The Street As Urban Room: Supporting Social and Environmental Sustainability
THE STREET AS URBAN ROOM
SUPPORTING SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
AR50007|MArch and UP Research Project UoD ID: 190003041
Yixuan LI
AR50007 MArch with UP Research Project
Author
Yixuan LI
Carol Robertson
MArch with Urban Planning
University of Dundee
April 2024
Word Count: 5234 (Excl. Tables and Figures)
Tutor
"Without cities there is no civilisation."
"Without neighbourhoods there is no city."
"Without public realm there is no neighbourhood."
—— Ed Bacon
——Jane Jacobs
——Author's own
Quotations
Fig.2
Dundee City Centre
Fig.3 Dundee Map + Stallan-Brand Quotation
"Today, the ring road tends to prioritise vehicular movement at the expense of pedestrian connectivity in and out of the city centre. Pedestrian footways are often narrow with crossing points that do not align with key desire lines. The result is a sense of severance, limiting the ability of areas on the periphery of the City Centre to contribute to its character and identity."
---
Stallan-Brand,
2022
Foreword- Group Context
As a precursor to the individual design research projects, the MArch + Urban Planning unit decided upon an overarching theme that would coincide with our focus on Urban Rooms. An Urban Room is a concept developed by Sir Terry Farrell, defining it as a space that incorporates exhibition, education and community allowing for the future improvement of a city (Farrell, n.d.). From this, an analysis of the history and forms of an Urban Room was undertaken to understand how they function, as well as their scale, location, method of funding and typology.
This work sought to act as a baseline for our design research projects, allowing us to produce a cohesive future strategy for Dundee’s City Centre. ‘The Patchwork City’ seeks to encapsulate the existing character of Dundee as a former textiles powerhouse, allowing for our proposed interventions to act as an ode to its past, offering what we interpret as necessary interpositions, utilising the four pillars of social value: community, sustainability, wellbeing, and diversity. The strategy seeks to treat the city as a metaphorical quilt, mending the urban fabric with darns, patches and stitches, applying appropriate interventions to ensure the betterment of the city centre’s continuing development.
Darning
The activity of mending a hole in the city’s fabric through light, tactical intervention.
Patching
The mending of the city’s fabric with a patch, strengthening the urban realm through heavy intervention.
Stitching
The action of threading a needle and thread through the city’s fabric, to rejoin or reconnect.
'The Street as Urban Room' acts as a 'stitch' within 'The Patchwork City', transforming the new High Street—comprising Nethergate, High Street, and Seagate—into a people-centric street. This initiative aims to reunite the city by enhancing the public realm, thereby fostering social participation and well-being.
THE PATCHWORK CITY MArch UP +
Fig.4
Abstract
“Cities need social infrastructure.” (Latham and Layton, 2019) Cities need places like libraries, museums, galleries, plazas even pavements not only for functional purposes but also as places for people to socialise and engage with each other. They are important in creating the public realm, the core space in which people participate in the urban environment. Moreover, the participation could stimulate the local economy, production, well-being and sense of community. Social infrastructure “shapes our behaviour in ways we’ve failed to recognise; it helps make us who we are and determines how we live.” (Klinenberg, 2018)
The impact of COVID-19 accelerated the transition to work from home and contributed to the decline of the local economy and production; Dundee is no exception. The city centre has undergone negative changes, such as store closure, insufficient infrastructure, and inadequate maintenance, all of which affect the way people use their city. Those problems seem still unsolved in the post-COVID period, people have lost some of their passion or destinations for going to the city centre and are more focused on online shopping or setting their sights on Dundee’s retail parks. This presents the city centre as a failure with the "real" social infrastructure and social participation. Each ward needs to be aware of and develop more social infrastructure to support increased demand in the post-pandemic period. By doing so the research theme focuses primarily on redeveloping the city centre street network to become more people-centric to promote social participation, support wellbeing and environmental sustainability.
“People reduce the time they spend in public settings and hunker down in their safe houses. Social networks weaken. Crime rises. Older and sick people grow isolated. Younger people get addicted to drugs and become more vulnerable to lethal overdose. Distrust rises and civic participation wanes.” (Klinenberg, 2018)
Proposing enhancements to develop the public realm as part of a comprehensive urban strategy presents a fresh perspective on cities' vitality and social cohesion. This design research project delves into the relationship between streets (public realm) and social participation, with a specific focus on the spaces and methods available to unite people in influencing the development of their city and fostering positive change in their neighbourhoods. This project is supported by a combination of theories, Dundee analysis and case studies with reflection on the nation and council's documents to address key questions. Looking ahead, if the new order of streets can adapt to the diverse needs and desires of its citizens, cities can become more inclusive, which will encourage people to prioritise face-to-face interactions and relish the benefits of their social well-being again.
Fig.5 Dundee City Centre_Graffiti Wall
Fig.5 Dundee City Centre_Graffiti Wall
Fig.6 Dundee Photography Collage
Foreword - Group Context
Abstract
1.0 Introduction
- 1.1 Importance of Social Infrastructure
- 1.2 COVID Impacts
- 1.3Thesis Purpose
- 1.4 Research Methods and Focus
2.0 City Centre Background Study
- 2.1 History Timeline - 20th Century
- 2.2 Dundee City Centre and High Street Study
- 2.3 Potential for the High Street Development
3.0 Literature Study
- 3.1 Soft City
- 3.2 Palaces for the People
- 3.3 The Room, the Street, and Human Agreement
4.0 Project Objectives
- 4.1 Key Objectives
- 4.2 Objective 1: Active Travel with Sustainable Transport
- 4.3 Objective 2: Green Infrastructure and Biodiversity - 4.4 Objective 3: Connectivity to the Local Identity 5.0 Design Principles
PART B: PROJECT METHODOLOGY + PART C DESGIN PROPOSAL
MACRO & MICRO STUDIES, DESIGN PROPOSAL AND CONCLUSION
PART B: PROJECT METHODOLOGY
6.0 Macro Studies
- 6.1 Field Research Studies (Copenhagen, Amsterdam, Sheffield)
- 6.2 Selected Case Studies
- 6.2.1 SuperKilen - Copenhagen - 6.2.2 Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal - Amsterdam - 6.2.3 Grey to Green Phase 1&2 - Sheffield
7.0 Micro Studies
- 7.1 Urban Room Participatory Exhibition Research Study (Exhibition Purposes, Analysis of Exhibtion Data and Reflection of Dundee Walking and Cycling Index 2023)
PART C: THE STREET AS URBAN ROOM
8.0 A Future Vision of Streets in the Dundee City Centre
9.0 Site Appraisal
10.0 Design Key Moves and Proposal
11.0 Conclusion
A
PROJECT BACKGROUND & FOCUS
Fig.7 Dundee City Centre_Union Street Innovation
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Importance of Social Infrastructure
Cities require robust social infrastructure, encompassing spaces like libraries, museums, and plazas, not only for their practical functions but also as vital hubs for social interaction. Indeed, these spaces could shape behaviour and contribute to the relationship between the public realm and civic engagement especially from the social participation in the urban environment. As Sim (2019) asserts "More than anything, the human environment is about relationships: relationships between people and planet, relationships between people and place, and relationships between people and people.” Furthermore, as highlighted by Klinenberg (2018), neglecting social infrastructure can lead to a failure to "promote civic engagement and social interaction, both within communities and across group lines."
1.2 COVID Impact
The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly altered our relationship with towns and cities, reshaping dynamics within these areas. The UK Parliament has concentrated on the longterm impact, particularly in "housing and green spaces, the changing nature of employment and public transport, and the resulting impact on inequality" aspects (UK Parliament, n.d.). Similarly, Centreforcities (2021) has posited that the pandemic also has implications for the economy, work, social life, infrastructure, planning, and design. Dundee is no exception, the impact has been notably felt in the city centre, such as store closures, diminished footfall, and inadequate infrastructure maintenance.
These issues persist in the post-COVID period. Furthermore, due to pandemic-related reasons, the public now tends to lean towards online shopping rather than in-store shopping (National Statistics, 2022). This underscores the city centre's struggle as a deficiency in "real" social infrastructure and civic engagement, necessitating heightened awareness and the development of additional social infrastructure to accommodate the increased demand in the post-pandemic era.
1.3 Project Purpose
Acknowledging the imperative for a holistic urban strategy, this research seeks to tackle the challenges faced by Dundee's city centre through a focus on reclaiming and redeveloping the street network. Sim (2019) articulated that, "The street is perhaps the most significant public space ... often makes up 30% of the open space in a town and city." To address these challenges, the research theme particularly focuses on the redevelopment of the city centre street network, aiming to transform it into a more pedestrianised system and people-centric spaces that foster civic interactions and local well-being.
1.4 Research Methods and Focus
This research project endeavours to delve into the intricate relationship between the street, the public realm, and social participation. Through an examination of critical theories presented in Eric Klinenberg's "Palaces for People," David Sim's "Soft City," and Louis Kahn’s theory ‘The Room, the Street and Human Agreement’ it draws insights from the profession of architecture and urban design. Additionally, a comprehensive analysis of Dundee is conducted and compared with three selected cities’ public realm, policies and development plans to establish a framework for the future of Dundee.
This project aims to explore:
Can the street be designed as an urban room to support social and environmental sustainability?
- what is the relationship between people and the street?
- how can the street be designed to promote social interaction and respond to the climate?
Fig.8 Dundee City Centre
2.0 City Centre Background Study
2.1 History Timeline - 20th Century (Fig.9)
(The arrows below the images indicate the location of High Street)
Menzies and Sons demoli�on 1957
Murrayfield Real Estate was offered to redevelop the Overgate 1959
Dundee city square’s buildings were officially opened 1933
The Square roadway connected to High street
Overgate shopping centre was construc�ng from 1961
Aerial View of Dudnee 1935
↑ The Overgate
The roadway from the city square was removed in the 1980's and trees, fountains, new paving, and street furniture to complement the buildings' metalwork were installed.
street quality was improved around 1968
Overgate shopping centre was demolished and redeveloped from 1998
Redeveloped Overgate shopping centre was completed in 2000
2.2 Dundee City Centre and High Street Study
Dundee City Centre serves as a pivotal hub, connecting to higher population density areas (Digimap, 2023) in the west, which link to the University of Dundee Campus and the Blackness industrial area, and to the north, connecting to Hilltown. Additionally, the city centre is strategically linked to the waterfront and dock area, acting as the gateway to Dundee which faces the river Tay.
Furthermore, Dundee High Street, situated in the heart of Dundee City Centre, boasts a rich historical background intertwined with its modern-day significance. Positioned strategically, the street serves as a central street connecting various key landmarks, including the iconic St Paul's Episcopal Cathedral, the historic City Square and Caird Hall. Its proximity to prominent cultural institutions such as the V&A Dundee, and the McManus Museum and Gallery enhances the attraction for locals and tourists.
Moreover, the implementation of the Low Emission Zone in the city centre, in May 2024 underscores Dundee's commitment to sustainability and environmental consciousness and the ambition to reach Net Zero emissions by 2045 (Dundee City Council, 2022), fostering cleaner air and a healthier urban environment.
Conducting a SWOT analysis of Dundee City Centre reveals its strengths in cultural heritage and strategic location while acknowledging weaknesses in social and natural infrastructure and active travel. Opportunities lie in the further development of people-centric infrastructures and places that could highly attract local, tourism and business sectors, while threats for the current city centre even Dundee city include economic fluctuations and urban decay, especially from the declined population, store closure, and insufficient and poorly maintained infrastructure (Dundee City Council Area Profile, 2022), (Total Population, 2024), (The Courier, 2023). Moreover, to understand the urban environment and social interaction, a comparative analysis of the city
centre (Fig. 11) was conducted using the Place Standard tool.
2.3 Potential for the High Street Development
As previously mentioned, Dundee High Street is strategically located, occupying the largest area (Around 5585m2, 9.9% of the total street area in Dundee City Centre) and boasting greater pedestrian-friendliness than other streets in the Dundee city centre area. To fully utilise its strategic position, there is potential to enhance its connectivity on both ends, creating a linear, continuous street that cultivates an attractive and diverse public realm. This would span from commercial areas (Nethergate) to social and leisure spaces (High Street), and extend to mixeduse residential zones (Seagate) (Fig. 10).
Additionally, the Dundee Strategic Investment Plan 2050 supports the feasibility of this potential through four of its five thematic areas: living, visiting, connectivity, and public realm. This development could also foster a more inclusive and thriving neighbourhood by linking projects such as Union Street, and East Port Residential development and the Keiller Court from the investment plan. These initiatives are aligned with the plan's goals and could significantly enhance the urban fabric of Dundee.
East Port Residen�al Area
Keiller Court
Nethergate (Next to Overgate Shopping Centre and St. Mary’s Church)
High Street (Next to City Square) Seagate (Mixed-use Residen�al Area)
Union Street (Transforma�ve Design Street)
Fig.11 Place Standard comparative analysis
Dundee Place Standard- LDP
Dundee City Centre Place Standard- Personal Participation
Fig.10 Potential map
3.0 Literature Study
"While
the connections of people to nature and people to place are important, I believe the connection of people to other people is the most important. Before we decide what to build, we need to decide how we want to live our lives and what sort of world we want to live in."
--- David Sim, 2019
3.1 Soft City: Building Density for Everyday Life
Sim introduces the 'soft city' theory, which contrasts with the traditional 'hard city' concept characterized by rigid structures. Soft cities are adaptable environments shaped by human interactions, responsive to changing needs, and emphasizing flexibility and resilience in urban planning. The theory promotes inclusive design to accommodate diverse social identities, exploring sensory aspects, spatial awareness, and community connections, and addressing urban challenges. Sim highlights both tangible (physical infrastructure, buildings, and streets) and intangible (legislation, finance, culture) that shape urban experience. Overall, the theory promotes liveability, sustainability and resilient concepts, followed by his summarised Nine-Criteria (Fig. 13).
Moreover, Sim argued that to address global urban challenges, designers must think smaller, focusing on human-scale solutions; think lower, people need accessible spaces where everyone can connect; think slower, slowing down our planning processes to include everyone's voices; think simpler, amidst complex technologies, simplicity is key. By embracing these principles, to create more sustainable environments, taking a softer approach overall (Think softer, n.d.) (Author's own, 2024).
Fig.12 Sim_Quotation
Fig.13 Soft City Nine Criteria (Sim, 2019)
"What we need, now more than ever, is an inclusive conversation about the kinds of infrastructure—physical as well as social—that would best serve, sustain, and protect us."
--- Eric Klinenberg, 2018
Fig.14 Klinenberg_Quotation
3.2 Palace for the People: How To Build a More Equal and United Society
"Palaces for the People," a concept initially coined by Andrew Carnegie, is explored by Eric Klinenberg to underscore the significance of social infrastructure in nurturing a fairer and more cohesive society. He advocates for investment in social infrastructure like libraries, parks, and community centres, asserting that they enhance social connections, fortify communities, and address issues like inequality and polarisation. Drawing on extensive research and case studies, he illustrates how such spaces bolster public health, economic development, and resilience during crises. Klinenberg emphasises the role of inclusive public spaces in promoting social justice and strengthening societal bonds, urging city developers and citizens to prioritise their creation and maintenance. By acknowledging the value of social infrastructure and investing in welldesigned public spaces, he contends that societies can foster environments where all individuals can flourish and contribute to the 'common good'.
Fig.15 Palace for the People_A Place to Gather
"Human Agreement is a sense of rapport, of commonness, all bells ringing in unison – not needing to be understood by example but felt as an undeniable inner demand for a presence. It is an inspiration with the promise of the possible."
--- Louis I. Kahn, 1971
3.3 The Room, the Street, and Human Agreement
Louis Kahn Stated the significance of streets as communal spaces embodying human agreement and shared responsibility. He advocates for modern city planning to reclaim streets as shared living areas through measures like tree planting and redefining movement order. “Human agreement”, essential for fostering rapport and innovation, influences a city's institutions and demands a renewed sense of inspiration in planning to unlock new possibilities. Furthermore, Kahn emphasises the importance of creating spaces that affirm a way of life and promote human support, advocating for inspired technology and a deeper sense of human agreement in design.
Fig.16 Kahn_Quotation
"The City from a simple settlement became the place of the assembled Institutions. Before the institution was natural agreement. The constant play of circumstances, from moment to moment unpredictable distort inspiring beginnings of natural agreement. The measure of the greatness of a place to live must come from the character of its institutions sanctioned thru how sensitive they are to renewed and Desire for new Agreement."
"The Street is a Room by agreement a community room. The walls of wich belong to the donors. It's ceiling is the sky."
"Architecture comes from The Making of a Room. The plan - a variety of room is a place good to live work learn. Agreat american poet once asked the architect what slice of the sun does your building have. The Room is the place of the mind. In a small room one does not say what one would in a large room in a room with only one other person could be generative the vector of each meet. A room is not a room without natural light."
Kahn's Drawing and Hand-Writings (Kahn, 1971)
Fig.17
4.0 Project Objectives
4.1 Key Objectives
Developing the street scheme necessitates a thorough understanding of planning documents at both national and city levels. The National Planning Framework 4 (NPF4) in Scotland prioritises sustainable, liveable, and productive development (Fig. 18). Hence, establishing clear project objective aligned with relevant national policies from NPF4 is the priority (Fig. 19) followed in-depth consideration of the local development plan and strategy for each key objective. This approach could positively affect the city's development and tackle the local inhabitants' needs.
The design research aims to transform Dundee City Centre into a resilient and thriving neighbourhood, primarily focusing on the continuous linear site – New High Street , including Nethergate (City Centre Part), High Street and Seagate with outlined three key objectives:
1. Active Travel with Sustainable Transport
Implement sustainable networks through reclaimed streets, promoting people-centred active travel and efficient public transport initiatives in the city centre.
2. Green Infrastructure and Biodiversity
Enhancement of biodiversity and green infrastructure throughout the city centre.
3. Connectivity to the Local Identity
Creation of public spaces with public art that are well-connected to the surroundings and reflect the identity of UNESCO City of Design.
Sustainable Places
It mentioned 'A Just Transition' which ensures everyone benefits as the country moves towards a net-zero emissions society and revitalizes nature. This includes promoting a circular economy by minimizing waste and maximizing resource use.
Liveable places
It aims to create vibrant communities: Planning future environments that enhance local living and foster inclusive, empowered, resilient, and safe communities.
Productive places
It presents Balanced Development that encourages investment in areas that need it most by leveraging the economic strengths and opportunities of different regions across Scotland.
Fig.18 National Planning Framework 4 (NPF4) Focus
Relevant NPF4 Policies
Climate mitigation and adaptation
Policy 2b: “Development proposals will be sited and designed to adapt to current and future risks from climate change.”
Biodiversity
Policy 3a: “Development proposals will contribute to the enhancement of biodiversity, including... strengthening nature networks and... proposals should also integrate nature-based solutions, where possible.” Policy 3b (iv): “significant biodiversity enhancements are provided, in addition to any proposed mitigation. This should include nature networks, linking to and strengthening habitat connectivity within and beyond the development.” Policy 3b (v): ”local community benefits of the biodiversity and/or nature networks have been considered.”
Forestry, woodland and trees
Policy 6a: “Development proposals that enhance, expand and improve woodland and tree cover will be supported.”
Sustainable transport
Policy 13a: “Proposals to improve, enhance or provide active travel infrastructure, public transport infrastructure or multi-modal hubs will be supported.” Policy 13b: “Development proposals will be supported...: i. provide direct, easy, segregated and safe links to local facilities via walking, wheeling and cycling networks before occupation; ii. accessible by public transport, ideally supporting the use of existing services; iii. Integrate transport modes; v. Supply safe, secure and convenient cycle parking to meet the needs of users.” Policy 13e: “Development proposals which are ambitious in terms of low/no car parking will be supported, particularly in urban locations that are well-served by sustainable transport modes and where they do not create barriers to access by disabled people.”
Design, quality and place
Policy 14a: “Development proposals will be designed to improve the quality of an area whether in urban or rural locations and regardless of scale.” Policy 14b: “Development proposals will be supported where they are consistent with the six qualities of successful places: healthy, pleasant, connected, distinctive, sustainable and adaptable.”
Blue and green infrastructure
Policy 20b: “Development proposals for or incorporating new or enhanced blue and/or green infrastructure will be supported. Where appropriate, this will be an integral element of the design that responds to local circumstances.”
Flood risk and water management
Policy 22c (ii): “Development proposals will manage all rain and surface water through SUDS, which should form part of and integrate with proposed and existing blue-green infrastructure.” Policy 22e: “Development proposals which create, expand or enhance opportunities for natural flood risk management, including blue and green infrastructure, will be supported.”
City, town, local and commercial centres
Policy 27a: “Development proposals that enhance and improve the vitality and viability of city centres, including proposals that increase the mix of uses, will be supported.”
Culture and creativity
Policy 31a: ”Development proposals that involve a significant change to existing, or the creation of new, public open spaces will make provision for public art. Public art proposals which reflect diversity, culture and creativity will be supported.”
(Scottish Government, 2023)
Project Key Objec�ves
Ac�ve Travel with Sustainable Transport
Green Infrastructure and Biodiversity
Connec�vity to the Local Iden�ty
4.2 Active Travel with Sustainable Transport
Dundee is an ideal city for walking and cycling due to its compact urban layout and supportive demographics for healthy, low-cost transport. Moreover, there is considerable public support for active travel initiatives within the city (Dundee City Council, 2021). However, vehicle-centric roads and streets dominate the spaces, particularly in the Dundee city centre area which is surrounded by the high-volume traffic ring road with at least four lanes up to six lanes of traffic. Similarly, the streets in the city centre normally account for 2-3 lanes of traffic with even extra space for onstreet parking. The map (Figure 21) presents a depressing phenomenon of land use for vehicles that becomes a significant barrier to implementing active travel routes. Indeed, a typical example is the Dundee Active Freeway project by SWECO (A design, engineering, environment, and regulatory consultancy). Unfortunately, the implementation of the project's Perth Road section was deemed infeasible due to constraints related to on-street parking and road width (ArcGIS Story Maps, n.d.).
Research conducted by the Dundee City Council (DCC) reveals that in Dundee over half of all trips made are less than 2 kilometres in distance, a
range well-suited for walking or cycling. Despite hilly regions, the city's geography is predominantly flat, underscoring the feasibility of active travel. This is especially relevant considering that 48% of households do not own a car, and 50% of adults do not drive, making active travel and public transport essential for accessing daily necessities. The benefits of active travel modes extend beyond mere convenience; they offer significant physical and socio-economic benefits (Fig.20). For example, the reduction of traffic levels and improvements to the public realm in Kelso town centre resulted in a notable 28% increase in footfall. A similar initiative in London yielded an even more striking outcome, with a 96% increase in footfall postimprovement. Moreover, regular cycling has been associated with employees taking 1.3 fewer sick days annually and 73% of employees report increased productivity by cycling. These statistics illustrate that people are more likely to use the infrastructure when it becomes more peoplecentric. (Dundee City Council, 2021).
“People are taking notice of what’s around them now because they’re not watching for traffic.”
--- Lorraine Law (n.d.)
Fig.20 The Benefits of active travel diagram
Fig.21 Dundee City Centre map - Vehicle ways, on street parking and bus stops
Additionally, Colville-Andersen1 argued that “There always will be cars, of course, but the days of an automobile dictatorship are over in most cities. Dundee wouldn’t want to get left behind. Dundee should start improving by stopping before it’s gone too far. Cycling is the future." (The Courier, 2019).
Based on the evidence, he is right. during the COVID and post-COVID period, Dundee intended to improve the direct, safe, and attractive active travel ways across the city (Fig. 22).
Three principal types of routes:
- The primary network (Active Freeways). This will follow the main arterial corridors and form the spine of the active travel network.
- The secondary network. This will connect the primary network and local destinations.
- The tertiary network (Local access routes). This will provide a connection from residences to formalised active travel routes through streets with reduced speed limits and accessible footways.
Moreover, establishing sustainable modes of travel is essential for crafting a network that is both convenient and accessible. Specifically, the integration of active travel with public transport could offer "the optimum mode of sustainable transport over longer distances, providing accessibility, connectivity, and affordability to users" (Dundee City Council, 2024). In contrast to active travel, public transport nationwide faced a 'soft' challenge due to COVID-19, and lower passenger levels due to altering travel and work patterns. Despite Dundee not yet returning to prepandemic passenger levels, it is outperforming other communities, "boosted by increasing numbers of younger people travelling by bus" (Dundee City Council, 2024). The DCC's efforts include creating a ‘safe and sustainable transport’ policy in LDP, and the initiatives of developing bus priority corridors, improving accessible bus stops, and transitioning to zero or low-emission buses (Dundee City Council, 2019) (Fig.25).
Therefore, the design proposal aims to primarily reconsider Nethergate, High Street, and Seagate (New High Street) as a people-centric public space, demonstrating how Dundee City Centre can be transformed to better support active travel and an efficient, sustainable public transport network.
Furthermore, Dundee City Council has pledged to implement eight active travel projects within the coming decade, as part of its broader strategy to promote active travel. Improving active travel infrastructure is detailed in the Dundee Climate Action Plan 2019, specifically in sections T.1 and T.4, and is further supported by references in the Dundee Local Development Plan (LDP), sections 9.7 and 9.8. (Fig. 25) (Dundee City Council, 2019), (Sustainable Dundee, 2019).
1.Mr. Mikael Colville-Andersen is a prominent Copenhagen-based urban designer renowned globally for his expertise in revitalizing cities to prioritize walking and cycling-friendly environments.
Fig.23 Three Principal types of Dundee Active Travel Routes (DCC, 2024)
Fig.24 Sustainable Travel Hierarchy
Relevant LDP Policies and Climate Ac�on
Policy 54: Safe and Sustainable Transport
“All development proposals that generate travel should be designed to be well served by all modes of transport. In particular the sustainable modes of walking, cycling and public transport should be afforded priority and provide for easy access to local amenities, education facilities and other services. Development proposals will be required to:
1) minimise the need to travel by private car; 2) provide facilities on-site (and/or off-site through developer contributions or by direct delivery) for walking, cycling and public transport networks, including road/junction improvements and cycle parking. Developments without high quality, safe and convenient links to adjacent walking and cycling networks will not be supported; 3) incorporate measures to permit access to public transport networks within a walking distance of no more than 400 metres from all parts of the development; 4) have no detrimental effect on the capacity or safe functioning of the existing road or rail networks; 5) ensure that safe and adequate provision is made for road freight and waste access, loading and unloading; 6) comply with the National Roads Development Guide and any local variations within Dundee City Council’s roads design standards; and 7) be supported by a travel plan to mitigate transport impacts and improve the accessibility of developments where the council considers that the development will generate significant travel. Walking and cycling routes should be fully useable prior to the first occupation of a new development.”
Climate Action Transport T.1
“Implement the Dundee Cycling Strategy and Councils Active Travel programme in partnership with community groups, improving and increasing cycling paths and infrastructure across the city to reduce the modal share of car based transport.”
Climate Action Transport T.4
“Ensure safer streets that enable active travel in Dundee including assessing suitable locations for pedestrianisation, 20mph zones and off road/ segregated active travel networks.”
Climate Action Transport T.5
“Explore options for increasing deployment of low emission buses in Dundee, including hybrid and hydrogen buses.”
Dundee Ac�ve Travel Project (Iden�fied to be delivered within the next decade)
Project
Union Street Transforma�on (Dundee City Centre Area)
Magdalen Green Footbridge
St Leonards Park Improvements
East End Campus Ac�ve Travel Improvements
Western Gateway Ac�ve Travel Improvements
Ninewells Campus Ac�ve Travel Improvements
Primary Ac�ve Freeway Network
Broughty Ferry to Monifieth
Ac�ve Travel Improvements
(DCC,2019),(DCC, 2024)
Project Details
“Enhancement of the streetscape of Union Street to provide a more a�rac�ve place which is inclusive and will be enjoyed equitably by the people who live on, work in, and visit the street.”
“Replacement of the exis�ng footbridge with a new fully compliant pedestrian/cycle bridge that would improve accessibility and connec�vity from the Riverside Esplanade to the West End community.”
“In partnership with Sco�sh Water, SEPA and NatureScot deliver ac�ve travel improvements as part of a wider redevelopment of the park that includes a new surface water conveyance route to reduce flood risk, increased biodiversity through plan�ng and the crea�on of new play areas.”
“Improve the current ac�ve travel infrastructure that will facilitate Improvements walking, wheeling and cycling by local people travelling to and from the new school.”
“Provide new and improved ac�ve travel connec�ons to the Dykes of Gray area.”
“Improve ac�ve travel infrastructure within and adjacent to the Ninewells Improvements Hospital Campus.”
“Provide high-quality direct ac�ve travel infrastructure, segregated from traffic on the city's high demand strategic corridors.”
“Complete the city's first major segregated cycle route which runs from Broughty Ferry to Monifieth.”
Fig.25 Relevant LDP and Climate Action and Dundee Proposed Active Travel Projects
4.3 Green Infrastructure and Biodiversity
To transform Dundee City Centre into a resilient and thriving neighbourhood, the city's strategy could draw inspiration from the natural environment. As Sim suggests, "Urban form should accommodate natural life... and make greater biodiversity possible" (Sim, 2019). Indeed, street design should not only harmonize with the surrounding urban environment, incorporating active travel infrastructure and sustainable transport but also foster a connection between residents and nature. Notably, "Dundee City covers around 2600 acres of greenspace (41% of Dundee City area), which is the highest percentage of publicly accessible greenspace of any city in Scotland" (Dundee City Council,2020). Yet, in the compact Dundee city centre, green spaces appear scarce compared to the predominance of 'grey' urban elements. The greenspace only accounts for about 13 acres, 8.1% of the city centre area (Fig.26).
The Dundee Green Network emerged from a collaborative project between Dundee City Council and Scottish Natural Heritage(now
NatureScot), serving as a key inspiration for the 'Sustainable Natural & Built Environment' policy updated in the LDP. This masterplan aims to reforge connections between the city and the river Tay, with a particular focus on revitalizing the extensively invested waterfront area. Similarly, while the city centre is also encompassed within the Tay Corridor of the Green Network, it has not yet fully reaped the benefits of this development. Contrarily, the LDP's policies actively promote the preservation and enhancement of green infrastructure within urban development, highlighting a commitment to integrating natural elements into the city's fabric (Fig. 27).
The integration of green infrastructure in urban settings is broadly acknowledged as a key factor in developing areas that are economically efficient and support the well-being and happiness of individuals. As Stallan-Brand who created the Dundee city centre consultant masterplan stated, that is important in "making the city centre successful, vibrant, integrated, equitable and a healthy place for living, socialising, working,
Fig.26 Dundee Green Network with Research Data
visiting, playing and learning. It’s the urban glue which connects people with the place"(StallanBrand, 2022).
Furthermore, the city centre, proximity to the city's gateway, holds significant potential to draw more residents and visitors through enhanced green infrastructure. This could include street trees, urban gardens, and pocket greenspaces. Reimagining the city centre as a realm that is both friendly to active travel and integrated with nature offers an opportunity to dismantle the lifeless grey barriers imposed by current vehicle-centric infrastructure, transforming it into a vibrant and accessible space. Moreover, enhancing green infrastructure can bolster biodiversity and align with the principal themes of living, visiting connectivity, and the public realm as outlined in the Dundee Strategic Investment Plan 2050 (Dundee City Council, 2023).
"Today we can begin by planting trees on all existing residential streets, by redefining the order of movement which would give these streets back to more intimate use which in turn would stimulate the feelings of well-being and inspire unique street expression."
--- Louis I. Kahn 1971
In the face of the global climate crisis, green infrastructure is recognized as a strategic approach to enhance climate resilience, particularly through the adoption of Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SuDS). SuDS manages long-term flood risk and surface water drainage, a critical component of climate adaptation strategies. This approach is supported by R.1 in the Climate Action Plan and Policy 37 in the LDP, which engages with the relevant green infrastructure policies (Fig.27 ).
The proposal for the new High Street development is designed to reclaim areas that have been neglected and dominated by vehicle-centric infrastructure, emphasising a reintegration with nature. It aims to facilitate a seamless integration
with proposed active travel routes and sustainable transportation options. Through promoting green infrastructure, this initiative seeks to mend the urban fabric and renew the connection between people and the natural environment. Additionally, it responds to climate challenges by enhancing standard green infrastructure practices with SuDS, showcasing a comprehensive approach to urban redevelopment that prioritizes ecological balance and sustainability.
Relevant LDP Policies and Climate Ac�on
Policy 28: Protecting and Enhancing the Dundee Green Network
“Development proposals shall protect and enhance the Dundee Green Network by ensuring that development will not lead to the fragmentation of the existing network of green infrastructure. New development should contribute to the Dundee Green Network where appropriate and as determined by the Council, through the integration of green infrastructure in masterplans or development frameworks and the creation and/or improvement of green infrastructure within development sites or in the local area.”
Policy 29: Outdoor Access and the Dundee Green Network
“The Council will seek to safeguard, improve and extend the network of outdoor access routes, with particular emphasis on the Core Path network and routes identified in the Dundee Cycling Strategy which support the development of the Dundee Green Network.”
Policy 35: Trees and Urban Woodland
“The Council will support the establishment and enhancement of woodland, tree belts and corridors. New development must ensure the survival of woodland, hedgerows and individual trees, especially healthy mature trees, of nature conservation or landscape value through sensitive site layout both during and after construction.”
Policy 37: Sustainable Drainage Systems
“Surface water discharging to the water environment from new development must be treated by a SuDS... This incorporates an allowance for the effect of climate change. In addition, proposals will be encouraged to adopt an ecological approach to surface water management.”
Climate Action Resilience R.1
“Design a Dundee Surface Water Management Plan/ Tayside Integrated Catchment Study that considers measures to reduce flood risk and protect buildings, infrastructure and people from flooding and includes blue-green infrastructure across the city and/or retrofitting SUDS to store and manage surface water runoff. Ecological solutions will be used where possible e.g. dune replenishment as part of Dundee Coastal Flood Protection Scheme.”
Fig.27 Relevant LDP and Climate Action (DCC, 2019)
4.4 Connectivity to the Local Identity
Sim (2019) emphasises that spaces should not only aid in orientation and navigation but also foster a sense of identity. Dundee's designation as a UNESCO City of Design in 2014 underscores this point, recognising the city's significant contributions across various design fields, including medical research, comics, video games, textiles, and microelectronics. The identity of Design, deeply ingrained in the city's culture, is most palpably observed in the Dundee city centre and waterfront area (Fig. 29).
“Culture is fundamental to making a city a successful place and for people to live good healthy, successful lives.”
--- Dundee Creative City Lead Officer, Annie Marrs,2020
Indeed, as one of the UNESCO Cities of Design, Dundee is also dedicated to contributing towards the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The city is "committed to sharing best practices, developing partnerships and strengthening our citizens' participation in cultural life" (Cities of Design Network, n.d.). Specifically, Dundee places a special emphasis on Goals 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure), 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities), and 17 (Partnerships for the Goals) (Fig. 28).
Museums, as primary elements showcasing Dundee's design identity, suffer from a lack of interconnectivity, leading to a sense of isolation. This disconnect hampers the relationship between citizens and the city's identity. Specifically, the V&A Dundee, which benefits from its prominent location on the Waterfront, attracted 1.25 million visitors in 2022 (Museum Association, 2023). Its position, alongside the Discovery at the central waterfront, is isolated from other design identities in the city centre, like the McManus Museum and Gallery, the highly innovative High Street and Union Street. This segregation threatens to fragment visitors' experience of the city's identity, dividing tourist attention.
However, this situation also presents a development opportunity by proposing the integration of design elements into a cohesive citywide strategy. Such an approach would establish links and connections between culturally significant assets across the city centre and waterfront. Moreover, it has the potential to encourage broader public engagement with design, strengthening the relationship between the community and its design identity, and revitalizing the city centre.
“If states and societies do not recognize social infrastructure and how it works, they will fail to see a powerful way to promote civic engagement and social interaction, both within communities and across group lines.”
--- Eric Klinenberg, 2018
Relevant LDP Policies and SDGs
Policy 1: High Quality Design and Placemaking
“All development proposals should follow a design-led approach to sustainable, high quality placemaking. Development should contribute positively to the quality of the surrounding built and natural environment and should be planned and designed with reference to climate change mitigation and adaptation. The design and siting of development should respect the character and amenity of the place, create a sense of community and identity, enhance connectivity and incorporate creative approaches to urban design, landscaping and green infrastructure, appropriate to the local context and the scale and nature of the development.”
Policy 2: Public Art Contribution
“All developments in Dundee with construction costs of £1 million or over will be required to allocate at least 1% of construction costs for the inclusion of art projects in a publicly accessible/visible place.”
“Ensuring the design community is able to grow, thrive and benefit from the UNESCO designation by supporting and nurturing them, amplifying innovation and designing, producing or supporting better infrastructure for the city.”
SDGs Goal 11: Sustainable Cities & Communities
“Creating a strong and sustainable city economy that will provide jobs for the people of Dundee, instill resilience and create a safe and inclusive environment.”
SDGs Goal 17: Partnership for the Goals
“Dundee connects with the 39 other design cities regularly, and individually on projects or to share best practice. They ensure all work ties into the UN Sustainable Development Goals in some way.”
Fig.28 Relevant LDP and SDGs (DCC, 2019)(Visitscotland, n.d)
Unlike large solid social infrastructure, the Dundee city centre is accommodated with a variety of public art especially located at Nethergate and High Street that enhances its design identity, including sculptures, paintings, photography, and graffiti walls (Fig. 29). These public arts "brighten up streets and neighbourhoods, inspiring locals and visitors alike to explore new parts of Dundee" (Creative Dundee, n.d.). Additionally, the LDP acknowledges that public art can "make a significant contribution to enriching the quality of developments, open spaces, and the cultural heritage" (Dundee City Council, 2019). Therefore, the value of integrating art into urban spaces is not only a means of beautifying the city but also an important element in enhancing the overall quality of urban development and preserving its cultural heritage. Through these initiatives, Dundee leverages public art as a strategic component to reflect and promote its unique design identity, enriching both the city’s aesthetic appeal and its cultural depth.
The proposal aims to enhance public spaces by integrating public art, emphasising the transformation of the street into an art corridor that harmonises with green active travel routes. It envisions offering the flexibility and feasibility to display art and design works, both temporarily and permanently, stemming from collaborations with Dundee's partnerships, universities, or community groups. The current High Street, at the centre of the new development, is identified as an ideal location due to its favourable site width and microclimate conditions. This area is poised to become a hub for improving connectivity between public art installations and significant landmarks, fostering public engagement. Such a strategy doesn't merely aim to elevate the quality of the public realm through design but also to strengthen the bond between citizens and the city centre. Moreover, the proposal intends to create a vibrant, interactive space that reflects Dundee's rich design heritage and encourages community involvement in the city's cultural and artistic life.
Fig.29 Connectivity to the local identity map (with selected pieces)
5.0 Design Principles
The C40 Green and Thriving Neighbourhoods (GTN) is a guidebook established by ARUP. A green and thriving neighbourhood is planned to minimise emissions, focusing on residents' needs, and creating a resilient environment. It emphasises two pillars: reducing emissions and enhancing the neighbourhood's quality of life. The integrated approach aims to make the neighbourhood desirable for everyone, supported by a green business ecosystem (ARUP, 2021).
After analysing the 10 GTN approaches (Fig.30) and combined with the current Dundee situation, a set of critical design principles (Fig.31) has been created to redevelop Dundee City Centre to follow the key objectives, which could also be referenced for other Wards of Dundee and cities.
ARUP Ten GTN Approaches
Approaches Objec�ves
Complete Neighbourhood
People-Centred Mobility Connected Place Place for Everyone
GTN will "priori�se local life, providing a compact neighbourhood where people can access everyday needs within a short walk or bike ride from their homes."
In GTN, "walking, cycling or other non-motorised modes will be the default choice for people to move around. Ac�ve transport will be encouraged through the provision of well-designed spaces and suppor�ng infrastructure and services."
GTN should "focus on building a viable local lifestyle. It is also cri�cal to ensure strong physical and digital connec�vity with other parts of the city and beyond."
GTN "should not only address the causes and impacts of climate change, but also improve living standards, create be�er job opportuni�es, and enhance public and environmental health for all. Equity, accessibility and inclusivity will be central goals.
Clean Construc�on
Green Buildings & Energy
To minimise embodied emissions, it is important to "make the most of the exis�ng assets by op�mizing, reusing and repurposing exis�ng buildings and infrastructure or underu�lised space."
GTN need to "minimise building emissions by adop�ng passive design principles, inves�ng in high-efficiency neighbourhood-wide energy infrastructure and decarbonising energy supply."
GTN should minimise resource use and waste genera�on, and offer reuse and recycling programmes.
Green & Nature-based Solu�on
GTN will "provide high-quality open green spaces, while also adop�ng a ‘green throughout’ strategy in streets and the public realm, and on walls and roofs of buildings."
Sustainable Lifestyles
Green Economy Circular Resources
GTN should "equip and empower individuals, promo�ng a service-based and sharing economy, and suppor�ng long-term behaviour change through effec�ve and sustained awareness-raising, educa�on and skills campaigns, and appropriate financial and policy incen�ves."
GTN should "create and support green jobs and contribute to long-term prosperity, within the bounds of ecosystem resilience and resource efficiency."
Fig.30 ARUP Ten Approaches for GTN (ARUP, 2021)
1. Active Frontages
2. People-centred Streets
3. Sustainable Mobility
4. Connected Places
5. Human Scale
6. Nature & Biodiversity Solutions
7. Inclusivity & Wellbeing
8. Circular Economy
9. Social Participation
10. Tactical Urbanism
1. Active Frontages
Active frontage nurtures a community sense and encourages social interaction in our urban space, which also could “increase the perception of safety throughout the city centre” (Sheffield City Council, 2004).
2. People-centred Streets
people-centric streets, there will be a shift from vehicular use to pedestrianization and cycling, enabling "the widening of footways, the creation of segregated cycle lanes, and the greening of streetscapes to create a more pleasant place to be"(ARUP, 2021).
3. Sustainable Mobility
Simultaneously, the sustainable public transport system will undergo efficient reorganization around the city centre.
4. Connected Places
Physical connectivity is essential for the movement of people and efficient public transport. Nevertheless, digital connections, such as public Wi-Fi and smart city applications.
5. Human Scale
"The quality of human-scale elements such as smaller dimensions, sensory experiences, and care at eye level, should be consistent throughout a neighbourhood and not just exist in isolated spots” (David Sim, 2019).
Fig.32 Project Design Principles
6. Nature & Biodiversity Solution
"Urban green spaces are proven to improve physical and mental health and wellbeing, inspire social interaction and improve footfall, also mitigating the heat-island effect but also serves as a natural filter. (David Sim, 2019).
7. Inclusivity & Wellbeing
Inclusive neighbourhoods could "improve living standards, create better job opportunities, and enhance public and environmental health for all" (ARUP, 2021). Promoting equitable access to services and amenities and an equal opportunity to participate in social life, and resilience, health, and overall well-being
8. Circular Economy
Effectively designed active frontages and public spaces enhancing the economic and social well-being of a neighbourhood.
9. Social Participation
Social participation “helps to understand the specific needs of different individuals and groups and “construct safer, equitable public areas. If a space does not reflect the demands and desires of the local population, it will not be used or maintained” (The City Fix, 2017).
10. Tactical Urbanism
Tactical urbanism could be a catalyst for city development, striving to create safe and enjoyable public spaces particularly for walking and cycling, fostering a sense of ownership
B
PROJECT METHODOLOGY
FIELD RESEARCH STUDIES, SELECTED CASE STUDIES AND URBAN ROOM EXHIBITION RESEARCH
Fig.33 Collage_Reflection of Methods
6.0 Macro Studies
6.1 Field Research Studies
This study focuses on learning street development globally from selected cities that are chosen for their exemplary achievements in the urban design of streets, particularly in fostering active travel and enhancing public spaces. Furthermore, the study also focuses on the understanding of the relevant cities' strategies or initiatives to achieve people-centric streets and the key objectives, followed by ratings based on the author’s street experience (Personal participation and quick interviews) in each city.
Fig.34 Field Research Studies_Copenhagen Street Photography Collage
Fig.35 Field Research Studies_Amsterdam Street Photography Collage
Fig.36 Field Research Studies_Sheffield Street Photography Collage
Copenhagen
● Bicycle-friendly Infrastructure
● Pedestrian-friendly Streets
● Environmental Sustainability
● High-quality Public Space
Copenhagen's Action Plan for Green Mobility focuses on improving accessibility, health, and efficiency in transportation within the city, ensuring eco-friendly transport options are available for everyone (City of Copenhagen, 2013). Additionally, by 2025, Copenhagen plans to power all public transport with electricity (City of Copenhagen, 2020).
Copenhagen also aims to enhance green infrastructure and biodiversity by planting 100,000 new trees by 2025 (State of Green, 2015). Additionally, HOFOR (Greater Copenhagen Utility) and the Danish Nature Agency have set a goal to plant around 80 hectares of forest annually in water catchment areas (City of Copenhagen, 2016).
Amsterdam
● Bicycle-friendly Infrastructure
● Pedestrian-friendly Streets
● Public Transport Integration
● Environmental Sustainability
● High-quality Public Space
● Contribution to Blue Infrastructure
The Room for Pedestrians policy framework in Amsterdam focuses on enhancing city accessibility for everyone by prioritizing walking as a key mode of transport. It mandates a minimum of 2 meters of clear walking space on pavements in urban development projects, ensuring pavements are free of obstructions. This policy also balances the need for pedestrian space with other urban elements like cycling lanes, greenery, and public seating. On busier routes, more than 2 meters is allocated to accommodate higher pedestrian traffic, underlining the city's commitment to creating a pedestrian-friendly environment. (City of Amsterdam, n.d)
The Amsterdam Mobility Plan for 2030 aims to enhance urban transportation with a focus on environmental sustainability and efficiency. Key strategies include prioritizing public transport over car travel to improve air quality and reduce travel times, ensuring reliable services. The plan highlights faster public transport during peak hours and enhanced comfort during off-peak times. For longer routes lacking metro services, buses and trams will be given precedence over cars to facilitate safe and efficient boarding and transfers. (City of Amsterdam, n.d)
Sheffield
● Urban Regeneration - Green Infrastructure
● Contribution to Biodiversity
● Active Travel-friendly
● Environmental Sustainability
● High-quality Public Space
Sheffield Development Framework Core Strategy (CS) 51 Transport Priority: This strategy emphasizes the promotion of public transport as a preferred alternative to car usage. It aims to maximize accessibility across the city while concurrently improving air quality and enhancing road safety. The focus is on developing a transport infrastructure that supports a shift towards more sustainable and environmentally friendly modes of transportation. (Sheffield City Council, 2009)
CS54 and CS55 Pedestrian and Cycle Routes: These strategies are dedicated to improving the pedestrian and cycling environment, making these active forms of travel more accessible and appealing to the city's residents. Enhancements to pedestrian pathways and cycling routes along the corridors of the Strategic Green Network (CS73). aim to create a more interconnected and user-friendly network. (Sheffield City Council, 2009).
6.2 Selected Case Studies
The selected case studies will explore specific projects that have resulted in significant improvements in urban environments. These studies will reflect on the project design principles and offer a blueprint for potential applications in Dundee (Fig.40).
Selected Case Studies
Relevant Design Principles
Ac�ve Frontages
People-centred Streets
Sustainable Mobility
Connected Places
Human Scale
Nature & Biodiversity Solu�ons
Inclusivity & Wellbeing
Circular Economy
Social Par�cipa�on
Tac�cal Urbanism
Fig.40 Selected Case Studies_Decision Matrix
Fig.41 Selected Case Studies_Diagram-maps
6.2.1 Superkilen - Copenhagen
* The full version can be found in the Appendix
"Rather than a public outreach process towards the lowest common denominator or a politically correct post rationalization of preconceived ideas navigated around any potential public resistance – we proposed public participation as the driving force of the design leading towards the maximum freedom of expression."
--- BIG, Bjarke Ingels, 2012
Fig.42 Ingels_Quotation
Fig.46 Supekilen in use 1
Fig.44 Superkilen Before
Fig.45 Superkilen After, 2016
Fig.47 Superkilen in use 2
Fig.48 Superkilen in use
6.2.2 Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal - Amsterdam
* The full version can be found in the Appendix
"The goal of the projects is to give people who walk and cycle more of the available space in the city centre of Amsterdam and to add more green space. All at the expense of motor traffic."
--- Bicycle Dutch, 2023
Fig.49 Bicycle Dutch_Quotation
Fig.52 Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal in use 1
Fig.50 Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal Before Fig.51 Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal After, 2022
Fig.53 Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal in use 2
Fig.54 Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal in use 3
6.2.3 Grey to Green Phase 1 - Sheffield
* The full version can be found in the Appendix
"New city greening needs to be beautiful and amazing and wonderful, as well as purely functional “green infrastructure”. And of course, it needs to be done in a way that is sustainable."
--- Nigel Dunnett, 2020
Fig.55 Dunnett_Quotation
Fig.59 Grey to Green Phase 1 in use 1
Fig.57 Grey to Green Phase 1 Before Fig.58 Grey to Green Phase 1 After, 2016
Fig.60 Grey to Green Phase 1 in use 2
Fig.61 Grey to Green Phase 1 in use 3
7.0
Micro Studies
7.1 Urban Room Participatory Exhibition Research Study
For this research, the Urban Room participatory exhibition on Castle Street was devised and created by the MArch + UP Unit as part of the research design process. The individual purpose is concentrated on gauging public perceptions and aspirations concerning the streets of Dundee's city centre, to improve the city centre and prioritise active travel in the future. The exhibition, featuring sections and photographs of the streets, spurred visitors to reflect deeply on their street environments. Additionally, data was gathered through verbal interviews, multiple-choice questionnaires and sticky notes (Fig. 62&63) that recorded attendees' emotions and thoughts about the streets. This participatory exhibition significantly enhanced the comprehension of public needs and inspired the project to integrate these insights into subsequent design research.
Furthermore, the analysis of data collected from the exhibition was summarized from both qualitative and quantitative sources (Fig.64). To gain a broader understanding of citywide 'voice', the research also referenced data from the Dundee Walking and Cycling Index 2023, providing a wider data context to support the project proposal, ensuring that it is informed by a diverse range of community insights.
* The data analysis can be found on page 62, with a larger version, including a photo of the survey sheets, available in the Appendix.
Survey Responses: The exhibition gathered 68 completed surveys, providing a solid quantitative foundation for assessing public sentiment towards current street design and infrastructure improvements.
Sticky Note Feedback: Participants were encouraged to leave brief comments or suggestions on sticky notes, with a total of 16 notes collected. This method offered a quick and informal way for attendees to express their thoughts and priorities.
Verbal Interviews: Approximately 15 verbal interviews were conducted, offering more nuanced insights into individual experiences and detailed suggestions for urban development. These interviews helped capture deeper explanations and personal stories that surveys might not reveal.
Fig.62 Description of each method
Fig.63 Urban Room Participatory Exhibition
Fig.64 Data Collection - Individual data and data from Dundee Walking and Cycling Index 2023
CTHE STREET AS URBAN ROOM
NEW HIGH STREET DEVELOPMENT
FUTURE VISION OF DUNDEE CITY CENTRE & CONCLUSION
Fig.65 Design Proposal _High Street View
8.0 A Future Vision of Streets in the Dundee City Centre
Reclaiming street refers to the urban planning strategy to tackle project key objectives, transforming vehicular-dominated thoroughfares into active travel-friendly spaces within the city centre or urban area. This process involves repurposing select roads and streets, shifting their primary function from serving vehicular traffic to accommodating pedestrians and promoting active modes of transportation like walking and cycling. By implementing the 10 design principles, this strategy seeks to enhance the liveability, inclusivity, and sustainability of urban environments by reducing vehicle emissions, creating more high-quality public and green spaces, and fostering efficient travel patterns followed by brand-new sustainable public transport systems to facilitate convenient and eco-friendly mobility within the city centre areas.
To ensure the design is more feasible in the future, the project will cohere with all the studies discussed in this thesis. The literature reviews emphasise the importance of the street by advocating for more 'soft,' and inclusive approaches to foster human agreement that encourage rapport and innovation. Analysis of Dundee and specific case studies strengthen the proposal's foundation by addressing the challenges in Dundee City Centre streets and exploring ways the street can improve to support both social and environmental sustainability. Additionally, personal participatory studies enhance the project's insight by incorporating diverse desires and expectations for streets from the exhibition and city visit.
The primary focus on the new high street development positions the project in three phases: Nethergate, High Street, and Seagate, with completion targeted for 2030, 2035, and 2040, respectively. This timeline aligns with Dundee’s goal to achieve net-zero emissions by 2045. According to the Net Zero Transition Plan 2024-2030 by DCC, a key objective is to ensure that "activities and infrastructure are resilient to a changing climate" (DCC, 2023). The plan also highlights essential actions such as expanding active travel infrastructure (OT3) and incentivizing public transport use (OT4) to support the feasibility of the project.
Fig.66 Reclaiming Street_Information Model
9.0 Site Appraisal
9.1 Existing Site Condition - Streets Views (Fig.67)
Looking east towards Nethergate (City Centre part)
Looking west along the High Street
Looking east along the High Street
Looking east along Seagate
9.2 Existing Site Condition - Key Buildings / Space (Fig.68)
St. Mary's Church with Overgate (Nethergate)
City Square & Caird Hall (High Street)
Optical Express - Historic Dundee Town House Site (High Street)
Robertsons Bond Conversion 1897 (Seagate)
9.3 Existing Site Condition - Monument / Art pieces (Fig.69)
Transforming Dundee City Centre into a car-free zone involves redesigning the street network to prioritise active travel, ensuring smooth integration with an efficient and sustainable transport network.
10.1.1 Sustainable Travel Network - Existing Public Transport Network (Fig.71)
10.1.2 Sustainable Travel Network - Porposed Public Transport Network (Fig.72)
Extending the existing green infrastructure of St. Mary's Church, collabrated with the proposed blue infrastructure creates a cohesive and sustainable environment. Enhancing the interaction between shopfronts, nature infrastructure and people, encouraging more vibrant community engagement.
10.2.1 Nethergate Nature Active Travel Corrdior - Phase 1, Plan_Vision of 2030 (Fig.74)
10.2.2 Nethergate Nature Active Travel Corrdior - Phase 1, Comparision of Existing and Proposed (Fig.75)
10.3.0 High Street Art Corrdior - Phase 2 - Key Move Diagram (Fig.76)
Creating a highly innovative focal point that connects surrounding landmarks. By collaborating with existing street art, and strengthening community ties through the local 'Design' identity.
10.3.1 High Street Art Corrdior - Phase 2, Plan_ Vision of 2035 (Fig.77)
10.3.2 High Street Art Corrdior - Phase 2, Comparision of Existing and Proposed (Fig.78)
Promoting walkability and biodiversity in the neighbourhood, transforming it into a pleasant micro-climate.
10.4.1 Seagate Green Corrdior - Phase 3, Plan_ Vision of 2040 (Fig.80)
10.4.2 Seagate Green Corrdior - Phase 3, Comparision of Existing and Proposed (Fig.81)
The social infrastructure serves a critical role in communities, cities and countries, highlighting its significance in creating public spaces where people can interact and engage. Streets, as a fundamental part of social infrastructure, are essential for daily use and represent some of the most utilised public realms in a city, accounting for around one-third of a city's area. Thus, enhancing the quality of streets not only offers a breakthrough in improving social infrastructure but also provides an opportunity to promote the public realm of a town or city. This promotion could lead to more liveable and inclusive neighbourhoods and also support sustainable development facing climate change.
Moreover, enhancing streets as more peoplecentric public realms can bring a ‘softness’ to a city, making it more welcoming and conducive to human-scale interactions. Although street development often focuses on planning strategy, many soft criteria can be adopted, especially 'Walkability', 'A sense of control and identity', and 'Greater biodiversity'. These criteria, in turn, influence other aspects, such as environmental quality and social cohesion. The development of inclusive public spaces also strengthens social justice and societal bonds, emphasising the need for their creation and maintenance. Additionally, reclaiming streets is defined as a planning strategy to create shared living areas by emphasising green infrastructure and redefining movement order. These themes form the backbone of this research. By further analysing Dundee's current situation, examining relevant policies from national and council documents, and applying both macro and micro methods with the design proposal. This project has addressed the central question: Can the street be designed as an urban room to support social and environmental sustainability?
A holistic analysis of national and council documents underscores that listed project objectives and design principles are crucial elements in developing high-quality streets (public realms). Ultimately leading to a climate-resilient solution that supports Dundee's goal of achieving
net-zero emissions by 2045, but also reinforces Dundee's commitment to being a UNESCO City of Design.
Moreover, the new High Street serves as the initial testing site, suggesting transforming the entire Dundee city centre into a car-free zone and designed to seamlessly connect surrounding areas through high-quality public and green spaces with a continuous active-travel corridor. Additionally, the transformation aligns with the diverse needs and desires of its citizens, fostering a more inclusive society. This reimagined High Street not only stimulates environmental sustainability but also contributes to creating vibrant public spaces where people can gather, socialise, and enjoy community events. Enhancing the quality of life for Dundee's residents and setting a precedent for sustainable urban development.
Reimagining the public realm, especially within the context of streets, can help bridge gaps between citizens and communities, fostering deeper social ties and reducing the sense of disconnection many have recently experienced that also aligns with the SDGs' overarching aim of creating more equitable and sustainable cities.
In summary, the concept of 'street as urban room' prioritises people, aiming to support both social and environmental sustainability. Dundee city centre, with the transformation of the new High Street, is evolving into a more liveable, sustainable, and resilient neighbourhood—a dynamic focal point that reflects the city's identity and vitality. The era of prioritising car usage is waning in most cities, and Dundee is not falling behind this trend. People-centric streets, designed to encourage active travel, social interaction, and environmental consciousness, are the future. This transformation represents a significant step towards creating vibrant, connected, and sustainable urban spaces that resonate with the needs and aspirations of the community.
Caird Hall
St. Paul’s Cathedral
Dundee City Square
Union Street
Overgate
St. Mary’s Church & Park
Nethergate Nature Ac�ve Travel Corridor (Phase 1)
High Street Art Corridor (Phase 2)
Seagate Green Corridor (Phase 3)
Murraygate Green Corridor (Future Phase)
The Howff
The McManus
The Keiller Centre
Fig.82 Design Proposal _Aerial View
DREFERENCES
References, Bibliography and List of Figures
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Any figures not referenced are the Authors own.
Fig.2 Quotations. (2018). Citation. Campbell, Kelvin. Accessed: 21/04/2024. Making massive small change : building the urban society we want. White River Junction, Vermont: Chelsea Green Publishing.
Fig.4 Group Drawing_Dundee City Centre. (2024). Drawing. UoD Year 5 MArch + UP Group 2024.
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Fig.15 Palace for the People_A place to gather. (2018). Book Image. Klinenberg, Eric. Accessed: 21/04/2024. Palaces for the People: How to build a more equal & united society. 1st edition. London: Penguin Random House.
Fig.16 Kahn_Quotation. (2003). Citation. Kahn, Louis I. and Twombly, Robert. Accessed: 21/04/2024. Louis Kahn : essential texts. New York; W. W. Norton.
Fig.57 Grey to Green Phase 1 Before. (n.d.). Image. Nigel Dunnett. Accessed: 21/04/2024. <https://www. nigeldunnett.com/grey-to-green-2/>
Fig.58 Grey to Green Phase 1 After, 2016. (n.d.). Image. Nigel Dunnett. Accessed: 21/04/2024. <https://www. nigeldunnett.com/grey-to-green-2/>
Fig.59 Grey to Green Phase 1 in use 1. (n.d.). Image. Welcome to Sheffield. Accessed: 21/04/2024. <https:// www.welcometosheffield.co.uk/content/attractions/greyto-green/>
Fig.60 Grey to Green Phase 1 in use 2. (n.d.). Image. Welcome to Sheffield. Accessed: 21/04/2024. <https:// www.welcometosheffield.co.uk/content/attractions/greyto-green/>
Fig.61 Grey to Green Phase 1 in use 3. (n.d.). Image. Welcome to Sheffield. Accessed: 21/04/2024. <https:// www.welcometosheffield.co.uk/content/attractions/greyto-green/>
APPENDIX
1. Active Frontages
Active frontages, integral to urban planning, forge vibrant and pedestrian-friendly environments, nurturing a community sense and encouraging social interaction in our urban spaces . Beyond mere architectural considerations, they create dynamic interfaces between buildings and the public realm, enhancing the urban experience. Furthermore, they also could “increase the perception of safety throughout the city centre” (Sheffield City Council, 2004).
2. People-centred Streets
Following the LEZ will be adopted in the city centre in 2024, active travel such as walking, and cycling will be the priority choices for people to move around in the city.
In line with fostering people-centric streets, there will be a shift from vehicular use to pedestrianization, enabling "the widening of footways, the creation of segregated cycle lanes, and the greening of streetscapes to create a more pleasant place to be"(ARUP, 2021).
3. Sustainable Mobility
Simultaneously, the sustainable public transport system aligns with peopel-centred streets will undergo efficient reorganization around the city centre.
4. Connected Places
In the post-COVID era, connecting places is not only physical but also digital. For sustainability and viability, meticulous planning of harmonic physical connectivity between neighbourhoods and the broader city is essential for the movement of people and efficient public transport. Nevertheless, establishing high-quality digital connections, such as public Wi-Fi and smart city applications, holds the potential to enhance social participation citywide, facilitating more flexible living & working styles.
5. Human Scale
"Human-scale design and buildings help reduce distances between spaces and people. Due to this closer proximity, people tend to see more of each other and are encouraged to interact and socialize" (AD&V, no date). Moreover, "the quality of human-scale elements such as smaller dimensions, sensory experiences, and care at eye level, should be consistent throughout a neighbourhood and not just exist in isolated spots” (David Sim, 2019).
Fig.32 Project Design Principles
6. Nature & Biodiversity Solution
"Urban green spaces are proven to improve physical and mental health and wellbeing, inspire social interaction and improve footfall for local businesses, support biodiversity" (ARUP, 2021). Improving nature infrastructure, especially through street trees, not only aids in mitigating the heat-island effect but also serves as a natural filter, absorbing CO2 and pollutants, and managing water (David Sim, 2019).
7. Inclusivity & Wellbeing
Developing an inclusive neighbourhood through reclaimed streets could also "improve living standards, create better job opportunities, and enhance public and environmental health for all" (ARUP, 2021). Social inclusivity strives to ensure that everyone has equitable access to services and amenities and an equal opportunity to participate in social life. Furthermore, cohesive communities are crucial in promoting resilience, health, and overall well-being. The fostering of cohesion can be facilitated through shared ownership of spaces, communal bicycle initiatives, and similar collaborative efforts.
8. Circular Economy
The development of a new street system sets off a chain reaction between the key principles. As noted by Klinenberg, "Robust social infrastructure doesn't just protect our democracy; it contributes to economic growth" (2020). Effectively designed active frontages and public spaces enhancing the economic and social well-being of a neighbourhood. These spaces attract people, encouraging them to shop, dine, and participate in activities, thereby fortifying local businesses.
9. Social Participation
Social participation is a bottom-up initiative, initiated by citizens that “helps to understand the specific needs of different individuals and groups so that the neighbourhood can deliver a good quality of life for all" (ARUP, 2021). "If a space does not reflect the demands and desires of the local population, it will not be used or maintained . Social participation is a central element for the construction of safer, equitable public areas" (The City Fix, 2017)
10. Tactical Urbanism
Tactical urbanism could be a catalyst for city development, striving to create safe and enjoyable public spaces particularly for walking and cycling, fostering a sense of ownership. This may entail adjusting regulations, permitting temporary interventions, and engaging stakeholders such as the government and developers (ARUP, 2021). For example, temporary closure of vehicle way, adopted in Union Street, Dundee.
"Rather than a public outreach process towards the lowest common denominator or a politically correct post rationalization of preconceived ideas navigated around any potential public resistance – we proposed public participation as the driving force of the design leading towards the maximum freedom of expression."
--- BIG, Bjarke Ingels, 2012
Ingels_Quotation
6.2.1 SuperKilen - Copenhagen
Superkilen, designed from both necessity and creativity, is a vibrant symbol of communityled design, that aims to create a secure and diverse community. As Cano (From Topotek1) said, “Rather than perpetuating a perception of Denmark as a mono-ethnic people, the park portrays a true sample of the cultural diversity of contemporary Copenhagen" (Dezeen, 2012). Superkilen is not merely a park; it is a global bazaar, a vivid collage of design elements inspired by the diverse heritages of its residents. This approach cultivates a sense of belonging and ownership, intertwining individual cultural narratives into a collective story.
Superkilen is a dynamic space divided into three coloured zones, each with a specific focus:
- Market/Culture/Sport – The Red Square (Fig.46) - Urban Living Room – The Black Square (Fig.48) - Sport/Play – The Green Park (Fig.47) (Dezeen, 2012).
Furthermore, Ingel emphasised that "By transforming the public procedure into proactive propositions, we curated a park for the people, by the people—a literal implementation of peer-to-peer design" (Designboom, 2012). Superkilen shows the potential of public spaces, illustrating how urban challenges can evolve into opportunities for social harmony and security when tackled with creativity and genuine community involvement that allows the voices of the community to shape their environment, fostering ownership and collective purpose.
The transformation brought about by Superkilen extends beyond the visual. It has turned the district into a beacon of security and inclusivity, changing its reputation from a high-crime area to one of social cohesion. The introduction of diverse plant life and strategic infrastructural enhancements, such as improved bike paths and better connectivity with surrounding areas, further underpins Superkilen's role as a catalyst for environmental and social rejuvenation.
Fig.42
Fig.43 Functionality of each Superkilen coloured zone
Fig.46 Supekilen in use 1
Fig.44 Superkilen Before
Fig.45 Superkilen After, 2016
Fig.47 Superkilen in use 2
Fig.48 Superkilen in use
Appendix 3: Full Version of
"The goal of the projects is to give people who walk and cycle more of the available space in the city centre of Amsterdam and to add more green space. All at the expense of motor traffic."
--- Bicycle Dutch, 2023
Fig.49 Bicycle Dutch_Quotation
6.2.2 Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal - Amsterdam
Amsterdam's Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal has been transformed from a utilitarian thoroughfare into a vibrant, pedestrian-centric artery. As a key component of the "Oranje Loper" ("Orange Runner") project, it has woven together a tapestry of innovation and sustainability, prioritising the well-being of residents and visitors alike.
The redesign ingeniously integrates tram tracks into the urban fabric, creating a shared space that accommodates cyclists, vehicles, and designated areas for disabled and service parking. This integrated approach facilitates smooth transportation and promotes accessibility for all. Additionally, the project has significantly enhanced the ecological health of the area by planting twenty more trees than were present before, infusing the streetscape with lush greenery (Bicycle Dutch, 2023).
In a nod to the city’s cultural heritage, dedicated spaces for coin and stamp collector stalls have been preserved, maintaining these traditional businesses, and celebrating Amsterdam’s rich historical tapestry (Fig.52)(Bicycle Dutch, 2023).
This project heralds the rise of a dynamic, peoplecentric corridor, breathing new life into the area. It exemplifies Amsterdam's dedication to creating a sustainable and highly liveable urban space. By prioritising pedestrians, cyclists, and green spaces, the transformation not only enhances functionality but also enriches the cityscape, meeting the diverse needs of its community and visitors.
Fig.52 Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal in use 1
Fig.50 Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal Before Fig.51 Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal After, 2022
Fig.53 Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal in use 2
Fig.54 Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal in use 3
"New
city greening needs to be beautiful and amazing and wonderful, as well as purely functional “green infrastructure”. And of course, it needs to be done in a way that is sustainable."
--- Nigel Dunnett, 2020
6.2.3 Grey to Green Phase 1 - Sheffield
The Grey to Green project is the UK’s longest ‘green street’ corridor and the largest retrofit sustainable urban drainage scheme (SuDS) in Sheffield. Through the construction from 2014 to 2016, the phase 1 development has been completed, offering "a calming refuge in an urban environment and has transformed a tarmacked area into a green public space that encourages cycling and walking" (Grey to Green Sheffield, n.d.). This project tackled three key issues:
- Re-establish connections between the Castlegate area, including the Law Courts and Victoria Quays, and the broader city centre.
- The requirement to repurpose a significant portion of the unused highway.
- The profound effects of the June 2007 floods on the Castlegate area. (Grey to Green Sheffield, n.d.)
Besides its capacity for SuDS, this project serves multiple functions. Its goals include enhancing urban biodiversity, establishing a corridor for wildlife, shielding pedestrians from air pollution through stratified vegetation, facilitating urban cooling with more trees, treating polluted water, mitigating potential microplastics, and fostering health and wellness. Surprisingly, some minigalleries of sculptures and artworks are located amongst the plants and pathways. Moreover, a crucial element of this visionary landscape plan is to act as an incentive and catalyst for additional investments in the region, offering tangible economic advantages as well (Nigel Dunnett, n.d.).
As project designer Nigel Dunnett remarked, the ethos of being "inspired by nature, design for people" is central to his approach. In designing green infrastructure, the priority is to place "people first" rather than adopting an "ecology/ environment first" stance (Design West, 2020). Indeed, the project has had an immediate impact: 16% of residents have altered their daily routes to use this street, and 98% of people expressed a desire to see more of this type of landscape throughout the city. (Design West, 2020).
Fig.55 Dunnett_Quotation
Fig.56 Key Project Objectives
Fig.59 Grey to Green Phase 1 in use 1
Fig.57 Grey to Green Phase 1 Before Fig.58 Grey to Green Phase 1 After, 2016
Fig.60 Grey to Green Phase 1 in use 2
Fig.61 Grey to Green Phase 1 in use 3
Fig.64 Data Collection - Individual data and data from Dundee Walking and Cycling Index 2023
Appendix 6: Larger Version of Data Collection from the Exhibition and the Index
Appendix 7: Photoes of Survey Sheet, Survey Responses and Feedback Sticky Note
Fig.64 Data Collection - Individual data and data from Dundee Walking and Cycling Index 2023
Fig.65 A Future Vision of Streets in the Dundee City Centre - Plan
