Women In the Media by Kellie Hooper

WoMEN IN THE /MEDIA

/INSIDE

firstly / 07 tom ford / 11 magazine research / 13 70s porn aesthetic / 16 questionnaires / 19 talk to your daughter / 22 wir haben abgetrieben / 24 overall / 26

/APPendix questionnaire template / 28-29 questionnaire examples / 30-33 consent forms / 34-37 magazine research data / 38

references / 39-40 images references / 40-41 bibliography / 41-44

/kellie-jay hooper

N0430228 module leader / sarah lewington fcp2 fash20031 communication & message

front cover / fig 1, miley cyrus by terri richardson, 2013 right / fig 2, mariana braga & max motta by tom ford, 2011

‘MEN ACT AND WOMEN APPEAR’ fig 3, cara delevigne by mert alas & marcus piggott, 2013

women in the media

‘How many strong, new, interesting, nonstereotypical roles do you see women of all ages playing?’ – a question raised by Fearne Downey, the national president of The Alliance of Canadian Cinema, Television and Radio Artists (Operation Maple, 2013). Try to think back to the last time you saw a woman at the forefront of a fashion advertising campaign, who was over the age of 50 or not a perfect size six. The likelihood of this is rare, and the young and beautiful are the norm of the 21st century’s entertainment industry. The fashion industry is an accurate representation of this claim as most models have a sell-by date and the average age of the top ten ranked on models.com’s ‘Top 50 Models’ list is 24 (2014). Topping this list suggests that these women are at the prime of their careers and few models go on to stay popular for as long as the likes of Kate Moss. In an article written for Stella Magazine (2013), William Leith raises awareness of the daunting fact that a large percentage of the current, most successful TV shows including ‘New Girl’ and ‘The Big Bang Theory’ feature average looking men, accompanied by stunning women, again signifying sexism within another area of the industry. He also quotes art critic John Berger in his article, who famously said ‘men act and women appear’ (1972). It does seem that men are famous and successful for their acting abilities, their humour and their personalities rather than their good looks – ‘I’ve never heard any woman say anything negative about George Clooney’s grey hair’, but try to think of a woman with grey hair that is ‘openly viewed as sexy within the public domain’ (Leith, 2013). Furthermore, a content

analysis of popular music videos found that 80% of randomly selected clips featured sexually suggestive non-dance movements, 70% displaying provocative clothing and 60% showing sexual suggestive dance movements and an emphasis on body parts, with a shocking 30% simulating penetrative sex (JJH, 2012). All in all this suggests a high prevalence of sexual imagery in today’s music videos. Focusing on fashion advertising and music videos, the concerning issues with the unrealistic and hyper-sexualised portrayal of women within the public eye is the way it affects the younger generations. This especially concerns girls in their pre-teens and teenage years. Jill Golick from the Writer’s Guild of Canada is worried that ‘when our daughters and young women look at the television screen they don’t see a reflection of themselves as average people, they don’t see a variety of body types, a variety of skin tones, […] they see a highly stylised, and I think somewhat plastic version of what women are’ (Operation Maple, 2013). How will young women ever think their own looks are normal, when they are left to only look up to beautiful, thin women under fifty? How can they accept their imperfections if celebrities from all areas of the advertising industry are airbrushed to perfection? How will they ever have any self worth when all they see are half-naked, objectified women performing on MTV? And what can we, as an industry, do to change this behaviour in the future?

WITHIN FASHION Advertisin 6

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previous / fig 4, georgia may jagger & marlon teixeira by mario sorrenti, 2013 above / fig 5, mariana braga by tom ford, 2008

women in the media

Sex sells, as does perfection. Long gone are the days where fashion advertisements had to be about the garments. The consumers of today are often more focused on the brand they are buying into rather than the product itself. This makes it possible for fashion houses to promote their goods in unconventional ways. The more shocking their ideas are, the more attention they will receive. The aim is to stop people from turning the page of a fashion magazine, to force them to do a double take when seeing adverts at bus stops and on billboards. Fashion designer Tom Ford is no stranger to this kind of advertising. Described as ‘a man who sees double entendres where there is hardly an entendre’ (Freeman, 2011), he released a series of advertisements promoting bottles of his cologne by photographing the bottle between a woman’s bare breasts and thighs (fig. 5). Previous to this, Ford himself appeared on a 2006 cover of ‘Vanity Fair’, fully clothed but pictured with Scarlett Johansson and Keira Knightley – both of which were completely naked. This, again, supports his

/CASE STUDy I sexist approach, where women are wanted for their bodies and beauty. Ford was quoted saying ‘I’ve been guilty of provocation but it’s also just common sense marketing – put a bottle of scent in a woman’s cleavage, or between her thighs – and men will notice’ (Perez, 2012). Men’s magazines such as Maxim and FHM have conducted a series of experiments with their cover photo choices. Issues with semi-naked women in suggestive poses have continuously outsold issues featuring the image of a male celebrity on the front, even if the male is relevant to what the readers are interested in (Sugget, 2011). Simple genetics ensure that men are drawn to sexually provocative images. Tom Ford knows that if his campaigns manage to suggest a sexual situation, they will receive the desired response.

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/PRIMARY RESEARCH I

To reiterate the sex sells approach, as well as the other ways women are portrayed within advertising, I looked at two popular women’s publications – fashion magazine Elle and lifestyle magazine Cosmopolitan. Both have a large readership with quite broad age ranges, thus largely influencing women everywhere with their content. In my research I counted the total number of advertisements in both publications and compared this sum to a variety of factors. This helped me analyse the type of images and messages their readership is exposed to. I categorized different types of advertisements into four groups, however adverts could be placed into more than one group. Group one contained campaigns that portray a sexual message through text or clothing – or lack thereof. Group two focused on images of women that show them as society’s image of ‘perfect’, thin women with perfect skin through post-production. Adverts for any beauty products such as face creams, make-up or diet pills are counted as part of group three, whereas any support of imperfections such as plus-size models or body confidence is organized into group four. I found that the February 2014 issue of Cosmopolitan contained a total of 39 advertisements, 65% of which portrayed women to have a flawless complexion and a thin physique. Almost one half of the images were interpreted as having a sexual undertone such as Roberto Cavalli’s ‘Just Cavalli’ campaign featuring Georgia May Jagger (fig. 4). A staggering 66% of advertisements promoted beauty products, including Keratin hair products, teeth whitening strips and even plastic surgery. Unsurprisingly, only three out

fig 6, isabeli fontana by inez van iamsweerde and vinoodh matadin, 2013

of 178 pages showed women that do not fit into the model aesthetic, with two pages on plus size and one page on body disfigurement (see appendix, p. 36). Furthermore, the February 2014 issue of Elle contained a total of 52 advertisements, of which 38% portrayed some form of sexual message such as a naked Isabeli Fontana in Viktor & Rolf’s ‘Flowerbomb’ campaign (fig. 6). A shocking 86% of the adverts made women look perfect through the use of post-production and I found no evidence of any women not fitting into the model aesthetic. 34% of advertisements promoted beauty products, and even included a sample of Garnier’s ‘Miracle Skin Perfector BB Cream’. Overall, it is clear that post-production has become a must and wrinkles, freckles and imperfections are rarely revealed. To achieve this level of perfection, readers are constantly reminded to buy beauty products as, specifically in Cosmopolitan magazine, they make up the majority of adverts featured (see appendix, p. 36). For two mainstream magazines, accessible to everyone, sexual portrayal of women was relatively high. It is noteworthy that both magazines featured adverts that are known for their sexual nature on the back cover, meaning that the reader does not even have to look through the content of the publication to see these images. This study only looked at two magazines, however the images used are the ones chosen for that season or item and will be featured in the majority of fashion, lifestyle and beauty prints, as well as public billboards. This means they are seen by a large percentage of people of all ages on a daily basis and can distort the image of what is ‘beautiful’ or ‘normal’.

T 12 women in the media

/WITHIN THE MUSIC INDUSTRY 13

/CASE STUDy II

The ordinariness of sex in the media with the added pressure of perfectly toned and flawless models has been the reality for some years now. Other than Tom Ford, fashion photographer Terry Richardson is another man in the public eye who is to be held responsible for making the hyper-sexualisation of women seem ‘normal’. Over the past years, he has repeatedly been accused of sexually harassing his models, yet famous models, singers and even Barack Obama himself still chose to work with him, allowing him to abuse his position further (Sauers, 2010). His photos usually depict naked, or semi-naked, young girls, often simulating sexual acts, and Richardson is not shy of jumping into the explicit shots himself. Following a number of accusations from models who have actually worked with him, websites such as Jezebel have campaigned to stop him from getting commissioned, yet even relatively clean-cut companies such as H&M still buy into his ‘1970s porn aesthetic’ (McInnes, Zahm & Hanson, 2004). However, yet again, the sex sells approach is working, as more recently a music video directed by Richardson became the most viewed video of 2013 (Fox, 2013). Currently at 495 million views on Vevo, Miley Cyrus ‘Wrecking Ball’ depicts the then 20-year-old licking a sledgehammer and riding a wrecking ball completely naked. The video received international attention and shock, becoming a must-see within hours. Together, Richardson and Cyrus created a topic for the world to talk about, ensuring plenty of pre-orders of the song and attention for both of them. What followed were a series of photographs showing Cyrus shot by Richardson ‘twerking’, semi-naked and provocative – nips slips and all. However, Cyrus is no stranger to shocking the world, even without the sleazy help of Richardson. Earlier in 2013, she caused outrage through her performance of Robin Thicke’s ‘Blurred Lines’ at the MTV Video Music Awards (VMAs), a song which has been slated for its references to ‘blurring the line’ between women consenting to sex and being date raped (Lynskey, 2013). Yet again, Miley stripped, ‘twerked’, ‘degraded’ the foam finger (Larkin, 2013) and consequently attracted negative publicity. It was especially mothers who were outraged at the ex-Disney star’s behaviour. Complaints were filed against the network concerning Miley’s ‘obscene, slutty, indecent implied sexual acts with bears and foam finger’, which ‘should not be on during evening programming’ [sic] (Kurp, 2013). It is clear that Cyrus is not afraid to use her sexuality to promote her brand and it is likely that this is due to the pressure the industry is giving her, as artists with similar fan bases such as Rihanna (fig. 9) and Lady Gaga have previously shed their clothes and left little to the imagination (Vincent, 2013). Nevertheless, as shown by the amount of complaints MTV received, parents are clearly seeing the hyper-sexualisation of celebrities as an issue that affects their children.

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previous / fig 7, lindsay lohan and terry richardson by terry richardson, 2008 above / fig 8, miley cyrus and terry richardson, 2013

fig 9, rihanna by zoe mcconnell, 2013

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PRIMARY RESERACH II I conducted a study, in which I asked mothers of children under the age of twelve, to look at a series of videos and photos; the video to Cyrus and Richardson’s ‘Wrecking Ball’, as well as footage of Cyrus’ VMA performance, and Tom Ford’s cologne advertising campaign. This was followed by a number of questions in which the women described their feelings concerning the materials they had just seen, how they would feel if their children saw these and their general thoughts on hyper-sexualisation within the media. They were asked to elaborate on the credibility of the artist or brand and gave their own ideas on a possible behaviour change. The participants were generally shocked and disturbed by what they had seen, with one mother saying she was ‘horrified at the kind of imagery that is published for advertisements today’ and that she would feel embarrassed for her daughter to ‘see these kinds of images’ (see appendix, p. 30). When asked specifically about the way the videos and images could affect their children, some participants mentioned that Cyrus established herself as a clean and good role model to little girls all over the world but then grew up, whilst her fans are still ‘tweens’. One mother mentioned that if her daughters used to want to look just like Cyrus’ Disney character, Hannah Montana, ‘what stops them from wanting to look just like Miley in a couple of years?’ (see appendix, p. 32). Generally, when asked about the credibility and representation of the brand and artist through these visuals, it was questioned why this kind of advertising is necessary. However, it was mentioned that these are the kind of news that get people talking, thereby creating brand awareness (see appendix, p. 31). Focusing not only on the hyper-sexualisation within the industry, but also the size-zero and post-production problem, the women were asked whether they think this affects their daughters. One mother stated that she works with teenagers and sees the influence the industry has on them on a daily basis and consequently she worries that her younger daughter will one day think in the same way (see appendix, p. 31). The next question focused on the difference between males and females in the industry, where ‘men act and women appear’ (Berger, 1972). The women largely agreed that women struggle in whatever industry they work in, may it be television, fashion or law (see appendix, p. 32). Finally, I asked the women what needs to change in the media industry and how this could be done. Some suggested boycotting brands who objectify women, however others acknowledged that taking down the entire industry is an impossible task and we should start by talking to our children and supporting brands with a message of healthy body image, such as Dove (see appendix, p. 33).

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T /ROLE

TODAY’s EMODELS 19

As one mother whom took part in my questionnaire mentioned; Dove are a brand known for their commitment in empowering and inspiring women through self-esteem projects, targeted at mothers, daughters, teachers and mentors (Dove, 2014). Dove are aware that tackling and changing the entire entertainment industry and their view on beauty, is a far stretch right now. However, they have continuously worked on making women feel beautiful, no matter what their size or skin colour. Their brand message is very innovative, using ‘projects, not campaigns’ to simultaneously raise awareness of their products and the distortion of our society. In a video from 2007 (fig. 11), Dove shows the vast majority of sexualised adverts that are accessible to everyone, telling mothers to ‘speak to your daughters, before the beauty industry does’ (Piper, 2007). Furthermore, the brand has dedicated an entire website to helping mothers and daughters work on their self-esteem and ensuring that the difference between unrealistic, ‘photoshopped’ fashion models and the reality of the women you see on a daily basis is recognised. The site provides the reader with a large amount of articles, games, action checklists and advice. There is no evidence of Dove using the website to promote their own products, however raising awareness of the good that the brand is doing is advertisement enough.

/CASE STUDY III

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previous / fig 10, jennifer lawrence by mark seliger, 2012 above / fig 11, onslaught by dove, 2007

As previously said, it would be extremely difficult to change an entire industry that has been stuck in its ways for a number of years now and the popularity of the sex sells approach is not going to go away overnight. What the industry needs is a set of better role models. There are thousands of great women in the world who are talented without being a size zero or taking their clothes off, for example Jennifer Lawrence (fig. 10). The actress is known for her sense of humour, talent and her healthy body. She was once quoted as saying ‘In Hollywood, I’m obese. I’m considered a fat actress’ (Lawrence, 2012), whereas she is actually perfectly healthy and refuses to change for the industry, making her a great role model for women everywhere. This behaviour change will not happen through the mere use of a campaign; it needs a project to back it up. 43 years ago, German magazine ‘Stern’ was heavily involved with the legalisation of abortions in Germany and released an issue titled ‘Wir haben abgetrieben!’ (‘We had arbortions!’). Within this, 374 women admitted to having illegal abortions, prior to the legalisation, therefore ‘pleading guilty’. Stern showed the faces of all 374 women who had signed up the project (fig. 12), including actresses, feminists and housewives of all ages (Anon., 2013). The initial shock of such a taboo subject being discussed and supported by a very well known and respected publication ensured international coverage of the project. In her book ‘German Feminism: Readings in Politics and Literature‘, feminist author Edith Hoshino Altbach wrote that

/STRATEGY

‘the resoluteness of the women not to follow the rules which weren’t theirs, and the demonstration of their solidarity constituted the action’s immense effect’ (1984). An action with an immense effect is exactly what a campaign on better role models needs. To apply this initial idea to the promotion of healthy rolemodels, we will collaborate with The Guardian, who will supply a special edition supplement. This will be an entire issue based on body confidence, using non-provocative imagery. Hundreds of great role models including empowered women like Jennifer Lawrence, or sportswoman Jessica Ennis, as well as mothers, artists, journalists, lawyers, nurses – women from all types of backgrounds, occupations and ages – will feature in the magazine. They will each be asked to show their least favourite body part in a photo, which will appear next to an image of their face and a short profile about themselves. This will show that every woman has flaws and nobody is perfect, making people feel less lonely with their worries and more confident. These nonprovocative photos will also temporarily replace some beauty and fashion adverts on billboards, to create awareness. The aim of the project is to provide women everywhere with a whole list of women to look up to who have genuine talent and beauty without objectifying themselves or the use of post-production. Mothers will share the issue with their friends and pass this down to their daughters. This could potentially inspire the next generation to stay clear of the size zero, picture perfect, hyper-sexualisation of women.

22 women in the media fig 12, ‘wir haben abgetrieben’, stern magazine cover, 1971

‘Even the models we SEE in magazines WISH they could look like their own images’ /Cheri K. Erdman (CULLIP, 2013)

24 women in the media

Overall, it is clear that the sex sells approach is still working as it gets the consumer talking. High-street chains and politicians are even telling women that it is somehow acceptable to work with a man accused of sexual harassment. Every season we still see stick-thin models walking down the runway, and young women with zero blemishes grace the magazine pages and billboards. Through previous research by Dove, as well as my own, all of this is becoming a growing concern for any mother or mentor. They are aware of the harmful effects the entertainment industry has on self-esteem and are actively against these materials being exposed to their children. It is about time for women to be viewed as strong and equal to men, thus known for their talent and success rather than their looks and age. Taking down an entire industry is an unrealistic goal, thus the introduction of new role models will benefit the next generation. Hopefully, in the future we will be able to reject what William Leith once suggested and we will be able to think of plenty of interesting, dressed, healthy women with grey hair that are â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;openly viewed as sexy within the public domainâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; (2013).

fig 13, american apparel ad by petra collins, 2012

APPENDI Contains a template of the questionnaire I sent out, the questionnaire responses I ended up quoting in the main text, as well as a selection of the consent forms I received. This is followed by a table of how I collected my magazine research.

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fig 14, nicholas hoult & carolyn murphy by tom ford, 2010

questionnaire TEMplate/ FEMALE REPRESENTATION WITHIN THE MEDIA & THE INFLUENCE THIS HAS ON CHILDREN (FASHION & MUSIC INDUSTRY) I am conducting research into the representation of women in the media, with a focus on the fashion and music industry. As part of that project I am interested in your views about how children are affected by what they see on TV or in magazines. The information you provide may be used within a report, discussing what mothers think about these topics. The information provided will be treated in strictest confidence and you will not be individually identified in any presentations of the results. All questionnaires will be kept in accordance with the Data Protection Act. I will be asking you to look at a series of videos and photographs and comment on how you feel about these and how you feel about these being shown to your children. (Please start the questionnaire below.) Part 1 Please watch these two short videos: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=My2FRPA3Gf8 (Miley Cyrus â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Wrecking Ball) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N7km0MRajhs (Miley Cyrus & Robin Thicke at the MTV Video Music Awards) Please look at this advertising campaign by fashion designer Tom Ford to promote the launch of the brandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s first cologne.

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Part 2 Question 1: Please state the gender and age of your child/children.

Question 2: How do you feel about the videos and pictures you have just seen?

Question 3: How would you feel about your youngest children being exposed to the videos and pictures you have just seen?

Question 4: How do you think these videos and pictures represent the artist and the brand in terms of credibility?

Question 4: Do you think that children and young adults, especially young women, are influenced by what they see in the media i.e. size zero models and celebrities photo-shopped to perfection? If so, do you think this is damaging to your childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s self esteem?

Question 5: Do you believe that women in the public eye are portrayed unfairly compared to men, i.e. women have to be beautiful to be relevant and men donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t?

Question 6: What do you think needs to be done to change the way women are treated by the media?

Participant #4 Question 1: Please state the gender and age of your child/children. 11 year old daughter Question 2: How do you feel about the videos and pictures you have just seen? I am horrified at the kind of imagery that is published for advertisements today. The Tom Ford advert is practically pornographic and I would feel embarrassed for my daughter to see these kinds of images. The way in which Tom Ford has tried to communicate a sexual message just looks sleazy. Question 3: How would you feel about your youngest children being exposed to the videos and pictures you have just seen? Miley Cyrus was and still is my daughter’s favourite actress/ singer and her behavior shift has taken great influence on her. My daughter has even stated she ‘wants to be Miley Cyrus’ when she grows up. She has in fact seen the wrecking ball music video and loves everything Miley seems to do. From growing up as a teenage sweetheart in Hannah Montana to posing naked on a wrecking ball in her music videos. I am shocked at the amount of sexual references within the music industry today and Miley Cyrus is just one of the followers who has gone on to make just another risqué video. I do not agree with it but it is hard to avoid. Question 4: How do you think these videos and pictures represent the artist and the brand in terms of credibility? I think that they are trying too hard to shock their audience but it fails to impress me. To see this kind of imagery does not make me want to buy the product but instead makes me consider why the brand are using images of naked women. I feel that Miley Cyrus is just trying to break away from her innocence and show she is now a ‘woman’ but I would be more impressed by her talent than seeing her naked in a music video. The horrifying thing is that images like the Tom Ford ads aren’t just published in adult magazines, my daughter reads Shout mag and they consistently have articles about Miley Cyrus, so it is practically being shoved into my daughter’s face. Question 4: Do you think that children and young adults, especially young women, are influenced by what they see in the media i.e. size zero models and celebrities photo-shopped to perfection? If so, do you think this is damaging to your children’s self esteem? I have always told my daughter that she is ‘beautiful’ but the extent as to which she believes what I tell her is questionable when she sees what is the beautiful ideal. Magazines targeted towards her age range feature the likes of Miley Cyrus who she aspires to be and believes is ‘beautiful’. Forever telling me about how Miley has a new hairstyle or looks really good because she’s so skinny. I think that there is too much focus on body size today and no 11 year old should feel pressure to look a certain way. Question 5: Do you believe that women in the public eye are portrayed unfairly compared to men, i.e. women have to be beautiful to be relevant and men don’t? Yes I believe that women are appreciated for their looks over their talents and abilities compared to men. There are many unattractive women who have become greatly successful within the music and film industry. Question 6: What do you think needs to be done to change the way women are treated by the media? We should begin to celebrate those who are talented and not those who merely get naked in music videos. I think there should be more focus on women from other verticals such as sport and art.

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Participant #9 Question 1: Please state the gender and age of your child/children. Son 12 and Daughter 8 Question 2: How do you feel about the videos and pictures you have just seen? Confused. It’s hard to tell what they are actually promoting. Question 3: How would you feel about your youngest children being exposed to the videos and pictures you have just seen? Concerned… I wouldn’t want her to feel as though that’s normal. I would also be worried about the way my son will view women if he sees this. Question 4: How do you think these videos and pictures represent the artist and the brand in terms of credibility? Not at all, why is this even necessary? I can see how they cause a fuzz and make people talk but surely not for the right reasons. Question 4: Do you think that children and young adults, especially young women, are influenced by what they see in the media i.e. size zero models and celebrities photo-shopped to perfection? If so, do you think this is damaging to your children’s self esteem? Yes. I work with teenagers and the way the media shows women definitely affects them. You are constantly comparing yourself and your friends to people you see in magazines and on TV. Obviously, if this is how the youth feel then I need to make sure my children don’t feel this way in the future. Question 5: Do you believe that women in the public eye are portrayed unfairly compared to men, i.e. women have to be beautiful to be relevant and men don’t? Yes, I can think of few women in the public eye who aren’t considered beautiful, whereas there are loads of older, male actors who earn millions and are adored for their work, not looks. Question 6: What do you think needs to be done to change the way women are treated by the media? I think it’s gonna be difficult to change an entire industry, but we need to make sure that our kids grow up with self-esteem and acceptance of their selves. Maybe, that will automatically make sure that their generation looks up to a different kind of woman.

Participant #22 Question 1: Please state the gender and age of your child/children. 2 daughters, 10 and 7 and 1 son, 18 Question 2: How do you feel about the videos and pictures you have just seen? I had seen the two video clips previously after my son shared them on his Facebook account but I had never seen those adverts before… They make me feel really uncomfortable. Question 3: How would you feel about your youngest children being exposed to the videos and pictures you have just seen? I’m apprehensive because both my daughters loved Hannah Montana and now she’s turned into a different person with all her twerking and stripping. They used to want to look just like Hannah Montana so what stops them from wanting to look just like Miley Cyrus in a couple of years? Also, I wouldn’t know what to say to my daughters if they asked me what Miley was doing or why the perfume was advertised like that. Question 4: How do you think these videos and pictures represent the artist and the brand in terms of credibility? They obviously get people talking but I wouldn’t trust their brand if that’s the kind of advertising they need. Question 4: Do you think that children and young adults, especially young women, are influenced by what they see in the media i.e. size zero models and celebrities photo-shopped to perfection? If so, do you think this is damaging to your children’s self esteem? I am, so I’m gonna assume that my daughters are as well. Kids are constantly told to eat healthy to fight obesity in the world etc., but where is the line of healthy eating turning into an eating disorder? I want my children to see more healthy rolemodels rather than stick thin models. Question 5: Do you believe that women in the public eye are portrayed unfairly compared to men, i.e. women have to be beautiful to be relevant and men don’t? Women seem to always be treated unfairly, for example in jobs in law etc. so it doesn’t surprise me that we are still seen as sexual objects. Then again, no one seems to do anything against it because people still buy into the products so can we expect it to change? Question 6: What do you think needs to be done to change the way women are treated by the media? Boycotting brands that objectify women but that is a very big task so we should probably start to talk to our children and make sure they have better rolemodels such as historical figures, Michelle Obama or even Jennifer Lawrence.

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Participant #23 Question 1: Please state the gender and age of your child/children. Two daughters, 6 and 20 Question 2: How do you feel about the videos and pictures you have just seen? Disgusted, I wouldn’t want my younger daughter to see these videos/pictures. Question 3: How would you feel about your youngest children being exposed to the videos and pictures you have just seen? I would feel upset and angry. Question 4: How do you think these videos and pictures represent the artist and the brand in terms of credibility? They don’t give them any credibility and it distracts from the product. If a musician/product needs this kind of advertising, it can’t be good. Question 4: Do you think that children and young adults, especially young women, are influenced by what they see in the media i.e. size zero models and celebrities photo-shopped to perfection? If so, do you think this is damaging to your children’s self esteem? Of course. It not only influences your own self-esteem but also the way you look at other people, who don’t live up to these ideals, causing bullying and exclusion. Question 5: Do you believe that women in the public eye are portrayed unfairly compared to men, i.e. women have to be beautiful to be relevant and men don’t? Yes, there are many examples of the beautiful woman and ‘normal’ man issue within the media. Question 6: What do you think needs to be done to change the way women are treated by the media? People need to boycott magazines, products and programs which follow the sex sells idea and support products who consciously follow a different mind-set, such as Dove.

CONSENT #1 Questionnaire Consent Form I, Cora Bauer, understand that I am being asked to participate in a questionnaire activity that forms part of Kellie Hooperâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s course. It is my understanding that this questionnaire has been designed to gather information about the following subjects or topics: - Women in the media I have been given some general information about this project and I understand that the questionnaire will be conducted on the Internet. I understand that my participation in this project is completely voluntary and that I am free to decline to participate, without consequence, at any time prior to or at any point during the activity. I understand that any information I provide will be kept confidential, used only for the purposes of completing this assignment, and will not be used in any way that can identify me. I understand that the results of this activity will be used exclusively in course assignment and none of the information I provide will be published, in any form, in any journals or conference proceedings. I also understand that there are no risks involved in participating in this activity, beyond those risks experienced in everyday life. I have read the information above. By filling in your name above and below, I am consenting to participate in this questionnaire. Participant name Date

Cora Bauer 3/1/2014

Please keep a copy of this consent form for your records. If you have other questions concerning your participation in this project, please contact me at: 07449914203 or khooper@live.com Thank you.

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CONSENT #2 Questionnaire Consent Form I, Karin Strauss, understand that I am being asked to participate in a questionnaire activity that forms part of Kellie Hooperâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s course. It is my understanding that this questionnaire has been designed to gather information about the following subjects or topics: - Women in the media I have been given some general information about this project and I understand that the questionnaire will be conducted on the Internet. I understand that my participation in this project is completely voluntary and that I am free to decline to participate, without consequence, at any time prior to or at any point during the activity. I understand that any information I provide will be kept confidential, used only for the purposes of completing this assignment, and will not be used in any way that can identify me. I understand that the results of this activity will be used exclusively in course assignment and none of the information I provide will be published, in any form, in any journals or conference proceedings. I also understand that there are no risks involved in participating in this activity, beyond those risks experienced in everyday life. I have read the information above. By filling in your name above and below, I am consenting to participate in this questionnaire. Participant name Date

Karin Strauss 03.01.2014

Please keep a copy of this consent form for your records. If you have other questions concerning your participation in this project, please contact me at: 07449914203 or khooper@live.com Thank you.

CONSENT #3 Questionnaire Consent Form I, Charlotte Holmes, understand that I am being asked to participate in a questionnaire activity that forms part of Kellie Hooperâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s course. It is my understanding that this questionnaire has been designed to gather information about the following subjects or topics: - Women in the media I have been given some general information about this project and I understand that the questionnaire will be conducted on the Internet. I understand that my participation in this project is completely voluntary and that I am free to decline to participate, without consequence, at any time prior to or at any point during the activity. I understand that any information I provide will be kept confidential, used only for the purposes of completing this assignment, and will not be used in any way that can identify me. I understand that the results of this activity will be used exclusively in course assignment and none of the information I provide will be published, in any form, in any journals or conference proceedings. I also understand that there are no risks involved in participating in this activity, beyond those risks experienced in everyday life. I have read the information above. By filling in your name above and below, I am consenting to participate in this questionnaire. Participant name Date

Charlotte Holmes 04/01/14

Please keep a copy of this consent form for your records. If you have other questions concerning your participation in this project, please contact me at: 07449914203 or khooper@live.com Thank you.

36 women in the media

CONSENT #4 Questionnaire Consent Form I, Elizabeth Jones, understand that I am being asked to participate in a questionnaire activity that forms part of Kellie Hooperâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s course. It is my understanding that this questionnaire has been designed to gather information about the following subjects or topics: - Women in the media I have been given some general information about this project and I understand that the questionnaire will be conducted on the Internet. I understand that my participation in this project is completely voluntary and that I am free to decline to participate, without consequence, at any time prior to or at any point during the activity. I understand that any information I provide will be kept confidential, used only for the purposes of completing this assignment, and will not be used in any way that can identify me. I understand that the results of this activity will be used exclusively in course assignment and none of the information I provide will be published, in any form, in any journals or conference proceedings. I also understand that there are no risks involved in participating in this activity, beyond those risks experienced in everyday life. I have read the information above. By filling in your name above and below, I am consenting to participate in this questionnaire. Participant name Date

Elizabeth Jones 3rd January 2014

Please keep a copy of this consent form for your records. If you have other questions concerning your participation in this project, please contact me at: 07449914203 or khooper@live.com Thank you.

MAGAzine researcH/

COSMOPOLITAN (C)

ELLE (E)

Sexual undertones/sexually explicit advertisements

Beauty advertisements (for skin cream, diet pills etc.) Any imagery of plus-size or imperfections

Total Advertisements

Advertisements enhanced in postproduction (perfect skin etc.)

38 women in the media

left / fig 15, khloe kardashian on the cosmopolitan cover, february 2014 back cover / fig 17, miley cyrus by terry richardson II, 2013 above / fig 16, elle cover, february 2014 Percentages (%)

data collected from research/ 3

Information gathered through looking at two publications - Cosmopolitan and Elle, looking at the types of advertisements included in these.

/REFERENCES ALTBACH, E.H., 1984. German Feminism: Readings in Politics and Literature, pages 103-104. New Tork: State University of New York Press. Anon., 2013. “We Had Abortions” – Protest against Paragraph 218 (1971) [online]. German Historical Institute. Available at: http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_image.cfm?image_id=1592 [Accessed on 3 Jan 2014]. BERGER, J., 1972. Ways of Seeing, page 47. Reprint edition, 2008. London: Penguin Classics. DOVE, 2014. Dove Self-Esteem Project [online]. Available at: http://selfesteem.dove.co.uk [Accessed on 22 Dec 2013]. FOX News, 2013. Miley Cyrus’ sex-crazed ‘Wrecking Ball’ video shatters records, earns lots of criticism [online]. Fox News. Available at: http://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/2013/09/10/miley-cyrus-sex-crazed-wrecking-ball-videoshatters-records-earns-lots/ [Accessed 17 Dec 2013]. FREEMAN, H, 2011. The reason there’s so much sex in fashion adverts…. Daily Mail [online]. 17 Apr 2011. Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2011/apr/17/sex-sells-fashion-advertising-hadley-freeman [Accessed on 23 Dec 2013]. JJH [pseud.], 2012. A Content Analysis of Sexual Imagery in Popular Music Videos (2010). PhD Research Blog [online blog]. 1 Nov 2012. Available at: http://jlmjjh.wordpress.com/2012/11/01/sexual-content-music-videos/ [Accessed on 2 Jan 2014]. KURP, J., 2013. Ranking Our Favorite Complaints The FCC Received About Miley Cyrus’s VMAs Performance [online]. Uproxx. Available at: http://www.uproxx.com/tv/2013/09/ranking-our-favorite-complaints-the-fcc-receivedabout-miley-cyruss-vmas-performance/ [Accessed on 28 Dec 2013]. LARKIN, M., 2013. ‘She degraded an icon!’ Foam finger inventor Steve Chmelar’s anger as Miley Cyrus ‘misrepresents’ his creation. Daily Mail [online]. 30 August 2013. Available at: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-2406472/Miley-Cyrus-degraded-icon--Foam-finger-inventor-Steve-Chmelars-fury.html [Accessed on 20 Dec 2013]. LAWRENCE, J., 2012. Jennifer Lawrence: Game Changer. Elle. 8 Nov 2012. LEITH, W., 2013. Putting A Pretty Face On It. Stella via The Sunday Telegraph. 16 Sept 2013, 38-41. LYNSKEY, D., 2013. Blurred Lines: the most controversial song of the decade. The Guardian [online]. 13 Nov 2013. Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/music/2013/nov/13/blurred-lines-most-controversial-song-decade [Accessed on 3 Jan 2014]. MCINNES, G., ZAHM, O. and HANSON, D., 2008. Terryworld: 25 Jahre TASCHEN. Taschen’s 25th anniversary edition. Berlin: Taschen GmbH. MODELS.com, 2014. Top 50 women [online]. Available at: http://models.com/rankings/ui/Top50/ [Accessed on 27 Dec 2014]. OPERATION MAPLE [pseud.], 2013. Sexism in Film/TV Production [online video]. YouTube. Available at: http://www. youtube.com/watch?v=rkkh_i1DBFQ [Accessed on 7 Jan 2013]. PEREZ, C., 2012. The Many Sayings – and Faces – of Tom Ford [online]. Popsugar. Available at: http://www.fashionologie.com/Tom-Ford-Best-Quotes-Pictures-24622548#photo-24622562 [Accessed on 30 Dec 2013]. PIPER, T., 2007. Beauty Pressure [online video]. YouTube. Available at: http://www.filmsforaction.org/watch/dove_onslaught/ [Accessed on 7 Jan 2013]. SAUERS, J., 2010. Exclusive: More Models Come Forward With Allegations Against Fashion Photographer [online]. Jezebel. Available at: http://jezebel.com/5495699/exclusive-more-models-come-forward-with-allegations-against-fashion-photographer [Accessed on 28 Dec 2013].

/REFERENCES

SAUERS, J., 2010. Meet Terry Richardson, The Worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Most Fâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;ked Up Fashion Photographer [online]. Jezebel. Available at: http://jezebel.com/5494634/meet-terry-richardson-the-worlds-most-fked-up-fashion-photographer [Accessed on 28 Dec 2013]. SUGGET, P., 2011. Sex In Advertising [online]. About Advertising. Available at: http://advertising.about.com/od/advertisingprojects/a/Sex-In-Advertising.htm [Accessed 22 Dec 2013]. VINCENT, P., 2013. Has pop-star booty power blurred the lines between equality, sexuality and success?. The Sydney Morning Herald [online]. 14 July 2013. Available at: http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/music/has-popstarbooty-power-blurred-the-lines-between-equality-sexuality-and-success-20130713-2pwno.html [Accessed on 28 Dec 2013].

/IMAGES

Fig 1 / RICHARDSON, T., 2013. Miley Cyrus by Terry Richardson [online photograph]. Available at: http://www. highsnobiety.com/2013/08/14/miley-cyrus-at-terry-richardsons-studio/terry-richardson-miley-cyrus-03/ [Accessed on 12 Jan 2014]. Fig 2 / FORD, T., 2011. Mariana Braga and Max Motta by Tom Ford [online photograph]. Available at: http://models. com/work/tom-ford-tom-ford-neroli-portofino-ss-11-online [Accessed on 12 Jan 2014]. Fig 3 / ALAS, M., and PIGGOT, M., 2013. Cara Delevigne by Mert Alas & Marcus Piggott [online photograph]. Available at: http://miiicha.blogspot.co.uk/2013/01/bath-time-for-kate-moss-and-cara.html [Accessed on 12 Jan 2014]. Fig 4 / SORRENTI, M., 2013. Georgia May Jagger and Marlon Teixeira by Mario Sorrenti [online photograph]. Available at: http://blog.sight-management.com/marlon-teixeira-for-cavalli/ [Accessed on 13 Jan 2014]. Fig 5 / FORD, T., 2008. Mariana Braga by Tom Ford [online photograph]. Available at: http://perfume1001.com/diz/ Tom-Ford.php [Accessed on 12 Jan 2014]. Fig 6 / VAN IAMSWEERDE, I., and MATADIN, V., 2013. Isabeli Fontana by Inez van Iamsweerde and Vinoodh Matadin [online photograph]. Available at: http://models.com/work/viktor--rolf-viktor--rolf-flowerbomb-fragrance-contract2013-fw-13 [Accessed on 12 Jan 2014]. Fig 7 / RICHARDSON, T., 2008. Lindsay Lohan with Terry Richardson [online photograph]. Available at: http://monu. cc/2012/02/lindsay-lohan-by-terry-richardson/ [Accessed on 13 Jan 2014]. Fig 8 / RICHARDSON, T., 2013. Miley Cyrus with Terry Richardson [online photograph]. Available at: http://grungecake.com/terry-richardson-directs-new-miley-cyrus-video/ [Accessed on 11 Jan 2014]. Fig 9 / MCCONNELL, Z., 2013. Rihanna by Zoe McConnell [online photograph]. Available at: http://www.complex. com/music/2013/01/rihanna-february-march-2013-cover-story [Accessed on 12 Jan 2014]. Fig 10 / SELIGER, M., 2012. Jennifer Lawrence by Mark Seliger [online photograph]. Available at: http://scopecube. com/2012/12/29/jennifer-lawrence-by-mark-seliger-for-vogue-italia-december-2012-photos/jennifer-lawrence-bymark-seliger-for-vogue-italia-december-2012-photos-001/ [Accessed on 13 Jan 2014]. Fig 11 / ONSLAUGHT [pseud.], 2007. Talk to your daughter before the beauty industry does [online photograph/video still]. Available at: http://www.wpp.com/wppedcream/2008/interactive_10a.html [Accessed on 12 Jan 2014]. Fig 12 / STERN [pseud.], 1971. Wir haben abgetrieben! [magazine cover]. Available at: http://www.1000dokumente. de/index.html?c=dokument_de&dokument=0142_ste&l=de [Accessed on 13 Jan 2014].

40 women in the media

Fig 13 / COLLINS, P., 2012. American Apparel by Petra Collins [online photograph]. Available at: http://www.businessinsider.com/american-apparel-2012-3 [Accessed on 12 Jan 2014]. Fig 14 / FORD, T., 2010. Nicholas Hoult and Carolyn Murphy by Tom Ford [online photograph]. Available at: http:// models.com/work/tom-ford-tom-ford-eyewear-ss-10 [Accessed on 12 Jan 2014]. Fig 15 / WHITE, J., 2014. Khloe Kardashian on Cosmopolitan cover [magazine cover]. Available at: http://fashionandstylepolice.com/2014/01/06/khloe-kardashian-covers-cosmopolitan-uk-february-2014/ [Accessed on 20 Jan 2014]. Fig 16 / FENG, K.-Z., 2014. Cameron Russell by Kai Z. Feng [magazine cover]. Available at: http://models.com/work/ elle-uk-elle-uk-february-2014-cover [Accessed on 20 Jan 2014]. Fig 17 / RICHARDSON, T., 2013. Miley Cyrus by Terry Richardson II [online photograph]. Available at: http://anythingdiz.livejournal.com/8199497.html?thread=990283593 [Accessed on 20 Jan 2014].

/BIBLIOGRPAHY

ALEX M [pseud.], 2011. Does Sex or “Sexy” Always Sell? The growing (and disgusting) trend of sexualizing and exploiting minors in fashion advertising suggests otherwise [online]. Ethics in the News. Available at: http://www. ethicsinthenews.com/does-sex-or-sexy-always-sell-the-growing-and-disgusting-trend-of-sexualizing-and-exploitingminors-in-fashion-advertising-suggests-otherwise/ [Accessed on 26 Dec 2013]. ALTBACH, E.H., 1984. German Feminism: Readings in Politics and Literature, pages 103-104. New Tork: State University of New York Press. Anon., 2009. Which couple did the hottest magazine cover? [online]. Posh24. Available at: http://www.posh24.com/ scarlett_johansson/which_couple_did_the_hottest_magazine_cover [Accessed on 28 Dec 2013]. Anon., 2011. Far too much, far too young: Outrage over shocking images of the 10-YEAR-OLD model who has graced the pages of Vogue. Daily Mail [online]. 10 Aug 2011. Available at: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-2022305/Thylane-Lena-Rose-Blondeau-Shocking-images-10-YEAR-OLD-Vogue-model.html [Accessed on 27 Dec 2013]. Anon., 2011. Sex DOES sell... and here’s why: Attractive men and women in adverts affect our capacity for rational thought. Daily Mail [online]. 22 Sept 2011. Available at: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2040218/SexDOES-sell-Attractive-men-women-ads-affect-capacity-rational-thought.html [Accessed on 21 Dec 2013]. Anon., 2013. “We Had Abortions” – Protest against Paragraph 218 (1971) [online]. German Historical Institute. Available at: http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_image.cfm?image_id=1592 [Accessed on 3 Jan 2014]. AVERY, D., 2013. 20 Years On, Madonna’s “Sex” Book Still Pushes Boundaries [online]. Queerty. Available at: http:// www.queerty.com/photos-20-years-on-madonnas-sex-book-still-pushes-boundaries-20121021/ [Accessed on 21 Dec 2013]. BERGER, J., 1972. Ways of Seeing, page 47. Reprint edition, 2008. London: Penguin Classics. BERMAN, J., 2013. Let’s Blame Terry Richardson — Not Miley Cyrus — For the Awful “Wrecking Ball” Video [online]. Flavor Wire. Available at: http://flavorwire.com/414323/lets-blame-terry-richardson-not-miley-cyrus-for-the-awfulwrecking-ball-video/ [Accessed on 21 Dec 2013]. CULLIP, T., 2013. I want what she’s having, NOW!. London: Balboa Press. CROTTY, N., 2013. Will Fashion Brands Actually Stop Working with Terry Richardson? [online]. Fashionista. Available at: http://fashionista.com/2013/10/will-fashion-brands-actually-stop-working-with-terry-richardson/ [Accessed on 19 Dec 2013]. DAWSON HOFF, V., 2014. One photographer’s brilliant take on American Apparel ads. ELLE [online]. 9 Jan 2014. Available at: http://www.elle.com/news/culture/thomas-alleman-the-american-apparel [Accessed on 9 Jan 2014]. DOVE, 2014. Dove Self-Esteem Project [online]. Available at: http://selfesteem.dove.co.uk [Accessed on 22 Dec 2013].

/BIBLIOGRAPHY

FOX News, 2013. Miley Cyrus’ sex-crazed ‘Wrecking Ball’ video shatters records, earns lots of criticism [online]. Fox News. Available at: http://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/2013/09/10/miley-cyrus-sex-crazed-wrecking-ball-videoshatters-records-earns-lots/ [Accessed 17 Dec 2013]. FRANKLIN, C., 2013. ‘From Chanel to Burberry, fashion is becoming a branch of the porn industry,’ says CARYN FRANKLIN, ex-host of BBC’s The Clothes Show. Daily Mail [online]. 27 Nov 2013. Available at: http://www.dailymail. co.uk/femail/article-2514658/fashion-branch-porn-industry-says-CARYN-FRANKLIN.html [Accessed on 18 Dec 2013]. FREEMAN, H, 2011. The reason there’s so much sex in fashion adverts…. Daily Mail [online]. 17 Apr 2011. Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2011/apr/17/sex-sells-fashion-advertising-hadley-freeman [Accessed on 23 Dec 2013]. FREEMAN, H., 2013. Terry Richardson: fashion’s shameful secret. The Guardian [online]. 18 Nov 2013. Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2013/nov/18/terry-richardson-fashion-shameful-photographer [Accessed on 28 Dec 2013]. HANDLEY, L., 2012. Sex... does it still sell? [online]. Marketing Week. Available at: http://www.marketingweek.co.uk/ analysis/essential-reads/sex-does-it-still-sell/4002660.article [Accessed on 26 Dec 2013]. HARRISSON, L., 2013. Miley Cyrus’ “Wrecking Ball” Named Vevo’s Most-Watched Music Video of 2013 [online]. E! Online. Available at: http://de.eonline.com/news/488207/miley-cyrus-wrecking-ball-named-vevo-s-most-watchedmusic-video-of-2013 [Accessed on 20 Dec 2013]. HERBET, G., 2011. Sex sells: 92 percent of top 10 Billboard songs are about sex, study finds [online]. Syracuse. Available at: http://blog.syracuse.com/entertainment/2011/10/billboard_top_10_songs_about_sex_suny_albany_ study.html [Accessed on 23 Dec 2013]. JJH [pseud.], 2012. A Content Analysis of Sexual Imagery in Popular Music Videos (2010). PhD Research Blog [online blog]. 1 Nov 2012. Available at: http://jlmjjh.wordpress.com/2012/11/01/sexual-content-music-videos/ [Accessed on 2 Jan 2014]. JONES, L. 2006. Fashion ads embrace sex to shock and sell. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette [online]. 9 Apr 2006. Available at: http://www.post-gazette.com/fashion/2006/04/09/Fashion-ads-embrace-sex-to-shock-and-sell/stories/200604090307 [Accessed on 23 Dec 2013]. JONES, L., 2012. Fashion industry using sex to sell ad nauseam. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette [online]. Available at: http:// www.frankwbaker.com/sexual_ads_in_fashion_magazines.htm [Accessed on 23 Dec 2013]. KOWALEWSKI, A., 2013. SEX SELLS. WE TAKE A LOOK AT THE MOST PROVOCATIVE OF PERFUME ADS [online]. The Whale and the Rose. Available at: http://thewhaleandtherose.com/2013/sex-sells-we-take-a-look-at-the-mostprovocative-of-perfume-ads/#.Us6-_nlpods [Accessed on 20 Dec 2013]. KURP, J., 2013. Miley Cyrus’s ‘Adore You’ Is A Sex Tape Disguised As A Masturbatory Music Video [online]. Uproxx. Available at: http://www.uproxx.com/music/2013/12/miley-cyruss-adore-you-is-a-sex-tape-disguised-as-a-masturbatory-music-video/ [Accessed on 28 Dec 2013]. KURP, J., 2013. Ranking Our Favorite Complaints The FCC Received About Miley Cyrus’s VMAs Performance [online]. Uproxx. Available at: http://www.uproxx.com/tv/2013/09/ranking-our-favorite-complaints-the-fcc-receivedabout-miley-cyruss-vmas-performance/ [Accessed on 28 Dec 2013]. LARKIN, M., 2013. ‘She degraded an icon!’ Foam finger inventor Steve Chmelar’s anger as Miley Cyrus ‘misrepresents’ his creation. Daily Mail [online]. 30 August 2013. Available at: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-2406472/Miley-Cyrus-degraded-icon--Foam-finger-inventor-Steve-Chmelars-fury.html [Accessed on 20 Dec 2013]. LAWRENCE, J., 2012. Jennifer Lawrence: Game Changer. Elle. 8 Nov 2012. 42 women in the media

/BIBLIOGRPAHY

LEITH, W., 2013. Putting A Pretty Face On It. Stella via The Sunday Telegraph. 16 Sept 2013, 38-41. LYNSKEY, D., 2013. Blurred Lines: the most controversial song of the decade. The Guardian [online]. 13 Nov 2013. Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/music/2013/nov/13/blurred-lines-most-controversial-song-decade [Accessed on 3 Jan 2014]. MCINNES, G., ZAHM, O. and HANSON, D., 2008. Terryworld: 25 Jahre TASCHEN. Taschen’s 25th anniversary edition. Berlin: Taschen GmbH. MISRA, I., 2012. A model’s shelf life is very small: Vaishali Desai. The Times of India [online]. 26 Apr 2012. Available at: http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-26/news-interviews/31399687_1_models-shelf-life-vaishalidesai [Accessed on 26 Dec 2013]. MIZU.tv, 2009. 12 Music Videos That Put The Sex In Sexually Explicit [online]. Mizu.tv Blog. Available at: http://www. muzu.tv/blog/2009/09/12-music-videos-that-put-the-sex-in-sexually-explicit/ [Accessed 18 Dec 2013]. MODELS.com, 2014. Top 50 women [online]. Available at: http://models.com/rankings/ui/Top50/ [Accessed on 27 Dec 2014]. MONGET, K., 2010. Does Sex Sell? [online]. Women’s Wear Daily. Available at: http://www.wwd.com/media-news/ marketing/does-sex-sell-3133917 [Accessed on 19 Dec 2013]. MOORE, T., 2013. Stop Hailing Women as Good or Bad Role Models [online]. Jezebel. Available at: http://jezebel. com/stop-hailing-women-as-good-or-bad-role-models-1459649358 [Accessed on 23 Dec 2013]. OPERATION MAPLE [pseud.], 2013. Sexism in Film/TV Production [online video]. YouTube. Available at: http://www. youtube.com/watch?v=rkkh_i1DBFQ [Accessed on 7 Jan 2013]. OVSYANNYKOV, I., 2011. Sex Sells, 50 Creative Sexual Advertisements [online]. Inspirationfeed. Available at: http:// inspirationfeed.com/inspiration/sex-sells-50-creative-sexual-advertisements/ [Accessed on 20 Dec 2013]. OVSYANNYKOV, I., 2012. Sex Sells, 45 Creative Sexual Advertisements #2 [online]. Inspirationfeed. Available at: http://inspirationfeed.com/inspiration/advertising-inspiration/sex-sells-45-creative-sexual-advertisements-2/ [Accessed on 20 Dec 2013]. PEREZ, C., 2012. The Many Sayings – and Faces – of Tom Ford [online]. Popsugar. Available at: http://www.fashionologie.com/Tom-Ford-Best-Quotes-Pictures-24622548#photo-24622562 [Accessed on 30 Dec 2013]. PIPER, T., 2007. Beauty Pressure [online video]. YouTube. Available at: http://www.filmsforaction.org/watch/dove_onslaught/ [Accessed on 7 Jan 2013]. PROUD, A., 2013. Topless Kim Kardashian, a jiggly ride and a nip slip... Kanye West and his fiancee simulate sex in shockingly gratuitous video for Bound 2. Daily Mail [online]. 19 November 2013. Available at: ROGERS, A. & GROTH, A., 2012. 13 Brands That Use Sex To Sell Their Products [online]. Business Insider. Available at: http://www.businessinsider.com/13-brands-that-use-sex-to-sell-their-products-2012-2?op=1 [Accessed on 19 Dec 2013]. SAGE Publications, 2008. Children, Adolescents, and the Media. Sexuality and the Media [online]. 6 May 2008, 211224. Available at: http://www.sagepub.com/upm-data/23151_Chapter_6.pdf [Accessed on 19 Dec 2013]. SAUERS, J., 2010. Exclusive: More Models Come Forward With Allegations Against Fashion Photographer [online]. Jezebel. Available at: http://jezebel.com/5495699/exclusive-more-models-come-forward-with-allegations-against-fashion-photographer [Accessed on 28 Dec 2013]. SAUERS, J., 2010. Meet Terry Richardson, The World’s Most F—ked Up Fashion Photographer [online]. Jezebel. Available at: http://jezebel.com/5494634/meet-terry-richardson-the-worlds-most-fked-up-fashion-photographer [Accessed on 28 Dec 2013].

/BIBLIOGRAPHY SAUNDERS, L., 2013. She’s got the moves like Jagger! A topless Georgia May enjoys a steamy romp with male model in X-rated advert for Just Cavalli. Daily Mail [online]. 7 Mar 2013. Available at: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-2289531/Georgia-May-Jagger-goes-topless-enjoys-steamy-romp-male-model-X-rated-advert-JustCavalli.html [Accessed on 28 Dec 2013]. SHARKEY, L., 2013. Fashion or porn: What’s the difference? [online]. Quill Magazine. Available at: http://quillmagazine.co.uk/fashion-or-porn/ [Accessed on 15 Jan 2014]. SIMON, R., 2013. WHY THE CONFIDENT, FEMINIST LORDE IS THE PERFECT ROLE MODEL FOR GIRLS [online]. Bustle. Available at: http://www.bustle.com/articles/8347-why-the-confident-feminist-lorde-is-the-perfect-role-model-for-girls [Accessed on 28 Dec 2013]. SUGGET, P., 2011. Sex In Advertising [online]. About Advertising. Available at: http://advertising.about.com/od/advertisingprojects/a/Sex-In-Advertising.htm [Accessed 22 Dec 2013]. TURNER, J., 2005. AN EXAMINATION OF SEXUAL CONTENT IN MUSIC VIDEOS. M.A. Thesis. University of Delaware. Available at: http://www.udel.edu/communication/web/thesisfiles/jaketurnerthesis.pdf [Accessed on 28 Dec 2013]. VINCENT, P., 2013. Has pop-star booty power blurred the lines between equality, sexuality and success?. The Sydney Morning Herald [online]. 14 July 2013. Available at: http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/music/has-popstarbooty-power-blurred-the-lines-between-equality-sexuality-and-success-20130713-2pwno.html [Accessed on 28 Dec 2013]. WALLIS, C., 2010. Performing Gender: A Content Analysis of Gender Display in Music Videos. Sex Roles [online]. 18 July 2010, 1-2. Available at: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11199-010-9814-2#page-1 [Accessed on 23 Dec 2013]. WPLJ [pseud.], 2013. INTERVIEW: Lorde Calls Taylor Swift ‘A Role Model’ For Teenage Girls [online video]. YouTube. Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zCmIzeppZpU [Accessed on 2 Jan 2014]. YUAN, J., 2012. Is There Life After Modeling?. New York Magazine [online]. 12 Feb 2012. Available at: http://nymag. com/fashion/12/spring/top-models-2012-2/ [Accessed on 18 Dec 2013].

44 women in the media

/kellie-jay hooper

N04302298 module leader / sarah lewington fcp2 fash20031 communication & message

WoMEN IN THE /MEDIA