Chapter 03

Z…Zxq Aa¨vq

gvbe kvixiZË¡: cwicvK I †kvlY HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY: DIGESTION & ABSORBTION RxeRM‡Zi me m`m¨‡`iB mwμq Rxeb hvc‡bi Rb¨ A_©vr †`‡ni cwic~Y© weKvk, cywó I Kg©kw³ Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ Lv‡`¨i me Dcv`vbB h_v kK©iv, Avwgl, Pwe©, cvwb, LwbR jeY I wfUvwgb cÖ‡qvRb| Gme Lv`¨ Dcv`v‡bi g‡a¨ Avwgl, kK©iv I Pwe© RwUj Ae¯’vq †`‡n M„nxZ nq| cwicvKZš¿ Gme RwUj Lv`¨ e¯‘‡K Ggbfv‡e mijxKiY K‡i hv‡Z cieZx©‡Z G¸‡jv †`‡ni e„w×, MVb Ges kw³i Drmiƒ‡c KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i| cÖavb kã (Key Word)  cwicvK  cwicvKMÖwš’  ewntÿiv MÖwš’  M¨vw÷ªK Rym  †kvlY  ¯’‚jZv

G Aa¨vq cvV †k‡l AvgivÑ  gyLMnŸ‡i Lv`¨ cwicv‡Ki hvwš¿K I ivmvqwbK cÖwμqv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  cvK¯’jxi wewfbœ As‡k msNwUZ hvwš¿K Ges ivmvqwbK cwicv‡Ki g‡a¨ m¤úK© ¯’vcb Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  hK…‡Zi mÂqx Ges wecvKxq f‚wgKv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  ewntÿiv MÖwš’ wn‡m‡e AMœ¨vk‡qi Kvh©μg e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  M¨vmwUªK Rym wbtmi‡Y ¯œvqyZš¿ Ges M¨vmwUªK ni‡gv‡bi f~wgKv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  Lv`¨`ªe¨ cwicv‡K ÿz`vª ‡š¿i wewfbœ As‡ki gyL¨ wμqvmg~n we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  ÿz`ªv‡š¿i jy‡gb n‡Z i³RvwjKv Ges wfjvB ch©šÍ cwicvKK…Z `ª‡e¨i †kvlY e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  e„n`v‡š¿i KvR e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  e¨envwiK : cwicvK mswkøó A‡½i †Kvlmg~n kbv³ I wPÎ AsKb Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  ¯’~jZvi aviYv, KviY I cÖwZ‡iva e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡ev |

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3.1 gyLMnŸ‡i Lv`¨ cwicvK (Food digestion in the oral cavity) gyLwQ‡`ªi cieZx©, DaŸ©‡Pvqvj (maxilia) I wb¤œ‡Pvqvj (mandible) Øviv myiwÿZ cÖk¯’ MnŸiwU‡K gyLweei e‡j| gyLwee‡ii A¼xqZ‡j GKwU gvsmj wRnŸv _v‡K, Dfq cv‡k Mvj, EaŸ© I wb¤œ †Pvqv‡j `uvZ _v‡K Ges jvjvMÖwš’i bvwj Db¥y³ _v‡K| gyLwee‡ii Qv`‡K Zvjy (palate) e‡j| Zvjyi `ywU Ask, AMÖt¯’ k³ c¨v‡jU Ges cðvr big c¨v‡jU| big c¨v‡j‡Ui †kl cÖvšÍ †_‡K AvjwRnŸv (uvula) gyLMnŸ‡i Sz‡j _v‡K| gyLMnŸ‡i Lv‡`¨i hvwš¿K I ivmvqwbK `yai‡bi cwicvK nq| Z‡e gy‡L Lye AíB cwicvK nq, KviY Lv`¨e¯‘ ¯^í mg‡qi Rb¨ gyLwee‡i Ae¯’vb K‡i|

3.1.1 hvwš¿K cwicvK Lv`¨ MÖn‡Yi ciciB gy‡L cwicvK cÖwμqv ïiæ nq| `uvZ M„nxZ Lv`¨e¯‘¸‡jv‡K †QvU †QvU UzK‡ivq cwiYZ K‡i †kvl‡Y AskMÖnY K‡i| cieZx©‡Z gyLMnŸ‡i wbtm„Z jvjvi‡mi cvwb I wgDwmb Lv`¨e¯‘‡K wm³ I wcw”Qj K‡i Lv‡`¨i `jv (Bolus) ‰Zwi K‡i Ges MjatKi‡Y mvnvh¨ K‡i|

3.1.2 ivmvqwbK cwicvK gyLMnŸ‡i ïaygvÎ kK©iv RvZxq Lv‡`¨i ivmvqwbK cwicvK nq, †cÖvwUb ev Pwe© RvZxq Lv‡`¨i cwicvK nq bv| jvjvi‡mi m¨vwjfvix A¨vgvB‡jR (Uvqvwjb) GbRvBg ivbœv Kiv ÷v‡P©i cwjm¨vKvivBW‡K `ªeYxq myMvi g¨v‡ëvR Ges †W·wUªb bvgK WvBm¨vKvivB‡W cwiYZ K‡i| Uvqvwjb ivbœv Kiv ÷v‡P©i Dci wμqv Ki‡Z mÿg KviY ivbœv cÖwμqv ÷v‡P©i AcvP¨ †mjy‡jvR AveiY‡K P~Y© K‡i †`q| M¨vw÷ªK i‡mi HCl GwmW Øviv bó bv nIqv ch©šÍ Uvqvwjb GbRvB‡gi Kvh©KvwiZv cvK¯’jx‡ZI P‡j|

3.2 cvK¯’jxi wewfbœ As‡k cwicvK (Digestion in stomach) gyLweei †_‡K Lv`¨e¯‘ Abœbvwji gva¨‡g cvK¯’jx‡Z Av‡m| cvK¯’jx GKwU _wjm`„k †cwkeûj A½ Gi 3wU Ask- KvwW©qv, dvb&Wvm, cvB‡jvivm| cvK¯’wji cÖvPx‡i cÖPzi M¨vw÷ªK MÖwš’ _v‡K| M¨vw÷ªK MÖwš’ GK ai‡bi bjvKvi MÖwš’ Ges Pvi ai‡bi †Kvl Øviv MwVZ| cÖ‡Z¨K cÖKvi †Kv‡li ÿiY Avjv`v Avjv`v| mw¤§wjZfv‡e M¨vw÷ªK MÖwš’i im‡K M¨vw÷ªK im (gastric juice) e‡j| GKRb c~Y©eq¯‹ gvbyl w`‡b cÖvq 2 wjUvi M¨vw÷ªK im ˆZwi K‡i| cvK¯’wj‡ZI Lv`¨e¯‘i hvwš¿K I ivmvqwbK cwicvK msNwUZ nq|

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3.2.1 hvwš¿K cwicvK hLb Lv`¨ cÖ_‡g cvK¯’wj‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡i ZLb Zvi cvB‡jvwiK wùsUvi †ckx¸wj msKzwPZ nq| Zvi d‡j Lv`¨ nRg bv nIqv ch©šÍ cvK¯’wj †_‡K †ewi‡q †h‡Z cv‡i bv| Zvici gv‡S gv‡S Zv GKUz GKUz †Lj I wKQz wKQz nRg nIqv Lv`¨ †ewi‡q P‡j hvq wWI‡Wbv‡g| h_vmg‡q ax‡i ax‡i cvK¯’wj Lvwj n‡q hvq-Z‡e KZÿY c‡i Zv Lvwj n‡e, Zv wbf©i K‡i Lv`¨ MÖn‡Yi cwigv‡Yi Ici I wK RvZxq Lv`¨ MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q Zvi Ici| GB nRg nevi mg‡qi g‡a¨ gv‡S gv‡S †cwi÷¨vjwmm cÖwμqv Pj‡Z _v‡K, Zvi d‡j Lv`¨ m¤ú~Y© bovPov K‡i cvK¯’jxi wbtmi‡Yi m‡½ fvjfv‡e wg‡k hvq| GBfv‡e Lv`¨ GKwU KvBg& (Chyme) bvgK Aa©tZij c`v‡_© cwiYZ nq| cvK¯’jx n‡Z ÿwiZ wgDwmb GB KvBg&‡K wcw”Qj Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|

3.2.2 ivmvqwbK cwicvK Lv`¨e¯‘ cvK¯’jx‡Z †cuŠQv‡bvi ci M¨vmwUªb (gastrin) bvgK ni‡gv‡bi cÖfv‡e M¨vw÷ªK MÖwš’ †_‡K cv‡Kim (gastric juice) ÿwiZ nq| cvPKim Zxeª A¤øxq (p H 0.9  1.5) nvjKv e‡Y©i Zij c`v_©| cvPKi‡mi cwicvKmswkøó cÖavb Dcv`vb¸‡jv n‡jvÑ nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK A¨vwmW (HCl) , wgDwmb (mucin) Ges GbRvBgmg~n| - HCl cvK¯’jxi g‡a¨ AbyK‚j pH gvÎv (1.2 1.5) eRvq iv‡L| HCl wbw®Œq †ccwm‡bv‡Rb‡K mwμq †ccwm‡b iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i| cvK¯’jxi g‡a¨ AvMZ wewfbœ ai‡bi AYyRxe aŸsm K‡i| - wgDwmb Lv`¨e¯‘‡K wcw”Qj K‡i Ges cvK¯’jxi cÖvPxi‡K GbRvB‡gi ÿwZKi wμqv †_‡K myiÿv K‡i| - cvK¯’wj‡Z wbtmwiZ GbRvBg¸‡jvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q †ccwmb, wR‡jwU‡bR, †iwbb I jvB‡cR| †ccwmb †cÖvwUb‡K †f‡½ †cÖvwUIR I †cc‡Uv‡b cwiYZ K‡i| wR‡jwU‡bR wR‡jwUb‡K †f‡½ †cc‡Uvb I cwj‡ccUvB‡W cwiYZ K‡i| †iwbb `y‡ai †Kwmb‡K Ca  Gi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z †f‡½ c¨viv‡Kwm‡b cwiYZ K‡i| jvB‡cR GbRvB‡gi cÖfv‡e AwZ AígvÎvq Pwe© wewkøó nq| - cvK¯’jx‡Z Lv`¨ cwicvK n‡q Aa©Zij KvBg (chyme) G cwiYZ nq| KvBg Aí Aí K‡i cvK¯’jx †_‡K wWI‡Wbv‡g cÖ‡ek K‡i|

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3.2.3 cwicvK MÖwš’i KvR (Function of digestive gland) †cŠwóKbvjxi Av‡kcv‡k Aew¯’Z †h me MÖwš’ Zv‡`i wbtm„Z im †cŠwóKbvjxi †Kvb wbw`©ó As‡k †cÖiY K‡i cÖZ¨ÿ ev c‡ivÿfv‡e cwicv‡K AskMÖnY K‡i, Zv‡`i cwicvK MÖwš’ e‡j| gvby‡li wZb ai‡bi cwicvK MÖwš’ †`Lv hvq- jvjvMÖwš’, hK…Z I AMœ¨vkq | wb‡¤œ hK…Z I AMœ¨vk‡qi f‚wgKv Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj: hK…Z (liver): GwU gvbe‡`‡ni e„nËg cywóMÖwš’ Ges Wvqvd«v‡gi wVK wb‡P D`‡ii A‡bKLvwb Ask Ry‡o AvovAvwofv‡e I wKQzUv Wvb w`‡K †Nu‡l Ae¯’vb K‡i| Gi is jvj‡P L‡qwi| gvby‡li hK…‡Zi Wvb w`‡Ki AskwU eo Ges GwU Wvbw`‡Ki cuvR‡ii Aw¯’i mv‡_ †j‡M Ae¯’vb K‡i| Acic‡ÿ evgw`‡Ki LÛvskwU †QvU I μgk miæ n‡q Dc‡ii w`‡K ga¨”Q`vi Kv‡Q mgvß nq| d‡j gvby‡li hK…Z †`L‡Z wKQzUv w·KvYvKvi| GB MÖwš’ eûmsL¨K LÛvsk ev †jvweD‡j (Lobule) wef³| cÖwZUv †jvweD‡j GKUv †K›`ªxq wkiv‡K †eób K‡i eû msL¨K hK…Z †Kvl e„ËvKv‡i Ae¯’vb K‡i| cÖwZwU †jvweD‡j eûmsL¨K wcËbvjx I i³bvjx _v‡K| wcËbvjx¸‡jv wgwjZ n‡q cÖ_‡g Wvb I evg †ncvwUK bvjx ev hK…Z bvjx MwVZ nq| c‡i Wvb I evg †ncvwUK bvjxØq wgwjZ n‡q GKwU mvaviY hK…Z bvjx (Common hepatic duct) MwVZ nq| hK…Z i³ †_‡K wbDwUª‡q›U‡K ivmvqwbKfv‡e e¨envi‡hvM¨ e¯‘‡Z cwieZ©b K‡i Ges cÖ‡qvRb bv nIqv ch©šÍ Rgv iv‡L| GQvov, hK…Z wewfbœ wecvKxq, gRy`, ÿiY KvR mn †iPb KvRI m¤úv`b K‡i| hK…‡Zi KvR GZ e¨vcK †h G‡K ˆRe imvqbvMvi (organic laboratory) wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ Kiv nq|

3.3 hK…‡Zi mÂqx Ges wecvKxq f‚wgKv (Role of storage and metabolic function of liver) 3.3.1 hK…‡Zi mÂq m¤ú„³ KvR (Storage function of liver): MøvB‡Kv‡Rb mÂq: hK…Z †`‡ni cÖavb mÂq †K›`ª| ÿz`ªvš¿ †_‡K †ncvwUK †cvU©vj wkivi gva¨‡g Møy‡KvR hK…‡Z Av‡m| i‡³ Møy‡Kv‡Ri cwigvY †ewk n‡j j¨v½vin¨v‡Ýi ØxccyÄ †_‡K m„ó Bbmywj‡bi mnvqZvq hK…Z AwZwi³ Møy‡KvR‡K MøvB‡Kv‡Rb wn‡m‡e Rgv iv‡L| Møy‡KvR Gi MøvB‡Kv‡R‡b iƒcvšÍi‡K MøvB‡Kv‡R‡bwmm (glycogenesis) e‡j| hK…‡Z cÖvq 100 MÖvg MøvB‡Kv‡Rb Rgv _v‡K| †`‡ni cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i MøvB‡Kv‡Rb Avevi Møy‡Kv‡R cwiewZ©Z n‡Z cv‡i| Pwe© I A¨vwg‡bv GwmW mÂq: †h kK©iv †`‡n e¨eüZ n‡Z cv‡i bv, wKsev MøvB‡Kv‡Rb wn‡m‡e mwÂZ _v‡K bv, hK…Z †mB AwZwi³ Møy‡KvR‡K Pwe©‡Z cwiYZ K‡i mwÂZ iv‡L| hK…Z A¨vwg‡bv GwmW‡KI gRy` iv‡L| †`‡ni cÖ‡qvR‡b Pwe© Ges A¨vwg‡bv GwmW e¨envi‡hvM¨ Møy‡Kv‡R cwiewZ©Z nq| wfUvwgb I wgbv‡ij mÂq: hK…Z Pwe©`vª e¨ wfUvwgbmg~n (A, D, E, K) mÂq K‡i| ZvQvov wKQz cwigvY wb‡KvwUwbK GwmW (B12) Ges dwjK GwmWI mÂq K‡i| †jvwnZ i³KwYKvi fv½‡b m„ó wn‡gv‡Møvweb hK…‡Zi Kvcdvi †Kv‡li (kuppffer cell) gva¨‡g wng (haem) I †Møvweb (globin) G cwiYZ nq| wng Gi †jŠn Ask †dwiwUb (ferritin) wn‡m‡e mwÂZ _v‡K| Lv`¨ †_‡K wKQz Gw›UA¨vwbwgK d¨v±iI mÂq K‡i|

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3.3.2 hK…‡Zi wecvK m¤ú„³ KvR (Metabolic function of liver): hK…Z ˆRe †hŠM †_‡K A¨vwg‡bv GwmW AcmviY K‡i| hK…Z ÿqcÖvß wUmy¨ †Kvl (†cÖvwUb) †_‡K BDwiqv ˆZwi K‡i, Ges wWA¨vgvB‡bkb cÖwμqvi gva¨‡g AwZwi³ A¨vwg‡bv GwmW †_‡K A¨vwg‡bv MÖæc (-NH2) c„_K K‡i Ges BDwiqvq cwiYZ K‡i| Acwinvh© A¨vwg‡bv GwmWmn wKQz A¨vwg‡bv GwmW ms‡køl K‡i| M¨vjvK‡UvR Ges d«z‡±vR‡K Møy‡Kv‡R cwieZ©b K‡i| d¨vwU Gwm‡Wi Aw·‡Wmb m¤úv`b K‡i| hK…Z jvB‡cv‡cÖvwUb, †Kv‡j‡÷ij, Ges dm‡dvwjwcW (cøvRgv‡gg‡eª‡bi AZ¨vek¨Kxq Dcv`vb) Drcv`b K‡i| kK©iv Ges †cÖvwUb‡K Pwe©‡Z cwieZ©b K‡i| K¨v‡ivwUb †_‡K wfUvwgb-G ms‡køl K‡i| e¨vK‡Uwiqv Ges Ab¨vb¨ †ivMRxevYy (pathogens) hK…‡Zi mvBbym‡q‡W Kvcdvi †Kvl Øviv i³ †_‡K AcmvwiZ nq| GKB mv‡_ RxevYy Øviv m„ó Uw·b hK…‡Zi †ncv‡UvmvBU †Kvl Øviv cwiewZ©Z n‡q Kg ÿwZKviK c`v‡_© cwiYZ n‡q †`n †_‡K AcmvwiZ nq|

3.4 AMœ¨vkq (Pancreas) AMœ¨vkq j¤^v‡U AvK…wZi †Mvjvcx-a~mi e‡Y©i big gvsmj GKwU MÖwš’| GwU D`i MnŸ‡i cvK¯’jxi †cQ‡b, Wz¨I‡Wbvg I cøxnvi mgvšÍiv‡j, cðvr D`ixq cÖvPxi eivei AbycÖ¯’fv‡e Aew¯’Z, Ges ˆ`‡N¨© cÖvq 12-15 †mw›UwgUvi (5-6 BwÂ)| AMœ¨vkq cÖK…Zc‡ÿ GKwU wgkÖMªwš’| KviY, G‡Z Abvj (AšÍtÿiv) I mbvj (ewntÿiv) Dfq cÖKvi †Kvl _v‡K| AMœ¨vk‡qi bvjxwewkó Askmg~n‡K A¨vmvBbvm (Acini) e‡j| Gme A¨vmvBbvm †_‡K cwicv‡K AskMªnYKvix wZb ai‡bi Dr‡mPK wbtm„Z n‡q AMœ¨vkq bvjxi gva¨‡g wWI‡Wbv‡g cÖ‡ek K‡i| wWI‡Wbv‡g Db¥y³ nevi wVK Av‡M mvaviY wcËbvjx Ges AMœ¨vkq bvjx wgwjZ nq I GKUv mvaviY wcË AMœ¨vkq bvjx MVb K‡i| c‡i GB bvjx GKUv ùxwZ ev G¤úyjvi gva¨‡g wWI‡Wbv‡g Db¥y³ nq| GB ùxZ AÂj‡K G¤úyjv Ae f¨vUvi (Ampulla of Vater) e‡j|

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mbvj MÖwš’i im‡K AMœ¨vkq im (pancreatic juice) e‡j| AMœ¨vkq im ÿvixq (alkaline) | AMœ¨vkq im cÖvq 15wU GbRvBg aviY K‡i, hv A¨vmvBbvi †Kv‡li G‡ÛvcøvmwgK †iwUKz¨jvg mshy³ ivB‡ev‡mvg Ges MjwR e¯‘‡Z ms‡køl n‡q RvB‡gv‡Rb (zymogen) `vbv wn‡m‡e mvB‡UvcøvR‡g gRy` _v‡K| A¨vmvBbvi †Kvl cwicvK m¤ú„³ wewfbœ ai‡bi GbRvBg ˆZwi K‡i, h_v-jvB‡cR, GgvB‡jR, wUªcwm‡bv‡Rb, KvB‡gvwUªcwm‡bv‡Rb, Ges †cÖvKve©w·‡ccUvB‡WR| GbRvBg¸‡jv mwμq Ae¯’vq h_vμ‡g wjwcW, kK©iv Ges †cÖvwUb Lv`¨‡K cwicvK K‡i| wjwcW cwicv‡K AMœ¨vkq i‡mi f~wgKv: AMœ¨vkq i‡m d¨vU cwicvKKvix Dr‡mPK c¨vbwμ‡qwUK jvB‡cR _v‡K| d¨v‡Ui cwicvK cÖavbZ c¨vbwμ‡qwUK jvB‡cR ØvivB m¤ú~Y© nq| c¨vbwμ‡qwUK jvB‡cR ÿvixq gva¨‡g (pH-8 ) wμqv K‡i| GwU UªvBwMømvivBW‡K Av`ª© we‡køwlZ K‡i WvBwMømvivB‡W cwiYZ K‡i| WvB-wMømvivBW g‡bv-wMømvivB‡W cwiYZ nq Ges cybivq c¨vbwμ‡qwUK jvB‡cR Øviv Av`ª© we‡køwlZ n‡q d¨vwU GwmW I wMømvi‡j cwiYZ nq| AMœ¨vkq i‡m Aew¯’Z Dr‡mPK dm‡dvjvB‡cR †jwmw_b I †mdvwjb-†K d¨vwU GwmW I jvB‡mv‡mdvwj‡b cwiYZ K‡i| AMœ¨vkq i‡m Aew¯’Z Dr‡mPK †Kv‡j‡÷ij G÷v‡iR †Kv‡j‡÷ij G÷vi‡K d¨vwU GwmW I gy³ †Kv‡j‡÷i‡j cwiYZ K‡i| kK©iv cwicv‡K AMœ¨vkq i‡mi f‚wgKv: AMœ¨vkq i‡mi A¨gvB‡jR I Ab¨vb¨ A¨vgvB‡jwUK Dr†mPK mij †k¦Zmvi‡K WvBm¨vKvivBW †k¦Zmvi I Myø‡Kv‡R cwiYZ K‡i| Avwgl cwicv‡K AMœ¨vkq i‡mi f‚wgKv: AMœ¨vkq i‡m Avwgl cwicvKKvix GbRvBg Kve©w·‡ccUvB‡WR, wbw®Œq wUªcwm‡bv‡Rb I KvB‡gvwUªcwm‡bv‡Rb _v‡K| hv †Kwmb †cÖvwUb‡K c¨viv‡Kwm‡b, cwj‡ccUvBW Ges Bjvw÷b I †Kvjv‡Rb‡K ÿy`ªZi †ccUvB‡W cwiYZ K‡i| wkÿv_x©i KvR: †kÖwYK‡ÿ wkÿv_x©iv cwicvK mswkøó Kv‡R AMœ¨vkq n‡Z ÿwiZ GbRvBg mg~‡ni GKwU ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡e|

3.5 cwicv‡K ¯œvvqyZš¿ I ni‡gv‡bi f‚wgKv cwicvK GKwU kvixie„Ëxq cÖwμqv hv hvwš¿K I ivmvqwbK wμqvKjv‡ci gva¨‡g m¤úbœ nq| cwicvKbvjxi wewfbœ As‡ki hvwš¿K wμqvKjvc Ges cwicvK bvjx I cwicvK MÖwš’ wbtm„Z wewfbœ GbRvB‡gi ÿiY wbqš¿Y g~jZ ¯œvqyZ‡š¿i n¯Í‡ÿc I ni‡gv‡bi cÖfv‡e N‡U _v‡K| cwicvK bvjx I cwicvK MÖwš’ wbtm„Z GbRvBg I ivmvqwbK c`v_©‡K GK‡Î ÔM¨vw÷ªK RymÕ ejv nq| M¨vw÷ªK Rym wbtmi‡Y ¯œvqyZš¿ I ni‡gvb Df‡qB mgwš^Z fv‡e ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| 3.5.1 cwicv‡K ¯œvqyZ‡š¿i f‚wgKv Avgiv ÿzav jvM‡jB Lvevi LvB, wKš‘ Lv`¨ cwicv‡Ki Rb¨ Avgv‡`i wPšÍv Kivi ev evwn¨K †Kvb wb‡`©kbv †`qvi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o bv| Gi KviY nj Avgv‡`i ¯^qswμq ¯œvqyZš¿ wb‡Ri ZvwM‡`B cwicvKZ‡š¿i bvbvwea KvR m¤úbœ K‡i| ¯^qswμq ¯œvqyZš¿ wbqwš¿Z cwicvK Kvh©vejx¸‡jv nj jvjMÖwš’ †_‡K jvjv wbtmiY, cwicvK bvjx‡Z Lv`¨e¯‘i Pjb ev c¨vwi÷¨vjwmm wbqšY, cvK¯’jx‡Z M¨vw÷ªK GwmW Drcv`b, wùsUvi Db¥y³ I eÜ Kiv, cwicvKMÖwš’i ni‡gvb wbtmiY Ges d¨vU AvKv‡i kix‡i kw³i mÂq Kiv|

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wmgc¨v‡_wUK ¯œvqyZš¿ Ges c¨vivwmgc¨v‡_wUK ¯œvqyZš¿ ¯^qswμq ¯œvqyZ‡š¿i AšÍM©Z| c¨vivwmgc¨v‡_wUK ¯œvqyZš¿ cwicvK bvjx‡Z i³cÖevn evwo‡q cwicvK‡K Z¡ivwš^Z K‡i| GQvov cÖvšÍxq ¯œvqyZš¿ jvjvMÖwš’i wbtmiY, Lv`¨e¯‘i MwZ, cwicvK Ges cywó Dcv`vb †kvl‡Y mvnvh¨ K‡i| gw¯Í‡®‹i ewn©gyLx ¯œvqy¸‡jv †ckx ms‡KvP‡bi gva¨‡g cwicvK bvjx‡Z Lv`¨ MjatKi‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i| GQvov cvK¯’jx Ges AMœ¨vkq‡K wcËim Drcv`‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i| Mjwej, cvK¯’jx, ÿz`ªvš¿ Ges e„n`v‡š¿i †`qv‡ji/Mv‡Î Ae¯’vbKvix AšÍ©gyLx ¯œvqy¸‡jv Gme A½vYyi ga¨ w`‡q Lvevi Mg‡bi Rb¨ cÖmvi‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i| GQvov AšÍ©gyLx ¯œvqy¸‡jv Ggb GK ai‡bi c`v_© wbtmiY K‡i hv Lv`¨e¯‘i MwZ‡K e„w× ev gš’i K‡i Ges cwicvKKvix A½vYy †_‡K cvPK im wbtmi‡Y mvnvh¨ K‡i| AšÍ©gyLx ¯œvqy¸‡jv cwicvKbvjxi Af¨všÍixY Kvh©Kjvc wbqš¿Y K‡i `yB ai‡bi ¯œvqy mgwói gva¨‡g| gv‡q‡›UwiK ¯œvqy mgwó cwicvKbvjx AšÍM© v‡Îi gm„b †ckxi ms‡KvPb cÖmvib NwU‡q †cwi÷vjwmm cÖwμqv wbqš¿Y K‡i| Avevi mvewgD‡Kvmvj ¯œvqy mgwó mvewgD‡Kvmv ¯Í‡ii ÿiY wbqš¿Y K‡i| cÿvšÍ‡i ewn©tgyLx ¯œvqymgwó wmgc¨v‡_wUK I c¨vivwmgc¨v‡_wUK kvLv †_‡K m„wó nq| wmgc¨v‡_wUK ewn©tgyLx ¯œvqy ÿiY gvÎv †cwk ms‡KvPb‡K `gb K‡i Ges wùsUvi eÜ K‡i †`q| Avevi c¨vivwmgc¨v‡_wUK ewntgyLx ¯œvqy wVK Gi wecixZ KvR¸‡jv K‡i| †fMvm ¯œvqy †ewkifvM c¨vivwmgc¨v‡_wUK Kvh©Kjvc‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i|

3.6 cwicv‡K ni‡gv‡bi f‚wgKv cwicvK mswkøó ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ni‡gvb †h¸‡jv cwicvKZ‡š¿i Kvh©vejx wbqš¿Y K‡i †m¸‡jv cvK¯’jx Ges ÿz`ªv‡š¿i wgD‡Kvmv Z¡‡Ki †Kvl¸‡jv Øviv Drcvw`Z Ges wbtm„Z nq| GB ni‡gvb¸‡jv cwicvKbvjxi i‡³ gy³ ev wbtm„Z nq, ürwc‡Û cwievwnZ nq Ges agbxi gva¨‡g cybivq cwicvKZ‡š¿ wd‡i Av‡m| Gici ni‡gvb¸‡jv cvPK im‡K wbw`©ó A‡½i w`‡K cwievwnZ nIqvi Rb¨ DÏxwcZ K‡i| cwicvK wbqš¿bKvix ni‡gvb¸‡jv n‡jv M¨vw÷ªb, wm‡μwUb Ges †Kv‡jwm‡÷vKvBwbb| M¨vw÷ªb cvK¯’jx‡K Lvevi `ªexf‚Z Ges cwicvK Kivi Rb¨ GwmW ˆZwi‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| cvK¯’jx, ÿz`ªvš¿ Ges †Kvj‡bi bvjxMv‡Îi ¯^vfvweK e„w×i Rb¨I M¨vw÷ªb cÖ‡qvRb| evBKve©‡bU mg„× cvPK im AMœ¨vk‡q †cÖiY Kivi Rb¨ wm‡μwUb mvnvh¨ K‡i| Bnv cvK¯’jx‡K †cÖvwUb cwicvKKvix †ccwmb GbRvBg Drcv`‡b mwμq K‡i GQvovI hK…Z‡K D‡ËwRZ/DÏxwcZ K‡i wcËim ÿi‡Yi Rb¨| AMœ¨vk‡qi ¯^vfvweK e„w× Ges AMœ¨vkq i‡mi GbRvBg Drcv`‡b †Kv‡jwm‡÷vKvBwbb mvnvh¨ K‡i Ges wcË_jx‡K duvKv K‡i|

3.7 ÿz`ªv‡š¿ Lv`¨ `ª‡e¨i cwicvK I †kvlY cvK¯’wji cvB‡jvivm Ask †_‡K e„n`‡š¿i c~e© ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z bjvKvi Ask n‡jv ÿz`ªvš¿| ÿz`ªvš¿ Lv`¨ cwicvK I †kvl‡Y ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i|

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3.7.1 ÿz`ªv‡š¿ Lv`¨`ª‡e¨i cwicvK (Digetion of food in the small intestine): Lv‡`¨i †ewki fvM Ask ÿz`ªv‡š¿ cwicvK nq| cvK¯’jx †_‡K KvBg wWI‡Wbv‡g cÖ‡e‡ki ci hK…‡Z m„ó Ges wcË_wj‡Z RgvK…Z wcËim (bile) Ges AMœ¨vk‡qi AMœ¨vkq im (pancratic juice) mvaviY wcËbvwji gva¨‡g wWI‡Wbv‡g G‡m Lv‡`¨i mv‡_ wgwkÖZ nq| ÿz`ªv‡š¿i cÖvPx‡ii Avwš¿K MÖwš’ ev wμÞ Ae wjeviKz¨b (intestinal gland or crypts of Lieberkuhn) MÖwš’ †_‡K Avwš¿K im ev mv°vm G‡›UwiKvm (succus entericus or intestinal juice) ˆZwi nq| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ wμÞ Gi †Mvovi w`‡Ki †Kvl¸‡jv G im ˆZwi K‡i| Avwš¿K im jeY I cvwbmg„×, †Kvb GbRvBg _v‡K bv| GB im cwicv‡Ki wewfbœ ivmvqwbK wewμqv m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq cvwb mieivn K‡i| Avwš¿K i‡m †Kvb GbRvBg bv _vK‡jI wμÞ Ae wjeviKz¨b Gi c¨v‡b_ †Kvl (paneth cell) cwicv‡Ki Rb¨ GbRvBg ˆZwi K‡i| GB †Kvl¸‡jvI ˆZwii ciciB μgvš^‡q wfjv‡mi kxl©‡`‡k m‡i hvq, Ges †Kv‡li Af¨šÍ‡iB wKsev Aš¿ cÖvPx‡ii wbKUeZx© ¯’v‡bB cwicvK wμqv m¤úbœ K‡i| Z‡e †Kvb †Kvb mgq †Kvl †d‡U wM‡q GbRvBg gy³ n‡j Zv †Kv‡li Pvicv‡k we`¨gvb Lv`¨e¯‘‡K cwicvK K‡i| eZ©gv‡b A‡š¿i GbRvBg‡K †gg‡eªb GbRvBg I (membrane enzyme) ejv nq| wWI‡Wbv‡gi wKQz wUDey¨jvi MÖwš’ mvewgD‡Kvmv ¯Í‡i †cuŠ‡Q| G‡`i‡K wWI‡Wbvj mvewgD‡Kvmvj MÖwš’ ev eªæbvm© MÖwš’ (duodenal submucosal gland or Brunner’s gland) ejv nq| GB MÖwš’ †_‡K ÿvixq wgDKvm ˆZwi nq| GQvov ÿz`vª ‡š¿i me©ÎB Me‡jU †Kvl (goblet cell) we`¨gvb hviv wgDKvm ˆZwi K‡i| Dfq MÖwš’i ÿiY ÿz`ªv‡š¿i cÖvPxi‡K GbRvB‡gi Kvh©KvwiZv †_‡K iÿv K‡i|

3.7.2 ÿz`ªv‡š¿ Lv`¨ `ª‡e¨i †kvlY (Absorption of food): nR‡gi d‡j A`ªeYxq RwUj Lv`¨e¯‘ `ªeYxq Lv`¨mv‡i cwiYZ nq hv AwZ mn‡RB Lv`¨bvwji cÖvPx‡ii †Kvl Øviv †kvwlZ nq| cÖvq 90% †kvlY ÿz`vª ‡š¿ N‡U| mvgvb¨ cwigvY cvK¯’jx‡Z, Ges Aewkó e„n`v‡š¿| ÿz`vª ‡š¿i AšÍtcÖvPxi Lv`¨mvi †kvl‡Yi Rb¨ h_vh_fv‡e Awf‡hvwRZ| AšÍtcÖvPx‡ii fuv‡R bovPovq mÿg wfjvB _v‡K|

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wfjvm MVbKvix Gwc‡_wjqvj †Kv‡li cøvRgv‡gg‡eªb Øviv gvB‡μvwfjvB (microvilli) bvgK AvYyexÿwYK Awf‡ÿc m„wó K‡i| 70 †KwR IR‡bi GKRb gvby‡li ÿz`ªv‡š¿ M‡o cÖvq 100 eM©wgUvi †kvlY AÂj _v‡K| ÿz`ªv‡š¿ Kv‡ev©nvB‡WªU, †cÖvwUb I wjwcW RvZxq Lv‡`¨i †kvlY cÖwμqv wb‡¤œv³fv‡e msMwVZ nqÑ Kv‡e©vnvB‡WªU ev kK©iv Lv‡`¨i †kvlY: ÿz`ªv‡š¿i †RRybvg As‡ki wfjvB cÖvPx‡ii †Kvl¯Íi kK©iv RvZxq Lv‡`¨i †kvl‡Y AskMÖnY K‡i| cvuP Kve©bhy³ kK©iv (RvB‡jvR, g¨v‡bvR, A¨vivwe‡bvR cÖf„wZ) cvwb‡Z `ªexf~Z Ae¯’vq †kvwlZ nq| Møy‡KvR, M¨vjvK‡UvR cÖf„wZ Na+ I ATP mn‡hv‡M mwμq †kvlY c×wZ‡Z †kvwlZ nq| d«z‡±v‡Ri †kvl‡Y ATP e¨eüZ nq bv| 0-200 †mjwmqvj ZvcgvÎvq M¨vjvK‡UvR I d«z‡±vR ax‡i ax‡i †kvwlZ nq| †cÖvwUb (Avwgl) Lv‡`¨i †kvlY: ÿz`ªv‡š¿i wWI‡Wbv‡g I †RRybv‡gi wfjvB-cÖvPx‡ii †Kvl¯Íi †cÖvwUb Lv‡`¨i †kvl‡Y AskMÖnY K‡i| A¨vgvB‡bv A¨vwmW cÖavbZ mwμq c×wZ‡Z (GbRvBg I ATP mn‡hv‡M) †kvwlZ nq| Z‡e wfbœ wfbœ A¨vgvB‡bv GwmW †kvl‡Yi Rb¨ wfbœ wfbœ evn‡Ki cÖ‡qvRb nq| wfUvwgb B6, g¨v½vwbR I †mvwWqvg Avqb A¨vgvB‡bv A¨vwmW †kvl‡Y ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| Aw·‡R‡bi Afve NU‡j †kvl‡Yi nvi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ nv‡i K‡g hvq| D-A¨vgvB‡bv A¨vwmW e¨vcb cÖwμqvq †kvwlZ nq| wc‡bvmvB‡Uvwmm cÖwμqvq †Kvj÷ªv‡g (kvj`ya) Aew¯’Z A¨vjeywgb I †MøvweDwjb †kvwlZ nq| wjwcW ev †¯œn Lv‡`¨i †kvlY : ÿz`ªv‡š¿i wWI‡Wbvg I Bwjqvg wjwcW Lv‡`¨i †kvl‡Y AskMÖnY K‡i| wMømvij cvwb‡Z `ªve¨ e‡j mivmwi Aš¿-AveiYxi †Kvl †f` K‡i †cvU©vj wkivi i‡³ cÖ‡ek K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K d¨vwU A¨vwmW, g‡bvwMømvivBW WvB wMømvivBW cÖf„wZ wcËje‡Yi mv‡_ hy³ n‡q wg‡kj bvgK ÿz`ª †mœnKYv MV‡b Ask †bq| †Kv‡l wMømv‡ivKvB‡bR GbRvB‡gi mnvqZvq wMømv‡ivdm‡dU Ges d¨vwU A¨vwmW _v‡qvKvB‡bR GbRvB‡gi mnvqZvq mwμq d¨vwU A¨vwm‡W cwiYZ nq| Giv hy³ n‡q UªvBwMømvivBW MVb K‡i| UªvBwMømvivBW Qvov †Kv‡li g‡a¨ wKQy cwigvY dm‡dvwjwcWI ms‡køwlZ nq| Gici UªvBwMømvivB&W, dm‡dvwjwcW, †cÖvwUb I †Kv‡j‡÷ij hy³ n‡q ÿz`ª KvB‡jvgvBμb KYvi m„wó K‡i| G¸‡jv †Kvlc`©v AwZμg K‡i wfjvB‡qi jwmKvev‡n cÖ‡ek K‡i|

3.7.3 e„n`v‡š¿ Lv`¨ cwicvK (Large intestine absorption of food): ÿz`ªv‡š¿i cieZx© †gvUv bjvK…wZ Ask‡K e„n`vš¿ e‡j| GwU cÖvq 2 wgUvi j¤^v I 3wU As‡k wef³| wmKvgt e„n`v‡š¿i cÖ_g Ask Ges †`L‡Z eÜ _wji gZ| Gi ˆ`N©¨ 6 †m.wg.| Gi wb¤œcÖv‡šÍ A¨v‡cbwW· (Appendix) bvgK bjvKvi eÜ _‡j Av‡Q| c~Y©v½ gvby‡l A¨v‡cbwW· wbw®Œq A½ wn‡m‡e Ae¯’vb K‡i| †Kvjb: wmKv‡gi cieZx© Ask Ges 4 fv‡M wef³, h_v EaŸ©Mvgx †Kvjb (ascending colon), AbycÖ¯’ †Kvjb (transverse colon) wb¤œMvgx †Kvjb (descending colon), wmMg‡qW †Kvjb (Sigmoid colon). †iKUvgt e„n`v‡š¿i me©‡kl Ask, †iKUvg ev gjvk‡qi †klcÖv‡šÍ †ckx wbqwš¿Z gjØvi ev cvqywQ`ª _v‡K| e„n`v‡š¿ gj ˆZix nq, cvwb †kvwlZ nq Ges Lv`¨vs‡ki MuvRb I cPb N‡U | e„n`v‡š¿ Ae¯’vbKvix

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e¨vK‡Uwiqv dwjK GwmW, wfUvwgb †K Ges we Kg‡cø· mn wKQz msL¨vK wfUvwgb‡K ms‡køl K‡i| gjvkq cvqy wQ`ªc‡_ evB‡i Db¥y³| cvqy `ywU wùs÷v‡i Ave× GKwU ewnt¯’ I GKwU AšÍt¯’ w¯‹sUvi| AšÍt¯’wU gm„Y †ckx‡Z MwVZ Ges A‰bw”QKfv‡e msKzwPZ nq, wKš‘ ewnt¯’wU wPwýZ †ckx‡Z MwVZ Ges ÁvZmv‡i wbqwš¿Z nq| cyiæl‡`i †ÿ‡Î cvqyi Pviw`‡K †jvg _v‡K wKš‘ gwnjv‡`i †ÿ‡Î Abycw¯’Z|

3.8 e¨envwiK cixÿvi bvg: hK…Z, AMœ¨vkq, cvK¯’jx I ÿz`ªv‡š¿i Aby‡”Q` (section) Gi ¯’vqx ¯øvBW ch©‡eÿY I mbv³KiY| cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY: hK…Z, AMœ¨vkq, cvK¯’jx I ÿz`ªv‡š¿i ¯’vqx ¯øvBW Ges GKwU AYyexÿYhš¿| Kvh©c×wZ: hK…Z, AMœ¨vkq, cvK¯’jx I ÿz`ªv‡š¿i ¯’vqx ¯øvBW¸‡jv AYyexÿY h‡š¿ ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e Ges ch©‡eÿY Ki‡Z n‡e| ch©‡eÿY: fv‡jvfv‡e ch©‡eÿY Ki‡j wb‡¤œi ˆewk󨸇jv †`Lv hvqÑ

hK…‡Zi Aby‡”Q` (Microscopic section of liver) kbv³Kvix ˆewkó¨ 1. †hvRK Kjv wbwg©Z AmsL¨ ÿz`ª ÿz`ª ‡jvweD‡ji mgš^‡q MwVZ| 2. cÖwZwU †jvweDj cÖvq eûf~RvKvi Ges my¯úó wbDwK¬qvm wewkó †ncvwUK †Kvl Dcw¯’Z| 3. †jvweD‡ji †K‡›`ª †K›`ªxq wkiv (†ncvwUK wkiv) we`¨gvb| 4. ‡jvweD‡ji gv‡S i³ PjvP‡ji Rb¨ mvBbym‡qW bvgK duvKv ¯’vb Av‡Q|

wPÎ: 3.5: hK…‡Zi Aby‡”Q` (Ask we‡kl)

AMœ¨vk‡qi Aby‡”Q` (Microscopic section of vertebrate pancreas) kbv³Kvix ˆewkó¨ 1. wbtmªvex †Kv‡li mgš^‡q MwVZ I †K›`ªxq MnŸihy³ AmsL¨ †jvweDj ev A¨vwmbvm Dcw¯’Z| 2. †jvweD‡ji duv‡K duv‡K ‡hvRK Kjv †`Lv hvq| 3. ‡jvweD‡ji duv‡K duv‡K AvB‡jUm& Ae j¨v½vin¨vÝ bvgK †Kvl¸”Q Aew¯’Z| 4. ‡Kvl¸‡jvi g‡a¨ i³ bvjx AMœ¨vkq bvjx Dcw¯’Z|

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wPÎ: 3.6: AMœ¨vk‡qi Aby‡”Q` (Ask we‡kl) cvK¯’jxi cÖ¯’‡”Q` (T.S. of vertebrate stomach) kbv³Kvix ˆewkó¨ 1. cÖvPxi †m‡ivmv, †ckx¯Íi, mvewgD‡Kvmv, gvmwKDjvwim wgD‡Kvmv Ges wgD‡Kvmv bvgK cuvPwU ¯Í‡i wef³| 2. mvewgD‡Kvmv A¨vwiIjvi †hvRK Kjvq wbwg©Z Ges i³bvjx, ¯œvvqy cÖf„wZ aviY K‡i| 3. wgD‡Kvmv ¯Íi †_‡K iƒMx bvgK KZ¸‡jv †QvU †QvU Awf‡ÿc †ei n‡q‡Q| 4. wgD‡Kvmvq M¨vw÷ªK MÖwš’ †`Lv hvq|

wPÎ: 3.7: cvK¯’jxi cÖ¯’‡”Q` (Ask we‡kl)

ÿz`ªv‡š¿i cÖ¯’‡”Q` ( T.S. of Vertebrate small intestine) kbv³Kvix ˆewkó¨ 1. cÖvPxi †m‡ivmv, †ckx¯Íi , mvewgD‡Kvmv, gvmwKDjvwim wgD‡Kvmv Ges wgD‡Kvmv bvgK cuvPwU ¯Í‡i wef³| 2. mvewgD‡Kvmv A¨vwiIjvi †hvRKKjvq wbwg©Z Ges i³bvjx, ¯œvvqy cÖf„wZ aviY K‡i| 3. wgD‡Kvmv ¯Íi wfjvB bvgK AvOy‡ji gZ KZ¸‡jv Awf‡ÿc _v‡K| 4. wgD‡Kvmv‡Z Me‡jU I †kvlYÿg †Kvl †`Lv hvq|

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wPÎ: 3.8: ÿz`ªv‡š¿i cÖ¯’‡”Q` (Ask we‡kl)

3.9 ¯~’jZvi aviYv, KviY I cÖwZ‡iva 3.9.1 ¯’’~jZvi aviYv (Concept of obesity) kix‡ii gvÎvwZwi³ †g` ev Pwe© Rgvi Kvi‡Y IRb e„w× nIqv‡KB ¯’’~jZv ev AwZwi³ IRb ejv n‡q _v‡K| GwU kix‡ii Rb¨ GKwU gvivZ¡K SzuwKi welq| ¯~’jZv‡K GKmgq ïaygvÎ D”P Av‡qi †`k¸‡jvi mgm¨v wn‡m‡e aiv nZ| wKš‘ mf¨Zvi AMÖMwZi mv‡_ mv‡_ ga¨ Avq I wb¤œ Av‡qi †`‡ki gvby‡li gv‡S GB mgm¨v μ‡gB e„w× cv‡”Q| kniv‡j Gi cÖfve GKUz †ewk †`Lv hvq| IRb e„wׇK `ywU fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| cÖ_gZ AwZwi³ IRb Ges wØZxqZ ¯’’~jZv| Body Mass Index (BMI) wbY©‡qi gva¨‡g GKRb gvbyl‡K GB †kÖwYwefv‡M †djv hvq| BMI †¯‹‡j hv‡`i gvb 25 †_‡K 30 Gi gv‡S Zv‡`i ÒAwZwi³ IRbÓ kvLvq †djv nq Avi hv‡`i BMI 30 Gi †ekx Zv‡`i‡K Ò¯’‚jÓ wefv‡M †djv nq| BMI wbY©‡qi Dcvq nj kix‡ii IRb‡K (Kg GK‡K) D”PZvi (Meter GK‡K) eM© w`‡q fvM Kiv| hw` GB Bb‡W· 18.5 †_‡K 25 Gi gv‡S _v‡K Zvn‡j Zv‡K ¯^vfvweK IRb wn‡m‡e aiv nq| Z‡e 18.5 Gi wb‡P †b‡g †M‡j Zv ÒKg IRbÓ †kÖwY wn‡m‡e aiv nq| Avgiv Lye mn‡RB wb‡R‡`i IRb I D”PZv wbY©q K‡i Rv‡b wb‡Z cvwi Avgv‡`i IRb †Kvb †kÖwYi AšÍfz©³| wek¦¯^v¯’¨ ms¯’vi Z_¨g‡Z, eZ©gv‡b cÖwZ wZbRb cÖvß eq¯‹ gvby‡li gv‡S GKRb gvbyl ÒAwZwi³ IRbÓ mgm¨vq f‚M‡Qb| Ab¨w`‡K cÖwZ 10 Rb gvby‡li gv‡S GKRb gvbyl Ò¯’‚jZviÓ mgm¨vq f‚M‡Qb| GQvovI cuvP eQ‡ii Kg eqm Ggb wkï‡`i gv‡S hviv AwZwi³ IR‡bi AwaKvix Zv‡`i msL¨v 20 wgwjqb|

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Avgv‡`i †R‡b ivLv `iKvi †h AwZwi³ IRb ev ¯’‚jZvi Kvi‡Y nvU© GUv±, †÷ªvK, Wvqv‡ewUK, Aw÷I Av_©ªvBwUm mn wewfbœ ai‡bi KvÝvi nIqvi I AvksKv _v‡K| A_P Avgiv GB gvivZ¥K mgm¨v wb‡q †gv‡UB wPwšÍZ bB| hLb Avgv‡`i IRb e„w× †c‡Z _v‡K ZLb Zv wbqš¿‡Yi †Póv Kwi bv| wKš‘ GK mgq hLb Zv cÖKU AvKvi aviY K‡i ZLb Zv ¯^v¯’¨ mgm¨v wn‡m‡e cÖKvk cvq| 3.9.2 ¯’~j ’ Zvi Kvi‡Y (Resume of Obesity) Awbqwš¿Z Lv`¨MÖnY: Pwe© mg„× Lv`¨ †ewk cwigv‡b MÖnb, AwZgvÎvq wPwbhy³ Lv`¨ MÖnb Kiv BZ¨vw` ¯’‚jZvi Ab¨Zg KviY| †ewk LvIqv QvovI AviI wKQz e¨vcvi Av‡Q hv Avgv‡`i mv‡_ kÎæZv K‡i IRb wbqš¿‡b Avbvi †ÿÎ| †hgbÑ

d¨vU †mj: GUv Avgv‡`i mK‡ji kix‡iB M‡o 30-40 wgwjqb _v‡K, hviv ¯’‚j Zv‡`i _v‡K ¯^vfvwe‡Ki †P‡q wZb¸b †ekx| Avi G¸‡jvi G‡KKUvi mvBRI _v‡K ¯^vfvweK gvby‡li d¨vU †m‡ji †P‡q `yB †_‡K wZb¸b eo| gRvi e¨vcvi nj d¨vU †mj aŸsm nq bv| Wv‡qwUs Ki‡j Giv mvB‡R †QvU n‡q hv‡e wKš‘ aŸsm n‡e bv| AviI Lvivc msev` nj GB †mj¸‡jv Avcwb Wv‡qwUs ïiæ Ki‡jB AbeiZ Avcbvi †eª‡b LvB LvB UvB‡ci †g‡mR cvVv‡Z _v‡K| GB Rb¨B Wv‡qwUs ïiæ Ki‡jB ïay ÿzav jv‡M| wbw`©ó IRb : Avgv‡`i kixi GKUv wcÖwWUvigvBÛ IRb wVK K‡i iv‡L| GB wbw`©ó IRbUv Kvi KZ n‡e †mUv wbf©i K‡i †h mKj wel‡qi Dci Zvi GKUv nj eskMZ, Av‡iKUv nj kix‡ii wecvKxq nvi (Body Metabolic Rate)| kvixwiK ZvcgvÎv wbqš¿‡Y ivLvi Rb¨ Avgv‡`i Avf¨šÍixb K¨v‡jvwii `yB Z…Zxqvsk LiP nq kix‡ii ZvcgvÎv 9.8 wWwMÖ Gi Av‡k cv‡k ivL‡Z| wKQz gvby‡li GB cÖwμqvq †ekx K¨v‡jvwi LiP nq Avevi KviI Kg nq| hv‡`i †ewk LiP nq A_©vr hv‡`i wecvKxq nvi †ewk Zv‡`i‡KB Avgiv †`wL wKš‘ †mB Abyhvqx †gvUv nq bv Avi hv‡`i wecvKxq nvi Kg Zviv Aí †L‡jB †gvUv n‡q hvq| 3.9.3 cÖwZ‡iva (Prevention) AwZwi³ IRb I ¯’‚ j Zv GKwU cÖ w Z‡iva‡hvM¨ ¯^v ¯’ ¨mgm¨v| Wv‡qwUs, cwigvY gZ I myl g K¨v‡jvwi MÖ n Y Ges Ab¨w`‡K †mB K¨v‡jvwi Li‡Pi gva¨‡gB GB ¯^v¯’¨mgm¨vi cÖw ZKvi m¤¢e | Wv‡qwUs: Wv‡qwUs Avi IRb Avevi Av‡Mi ev Zvi †P‡q †ekx K‡i †djv Lye Kgb GKUv e¨vcvi| Gi bvg nj ÔB‡qv B‡qv wmb‡WªvgÕ| Gi cÖavb KviY nj wewÄs ev GK mv‡_ cÖPzi Lvevi †L‡q †djv| †`Lv †M‡Q wewÄs Gi Af¨vm bb Wv‡qUvi‡`i †P‡q Wv‡qUvi‡`i †ekx| A‡bKÿb bv †L‡q †_‡K Wv‡qUviiv hLb †L‡Z e‡m GK mv‡_ A‡bK †L‡q †d‡j| GB Wv‡qU Zvici wewÄs Zvici Avevi Wv‡qU GB PμUvB me‡P‡q ÿwZKviK| Wv‡qwUs Gi mgq Av‡iKUv e¨vcvi †Lqvj Ki‡Z n‡e Zv nj Avcbvi IRb †hb Lye Kg mg‡q Lye †ekx IVv bvgv bv K‡i, KviY kix‡ii IRb Lye †ewk IVv bvgv Ki‡j Body Metabolic Rate K‡g hvq|

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Avi Body Metabolic Rate K‡g †M‡j IRb Kgv‡bv Lye KwVb GKUv e¨vcvi| Zvi gv‡b nj †h me Lvevi †L‡j ev †hfv‡e Lvevi †L‡j IRb `ªæZ K‡g hvq †mUv cwinvi K‡i IRb Kgv‡Z n‡e `xN© mgq a‡i Ges GUv‡K `xN© mgq a‡i ivL‡Z n‡e| Lv`¨ MÖn‡Y m‡PZbZv :Lvevi MÖn‡Yi †ÿ‡Î wb¤œwjwLZ mycvwik¸‡jv jÿ¨ ivLv DwPZ:  cwiwgZ I mylg Lv`¨ MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g ¯^v¯’¨Ki IRb AR©b Kiv|  Pwe© mg„× Lvevi Kg MÖnY| Pwe© RvZxq Lv`¨ MÖn‡Yi †ÿ‡Î Saturated Fat cwinvi K‡i Unsatured Fat MÖn‡Yi †Póv Kiv|  †ewk gvÎvq dj, mewR, g~j RvZxq Lvevi, `vbv`vi km¨ Ges ev`vg MÖnY Kiv|  AwZgvÎvq wPwbhy³ Lvevi cwinvi|  Lv‡`¨ evowZ jeY bv wb‡q, wbw`©ó gvÎvq mKj ai‡bi Lv`¨ Drm †_‡K jeY MÖnY Kiv| Av‡qvwWb hy³ jeY MÖnY Kiv|

kvwiixK mwμqZvt kix‡i mwÂZ K¨v‡jvwi Li‡Pi me‡P mnR Dcvq nj kvixwiK mwμqZv ev cwikÖg| kvixwiK mwμqZv nj kix‡ii wewfbœ †ckx mÂvjb Gi gva¨‡g KvR Kiv| hvi d‡j kw³ Li‡Pi cÖ‡qvRb nq| hvwš¿K mf¨Zvi weKv‡ki mv‡_ mv‡_ Avgiv we‡kl K‡i hviv kniv‡j evm Kwi Zviv ax‡i ax‡i Kg kvixwiK cwikÖ‡gi w`‡K Szu‡K hvw”Q| `xN© mg‡q †Pqvi- †Uwe‡j e‡m KvR, Kw¤úDUvi ev †Uwjwfk‡bi cÖwZ Avmw³, AcÖ‡qvR‡b hvbevnb e¨envi Kiv Ges Kg©‡ÿ‡Î h‡š¿i e¨envi Avgv‡`i kix‡i mwÂZ K¨v‡jvwii Li‡Pi nvi Kwg‡q w`‡”Q| djkÖwZ‡Z Avgiv hv Lvw”Q Zvi AwaKvsk Ask Ae¨veüZ †_‡K hv‡”Q| hv c‡i †g` AvKv‡i mwÂZ n‡q Avgv‡`i kix‡ii IRb e„w× Ki‡Q| e¨vqvg K¨v‡jvwi LiP Kivi cvkvcvwk Av‡iKUv KvR K‡i Zv nj Body Metabolic Rate evov‡bv| Gi d‡j kix‡ii wcÖwWUvigvBÛ IR‡bi gvÎvUvI †b‡g Av‡m| kvwiixK mwμqZv n‡Z cv‡i †Ljva~jv, KvRKg©, nvuUv, M„n¯’vjx KvR, e¨vqvg ev we‡bv`bg~jK KvR †hLv‡b cwikÖg nq| Aerobix/ A¨v‡ivwe· Ges Strenthening GB `yB cÖKvi e¨vqvg IRb Kgv‡bvi Rb¨ mnvqK| nuvUv, RwMs, †`Šov‡bv, evBmvB‡Kj Pvjv‡bv, `wo jvd, wmuwo w`‡q IVv, †ivwqs †gwkb Pvj‡bv, bvP, wKsev muvZvi KvUv nj wewfbœ ai‡bi A¨v‡ivwe· e¨vqvg| wd« I‡qUm, Bjvw÷K e¨vÛ I wUDe, †gwkb, I‡qU evi w`‡q gvsk †cwki kw³ e„w×i D‡Ï‡k¨ †h e¨vqvg Kiv nq Zv nj Strenthening Exercise . G ai‡bi e¨vqvg †ckxkw³ e„w× Kivi cvkvcvwk kix‡ii Pwe© `~i Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| me‡k‡l eje IRb wbqš¿‡Y ivL‡Z PvB‡j †Kvb mswÿß Ges Avivg`vqK c×wZ †bB| Avcbv‡K wKQzUv Nvg Siv‡Z n‡e, Lvevi `vev‡i GKUz wbqg gvb‡Z n‡e Ges g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, cwikÖ‡gi Afv‡e ¯’‚jZv ev‡o| wkÿv_x©i KvR: wkÿv_x©iv `ywU `‡j wef³ n‡q GKwU `j ¯’’~jZvi 10wU KviY, Ab¨ `jwU ¯’~jZv cÖwZ‡iv‡ai 10wU Dcvq wj‡L †kÖwYK‡ÿ Dc¯’vcb Ki‡e|

gvbe kvixiZË¡ : cwicvK I †kvlY

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 GB Aa¨v‡qi cÖavb kãwfwËK mvims‡ÿc  cwicvK : †h ‰Re ivmvqwbK (kvixi e„ Ë xq) cÖ w μqvq gvby ‡li †cŠwóKbvjxi †fZ‡i RwUj,

A`ªeYxq, A‡kvlYxq, Lv`¨ Dcv`vbmg~n wbw`©ó Dr†mPK Ges cÖ vYi‡mi Dcw¯’ wZ‡Z Av`ª© we‡køwlZ n‡q †kvlY‡hvM¨ Ges `ªeYxq, mij Lv`¨mv‡i cwiYZ nq, Zv‡K cwicvK cÖ wμqv     

(Digestion) e‡j| cwicvKMÖwš’ : †cŠwóKbvjxi Av‡kcv‡k Aew¯’Z †h me MÖwš’ Zv‡`i wbtm„Z im †cŠwóKbvjxi †Kvb wbw`©ó As‡k †cÖiY K‡i cÖZ¨ÿ ev c‡ivÿfv‡e cwicv‡K AskMÖnY K‡i, Zv‡`i cwicvK MÖwš’ e‡j| ewntÿiv MÖwš’ : †h me MÖwš’ Zv‡`i wbtm„Z ivmvqwbK im bvwjKvi gva¨v‡g Drcw˯’‡j ev Drcw˯’‡ji A`~‡i enb K‡i, †m me MÖwš’‡K ewntÿiv MÖwš’ e‡j| M¨vw÷ªK Rym : cwicvK bvjx I cwicvK MÖwš’ wbtm„Z GbRvBg I ivmvqwbK c`v_©‡K GK‡Î ÔM¨vw÷ªK RymÕ ejv nq| †kvlY : cwicv‡Ki ci Lv`¨e¯‘ †h cÖwμqvq cwicvKbvjx †_‡K i³ cÖev‡n cÖ‡ek K‡i Zv‡K Lv‡`¨i †kvlY e‡j| ¯’‚jZv : kix‡ii gvÎvwZwi³ †g` ev Pwe© Rgvi Kvi‡Y IRb e„w× nIqv‡KB ¯’’~jZv ev AwZwi³ IRb ejv n‡q _v‡K|

Abykxjbx m„Rbkxj cÖkœ: GKRb wkÿv_x© gvby‡li GKwU †cŠwóKZ‡š¿i g‡Wj wPÎ ch©‡eÿYKv‡j jÿ Kij gyLgÛ‡ji wfbœ wfbœ ¯’v‡b wZb †Rvov MÖwš’ i‡q‡Q| hviv e¨vK‡Uwiqv aŸsmKvix Dcv`vb ÿiY K‡i| AZtci †m wWI‡Wbvg A‡j mshy³ cvZvm`„k GKwU MVb †`L‡Z †cj| K. wμÞ Ae wjeviKz¨b Kx? 1 L. cvKv¯’jx wb‡R nRg nq bv †Kb? 2 M. DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ cvZvm`„k MVbwUi †cÖvwUb cwicvK mswkøó Kg©KvÐ e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 N. †`LvI †h, wkÿv_x©i jÿ Kiv gyLgÛ‡ji DwjøwLZ MÖwš’¸‡jvi Ae¯’vb wfbœZv _vK‡jI cwicv‡K G‡`i Kvh©Kjvc Awfbœ| 4 eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ 1| jvB‡mvRvBg ÿwiZ nq †Kv_v n‡Z? K. AMœ¨vkq M. jvjvMÖwš’

L. cvK¯’jx N. wWI‡Wbvg

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2| †KvbwU‡K wgkÖ MÖwš’ ejv nq?

K. hK…Z M. wcUzBUvwi 3| AMœ¨vkq †_‡K ÿwiZ nqÑ i. Bbmywjb ii. MøyKvMb iii. A¨vwWªbvwjb wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?

L. AMœ¨vkq N. c¨viv_vBi‡qW

K. i I ii

L. ii I iii

M. i I iii N. i, ii I iii wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ¨ Ki Ges 4 I 5 cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI: A B

4| A Ask †_‡K wbtm„Z nq?

K. A¨vgvB‡jR M. wR‡jwU‡bR

L. †Kv‡j÷ij G÷v‡iR N. dm‡dvjvB‡cR

5| B As‡k †kvwlZ nqÑ i. Møy‡KvR ii. d¨vwU A¨vwmW iii. A¨vwg‡bv A¨vwmW wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K. i I ii

L. ii I iii

M. i I iii

N. i, ii I iii