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KENYA'S IMMUNIZATION SCHEDULE
HISTORY OF IMMUNIATIONS KEPHSA.ORG
VACCINES ROLE OF PHARMACISTS IN IMMUNIZATIONS
LONG LIFE FOR ALL
Acknowledgements This guidebook is the product of the Professional Development Subcommittee in the Pharmacy Students' Association of Kenya (KEPhSA, Kenya) 2021/2022 mandate. We would like to express our gratitude and appreciation to the members of this subcommittee for working on this guidebook and making it a success namely: Ms. Janice Odhiambo, Mr. Dwyne Wade, Ms. Naomi Nyakinyua, Mr. Victor Mwirigi & Ms. Michele Mayuba .
Michele Mayuba Rachel IPSF Contact Person, KEPhSA, Kenya
Janice Odhiambo Professional Development, Subcommittee Member, KEPhSA, Kenya
Contents 1. Introduction 2. History of Vaccination 3. Types of Immunization 4. Types of Vaccines 5. Myths vs Facts on Vaccines 6. Benefits, Risks & Effectiveness of Vaccines 7. Roles of Pharmacists in Vaccinations 8. COVID-19 Vaccine 9. CDC Immunization Schedule
Introduction Definitions Immunization : A process by which a person becomes protected against a disease through vaccination. This term is often used interchangeably with vaccination or inoculation. Vaccination : The act of introducing a vaccine into the body to produce protection from a specific disease. Vaccine : A preparation that is used to stimulate the body’s immune response against diseases. Vaccines are usually administered through needle injections, but some can be administered by mouth or sprayed into the nose.
History of Vaccination Vaccination has been used for hundreds of years. In the 17th century in China, Buddhist monks consumed snake venom to acquire immunity to snake bites and variolation (smearing a skin rip with cowpox to gain immunity to smallpox) was performed. In 1796, Edward Jenner was regarded as the pioneer of vaccinology in the West after inoculating a 13 year old boy with vaccinia virus (cowpox) and demonstrating immunity against smallpox. Thereafter, first smallpox vaccine was created in 1798 and methodical deployment of widespread smallpox immunization in the 18th and 19th century resulted in the global eradication of smallpox in 1979. Louis Pasteur's experiments paved the way for the creation of human vaccines against live attenuated cholera and attenuated anthrax (1897 and 1904, respectively).
History of Vaccination
In the late 1800s a vaccination against the plague was developed. Between 1890 and 1950, the development of bacterial vaccines, particularly the Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) immunization, flourished. Alexander Glenny, perfected the use of formaldehyde to inactivate tetanus toxin in 1923. In 1926, the same procedure was employed to develop a diphtheria vaccine. Pertussis vaccine development took much longer, with the first whole cell vaccine approved for use in United States in 1948. From 1950 to 1985, viral tissue culture technologies advanced, resulting in the development of the Salk (inactivated) polio vaccine and the Sabin (live attenuated oral) polio vaccine. Vaccine development is still an ongoing process that dates back to the 18th century.
Types of Immunization Passive Temporary protection e.g immunoglobulin (specific protein substance produced by plasma cells to fight infection) It is good for the immunocompromised patients Active Long term protection leading to the formation of antibodies
Types of Vaccines Available
Types of Vaccines Available
Myths vs Facts on Vaccines
Benefits, Risks & Effectiveness of Vaccines All medications and vaccines have potential risks that must be carefully weighed against the benefits that medications and vaccines offer to prevent illness. No vaccine offers 100% protection and vaccine efficacy meaning how well a vaccine prevents illness among those vaccinated varies from one type of vaccine to the next and how well a vaccine works also depends on the health status of the person vaccinated. Vaccines do have some risk for adverse reaction, the most common being redness and soreness at the injection site or fever and allergic reactions. More serious complications like seizures and the neurologic condition Guillain-Barre are also reported but occur very rarely and far less commonly than the complications and deaths from vaccine preventable diseases.
Role of Pharmacists in Vaccinations
COVID-19 Vaccines
CDC Immunization Schedule
References 1. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vac-gen/imzbasics.htm 2. The Immunization Advisory Centre 3. Nature.com
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