Considering Everything

M AT E R I A L C U LT U R E kazumi hasegawa 33341972

Considering Everything: Things, Objects, Images, Thoughts and Emotions

contents

part one

4

part two

10

conclusion

14

reference

16

PART ONE: What are the challenges of the IoT (Internet of Things) and how will the IoT be integrated into and act to change our current culture?

4

INTERNET OF THINGS

By 2020, around 22 per cent of the world cars will be connected to the internet which is 290 million vehicles. By 2024, more than half of home internet traffic will be used by

appliances

just

and

communication

devices and

rather

than

entertainment.

All kinds of devices will be able to gather and share any type of information from their environment seamlessly organising themselves to make our lives smarter and safer.

Endless

opportunities

for

human

activities but it will depend on us whether if we are going to take advantage of it or let it take advantage of us. To improve our lives?

Or to co ntrol us? (SMOG.tv, 2016)

5

Th i s p h r a s e t h e “ I o T ” i s w h a t e i g h t y- s eve n p e r c e n t o f p e o p l e h ave n’t h e a r d o f. ( M e r r i m a n , 2 014 ) S o w h a t i s t h e I n t e r n e t o f Th i n g s a n d w h a t a r e t h e ch a l l e n g e s o f i t ? Th e I o T i s a g i a n t n e t wo r k t h a t c o n n e c t e d t o “ t h i n g s ” ( w h i ch a l s o i n c l u d e s p e o p l e ) . Th e r e l a t i o n s h i p w i l l b e b e t we e n p e o p l e - p e o p l e , people-things, and thingst h i n g s . ( M o r g a n , 2 014 ) I t ’s the connections b e t we e n t h i n g s , e nv i r o n m e n t a n d o u r l i ve s . O u r p e r s o n a l t h i n g s wo u l d t a l k t o e a ch o t h e r s o t o m o n i t o r a n d t o m a ke o u r l i ve s b e tt e r. Th e I o T i s w h e r e o u r s u rr o u n d i n g s l i ke e nv i r o n m e n t c a n t a l k to us and can talk to other e nv i r o n m e n t . I t ’s t h e n e t wo r k b e t we e n u s , h u m a n a n d t h e internet, and all the other

things wo r l d .

that

ex i s t s

in

our

Th e I o T i s b e c o m i n g t h e o n e o f t h e key fe a tu r e s t o o u r f u tu r e a n d t h e ch a l l e n g e s o f t h i s c o u l d b r i n g o u r l i ve s way m o r e b e tt e r i f i t s u c c e e d s t o c r e d i b l e p e o p l e . Th e r e a r e s eve r a l ch a l l e n g e s t h a t t h e IoT should be considering a n d w h i ch i n c l u d e a s p e c t s s u ch as, e nv i r o n m e n t , c o n n e c t i v i t y, p owe r, s e c u r i t y, c o m p l ex i t y, c l o u d , d ev i c e c a p a b i l i t i e s , p r i va c y o r t o bridge the gaps that the IoT divides us (Challenges in the Internet of things, no date).

Th e m o s t ch a l l e n g i n g t h i n g s t h a t a r e s i g n i f i c a n t fo r t h e I o T t o c o n s i d e r i n my o p i n i o n a r e i nv i s i b i l i t y, c o n n e c t i v i t y, a n d t h e s e c u r i t y.

people

people

people

things

things

things

6

AFFORDANCE AND INVISIBILITY

Th e u m b r e l l a s t a n d w i t h a ffo r d a n c e / N a o t o Fu k a s awa

W h e n we u s e t h i n g s , we a r e ‘ u s i n g ’ t h e ‘ t h i n g s’ a n d t h i s i s s o m e t h i n g t h a t we d o c o n s c i o u s l y. W h a t t h e I o T s h o u l d b e a ch i ev i n g i n t e n ye a r s t i m e m ay b e t h i s o u r way o f ‘ u s i n g ’ t h e ‘ t h i n g s’. Wa t a n a b e s t a t e d i n h i s b o o k M e l t D e s i g n : U X / U I / I o T, “ C u r s o r i s u s e d i n M a c , W i n d ow s , e t c a n d p r o b a b l y m o s t p e o p l e u s e i t eve r yd ay. Th o u g h m o s t o f t h e c o m p u t e r wo r k i s d o n e by c u r s o r, we n eve r b e s o c o n s c i o u s o r t h i n k a b o u t i t . W h a t we m o s t l y c a r e i s o n l y w h a t c u r s o r i s p o i n t i n g . C u r s o r i s i nv i s i b l e t o u s .” ( Wa t a n a b e , 2 015 ) a n d w h a t I t h i n k t h e I o T i s n e e d i n g t o a ch i eve i s t h i s i nv i s i b i l i t y o f t h i n g s . Th e u s e r s k n ow h ow i t wo r k s b u t d o n’t eve n c a r e a b o u t w hy i t ’s t h e r e . Pe o p l e u s e t h i n g s u n c o n s c i o u s l y. I f t h e t e ch n o l o g y o f t h e I o T we r e d e s i g n e d ve r y s m a r t l y, h ow o u r wo r l d m ay b e c o m e i n t h e f u tu r e m ay b e h ow we i m a g i n e d t h e S c i F i wo r l d wo u l d b e c o m e . Th e I o T s h o u l d n o t b e t o o o bv i o u s t o o t h e r s .

Th i n g s n e e d t h e ‘ a ffo r d a n c e’ t o p e o p l e .

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CONNECTIVITY S o ‘ a ffo r d a n c e’ m ay b e t h e b r i d g e b e t we e n t h i n g s a n d p e o p l e fo r t h e I o T t o c a r e a b o u t . Th e n w h a t wo u l d t h e b r i d g e b e t we e n t h i n g s a n d t h i n g s ?

Here, when I talk about things and things, it means the relationship b e t we e n t h e m u l t i p l e t h i n g s . Th e I o T c a n n ow t a l k t o o t h e r t h i n g s t h r o u g h the internet and what I mean here i s t h e c o nve r s a t i o n b e t we e n ( a ) t h i n g a n d ( b ) t h i n g . Th e key fo r t h i s c o nve r s a t i o n b e t we e n t h e t wo i s c l e a r l y ‘ c o n n e c t i v i t y ’ a s i f t h e r e wa s n o i n t e r n e t c o n n e c t i o n , o r t h e p owe r s u p p l y, t h e s e t wo t h i n g s c a n n o t t a l k

t o e a ch o t h e r. W h a t t h e I o T m ay wa n t t o q u e s t i o n i t s e l f i s , “ i f t h e r e wa s n o p owe r s u p p l y, h ow c a n t h e I o T b e o n l i n e ? ”. I t i s j u s t l i ke h ow we s t r e s s a b o u t n o W i F i c o n n e c t i o n . We a l l k n ow i f t h e r e i s n o i n t e r n e t we c a n n o t d o a ny t h i n g a t a l l w h e t h e r o r n o t i f we a r e a t wo r k / s tu d y o r i n o u r s p a r e t i m e . We c a n b e c o m e s u ch s t r e s s e d b e c a u s e t h e r e’s n o W i F i i n t h e r o o m , a n d b e c o m e l i ke a c o m p l a i n i n g m a ch i n e . Th e I o T s h o u l d s t ay o n l i n e fo r eve r t o b e a b l e t o s u p p o r t o u r l i ve s a n d i t c a n n o t eve r b e o ff l i n e a s t h e n i t wo u l d j u s t b e c o m e u s e l e s s t h i n g s .

8

Th e b r i d g e b e t we e n t h i n g s a n d t h i n g s i s t h e c o n n e c t i v i t y, t h e o t h e r o n e i s a ffo r d a n c e a n d i nv i s i b i l i t y, w h a t wo u l d t h e l a s t o n e c o u l d b e ? Th i s m ay b e t h e b i g g e s t ch a l l e n g e fo r t h e I o T t o a ch i eve o r t o t h i n k a b o u t fo r t h e f u tu r e .

Th e t h i r d t a s k t h a t i n my o p i n i o n i s ve r y s i g n i f i c a n t t o t h e I o T c u l tu r e i s t h a t t h e s e c u r i t y a n d p r i va c y. Th i s i s m o r e a b o u t t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t we e n people and people, or people and t h i n g s . F i r s t l y t h i n g s c a n eve r b e l e a k i n g t h e u s e r ’s d a t a t o o t h e r t h i n g s u n l e s s t h e r e wa s a p e r m i s s i o n o r g o f r o m t h e u s e r, b u t c a n s t r a n g e r a c c e s s the personal data from the IoT? It i s a q u e s t i o n o f w h e t h e r i f h a cke r s

c a n e a s i l y h a ck t h e I o T o r n o t . Th e i n t e r n e t o r t e ch n o l o g y i s w h a t ‘ t h o s e p e o p l e’ c a n s t i l l h a ck i n t o , a n d t h i s m ay b e eve r b i g g e s t p r o b l e m fo r t h i s b i g t e ch n o l o g i c a l c u l tu r e . Re c e n t l y t h e D e p a r t m e n t o f Ju s t i c e a n n o u n c e d t h a t i t h a d s u c c e s s f u l l y u n l o cke d t h e iPhone of a suspected meth dealer in B r o o k l y n a n d t h a t i t wo u l d n o l o n g e r r e q u i r e A p p l e’s c o o p e r a t i o n i n g a i n i n g a c c e s s t o t h e p h o n e . ( K a t z , 2 016 ) Th i s m ay wo rr y eve r yo n e w h o h a s i P h o n e s because it means if somebody tries hard, somebody can just access to our p h o n e s . A n d i t c a n t e l l t h a t t e ch n o l o g y i s n eve r t h e s a fe s t p l a c e t o h o l d a ny t h i n g .

SECURITY A N D P R I VA C Y 9

PART TWO: Show how your analysis of this change can be seen through the choice of at least two examples of networked object these can be actual or imagined.

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INVISIBILITY AT T R A I N S TAT I O N S Th i s i s w h a t I ’ m i m a g i n i n g o f t h e I o T i n t h e f u tu r e . W h e n we g e t o n a t r a i n , we u s u a l l y b uy a t i cke t , g o t h r o u g h g a t e s a n d wa i t fo r t r a i n t o c o m e . Th i s ‘ t i cke t ’ a n d t h e b l o ck i n g ‘ g a t e s’ a r e n o t o n l y fo u n d a t t r a i n s t a t i o n s . Th e s e t h i n g s a r e eve r y w h e r e w h e n we u s e transport, but especially at airport a n d t r a i n s t a t i o n s . I f we c o u l d g e t r i d o f t h e p r o c e s s o f b uy i n g t i cke t s a n d simply go through the gates without o p e n i n g a n d c l o s i n g g a t e s , yo u m i g h t j u s t b e a b l e t o ru n a n d g e t o n t o t h e t r a i n t h a t yo u a r e a b o u t t o m i s s .

Th o u g h t h e r e’s n o n e e d o f p a p e r t i cke t b e c a u s e o f c o n t a c t l e s s c a r d , oys t e r, smartphones etc, it still consumes t h e t i m e yo u g o i n g t h r o u g h t o u ch i n g , g a t e s o p e n i n g , a n d wa l k i n g t h r o u g h them. If the IoT can get rid of these

p r o c e s s e s , i t wo u l d s ave m o r e t i m e t o ru s h o n t o t h e t r a i n . I f eve r yo n e h a s s m a r t p h o n e s , we c a n p u t t h e s ys t e m t h a t d o e s n o t eve n n e e d t o t o u ch o r tap onto the gates, it should simply d e t e c t w h e t h e r i f we h ave p h o n e s i n o u r p o cke t s o r n o t a n d i t c a n ch a r g e m o n ey a ft e r wa r d s , n o t eve n t o u ch i n g t h e g a t e s . Th i s c a s e i f t h e r e wa s d e l ay o r p r o b l e m s w i t h t r a i n s t h e r a i l c o m p a ny s h o u l d a u t o m a t i c a l l y d e d u c t t h e a m o u n t t h a t t h ey n e e d t o p ay fo r, o r t h e c u s t o m e r s c a n s ay t h a t t h ey h ave r e c o r d o f w h e t h e r t h ey we r e o n t h e t r a i n w h i ch h a d p r o b l e m w i t h o r not. It is more of clearing out the time c o n s u m p t i o n , t o s ave m o r e t i m e . I n t h e other case the train can be integrate t h e I o T ve r y h e av i l y s u ch a s a d v i c e o n w h a t c a rr i a g e t o j o i n , w h e r e t o s t a n d

o n t h e p l a t fo r m t o p o s i t i o n yo u r s e l f fo r a s w i ft ex i t a t yo u r d e s t i n a t i o n , and automated train operation, etc ( S c r ox t o n , 2 014 ) . Th e g r e a t ex a m p l e fo r t h i s i s D o ck l a n d s L i g h t R a i l way.

All the trains are fully automated and o p e r a t e d by c o m p u t e r s , a n d a l s o t h e r e i s n o g a t e s t o b o t h e r w h e n g e tt i n g o n . I t ’s b e c o m i n g s o m e t h i n g t h a t i s s e l f s e r v i n g a n d i s s o r t o f i nv i s i b l e .

Th e g a t e s h ave r e m ove d b u t p e o p l e s t i l l t o u ch i n a n d o u t w i t h t h e i r oys t e r cards. It is because the action of going through the gates has become i nv i s i b l e , p e o p l e a r e n o l o n g e r n e e d t o b e b l o cke d b e c a u s e t h ey k n ow t h ey n e e d t o p ay. Th i s m e t h o d o f r e m ov i n g s o m e t h i n g t h a t h a s a l ways b e e n t h e r e is sometimes tough but is creating a s i m p l e r l i fe .

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LIGHT BULBS AND CONNECTIVITY S ay a l l t h e l i g h t b u l b s i n my h o u s e a r e c o n n e c t e d t o t h e i n t e r n e t . I t wo u l d c o m m u n i c a t e t h e d a t a t o my p h o n e s o I wo u l d k n ow w h e n t h e l i g h t b u l b i s ru n n i n g l ow o r w h e n t o ch a n g e . Th e l i g h t b u l b c a n a l s o m o n i t o r my s l e e p i n g p a tt e r n s o t o a d j u s t t h e b r i g h t n e s s o f t h e r o o m p a r a l l e l t o my d a i l y l i fe p a tt e r n . Th i s i s s i m i l a r t o t h e c u rr e n t i P h o n e s ys t e m , N i g h t S h i ft M o d e , c o m b i n e d w i t h P h i l i p s H u e L E D B u l b s ( S t a b l e s , 2 016 ) . i P h o n e n ow a l l ow s t h e u s e r s t o s e t w h e n t h ey a r e g o i n g t o b e d s o t h e i r i P h o n e wo u l d k n ow w h e n t o g r a d u a l l y r e d u c e the amount of the Blue Light coming through their

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s c r e e n s . Th i s h e l p s t h e u s e r s t o h ave a b e tt e r sleep, and this is the idea that the light bulb c o u l d h ave i n t h e f u tu r e . P h i l i p s H u e L E D B u l b s is something that is still not good enough to be t h e I o T. Th e u s e r s c a n h o o k t h e l i g h t b u l b s t o t h e i r p h o n e s a n d a d j u s t c o l o u r s , d i m , tu r n i n g o n / o ff a ny t i m e , f r o m a ny w h e r e . I t i s m o r e l i ke a r e m o t e to the light at home but this remote control to t h e h o m e l i g h t i n g i s a l r e a d y ex i s t i n g a n d i t i s n o t so rare. What I imagined is that light bulb can m o n i t o r o u r d a i l y r o u t i n e s o i t k n ow s w h e n t o s w i t ch t h e l i g h t i n t h e b a t h r o o m , s tu d y r o o m o r i n t h e k i t ch e n . O r eve n i n o u r b e d r o o m s t o h e l p u s wa ke u p w i t h o u t t h e n o i s y a l a r m i n t h e m o r n i n g .

It should automatically read where the user is in t h e h o u s e a n d r e c e i ve t h e l o c a t i o n p l u s w h a t t h e u s e r d i d i n p a s t few h o u r s s o t o m a ke a d j u s t m e n t s t o t h e l i g h t i n g b r i g h t n e s s . Fo r t h e I o T t o a ch i eve t h i s , i t i s ve r y i m p o r t a n t t h a t t h e c o n n e c t i v i t y i s s u ff i c i e n t a n d s o t o ke e p t r a ck o f t h e u s e r ’s l i fe . ( Ko b i e , 2 014 )

HOME AND SECURITY

I f a l l t h e h o m e f u r n i tu r e s a r e c o n n e c t e d t o t h e i n t e r n e t o u r l i ve s a r e g o i n g t o b e s o m u ch e a s i e r i n t e r m s o f t h e t i m e s av i n g a n d t h e s e c u r i t y. Th e c o ffe e m a ke r w i l l m a ke yo u a c u p o f c o ffe e i n t h e m o r n i n g ( Rey n o l d s , 2 016 ) , t h e u m b r e l l a w i l l i n fo r m yo u i f i t ’s g o i n g t o r a i n t o d ay o r n o t , t h e h o m e c a n l o ck i t s e l f a u t o m a t i c a l l y w h e t h e r o r n o t i f yo u fo r g e t t o l o ck o r t o c l o s e t h e w i n d ow s . Th e c o n n e c t e d l i g h t b u l b c a n a l s o s w i t ch i t s e l f o n a n d o ff a u t o m a t i c a l l y. Th i s c o u l d s ave a b i g a m o u n t o f m o n ey o n o u r e n e r g y b i l l s a n d e l e c t r i c i t y. ( S M OG . t v, 2 016 )

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CONCLUSION I n c o n c l u s i o n , i t i s a l ways g o i n g t o b e a q u e s t i o n fo r t e ch n o l o g y t o p r o t e c t o u r l i ve s h oweve r i t m i g h t m e a n t h a t i t i s o u r ow n r e s p o n s i b i l i t y t o p r o t e c t o u r s e l ve s a n d i t m i g h t n o l o n g e r b e t e ch n o l o g y ’s r e s p o n s i b i l i t y t o d o s o .

Pe o p l e h ave b e e n t r y i n g t o c r e a t e s o m e sort of protection or security to us t h r o u g h t e ch n o l o g y b u t we m ay n e e d t o r e a l i s e g r a d u a l l y t h a t i t i s o u r ow n responsibilities to be able to secure o u r ow n t h i n g s a n d we c a n n o t b l a m e o r r e l y t o o m u ch o n t e ch n o l o g i e s . I f t h e

r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t we e n t h i n g s - p e o p l e , a n d t h i n g s - t h i n g s m ove s o n , t h e wo r l d m i g h t b e c o m e t h e wo r l d t h a t we h a d i m a g i n e d i n t h e p a s t l i ke s c i e n c e f i c t i o n wo r l d w h e r e t h e r e wa s o n l y c o o l t h i n g s ex i s t . Th e c r e a t i o n o f t h e s c i e n c e f i c t i o n wo r l d c a n n o l o n g e r b e t h e i m a g i n e d wo r l d , i t m i g h t b e c o m e s o m e t h i n g t h a t c a n b e i n r e a l l i fe t h a t i s c l o s e r t o o u r s e l ve s . Th e d ay w h e n s c i - f i s h i ft s t o n o n s c i - f i m i g h t c o m e i n t h e f u tu r e .

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M ay b e t e ch n o l o g y w i l l m a ke u s t o o t i r e d o f t e ch n o l o g y. I n t h i s s c e n a r i o , what the IoT can do is not to ‘tell’ t h e i n fo r m a t i o n t o u s , i t s h o u l d ‘ u s e’ t h e i n fo r m a t i o n t o t e l l u s w h a t t o d o .

Th e d a t a o r t h e i n fo r m a t i o n i s e a s y fo r t e ch n o l o g y t o s i m p l y s h ow t h e t ex t b u t i f t h e i n fo r m a t i o n c a n b e u s e d by t h i n g s a n d t o i n fo r m u s w h a t t o d o i t c a n p r o d u c e s o m e t h i n g t h a t we n eve r r e a ch e d b e fo r e . I f t h i n g s c a n m a ke u s e o f o t h e r t h i n g s l i ke h ow h u m a n s do, the IoT can become something t h a t we n eve r a ch i eve d i n t h e p a s t a n d s h o u l d b e a b l e t o s u r v i ve fo r l o n g time.

W h a t we c a n d o r i g h t n ow i s t o r a i s e awa r e n e s s o f ‘ t h e I n t e r n e t o f Th i n g s’ a n d t o m a ke p e o p l e u n d e r s t a n d h ow i t w i l l a ffe c t o u r l i ve s , s ave s o u r t i m e , m a k i n g o u r l i ve s b e tt e r i n t h e f u tu r e o r t o t e l l h ow i t c o u l d h ave b e e n s ave d o u r l i ve s i n t h e p a s t . I f p e o p l e s t a r t t o u n d e r s t a n d t h e I o T we w i l l d i s c ove r m o r e a b o u t t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t we e n p e o p l e a n d t h i n g s , a n d we s h o u l d b e using / consuming the IoT all the time as possible so to understand and find o u t a b o u t t h i n g s m o r e . Th i s c u l tu r e wo u l d b e c o m e s o m ew h e r e w h e r e things and people are going to cross o n t o p o f e a ch o t h e r.

REFERENCES Wa t a n a b e , K . ( 2 015 ) M e l t D e s i g n : U I / U X / I o T. Ja p a n : B N N .

a t : h tt p s : / / yo u tu . b e / _ A l c Ro q S 6 5 E ( Ac c e s s e d : 2 9 A p r i l 2 016 ) .

C a r r, N . ( 2 010 ) Th e s h a l l ow s : H ow t h e I n t e r n e t i s ch a n g i n g t h e

Bo o r m a n , C . ( 2 015 ) Te n ways t h e I n t e r n e t o f t h i n g s i s t r a n s fo r m i n g

way we t h i n k , r e a d a n d r e m e m b e r. Lo n d o n : A t l a n t i c Bo o k s

o u r l i ve s . Ava i l a b l e a t : h tt p : / / b l o g . a u t o m i c . c o m / t e n - ways - t h e -

Lo n d o n .

i n t e r n e t - o f - t h i n g s - i s - t r a n s fo r m i n g - o u r- l i ve s ( Ac c e s s e d : 2 3 A p r i l 2 016 ) .

H a l l , S. ( 2 012 ) ‘ Wr i t i n g : E x p l i c a t i n g a n d u n fo l d i n g c o n d e n s e d t ex tu a l p r a c t i c e s i n a r t a n d d e s i g n’, j o u r n a l o f w r i t i n g i n c r e a t i ve

B u rru s , D. , Re s e a r ch , B. a n d C o n t r i b u t o r s , I . ( 2 015 ) Th e I n t e r n e t

p r a c t i c e , 5 ( 1 ) , p p . 14 1 – 15 7. d o i : 10 . 13 8 6 / j wc p . 5 . 1. 14 1 _ 1.

o f t h i n g s i s fa r b i g g e r t h a n a nyo n e r e a l i ze s . Ava i l a b l e a t : h tt p : / / w w w. w i r e d . c o m / i n s i g h t s / 2 014 / 11 / t h e - i n t e r n e t - o f - t h i n g s - b i g g e r /

K a o s F i l m s ( 2 012 ) I OT ( I N T E R N ET O F T H I N G S ) . Ava i l a b l e a t :

( Ac c e s s e d : 2 3 A p r i l 2 016 ) .

h tt p s : / / v i m e o . c o m / 3 6 6 8 5 5 9 6 ( Ac c e s s e d : 2 9 A p r i l 2 016 ) .

G r e e n b e r g , A . a n d Z e tt e r, K . ( 2 015 ) H ow t h e I n t e r n e t o f t h i n g s M i c r o s o ft D e s i g n ( 2 013 ) C o n n e c t i n g . Ava i l a b l e a t : h tt p s : / / v i m e o .

g o t h a cke d . Ava i l a b l e a t : h tt p s : / / w w w. w i r e d . c o m / 2 015 / 12 / 2 015 -

c o m / 5 2 8 6 16 3 4 ( Ac c e s s e d : 2 9 A p r i l 2 016 ) .

t h e - ye a r- t h e - i n t e r n e t - o f - t h i n g s - g o t - h a cke d / ( Ac c e s s e d : 1 M ay 2 016 ) .

S M OG . t v ( 2 016 ) W E F : I n t e r n e t o f t h i n g s . Ava i l a b l e a t : h tt p s : / / v i m e o . c o m / 15 2 5 8 5 0 9 2 ( Ac c e s s e d : 2 9 A p r i l 2 016 ) .

Ko b i e , N . ( 2 014 ) H a ck i n g t h e I n t e r n e t o f t h i n g s : Fr o m s m a r t c a r s t o t o i l e t s . Ava i l a b l e a t : h tt p : / / w w w. a l p h r. c o m / fe a tu r e s / 3 8 9 9 2 0 /

T E D x Ta l k s ( 2 014 ) W h a t i s t h e I n t e r n e t o f t h i n g s ? A n d w hy

h a ck i n g - t h e - i n t e r n e t - o f - t h i n g s - f r o m - s m a r t - c a r s - t o - t o i l e t s

s h o u l d yo u c a r e ? | Be n s o n H o u g l a n d | T E D x Te m e c u l a . Ava i l a b l e

( Ac c e s s e d : 1 M ay 2 016 ) .

16

M a r r,

B.

should

( 2 015 ) read.

17

‘Internet

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at:

of

t h i n g s’

fa c t s

eve r yo n e

c o ffe e - m a ch i n e ( Ac c e s s e d : 1 M ay 2 016 ) .

h tt p : / / w w w. fo r b e s . c o m / s i t e s /

b e r n a r d m a r r / 2 015 / 10 / 2 7 / 17 - m i n d - b l o w i n g - i n t e r n e t - o f - t h i n g s -

S c r ox t o n , A . ( 2 014 ) H ow t h e i n t e r n e t o f t h i n g s c o u l d t r a n s fo r m

fa c t s - eve r yo n e - s h o u l d - r e a d / # 9 b f b 9 c 6 1 a 7 a b ( Ac c e s s e d : 2 3 A p r i l

B r i t a i n’s r a i l ways . Ava i l a b l e a t : h tt p : / / w w w. c o m p u t e r we e k l y.

2 016 ) .

com/feature/How-the-Internet-of-Things-could-transformB r i t a i n s - r a i l ways ( Ac c e s s e d : 2 M ay 2 016 ) .

M e r r i m a n , C . ( 2 014 ) 8 7 p e r c e n t o f c o n s u m e r s h ave n’t h e a r d o f t h e i n t e r n e t o f t h i n g s . Ava i l a b l e a t : h tt p : / / w w w. t h e i n q u i r e r. n e t /

S h a r m a , R . ( 2 013 ) F i ve ch a l l e n g e s fo r t h e I n t e r n e t o f t h i n g s

i n q u i r e r / n ew s / 2 3 6 16 7 2 / 8 7- p e r c e n t - o f - c o n s u m e r s - h ave n t - h e a r d -

E c o s ys t e m .

o f - t h e - i n t e r n e t - o f - t h i n g s ( Ac c e s s e d : 1 M ay 2 016 ) .

r a k e s h s h a r m a / 2 013 / 11 / 12 / f i v e - ch a l l e n g e s - f o r- t h e - t h e - i n t e r n e t -

Ava i l a b l e

at:

h tt p : / / w w w. fo r b e s . c o m / s i t e s /

o f - t h i n g s - e c o s ys t e m / # 7 0 0 c 8 019 3 a 0 4 ( Ac c e s s e d : 1 M ay 2 016 ) .

Morgan, of

J.

( 2 014 )

t h i n g s’.

A

simple

Ava i l a b l e

at:

ex p l a n a t i o n

of

‘the

Internet

h tt p : / / w w w. fo r b e s . c o m / s i t e s /

S m i t h , C . ( 2 013 ) Yo u r e n t i r e wo r l d w i l l s o o n b e c o n n e c t e d .

j a c o b m o r g a n / 2 014 / 0 5 / 13 / s i m p l e - e x p l a n a t i o n - i n t e r n e t - t h i n g s -

Ava i l a b l e

t h a t - a nyo n e - c a n - u n d e r s t a n d / # 5 0 8 a 6 e 6 8 6 8 2 8

d ev i c e s / ( Ac c e s s e d : 2 3 A p r i l 2 016 ) .

( Ac c e s s e d :

23

at:

h tt p : / / b g r. c o m / 2 013 / 12 / 13 / i n t e r n e t - o f - t h i n g s -

A p r i l 2 016 ) .

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E.

( 2 016 )

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with

S t a b l e s , J. ( 2 016 ) Th e b e s t s m a r t b u l b s fo r yo u r c o n n e c t e d s m a r t

N e s p r e s s o’s B l u e t o o t h m a ch i n e ( w i r e d U K ) . Ava i l a b l e a t : h tt p : / /

home.

w w w. w i r e d . c o . u k / n ew s / a r ch i ve / 2 016 - 0 3 / 01 / i n t e r n e t - c o n n e c t e d -

b e s t - s m a r t - b u l b s - fo r- yo u r- t e ch - h o m e ( Ac c e s s e d : 2 M ay 2 016 ) .

REFERENCES

Ava i l a b l e

at:

h tt p : / / w w w. wa r e a b l e . c o m / s m a r t - h o m e /