MANIFESTO: FREE THE GROUND by Kelly Choi

21st Century Architecture (Semester 2, 2022) | Tutor: Charlotte Guy

D N U O R G E H T FREE MANIFESTO Kelly Choi 722479

Kelly Choi | 722479

INTRODUCTION

their buildings to free up We need more city w ne a ic. It is no longer ground for the publ of e nc ising the importa concept of emphas g and sign in the plannin good streetscape de n to io nt but still lacks atte urban design field contribute to it. how architects can tivities ld facilitate street ac Architectures shou d an ound connections with permeable gr d an ive ces for an inclus active street inter fa re mo r, rience. Howeve engaging city expe recent e appearing in the podium designs ar ritising io pr ner Melbourne, developments in In ilding bu d ople. The city an car parking over pe d to ar rw fo ys bring society design should alwa lity ua Q e. sustainable plac a more livable and e bl ea resolve forese city design can help mate iss l ues, such as cli or ongoing societa cy d car dependen . change, obesity an sciplines e more creative di Architects being th esto nif industry, this ma in the construction can we re that there is mo reminds architects s in es en tiv eability and ac do to interpret perm r of te ar qu a cupy more than the city. Streets1 oc y, cit e th of usable ground ial the city space. The uc cr is s, edge of building st particularly at the mo d, an e , the city’s imag for the pedestrians ng di en sp mmunity who is importantly, the co daily life within.

s more physical ganization, Toward 1.World Health Or ces to promote spa nsforming public activity in cities: tra achieving the Suskey contributor to physical activity–a e, 29,WHO/EURO: rop Eu nt Goals in tainable Developme 0272. 2017-3305-43064-6

21st Century Architecture (Semester 2, 2022) | Tutor: Charlotte Guy

egress. with only vehicular MacKenzie Street in ay ew lan d en Fig. 1 Dead

in Southbank. dium developments Fig. 2 Car park po

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Fig. 3 Swanston Str eet, Melbourne 30 00.

Fig. 4 Holden ad vertising brochure in 1950s.

21st Century Architecture (Semester 2, 2022) | Tutor: Charlotte Guy

Y PROBLEMS TODA

r book Jacobs published he ne Ja en wh , 61 19 In cities”, of great American life d an h at de he “T not ning streets for cars, we knew that wide the d re rtu nu d eet life an for people, killed str 2 60 years flew by; we le. car-dependent lifesty ys to we urge to find wa ich wh are in an era in the life of living to sustain balance our mode climate me tre ex Earth. The of humans and the cant emic are all signifi and the recent pand our ge an ch to , the need signals alarming us ed to “normal” is. We ne perception of what it is too re fo be e pocene ag react to the Anthro late. rld’s d design for the wo Architects vision an d an t ac re our role to future, it is always or styles when crises life s le’ reshape peop cle ira M e rn . A Melbou opportunities arise ed Jan Gehl, transform by led in the 1990s, in ing th no th place wi Melbourne from “a rant 3 re walkable and vib mo a the middle” to re city’s demand for mo city. However, the alian str Au e th s t stop unles car parking will no y of rship dies. In the cit Dream of car owne ic bl pu d cte ne well-con Melbourne, despite the of lf ha an th still more transport, there is

almost rs.4 Not to mention, household own ca have at e rn ou Greater Melb 90% of people in home. least one car in their just bring ivate vehicles, not The obsession to pr pact to im l ra ltu social and cu environmental but s are se ga se ou few, greenh a me na To y. cit e th r obesity 6 rapidly , the highe warming the Earth the en wh n en more of te rate7 ; crimes happ nce8. la eil rv su n for passive sig de t no do ts ee str we rtly caused by how These issues are pa or fix to ty cie all cost so design our city; they . suspend the impacts our t pushing further on If architects are no ilding bu r ou h ound throug role to open the gr over rt po ns tra e the green design to encourag ring du en pp ha t issues to car and help preven e rn ou elb M , In that case the design process. le. op ned for pe can’t be a city desig

Great American e Death and Life of 2. Jane Jacobs, Th 62) Cities (London, 19 People, 2004. urne Miracle, Gehl lbo Me hl, Ge 3. Jan urne-australia/#. lbo me ts/ .com/projec https://gehlpeople Population and of s ick Stats, Censu n4. 3000 - Census Qu .au/census/find-ce ps://www.abs.gov Housing, 2021. htt 2021/2GMEL sus-data/quickstats/ ts, Census of e - Census Quick Sta urn lbo Me ter ea ov.au/census/ 5. Gr s.g ab w. ww // using, https: Population and Ho 00 30 OA ickstats/2021/P find-census-data/qu expanded view al., “What next? An et we Lo ie need for evi6. Melan the d an h, d global healt d monitored.” of city planning an an d nte licy to be impleme dence-informed po . -26 19 e9 ): h 10 (2022 Lancet Glob Healt an Institute of d Obesity.”, Australi 7. “Overweight an w.aihw.gov.au/ ww // ps: htt , 22 20 Health and Welfare, d-obesity. an hteig alth/overw reports/australias-he Street to Safe Cities the on es Ey om “Fr 8.Gerda Wekerle, 1 (2000). s].” Places 13, no. [Speaking of Place

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. ntemporaine, 1922 ective of the Ville Co rsp pe r, sie rbu Co Fig. 5 Le

PERIENCE PEDESTRIAN EX

t the ches to re-interpre Looking for approa more e id ov cture can pr “ground” in archite city. e th in experiences flexible pedestrian eal id his ed ier visualis In 1922, Le Corbus raine po em nt the Ville Co metropolis vision in d an ing liv ted machine project. He celebra ght ou br ing liv ficiency of believed that the ef 9 The plan centred ople. a better life for pe d to apers were elevate cr ys on traffic, so sk ys, wa ive dr of e terminals a podium within th 10 However, the lesson ts. railways and airpor ly is when the cities re ys da we learnt nowa y.11 ne ur jo ng lki tes poor wa on vehicles, it crea d ity, air pollution an Following with obes uence eq ns co e th fuels are overconsumption of12 ve a . Architects can gi of car dependency ings ild bu r ou in e ground new definition to th vision ng. Le Corbusier’s to encourage walki ople pe th wi e eds balanc wasn’t wrong, it ne mobility.

t the world’s denses Hong Kong, one of 13 , has kability cities and most high-wal ss from the city can progre w demonstrated ho t. ex nt co ier in today’s thinking of Corbus and te iva pr ry between Blurring the bounda nd to ou gr e on ving from public space and mo rience. pe ex n ia the pedestr ns he gt en str r he ot an mixed-use podium The Pacific Place, a a rmeable podium as complex, used its pe ople pe r fo ns nd connectio duplication of grou y cit r he ot to m the street to flow fluently fro ing dd be em 14 illustration of junctions. It is an thin an strian movement wi de pe and prioritising n. architectural desig

cture (London: ards a New Archite 9.Le Corbusier, Tow cture, (1989), 8. Butterworth Archite ecture since 1900 rtis, Modern archit Cu R. 10. William J. 1987), 61 (Oxford: Phaidon, oting walking and Kevin Krizek, “Prom d an th rsy 11. Ann Fo planners.” Built ist ass the evidence to bicycling: assessing . . 4 (2010): 429-446 nded view environment 36, no hat next? An expa “W , al. et we Lo for evied ne 12. Melanie the d d global health, an d monitored.” of city planning an an d nte me ple im licy to be dence-informed po -26. h 10 (2022): e919 Lancet Glob Healt

veys in Asian al., “Walkability sur 13. Sidjor Gota et (CAI-Asia) 20 ies Cit ian As tiative for cities.” Clean Air Ini . m (2010): 2017-2021 of Hong Kong : Fro et al., The Making on elt Sh e 14. Barri 112 ), 11 20 ic (Routledge, Vertical to Volumetr

21st Century Architecture (Semester 2, 2022) | Tutor: Charlotte Guy

b. s and transport hu to adjacent building ian str de pe ks lin Fig. 6 Pacific Place

ns, routes to city junctio Fig. 7 Pacific Place Hong Kong.

ce ends in a natural bridge in Pacific Pla ian and str de Pe 8 . Fig their shopping mall connect people to lighted atrium that office lobbies.

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urban feed back into the Letting the building ople. pe r fo experience enriches the ground of “the ea id s Jane Jacob’ Moreover, as what n’s ai str de pe t”, it improve eyes on the stree t mp te at ue 15 recent uniq sense of safety. A s llin Co in re e public squa in Melbourne is th cts ite ch Ar t and Shop Arch. Woods Bago ne reet and Flinders La St s connected Collin rs te ea ith ph and used am with a public park itate cil fa to s ing scape seat nd la ed rm fo at pl d an e .16 Compared to th flows between levels Collins , ed os op Corbusier pr Le re ctu ru -st ga me that al building system Arch is an individu the plot. in th wi and liveness lity bi mo es ov pr im ould be this development sh However, more of game e th to character encouraged to add private th wi e us pedestrian d en bl d an e tur uc str r walking ets have existed fo development. Stre be. ys wa al and should since ancient times

t American Cities. ath and Life of Grea 15. Jacobs, The De Institute of Aran ali str Au Australia,” 16.. “Architecture architectureau. // ps: 2020, 20-26, htt chitects, September t-2021-5/ cture-australia-sep-oc com/issues/archite

21st Century Architecture (Semester 2, 2022) | Tutor: Charlotte Guy

eet. floor to Market Str llins Street ground Co g kin lin ter ea amphith Fig. 9 Collins Arch

rket Street. ch park along Ma Fig. 10 Collins Ar

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Fig. 11 Empty ma in streets during Me lbourne lock down .

Fig. 12 Jussieu - Tw o Libraries by OM A

21st Century Architecture (Semester 2, 2022) | Tutor: Charlotte Guy

SILIENCE COMMUNIT Y RE

n chitects? Streets ca g.20 What about ar nin di s. ge an ch r ate buildings fo gagement to motiv be more fluid than d and Pedestrians need en l need to think ahea cia cts so 17 ity needs Therefore, archite city r fo e ac sp walking. Commun t use of intain health, and are for the resilien ep pr engagement to ma ient process. lp them have a resil users in the design buildings should he e th d ise ra s ha ndemic has life. The Covid-19 pa chitects like OMA aces in the city for pl e the early 90s, ar ird th nc Si o int le op importance of first t bringing pe ’s resilience. In the been thinking abou suppor t community n ia al ting third space that str ea Au cr e ndemic, th the building and e half year of the pa on eraction through th over $500 million couraged social int en ing inn d-w ar Government spent l . The aw e to socia ram of architecture og health response du pr e on is s, rie in urgent mental 18 ra down eu Lib ring the hard lock etition entry – Jussi mp co the th wi ed ay isolation rules. Du pl ojects that e vital of their pr th e d tur ise na al sig re le eir th op 21 of Melbourne, pe created ect people. rastructures as they erior voids to conn int op neighborhood’s inf dr % . With more than 90 social opportunities mands de y cit e th y, in the cit in pedestrian flows e built ncing practices in th better physical dista life and sidents’ quality of environment for re ners work.19 Urban desig workers’ return for by m as their strategy used tactical urbanis ianising str de pe to driveways closing secondar y r otpath and outdoo streets for wider fo

Press, 2010),19-20. for People (Island 17. Jan Gehl, Cities ent of Support for gh, “Rapid Deploym 18. Jane Desborou ming Australia’s Fra s tie ori Pri isis: 10 a Mental Health Cr an Journal of ali str ic Response.” Au COVID-19 Pandem 0.1071/PY22006. 22): 271–82. doi:1 Primary Health (20 ry Plan: City of the ve co Re d tivation an 19. “Covid-19 Reac ptember 2020, Se lbourne, published Me of y Cit e,” tur Fu collectiondocuurne.vic.gov.au/site https://www.melbo .pdf. an -pl ery tivation-recov ments/covid-19-reac of Melbourne, y Cit s,” on ati orm nsf 20. “Little Streets Tra lbourne.vic.gov.au/ ps://participate.me published 2020, htt t-overview. little-streets/projec ildings 1950-2000 In Ten Canonical Bu n, ma en Eis 21. Peter 0–228. (Rizzoli, 2008), 20

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ould onents architects sh The voids are comp te ea cr d an t re to connec utilise in architectu nish Da e Th . on the ground people interaction re ctu ite ch ar N uses their es. architectural firm 3X al sc nt re ffe di haviours on be l cia so e ap sh to the seating platform on The wave-like wood te ma cli k ar ium, the Denm façade in Klimator e sit e th g tin ple of transla centre, is an exam ids ication as social vo br history of boat fa 22 Also, their design ilding. inspiration in the bu rger t demonstrated a la 23 ke ar of Sydney Fish M s. id vo al rn te ing in the ex scale of place-mak e th in nt l engageme To encourage socia nd and s down to the grou ld fo or flo e th , et rk ma s and a r plaza with seating creates an outdoo ing. ild bu e th y access of lookout on both ke l size of these socia It is not about the es of typ rse more dive inter faces; we need eate cr d an t the contex inter vention that fit s nodes ou inu nt ople. The co pe n ee tw be ks ar sp e urban e inclusiveness of th th h ric en t es er int of faces.24 t and building inter ee str e th on ic br fa joy the community to en Giving options for social eir th es ish cities nour third spaces in the n their wellbeing. exposure to maintai

blished 2020, Lernvig,” 3XN, pu 22. “Klimatorium in ium. tor ma -cli vig em roject/l https://3xn.com/p d 2021, she bli pu rket,” 3XN, 23. “Sydney Fish Ma rket. ma shy-fi ne yd t/s ec roj https://3xn.com/p “Third places and d Jennifer Bosson, 24. Vikas Mehta an d behavior 42, an nt eets.” Environme the social life of str 05. no. 6 (2010): 779-8

21st Century Architecture (Semester 2, 2022) | Tutor: Charlotte Guy

Fig. 13 Klimatorium , the Denmark clim ate centre.

Fig. 14 Sydney Fis h Market redevelop ment design rende r.

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Fig. 15 Hidden co ffee shops and ret ails in Melbourne’s Rankins Lane.

Fig. 16 Melbourn e art lane way full of artist graffiti at Un ion Place

21st Century Architecture (Semester 2, 2022) | Tutor: Charlotte Guy

THE CITY IMAGE

l face enhances socia Active building inter . es ag apes the city im inclusion. It also sh d play an ef fort to fin Architects ought to to d er faces designe creative building int jacent rs of their site’s ad sustain the characte of n ys are the city ico laneways. Lanewa that m the Hoddle Grid Melbourne apar t fro d an ry to They enrich his we should cherish. itate cil fa d the city blocks an 25 However, stories along with strian flow. the north-south pede in the rge plot develops la as more and more the e, sid t the southwes inner city, especially se lo d come inactive an laneways there be seems th vacant retails. It their characters wi active e us e developers to a norm now for th the in il to frontage reta frontage as equal e nc rta Despite the impo city development. ’ ys wa ne main street, la of vibrancy on the ld ou sh e nc spheric experie heritage and atmo ckba or ss re r car park eg not be traded of f fo of-house uses. way us for its vivid lane Melbourne is famo l ra ltu cu of the critical lives, and it is one 26 The City of globally. tourism attractions July that d a statement this Melbourne release maged da ts w developmen poorly designed ne rs are ne an pl neways, and the character of la re mo t en controls to prev imposing stricter 27 job to eir th If planners do from happening. find to ed ne y, architects monitor the lanewa ply sim m fro n ilding desig breakthroughs in bu n. io lut so e as the best using retail frontag

Finding the Hidden “Lost in Laneways! 25. Indah Mutia, 3 International urne,” In Ar te-Polis Treasures in Melbo 535. s Conference, 2010, e changing meaning “Touring nation: Th n, bso Gi 8. ris -12 Ch . 116 26 2018, ” In Making Culture, of cultural tourism, Laneways,” City of ge rita He d ze Pri r 27. “Protecting Ou lbourne.vic.gov. 22, https://www.me Melbourne, July, 20 prized-heriurg-o tin tec /Pages/Pro au/news-and-media . tage-laneways--.aspx

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e UK, graffiti ar tist from th Banksy, the famous eet str y wa ourne’s lane 28 once said that Melb s. re ltu cu Australian ar ts present diverse n be ilding inter faces ca bu e Our design of th ntinue co to t ar t urish stree no lp he d an e tiv ea cr of The heterogeneity growing in the city. ts is a en pm lo all new deve street inter faces in way ne la ing rms an excit small puzzle that fo m, a ha ing nn e. Sophie Cu culture in Melbourn key e th s ise as author, emph Melbourne-based a in ift sh nt ca the signifi k to minor changes to an hb ut So e th 29 ntrast with liveable city. In co n ba ur e th s sad to see development, it wa e large development, wher re frustration in the r ve O . re are ever ywhe car park podiums k an hb ut So ntages in 80% of the street fro es ag nt fro 30 ough retail are inactive. Alth whole eet less dead, the str are keeping the ess en tiv ac s fun and neighbourhood lack . We um di po d car park with the accumulate ank hb ut So e son from th need to learn a les me sa e th ver repeat development and ne t’s d the Arden precinc an y cit mistakes in the t. future developmen

: the street art of “Values not shared 28. Tracey Avery, ,2009), 139-156. rne ou eways.” (Melb a Melbourne’s city lan urne – more than “ Marvellous Melbo 29. Sally Webster, 02 city.” (2014), 197-2 A 30- year vision for ucture Plan 2010: Str k an thb ou “S . 30 d 2010, https:// Melbourne, publishe ocuments/ Southbank ,” City of nD tio ec oll ic.gov.au/SiteC www.melbourne.v plan-2010.pdf. southbank-structure-

21st Century Architecture (Semester 2, 2022) | Tutor: Charlotte Guy

. park in Southbank m designed for car diu po ble ssi cce Fig. 17 Ina

tscape. the Southbank stree m developments in Fig. 18 Full of podiu

nk. und level in Southba m interface on gro diu po rk pa r Ca 15 Fig.

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CONCLUSION

g n Australians lovin The conflicts betwee be to ing nt ourne wa their cars and Melb y creates a dilemma cit e a more walkabl ate city is heading. Clim regarding how the d te er al ic rld pandem change and the wo ke te. We need to ma na sti us not to procra m fro t ar Ap . ier d health our lives greener an n ca re ctu ite logy, arch the building techno viour ing people’s beha ap sh contribute to re social r ge on str enjoyable, and create a more nct character city by connection and disti ing inking into the build inputting design th asises ph em n io at cture educ inter faces. Archite ich, most site analysis, in wh the importance of to use thinking about how of the time, we are re. gthen our architectu the context to stren ink the th to w no do more Perhaps we need to improve n our architecture other way: how ca each not underestimate the city? Please do contribution. ther! nd for people toge Let us free the grou (Words: 1925)

21st Century Architecture (Semester 2, 2022) | Tutor: Charlotte Guy

Kelly Choi | 722479

BIBLIOGRAPHY

6, ember 2020, 20-2 of Architects, Sept e tut sti In n ia al str / stralia,” Au alia-sep-oct-2021-5 1. “Architecture Au s/architecture-austr ue iss m/ co u. ea tur https://architec of uick Stats, Census , 3000 - Census Q ics nsus-data/ ist at -ce St nd of /fi us au ns re bs.gov.au/ce .a 2. Australian Bu ww /w s:/ tp ht . using, 2021 Population and Ho GMEL /2 quickstats/2021 k Stats, Census ourne - Census Quic elb M er at re G , ics nsus-data/ of Statist ov.au/census/find-ce .g 3. Australian Bureau bs .a ww /w s:/ tp Housing, ht of Population and OA3000 /P 21 quickstats/20 and Obesity.” 2022. “Overweight e. ar elf W d an th d-obesity. e of Heal ealth/overweight-an s-h 4. Australian Institut lia tra us /a rts po ov.au/re https://www.aihw.g s city laneways.” t ar t of Melbourne’ ee str e th : ed ar sh t alues no 5. Aver y, Tracey. “V 9-156. onments (2009): 13 vir en Valuing historic e. rticipate Melbourn ations.” (2020). Pa rm fo ns Tra s et re St . e. “Little eets/project-overview 6. City of Melbourn vic.gov.au/little-str e. rn ou lb me e. at ip https://par tic .” 2022. Accessed Heritage Laneways d ize Pr ur O ng cti e. “Prote d-media/Pages/ 7. City of Melbourn vic.gov.au/news-an e. rn ou elb .m ww https://w October 1, 2022. --.aspx. d-heritage-laneways ize -pr Protecting-our 2020. City of City of the Future.” n: Pla ry ve co Re d ocuments/covid-19 tivation an .au/sitecollectiond 8. “Covid-19 Reac ov .g vic e. rn ou elb /www.m Melbourne. https:/ y-plan.pdf. er ov ec reactivation-r d : Phaidon, 1987. since 1900. Oxfor re ctu ite ch ar n er J. R.. Mod 9. Curtis, William Roddam, , Ruth Vine, Mark af ra kg Dy ll Ha lly Sa ne, Grant Blashki, oyment of Suppor t 10. Desborough, Ja 2022. “Rapid Depl . dd Ki l ae ich M d sa, an VID-19 Pandemic ing Australia’s CO Ashvini Munindrada am Fr ies rit io Pr 10 . doi:10.1071/ Crisis: alth 28 (4): 271–82 for a Mental Health He y ar im Pr of l na ian Jour Response.” Austral PY22006. eu Libraries, 1992 Rem Koolhaas, Jussi . id Vo e th : of BN IS es . gi 08 r. ‘Strate 0–228. Rizzoli, 20 11. Eisenman, Pete ings 1950-2000, 20 ild Bu al nic no Ca n 1993’. In Te 9780847830480 y. s. https://discover n Gehl. Island Pres Ja / le op . Pe r cf7 fo ce s ccfd . Citie 74b7-3af f-a97f-a2e 12. Gehl, Jan. 2010 ink?id=05d34d35pl r/ sso ce ro kp lin ebsco.com/ eople.com/projects/ Gehl. https://gehlp .” cle ira M e rn ou . “Melb 13. Gehl, Jan. 2004 . /# lia tra us melbourne-a cultural tourism.” In anging meanings of ch e Th n: tio na g “Tourin 14. Gibson, Chris. ge, 2018. . 116-128. Routled pp , re ltu Making Cu

21st Century Architecture (Semester 2, 2022) | Tutor: Charlotte Guy

expanded view we. “What next? An Lo . M be d an n, do ou A. V. M -informed policy to 15. Giles-Cor ti, B., e need for evidence th d an , th al he 6. al 19-2 d glob alth 10 (2022): e9 of city planning an .” Lancet Glob He ed or nit mo d an d implemente ie Sabine Punte. A. Mejia, and Soph vin Al , sia) an bi Fa . G t rber Asian Cities (CAI-A 16. Gota, Sudhir, He n Air Initiative for ea Cl .” ies cit n ia s in As “Walkability survey 1. 02 -2 17 20 : 20 (2010) ng d bicycling: assessi romoting walking an “P k. ize 6. Kr 44 J. 942 vin 0): d Ke ment 36, no. 4 (201 17. Forsyth, Ann, an ners.” Built environ an pl t sis as to ce the eviden

Jacobs. erican Cities / Jane Am at re G of e Lif d c-97511962. The Death an r/plink?id=def7490 sso ce ro kp lin 18. Jacobs, Jane. m/ .co co tps://discover y.ebs Jonathon Cape. ht . 29 f58d 3244-9e30-b9bce2 project/lemvig. https://3xn.com/ N 3X . 20 20 .” vig Lern 19. “Klimatorium in m. climatoriu lated from Le Corbusier ; Trans / re ctu ite ch Ar rwor th 89. Towards a New erick Etchells. Butte ed Fr by on cti 20. Le Corbusier. 19 du tro In 9-4482ch Edition with an r/plink?id=0712791 sso ce ro kp the Thirteenth Fren lin m/ /discover y.ebsco.co Architecture. https:/ 8bf8a2. 381a-ba35-af0359 of streets.” and the social life es ac pl d hir “T n. sso and Jennifer K. Bo 21. Mehta, Vikas, (2010): 779-805. 6 . no , 42 r vio ha be d an nt Environme rne.” In Treasures in Melbou en dd Hi e th ng di Fin “Lost in Laneways! 22. Mutia, Indah. p. 535. 2010. ional Conference, Ar te-Polis 3 Internat ric Vertical to Volumet of Hong Kong : From ing / ak s:/ M tp e ht Th . . ge 11 ed 20 Thomas Kvan. Routl 23. Shelton, Barrie. Karakiewicz [and] na a-8974sty 3d Ju -3 , 7e on 05 elt 5Sh / Barrie ?id=ebfb5c0 ink pl r/ sso ce ro kp m/lin discover y.ebsco.co . 29 74 07611e0d 10. City of for Southbank.” 20 n sio Vi ar -Ye 30 A southbankructure Plan 2010: llectionDocuments/ Co te Si u/ .a 24. “Southbank St ov .g vic /www.melbourne. Melbourne. https:/ pdf structure-plan-2010. ydney/3xn.com/project/s s:/ tp ht , 21 20 ed ish arket,” 3XN , publ 25. “Sydney Fish M fish-market. 7-202. a city.” (2014): 19 ourne–more than elb M us llo ve ar . “M 26. Webster, Sally of Places].” fe Cities [Speaking Sa to et re St e th . “From Eyes on 27. Wekerle, Gerda 000). Places 13, no. 1 (2 nsforming l activity in cities: tra ica ys ph re mo s rd Organization. Towa or to achieving the 28. World Health ity–a key contribut tiv ac l ica 5-43064ys ph e ot om /EURO: 2017-330 HO W o. N public spaces to pr . pe ro pment Goals in Eu rope, 2018. Sustainable Develo gional Office for Eu Re n. tio iza an rg O th 60272. World Heal

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LIST OF FIGURES

th only vehicular acKenzie Street wi M in y wa ne la d . Dead en 1. Choi, C. W. 2022 . h] ap gr egress. [Photo . ank. [Photograph] lopments in Southb ve de um di po rk . Car pa 2. Choi, C. W. 2022 ers. 13). Assemblepap pers. (2013, June Pa le mb l/ se eh As | n-g l ja Jan Geh 13/cities-for-people3. Cities for people: s.com.au/2013/06/ er ap lep mb sse /a com.au. https:/ en (FX) [Review r the 48/215 Hold fo re hu oc br g sin .maas.museum/ 48. Adverti (FX)]. https://www en 4. Simpson, M. 19 ld Ho 15 /2 48 e ens-victas-andhure for th stralian-dream-hold -au of Advertising broc 0s 95 e-1 th 2/ /2 /2018/08 inside-the-collection mixmasters/ MAAS Collection rit Nouveau 28 nuar y 1925). L’Esp 5. Le Corbusier. (Ja s:// . Photograph. http Queensway Plaza lty ra mi Ad _ . ay 13 sw 20 6. Eklao, M. _Admiralty_Queen ll_visitors_view_ a.org/wiki/File:HK %8A_sign_LAB_ma commons.wikimedi BB % E5 % 98 % 90 91%E9% Plaza_%E9%87% .JPG r_D1107-4_ZR2_02 rio te _in Pacific_Place

s . Pacific Place Bind Thomas Kwan. 2011 d an , of na ing sty ak Ju M e cz n. Th Karakiewi id-Levels. Illustratio 7. Shelton, Barrie, l, Admiralty and M ra nt Ce , ai ch an W Routes from ric. Vertical to Volumet Hong Kong : From d on Tall Buildings an otograph. Council Ph . lex mp Co ce Pla . Pacific 8. Daniel, S. 2022 t. Urban Habita Ramp to Move Acts as a Stair and tre d ea ith ph Am ew ing a Well-Used an 21. A N te and Screen, Form 9. Mein, Trevor. 20 ula tic Ar ks #. oc h/ Bl rc r lins-a l. Timbe u.com/ar ticles/col onto the Main Leve tps://architecturea ht h. ap gr to ho .P Pleasant Area et plaza, Market Stre acy of the previous leg e , th e) rn on ou ing elb ild of M 21. Bu culus with the City 10. Mein, Trevor. 20 rk (designed by O pa a ograph. https:// o ot int Ph d e. te ac er sp nv has been co ’s own open ing ild bu e th th wi d blurs which flows into an h/#. ar ticles/collins-arc m/ .co au architecture er. Photograph. COVID- safe summ c Vi r fo g /outdoornin di r . Outdoo au/story/6922864 m. co n. ia rd 11.Benita, K. 2020 ua eg https://www.mudge Mudgee Guardian. -safe-summer/ dining-for-vic-covid Projects. oma.com/ Photograph. OMA s. rie ra Lib o Tw ssieu 12. OMA. 1992. Ju raries -lib wo u-t sie projects/jus

21st Century Architecture (Semester 2, 2022) | Tutor: Charlotte Guy

+ SL A Architects er / 3XN Architects nt Ce e at im Cl ium chitects]. https:// 1). Klimator Architects + SL A Ar N 13. Mork, A. (202 3X / er nt Ce e at itects-plus-slaorium Clim ate-center-3xn-arch im [Photograph Klimat -cl ium or at lim /k 962444 www.archdaily.com/ architects https://www. ender visualisation. ‌ tR ke ar M h Fis ey New Sydn 14. 3XN. n.d. The Redevelopment. - Union Place” om.au/Corporate/ t.c ke st Laneway Secrets Be sydneyfishmar s e’ rn ou elb “M .com/en/places/ ia. 2022. s://www.australia tp 15. Tourism Austral ht . 22 20 , 19 r Septembe www.australia.com. ecrets.html. unds/best-laneway-s rro -su melbourne-and ets - Rankins Lane” Best Laneway Secr s e’ rn ou elb “M . .com/en/places/ ia. 2022 tps://www.australia 16. Tourism Austral ht . 22 20 , 19 r be Septem www.australia.com. ecrets.html. unds/best-laneway-s rro -su melbourne-and rk in Southbank. designed for car pa um di po e bl ssi ce 022). Inac 17. Choi, C. W. (2 . [Photograph] hbank streetscape. pments in the Sout lo ve de um di po of 022). Full 18. Choi, C. W. (2 . [Photograph] level in Southbank. er face on ground int um di po rk pa r 2). Ca 19.Choi, C. W. (202 . [Photograph]