcKvi mvab K‡i| wb‡gœv³fv‡e Giv ci¯ú‡ii KvQ †_‡K DcK…Z nq| ‰kevj †hfv‡e DcK…Z nq : ‰kevjmg~n nvBWªvi AšÍt‡Kvlxq †cwk AveiYx †Kv‡l Avkªq cvq Ges nvBWªvi k¦m‡b m„ó CO2 mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ ˆkevj KZ…©K eëüZ nq| GQvov nvBWªvi wecvKxq Kv‡R Drcbœ eR©¨ c`v_© ˆkevj KZ©„K M„nxZ nq| nvBWªv †hfv‡e DcK…Z nq : ˆkevj KZ…©K cÖ¯‘ZK…Z Lv`¨ nvBWªvi kK©iv RvZxq Lv‡`ï Afve c~iY K‡i| mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Y ˆkevj †h O2 wbM©Z K‡i nvBWªv Zv k¦m‡b eënvi K‡i Ges nvBWªvi m„ó eR©¨ c`v_© ˆkevj KZ„©K M„nxZ nIqvi d‡j nvBWªv eR©¨gy³ nq| A‡bK mgq nvBWªv g„Z ˆkevjI Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i|

2.5 e¨envwiK cixÿvi bvg: Hydra-i ¯’vqx ¯øvBW ch©‡eÿY cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY: Hydra-i ¯’vqx ¯øvBW Ges GKwU AYyexÿYhš¿| Kvh©c×wZ: Hydra-i ¯’vqx ¯øvBWwU AYyexÿY h‡š¿ ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e Ges ch©‡eÿY Ki‡Z n‡e| ch©‡eÿY: fv‡jvfv‡e ch©‡eÿY Ki‡j wb‡¤œi ˆewkó¨¸‡jv †`Lv hvqÑ 1. ‡MvjvK…wZ, †K‡›`ª †MvjvKvi wm‡j‡›UiY we`¨gvb| 2. †`ncÖvPxi wØ¯Íix A_©vr GwcWvwg©m I M¨v‡÷ªvWvwg©m Dcw¯’Z| wPÎ 2.1.18: nvBWªvi cÖ¯’‡”Q` 3. GwcWvwg©m I M¨v‡÷ªvWvwg©m `yB¯Í‡ii gvSLv‡b A‡Kvlxq †g‡mvwMøqv Av‡Q| 4. GwcWvwg©m I M¨v‡÷ªvWvwg©‡m †ckx Aveibx, B›Uviw÷wkqvj, Mªwš’, ¯œvqy, ms‡e`x, wb‡Wveøv÷ BZ¨vw` †Kvl we`¨gvb|  GB Aa¨v‡qi cÖavb kãwfwËK mvims‡ÿc  wØ¯Íix cÖvYx: †h me cÖvwYi †`n cÖvPxi GKUvWvg© I G‡ÛvWvg© bvgK `ywU åƒbxq †Kvl¯Íi wb‡q MwVZ  nvB‡cv‡÷vg: nvBWªvi †`‡ni AMÖcÖvšÍ ev Iivj As‡k we`¨gvb KwbK¨vj AvK…wZi MVb‡K nvB‡cv‡÷vg e‡j|  GwcWvwg©m : nvBWªvi †`ncÖvPx‡ii me‡P‡q evB‡ii w`‡K cvZjv I bgbxq wKDwUKj Øviv Ave„Z ¯Íi|  wb‡Wveøv÷: wb‡Wveøv÷ nvBWªvi ewntZ¡‡Ki †ckx AveiYx †Kv‡li duv‡K duv‡K Aew¯’Z d¬¨v· AvK…wZi we‡kl ai‡bi †Kvl|  M¨v‡÷ªvWvwg©m : nvBWªvi †`‡ni AšÍtZ¡K, GwU †`ncÖvPx‡ii `yB-Z…Zxqvsk MVb K‡i|

RxeweÁvb wØZxq cÎ

 †g‡mvwMøqv: wØ¯Íix cÖvwY‡Z G‡±vWvg© I G‡ÛvWvg© bvgK åƒYxq †Kvl¯Í‡ii gv‡S we`¨gvb A‡Kvlxq ¯Íi|  wm‡j‡›Uib: wm‡j‡›Uib n‡jv wbWvwiqv c‡e©i cÖvwY‡`i †`‡ni Af¨šÍ‡i we`¨gvb we‡kl MnŸi hv

GKwU wQ‡`ªi gva¨‡g †`‡ni evB‡i Db¥y³ nq|  Pjb : †h cÖwμqvq Rxe‡`n ˆRweK cÖ‡qvR‡b wbR cÖ‡Póvq ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq|  wb‡lK : ïμvYy I wW¤^vYyi wgjb cÖwμqv‡K wb‡lK e‡j|  wg‡_vRxweZv : hLb wfbœ cÖRvwZfz³ Rxe Nwbófv‡e mnve¯’v‡bi d‡j ci¯ú‡ii KvQ †_‡K DcK…Z nq, ZLb G ai‡bi m¤úK©‡K wg‡_vRxweZv e‡j|

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