Conserving Intangible
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Conserving Intangible
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Design Dissertation entitled “Conserving Intangible” is a bonafide work of Mr. Ketan Patole for the final year of Bachelor of Architecture from Indian Education Society’s College of Architecture and has been completed under my guidance towards the accomplishment of B-Arch Degree affiliated to the University of Mumbai.
Ar. Sanket Mhatre
Ar. Gaurish Chandawarkar
Thesis Guide
Principal
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DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this written submission entitled “Conserving Intangible” represents my ideas in my own words and has not been taken from the work of others (as from books, articles, essays, dissertations, other media and online); and where others’ ideas or words have been included, I have adequately cited and referenced the original sources. Direct quotations from books, journal articles, internet sources, other texts, or any other source whatsoever are acknowledged and the source cited are identified in the dissertation references. No material other than that cited and listed has been used. I have read and know the meaning of plagiarism and I understand that plagiarism, collusion, and copying are grave and serious offences in the university and accept the consequences should I engage in plagiarism, collusion or copying.
Signature of the Student Name of the Student: Ketan Patole Exam Roll No: 933 Date: .2018
Place: Mumbai
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I would like to express my gratefulness to several people who have assisted and directed me throughout my dissertation and helped me put up this adequate quantity of work. Special thanks to my mentor, Ar. Sanket Mhatre, without whose
passionate
participation
and
support
this exploration/research would not have been successfully conducted, whose guidance led me to the right direction. I am thankful to my parents for their endless love, care and encouragement. I am also appreciative to my friends, seniors as well as juniors for helping me combine this significant amount of work for this book and throughout these years.
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1.1 Subject of Research Conserving Intagible 1.1.1 Concept of Culture
Culture is the embodiment of the way
in which we think and do things. Indigenous cultural heritage is the legacy of tangible physical artefacts and intangible aspects of a group or society. These are inherited from past generations, maintained in the present and bestowed for the benefit of future generations. Objects, artefacts, buildings, places and monuments are known as tangible cultural heritage. Tangible cultural heritage has a physical presence.
Source: Author
10 Conserving Intangible
1.1.2 What Heritage?
Is
Intangible
Cultural
1.1.3 The relationship between Tangible and Intangible.
Intangible cultural heritage are the traditions
The relationship may be roughly divided
and living expressions inherited from ancestors
into two cases.
and passed on to descendants. Intangible heritage
First,
includes cultural practices, oral traditions and
materialized by the tangible cultural heritage,
language,
knowledge
and secondly, Intangible culture playing the vital
including dance, stories, crafts, medicines, designs
role within the establishment of tangible cultural
and even digital heritage.
heritage.
skills,
techniques
and
intangible
cultural
heritage
is
being
Intangible cultural heritage is commonly
defined as the heritage not having a physical presence.
Source: Author
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Source: Author
1.1.4 Factors Affecting the Cultural Change 1.4.1-Natural calamities :
1.4.4-Biological Factors:
Natural calamities like floods, earthquakes,
Biological factors are those factors, which
draughts, famines and other natural disasters
determine the structure, selection and hereditary
always force changes in the cultural conditions and
qualities of generations. The human element is ever
life of the affected people.
changing. Each new generation is different from previous generation. It is different in form, ideas
1.4.2-Geographical Factors:
and in many other ways from the one gone before.
The cultural life of the people depends upon
the physical environment. Culture also depends
1.4.5-Socio-economic Factors:
upon the availability of natural resources, their
exploitation and how are these being recovered
is determined by economic factors. The birth of
and preserved.
the institutions of marriage and family took place
The entire cultural structure of a country
under the influence of the means of production 1.4.3-Demographic Factors:
of material means of livelihood. With the birth of
family wealth and possessions became important.
The population increase or decrease always
brings cultural problems. When the birth rate in a society exceeds death rate, population begins to rise.
12 Conserving Intangible
1.4.6-Infrastructure and Technology:
In
contemporary
times
science
and
technology happens to be the most important factor of cultural change. Mechanization brings changes in the economic structure and relations. This leads to a change in old values, norms and ideas. Technology brings about changes in the physical environment and the material culture of each society, which in turn gives birth to cultural change.
Natural disasters such as storms, earthquakes, floods, droughts, diseases and similar natural events as well as infrastructural and technological developments as such dams, airports, national highways and roads, etc. lead to resettlement of large number of group of community, which affect intangible assets of community.
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1.2.1.Resettlement and rehabilitation People are forced to move out of their land due to both natural and man-made disasters. Natural disasters like earthquakes, cyclones, tsunami etc. render thousands of people homeless and sometimes even force them to move and resettle in different areas. Similarly, developmental projects like construction of roads, dams, canals and flyovers displace people from their homes. Leakage of nuclear material in Japan resulted in millions of people being forced to leave the area for their safety. Thus, resettlement refers to the process of settling again in a new area. Rehabilitation means restoration to the former state.
Source: Author
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1.2.2.Resettlement Issues 1-Loss of identity: Tribal life is community based. Displacement
• Resettlement increases the poverty of the
has a negative impact on their livelihood, culture
tribals due to the loss of land, livelihood, food
and spiritual existence in the following ways:
insecurity, jobs, skills etc.
• Break up of families and communities are the
• Loss of identity of individuals and the loss
important social issues of displacement. The
of connection amongst the people and the
women suffer the most as they are deprived
environment is the greatest loss in the process.
even a little compensation.
The indigenous knowledge that they have regarding the wildlife and the herbal plants are
• Inter-community marriages, cultural functions,
lost.
folk songs and dances do not take place among the displaced people. When they are resettled, it is generally individual based resettlement, which ignores communal character.
Source: Author
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2-Loss of livelihood: Displacement is not a simple incident in the lives of the displaced people. They have to leave their ancestral land and forests on which they are depended for their livelihood. Many of them have no skills to take up another activity or pick up any other occupation. Usually, the new land that is offered to them is of poor quality and the refugees are unable to make a living. 3-Lack of facilities: When people are resettled in a new area, basic infrastructure and amenities are not provided in that area. Very often, temporary camps become permanent settlements. It is also a major problem of displacement or resettlement that people have to face. 4-Secondary displacement: Occupational groups residing outside the submergence area but depending on the area for the livelihood also experience unemployment. Village artisans, petty traders, labourers etc., lose their living. 5-Increase in stress: Resettlement disrupt the entire life of the people. They are unable to bear the shock of emptiness and purposelessness created in their life. 6-Increase in health problems: Lack of nutrition due to the loss of agriculture and forest based livelihood, lead to the general decline in the health of the people. 7-Meagre compensation: The compensation for the land lost is often not paid; it is delayed or even if paid, is too small both in monetary terms and social changes forced 16 Conserving Intangible
1.3.Hypothesis Statement
When the intangible aspects of community have been conserved, while upholding the essence of tangible characters of settlement by providing contemporary livelihood rooted in old intangible assets, can retain identity of community in different context during rehabilitation.
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1.4.Topic Justification
In India, the process of resettlement
of communities affected by natural calamities or by infrastructural development is not given importance. During resettlement, the intangible assets of settlement are perceived very differently and is almost neglected, which causes the end of identity of that settlement, end of its culture and heritage. Hence, the relevance of this topic is to create awareness of the importance of the intangible factors as well as better contemporary lifestyle which will have roots of old settlement while relocation.
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1.5.Aims & Objectives Aims:
Objectives:
• To understand role of intangible assets with
• To document the settlement with aspects
respect to the architecture of settlement. • To study and understand the intangible assets i.e. culture, customs, religion, etc. as well as tangible assets i.e. architecture of the settlement.
of architecture, social spaces, occupational activities,
pattern
of
settlement,
and
construction. • To understand and implement policies provided by government for rural development. • Providing opportunity to display art and culture of community, to tackle financial problems of community. • To provide self-sustainable lifestyle in terms of architecture and occupation.
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1.6.Scope & Limitations Scope: • The
Limitations: study
contains
the
analysis
and
documentation of the community that is existing on its original site and has not been demolished. • Site should be accessible to carry out research and documentation.
• The approach of research is subjective from site to site. • Because the culture of India differs from place to place, the study for this topic is also restricted to that region. • The rehabilitation programs in India do not
• The scope extends to studying the involvement
give proper rehabilitation program for the
of culture, religion, arts in everyday life of
community who is going to resettle, so finding
community.
case studies is also limitation.
• By understanding the existing settlement, to create contemporary architecture which will have elements of old settlement with modern facilities.
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2. Indian Scenario of Resettlement and Rehabilitation. This chapter is composed of research to understand the current scenario of Resettlement and Rehabilitation process in India. The chapter introduces study of two resettlement projects in India.
Source: Author
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2.1.History of resettlement rehabilitation in India
and
Displacement of people in India is largely triggered by factors such as development projects, political
conflict,
setting
up
Protected
Area
Networks and Conservation areas and natural disasters, amongst others. The latest data in the website of Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC) show that at least 616,140 have been internally displaced in India due to various conflicts as of April 2015. The figure for people displaced due to disasters is at least 3,428,000 and there are about 11,042 political refugees originating from the country as of January, 2014. Although, these approximate figures for displacement in India may be staggering, there remains no reliable data on the total number of people actually displaced nor the number of people that have been resettled and rehabilitated. This review highlights issues relating to resettlement and
rehabilitation,
majorly
focusing
on
the
following causes- political/ethnic conflict, and developmental projects.
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2.2.Development projects India, after Independence in 1947, geared towards the path to development, leading to construction of large multipurpose river valley projects (third largest dam builder in the world), thermal power, mining, transport linkages etc. According to the Working Group on Human Rights in India and the UN Report, India has the highest number of people displaced due to development projects in the world, largely the traditional forest dwellers and the Scheduled Tribes. The report of the Lok Sabha Secretariat of 2013 show a figure of 60 million from the period 1947-2000, the worst sufferers being again the Adivasis or the Scheduled Tribes of the country. However, before 1980, most of the development projects, did not have a clear resettlement plan.
Development Projects
Transport Network
Mining Projects
Dams Construction
Thermal Project Source: Author
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2.3. Rehabilitation Colony at Middle Vaitarna Dam, Maharashtra.
Middle Vaitarna Dam across the west
flowing Vaitarna River near Mumbai is supposed to be a state-of-the-art technological feat. It’s a 102 meters tall concrete dam, the second tallest in Maharashtra. The dam is also claimed to be completed in a record time. The project submerged over 3473 hectares of land (8581 acres land) including over 634 hectares forests (1566 acres forest). It also affected about 8 villages and several adivasi padas in the region. Of these, only 35 families who lost their homes were
Source: South Asia Network on Dams, Rivers and People
Current condition of resettlement colony:
rehabilitated in a colony near the project site of Kochale village.
Extremely poor construction quality. Just one year after families moved in, roofs of one of the houses collapsed. Human injury was narrowly avoided. Almost all of the homes are regularly leaking. There is no drinking water supply to this colony. The main supply tank does not get water. So no taps are working. • There is no water in the toilets. Site-in-charge
Source: South Asia Network on Dams, Rivers and People
and contractor orders a tanker whenever they feel like. • Common electric connections are defunct: Contractor took away the` meters. No electricity at Hospital, Temple and Community Hall. • No Doctor has been appointed at the hospital. It’s an empty building. • Completely disillusioned by these houses, many affected people have built separate mud and thatch houses next to the government homes.
Source: South Asia Network on Dams, Rivers and People Conserving Intangible
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2.4.Tehri dam, Uttarakhand (1978-Â 2012):
In 1990, the Indian government and Tehri Hydro Power Corporation began planning to dam at Bhagirati River at the Himalayan foothill town of Tehri in Uttar Pradesh. Plans indicated that it would be the fourth largest dam in the world.
(Article in The Hindu)
Â
Although land acquisition started in 1979,
resettlement of affected people is far from complete. However, during this project many villages with
There was no master plan for rehabilitation nor
approximately 1 lakh people were affected directly
even a clear estimate of the number of people
or indirectly. No resettlement plan, some were
affected.
given compensation, some houses, others nothing.
of the Public Works Department of Tehri, large
Rehabilitation appalling even through a sum of Rs
number of people who will lose their lands, have
1117.15 lakh is reported to have been spent.
not been officially recognised as project-affected.
According to the 2002 Status Report
Source: Slide Share
Source: Slide Share
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2.5. Inference: Poor Resettlement and Weak Law The fact that most Project Affected Persons are powerless and they explain the poor resettlement. The reference here is for resettlement but not for rehabilitation. Most policies are called ‘R & R’ as both resettlement and rehabilitation mean the same. However, in reality they are two different processes. Resettlement is one time physical relocation. Rehabilitation is a long process that involves replacing or rebuilding the economic resources, cultural systems, social structures and community support mechanisms that DPs/PAPs lose due to the project. Rehabilitation is a mode of Project Affected Persons re-establishing the livelihood which is lost. Therefore, it has to deal with the problems from its beginning as soon as the decision in respect of project is taken and continues for several years after resettlement.
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3. Rehabilitation And Resettlement Of Polavaram Irrigation Project, East Godavari This chapter is composed of information about Resettlement and Rehabilitation scheme of Polavaram irrigation project. Chapter also includes the documentation of villages which are going to be resettled under this project.
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Conserving Intangible
3.1. Introduction: Andhra Pradesh has few of the most fertile
The longitude and latitude of the Project
districts in the country like East & West Godavari
site are 810-46’E and 170-13’N respectively.
and at the same time several drought -affected
Understanding the serious misinterpretation of the
districts like Anantapur in Rayalaseema region.
R&R package is an imperative part of the Polavaram
Godavari is one of the most flooded rivers
dam construction. With a submergence threat
in South India. Water of Godavari flows into the
to 276 villages, which includes the Displacement
ocean as wastage every year. Utilising the water
of 2-5 lakh Girijans (PVTG). The Polavaram dam
of Godavari which is going waste into the ocean
has become a nightmare for the tribal. With the
will serve the agricultural and drinking needs of the
construction underway, the development of the
state.
districts that will be submerged has been completely multi-
blocked. While the adivasis have no access to health
purpose irrigation project, which has been accorded
or education, the primary school children attend
national project status by the union government
school in a dilapidated school building, which will
of India. This dam across the Godavari River is
not take more than two showers of rain to collapse
under construction located in West Godavari
to the ground.
Polavaram
Project is
a
District and East Godavari District in Andhra Pradesh state and its reservoir spreads in parts of Chhattisgarh and Odisha States also. Conserving Intangible
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3.2. Location
Source: Author 30 Conserving Intangible
3.3. Area affected by Irrigation: Mandal-wise Submergence Habitation
The water irrigation of Polavaram Dam is
going to affect two districts in Andhra Pradesh, which are East Godavari and West Godavari. In West Godavari district Polavaram, Velairpadu, Kukunoor mandals, whereas in East Godavari Devipaatnam, Bhadrachalam, Kunavaram, Chintoor, V.R.Puram mandals are getting affected by construction of dam. Habitation at +41.15m 59 villages
Habitation at +45.72m 176 villages
Devipatnam Kunavaram V.R.puram Chinturu Yetapaka
In first phase, government is going to resettle villages, which are coming inside +41.15m. In second phase, villages that are coming in +45.75m. contour are going to get resettled to the new land.
Source: Polavaram Irrigation Project Conserving Intangible
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3.4. List of Villages Submerging Under +41.15m 1. D.Ravi Lanka
26. Toyyeru
2. Bodigudem
27. Ch.R.Peta (Old)
3. Paragasanipadu
28. Manturu
4. Angaluru
29. Teliperu
5. Nelakota
30. Talluru
6. P.Gonduru
31. Kondamodalu
7. Nagallapalli
32. Somarlapadu
8. VeeravaramLanka
33. Nadipudi
9. Kolluru
34. Mettagudem
10. A. Veeravaram
35. Kokkeragudem
11. Ganugulagondi
36. Thadiwada
12. Mulametta
37. Peddagudem
13. Agraharam
38. Jeediguppa
14. Yenugula gudem
39. Sriramgiri
15. Penikelapadu
40. Venkata Narasimhapuram
16. Mulapadu
41. Mittagudem
17. Madipalli
42. Kothuru
18. Dandangi
43. Sitampeta (lands only)
19. Lingavaram (Old)
44. Issunuru
20. Gubbalampadu(Old)
45. Kotaragommu
21. Suddakonda (Old)
46. Sitampeta
22. K. Gonduru
47. Mettaveedhi
23. Seetharam (Old)
48. Thustivarigudem
24. Gangampalem (Old)
49. Bojiaraigudam
25. Katchuluru (Old)
50. GandikotaKatchuluru (Old)
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3.5. Location of R and R Colonies & House Sites Colony Names.
Number of Houses on Site
1. Indukuru R&R Colony-1,Devipatnam
- 306
2. Indukuru R&R Colony,Devipatnam
- 117
3. Mussullakunta R&R Colony, Devipatnam
- 314
4. Kammalampalem R&R Colony
- 78
5. Pothavaram R&R Colony-2
- 56
6. Neruduvalasa R&R Colony
- 26
7. Peddabheempalli R&R Colony-3
- 268
8. Peddabheempalli R&R Colony – 2
- 129
9. Gangvaram R&R Colony
- 390
10. Rayanapeta R&R Colony
- 159
11. Kapavaram R&R Colony
- 80
12. Bairavapatnam R&R Colony
- 138
13. Yerraboru R&R Colony
- 51
14. Narasingapeta R&R Colony,
- 288
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3.6. R&R Colony Details:
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3.7. Village Selection:
For
are
coming
the
Mussullakunta
dissertation,
under
villages
Kammalampalem
Colony
and
which Colony,
Peddabheempalli
Colony are documented and studied to select one village or group of villages which are coming under one colony for further documentation and study.
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3.7.1. Kammalampalem, R&R Colony, , Devipatnam Mandal
Relocating villages - total - 78 Houses 1- Ramanayapeta - 40 Houses 2- Gubbalampadu - 38 Houses Village features: • Common primary school for both the Source: Google Earth
villages. • Less number of rcc houses. • No market in the village. • Accessible by auto rickshow. • Agriculture is the main occupation.
Source: Google Earth
Plan of Gubbalampadu Plan of Ramanayapeta
Source: Author Conserving Intangible
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3.7.2 Mussullakunta R&R Colony , DevipatnamMandal
Relocating villages - total - 314 Plots 1- Mulapadu - 70 Plots 2- Ganugulagondi - 34 Plots 3- Thoyyeru - 16 Plots 4- Gangampalem - 108 Plots 5- Dandangi - 86 Plots Source: Google Earth
• Every village has primary school except Ganugulagondi. • Thoyyeru has maximun number of RCC houses. • It has biggest market in surrounding area. • Ganugulagondi, Gangampalem, Dandagi are accessible by auto rickshaw whereas Thoyyeru is accessible by auto as well as boat and
Source: Google Earth
Malapadu is accessible only by boat. • Agriculture is main occupation for Ganugulagondi, Gangampalem, dandagi villages whereas fishing and agriculture is main occupation for Thoyyeru and Malapadu.
Plan of Ganugulagondi
Plan of Gangampalem Source: Author
38 Conserving Intangible
Plan of Dandangi
Plan of Mulapadu Source: Author
Plan of Thoyyeru Conserving Intangible
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3.7.3. R&R Colony – 2, DevipatnamMandal
Relocating villages - total - 129 Plots 1- Madipalli - 92 Plots 2- Penikilapadu - 37 Plots
• Madipalli has school in the village whereas
Source: Google Earth
Penikilapadu doesn’t have school. Kids from Penikilapadu travel to Madipalli for education. • Less number of RCC houses. • Madipalli has one of the major market in surrounding villages. • Penikilapadu is accessible by auto rickshow whereas Madipalli is accessible by road as well as by water. • Agriculture and fishing are main occupations. Also basket making and coir making is practiced in Penikilapadu village.
Plan of Madipalli
Plan of Penikilapadu 40 Conserving Intangible
3.7.4. Location of all Villages:
Kammalampalem Peddabheempalli Mussullakunta
3.7.5. Location of Proposed New Sites:
Kammalampalem Peddabheempalli Mussullakunta
3.7.6. Site comparison:
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Source: Author 42 Conserving Intangible
Source: Author
3.8. Village Documentation: Madipalli - 92 Houses
Madipalli and Penikilapdau which are going
to be resettled in Peddabheempalli Colony are seclected for detail study and documentation work, and not on the basis of comparision of site features and character of villages which are coming under Penikilapadu - 37 Houses
Kammalampalem Colony, Mussullakunta Colony and Peddabheempalli Colony.
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3.8.1. Accessibility
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3.8.2. Introduction: • Madipalli, Penikilapadu are two villages located in East Godavari district, Devipatnam mandal. • Konda Reddi is the main community in these villages. Fishermans and coir makers are also part of these villages. • Both villages are dependent on each other in terms of economical exchange. • They share common market as well as school.
3.8.3 Site Plan of Penikilapadu Source: Author
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B
A
A’
B’
3.8.4. Site Plan of Madipalli Source: Author 46 Conserving Intangible
3.8.5. Site Sections
Section A-A’
Section B-B’
Source: Author
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3.8.6. Settlement Features: Houses around road:
The other villages in Devipatnam Mandal,
Madipalli and Penikilapadu village are also situated on the banks of Godavari River. Main road passes through the villages with settlement on either sides of road. Wideness of the streets range between 3-5 meters. The main road is constructed by asphalt whereas other roads (walkways) inside villages are made up of rubble stone or concrete. As the roads move away from the dwellings towards agricultural and forest areas, they are left as soil ground. Buildings in the village are situated such as to let light, wind and view for other houses. All the houses are inside compound wall, and they are separately situated from each other.
Village temple at middle and act as major gathering point
48 Conserving Intangible
Use of frontyard and backyard for different activities throughout the day:
Houses surrounded by large open space:
Source: Author
Source: Author
Source: Author
Source: Author
Defined boundary to each house:
Source: Author
Source: Author
Raised plinth: Use of natural material for construction:
Source: Author
Source: Author Conserving Intangible
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3.8.7. Activity Mapping:
50 Conserving Intangible
Source: Author Conserving Intangible
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52 Conserving Intangible
3.8.8. Activity Mapping:
Source: Author Conserving Intangible
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3.8.9. Housing Typology: A typical house is square or rectangular single room with mud plastered walls supported with bamboos. The roof is thatched and covered by locally available palm leaves. All other supporting structures are made of bamboo, collected from adjacent forest. The roofs slope down to all four sides. Usually the roof is further extended on one side of house to form a small verandah. The room has no windows except one entrance door. It appears that the low roofs without any ventilation are for protecting themselves from cold winds during winter season and to avoid damage to mud walls
Type 1
Type 2
Source: Author
54 Conserving Intangible
Type 3 Type 4
Source: Author
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Housing Typology:
Source: Author 56 Conserving Intangible
3.8.10. Community Gathering Space: Village temple is located on the main road
3.8.12. Primary School: School works on all days except Saturday
which acts as gathering point for senior citizens.
and Sunday.
During festivals village people gather around
Schools are RCC structures with front open space
village on main road for pooja and celebration.
which act as a play area for kids of villages.
Source: Author
Source: Author
3.8.13. Neighbourhood Connection : Majority of houses share common compound wall. Front verandah as well as front open area act as meeting point for neighbours. Also because all houses open on main road or pedestrian road, road acts as meeting point for men.
Source: Author
3.8.11. Gram Panchayat: Both villages have Gram Panchayat office but they do not work of daily bases.
Source: Author
Source: Author
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3.8.14. Different Types of Localities (cast, occupation) and Their Lifestyle:
3.8.15. Cattle Pens: Konda Reddi follow a unique habit of
Penikilapadu has all Scheduled Tribes
construction of cattle pens. Every Konda Reddi
community. Whereas Madipalli has ST as well as
village has separate cattle pens. They maintain
higher caste communities.
cattle pens outside the village or away from the
Penikilapadu has Konda Reddi community
houses at village level/community level/family
which practice shifting cultivation. Also there
level/street level. This shows their interest towards
are community who make coir and baskets as
cleanliness and hygiene.
occupation. Madipalli has Konda reddi as well as fisherman communities as primary community.
3.8.16. Drinking Water: Villages have safe drinking water facilities i.e., bore wells, community water tanks etc. But the Konda Reddi who live along the banks of river Godavari prefer river water rather than bore well water for drinking purpose. They use bore well water for other household purposes. But during rainy season, while the Godavari river is flooded with mud water, they use bore well water for drinking purpose.
58 Conserving Intangible
3.8.16. Tribal Market::
3.8.17. Decorative Rangoli:
Weekly markets in Konda Reddi society
All communities in Devipatnam mandal
also function as an agent of cultural change. The
follows ritual of making white color patterns
weekly market is a centre which brings together a
(Rangolis) on external walls as well as on floor.
number of communities like the agriculturist Koya, the hunters and the food gatherers, occupational caste people such as potters, black smith, fishermen and many other non-tribals together. Tribal markets are also places where disputes of tribal villages are discussed and settled.Â
3.8.18. Use of Natural Resources: Because these villages are not connected to ouside world, they majorly depend on nature. Houses are made up of mud plastered walls supported with bamboos. The roof is thatched and covered by locally available palm leaves. All other supporting structure is made of bamboo, collected from adjacent forest.
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3.8.19. Interior Spaces:
Each house has frontyard, verandah,
backyard, kitchen and living room. Verandah has importance in day-to-day activities. Verandah acts as living room where people of house sit and sleep throughout the day. Living room acts as a store room to store grains and also to sleep at night. They cook food outside the house i.e., in back verandah except in monsoon season. Verandah is divided into two parts while the corner place is used for cooking, the other part is to accommodate/ entertain guests. Some Konda Reddi houses have separate kitchen, away from the main house. They decorate their walls by applying red coloured mud and apply cow dung on floors and on mud walls to keep house clean. They believe that this type of arrangement keeps the insects, terminates, flies etc., away from the house.
Source: Author
60 Conserving Intangible
3.9 Konda Readdi Tribe: 3.9.1. Introduction: The Konda Reddi are one of the most
3.9.2. Relation With Other Tribes:
Due to contact with Hindu culture and
primitive tribes of Andhra Pradesh. They are mainly
heterogeneous village structure, the concept of
found in the picturesque Papi hill ranges (part
social hierarchy among tribes emerged gradually.
of Eastern Ghats) on either side of the Godavari
The Konda Reddi perceive that they are superior to
gorge, in West Godavari and East Godavari, besides
other tribes. In East Godavari and West Godavari
the hilly tracts of Khammam district. They are also
district. Konda Reddi are living in symbiosis with
found scattered in the districts of Vishakhapatnam
another tribe called Koya and other migrant
and Warangal of Andhra Pradesh. About 95% of
occupational castes like fisherman, potters etc., in
Konda Reddi in Andhra Pradesh are concentrated
addition to scheduled castes.
in East Godavari, West Godavari and Khammam districts. On the basis of physical features the Konda Reddi habitat can be divided into three distinct
The co-existence of multiple tribal groups in the area has given rise to a broad cultural mosaic with a social, linguistic, occupational and cultural diversity.
zones: (1) the hill settlements, (2) the riverside settlements, and
3.9.3. Language:
(3) the settlements of the lower Agency Tract and plains.
Telugu is the mother tongue of the Konda Riverside settlements are situated on both
Reddi, which they speak with an unique accent.
banks of the Godavari. They are found between
Every tribe has its own dialect/language to speak,
the confluence of the Sabari and the Godavari at
but the Konda Reddi speak pure/chaste Telugu.
Kunavaram and in the area around Devipatnam.
3.9.4. Food Habits: They are non-vegetarians and eat fish, fowl, At present, a majority of Konda Reddis are settled cultivators and agricultural labourers. The absence of road communication has resulted in the isolation of the area from the plain for a long time.
pork, goat, forest animals (wild boar, wild sheep, rabbit etc.,) and birds, but they strictly avoid beef and meat. They also consume roots of potato; Bamboo shoots are powdered and cooked as curry. The main food is rice, jowar and millets. They drink country liquor and bottled alcohol. They are fond of fermented juice (Kallu) extracted from Borasus Palm, Sago Palm, Phoenix Palm etc. Men and women smoke Tobacco and chew loose Tobacco. Conserving Intangible
61
3.9.5. Food Habits:
3.9.7. Economy:
In Konda Reddi society, father is the head of
The structure of the Konda Reddi economy
the family. Descent is patrilineal or agnatic descent.
is generally based on forest and river i.e., on
Inheritance of property is also through father line.
Eastern Ghats forest and river Godavari. The simple
Traditionally, joint families were common,
technology and absence of technological aids is the
but now-a-days nuclear families are predominant
other structural feature of Konda Reddi ‘s economy.
among the Konda Reddi. The father or eldest male
At the socio-economic and cultural level, the family
member enjoys the authority. Full authority vests
is a unit of both production and consumption. The
in the hands of male. Women have no decision-
community itself acts like a co-operative unit and
making power, but men while taking certain
the Konda Reddis are economically independent.
important decisions consult her. Even though
women contribute to family income, they have
relationship between their economic life and the
little or no control over family expenditure.
natural environment or habitat which is usually
Konda Reddi’s economy has a close
the forest. Besides the forest, the existing natural environment has molded their economy to a great extent.
3.9.6. Occupation:
Agriculture, especially podu or shifting cultivation is the mainstay of the Konda Reddi. Those
Agriculture: The working force in the command
living along the plains of river Godavari mainly
area of Right Main Canal constitute about 39%
practice settled cultivation. Hunting and gathering,
of the population, out of which 60% constitute
forest labour, collection and sale of minor forest
cultivators and agricultural labour.
produce are other important sources of livelihood.
Other than Agriculture: The rest of the population
Many of them are engaged in weaving bamboo
are having the following occupations
baskets and making ropes which are sold in weekly
• Fishing;
markets as supplementary income sources.
• Coir industry; • Bricks and tiles manufacture; • Handloom; • Leather Industry; and • Wood work and furniture making etc.
62 Conserving Intangible
3.9.8. Religion:
3.9.9. Festivals:
Konda Reddi are primarily animists. They
• Bhogi, Makara Sankranti, Kanuma in January.
worship many deities, which are considered
• Maha Shivaratri in February/March.
superior to nature, for obtaining their blessings for
• Ugadi in March/April.
a peaceful and comfortable life, and for a bumper
• Sri Rama Navami celebrated in March/April, 9
harvest. Every activity begins only after the worship and celebrating a festival of the concerned deity. Every Konda Reddi village has their local/village deity.
days after Ugadi. • Bonalu celebrated in Ashada masam (July/ August). • Vaikuntha Ekadashi in June/August.
The Konda Reddi perform seasonal festivals,
• Varalakshmi Vratam in August.
many of which are offering of newly harvested
• Krishna Janmashtami in August.
grains, fruits etc., to god and eating them for the
• Vinayaka Chaviti in August.
first time in the season associated with deity and
• Bathukamma celebrated for nine days during
economic activity.
Durga Navratri, near Mata Temple.
• Bhoomi pandaga – is the important festival of Konda Reddi. This festival will be celebrated
• Dasara in September/October. • Atla
Tadde 3rd
day
in
bright
half
after the successful harvest of the crops usually
of Ashviyuja month (falls in September/October
once in every three years.
in Gregorian calendar).
• Mamidi
pandaga –
Mamidi
pandaga
is
• Deepavali.
celebrated on the day of ugadi festival, which is
• Nagula Chaviti in October/November.
celebrated by Konda Reddi as telugu new year
• Christmas is among the minorities.
during March-April. On this day they conduct village deity festival also. • Sama kotha pandaga – is a festival at village level, generally celebrated in the month of August. After this festival only they begin eating leafy vegetables as curries such as gongura and thota kura.
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63
4. Survey at Nelakota R&R Colony-2 ( Phase 1 ) Locality Name : Nelakota Mandal Name : Devipatnam District : East Godavari State : Andhra Pradesh Colony Name : Nelakota R&R Colony-2 Relocating Villages : P. Gonduru - 138 Plots Year of construction : December 2012
64 Conserving Intangible
4.1. Coversation 1 :
4.2. Conversation 2 :
• Question- How come there are less number of
• Lady 1- All the farmers have gone back to their
men in the village? • Man 1 - They have migrated in search of work to other districts. All the men are gone. That’s why you do not see many men. Only the women are there with kids. If someone gives work, they go, or else nothing. • Question- Yes, but there are so many of you here? • Man 1 - From whole villages together, there are hardly 10 of us here. Is that even any number? • Man 2 - People are going in batches to do labour work either in Hyderabad, Medak, Ongole. • Man 1 - When they bought us here, they
villages. • Question - why? • Lady 1- What have they given us that we should go here? They did not give land for land. • Lady 2 – My father has 14 acres. So, they gave 6 acres. For the rest they said they will give money. But that 6 acres land also they haven’t given yet. They showed us land in a place. We said we don’t want it, and asked them to show elsewhere, but so far nothing. We went to them many times, we keep giving applications and they keep saying we’ll see. • Question -
So you didn’t get the land you
liked?
promised to find work for us -to build factories,
• Lady 2 – No. We didn’t. At least if they gave us
etc. So all the landless people came here, and
land like ours, it’s okay. But they gave us land
since the time we came, there is no work!
full of rocks. The project officer asked me, if I
When we go to the NREGS work, they say our
knew how much land is there in these rocks?
villagers don’t have lands here. Our farmers are
To which I replied 3 acres. So, now will they
not doing agriculture here. They were shown
give another 3 acres in some other place? We
wastelands, so our farmers refused to take
should build a house there and work there for
those rocky lands.
a few days and build another house here and work here for few days. So we have to keep running from here to there every 6 months!
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65
4.3 Conversation 3 with a lady who shifted back to Toyyuru from Nelakota colony: • Lady 1 - If we go there, we won’t get food. • Lady 2 - It is nice for staying. It’s very neat.
• Question - They did give you lands over there right?
Even if it rains, doesn’t feel like that. But then
• Lady 1 - Yes, but it’s not land like this one.
in summer there is no work. There is no work
It’s totally dry land, we can grow crops only if
for 4 months. They grow tubers, and that gives
we get rains! Or else nothing. Here, we have
work only for 4-5 months. In summer, there is
mountain streams, we can irrigate our lands
no crop. Here, we have work even in summers
and it’s good.
because, we grow maize or else we can go to the hill forests. We either make bamboo mats, or bring firewood. That is sufficient for us. • Lady 1 - They said all these areas will submerge and took us there. But we didn’t like it there, so we can back here. • Question - Why? They did give you good houses? • Lady 1 - yes, we have houses, but there is no
• Question - Is this a Hen’s House? You have a house for hens also? • Lady 1 - yes! • Question-I think your houses there are of this size. • Lady 1 - No, they aren’t. They are not of this size. • Question - so they aren’t even of the size of a hen house?
firewood. When we go to take firewood, the
• Lady 1 – No ,they are not! It is so small over
locals chase us away! They ask us not to touch
there. Just 2 rooms and in a room only 1 bed
their trees. They ask us to get lost, saying we
will fit.
won’t get firewood. And there are no hills
• Question - So you like it here only!
nearby. There is only one, which is very far.
• Lady 1 – Yes, it’s nice here only.
• Question - Your son is there, but you are over here? • Lady 1 - Yes, since beginning, they are staying there and we are staying here. We don’t have any farmland there, so we are unable to leave our farms here and go.
66 Conserving Intangible
• Question - Do we find such open space there? • Lady 1 – See, these wide open spaces, how nice it is! Even when everyone was here, the village was like this only. It was very nice.
4.4 Inference 4.4.1 Lack of facilities: As agriculture is main source of income
4.4.4 Disparity in Community: Men were main person of family as well as
for Konad reddi community, because of unfertile
in community. In new colony, as men migrated to
land at new colony, Konda Reddis can not practice
cities for job opportunity, creating imbalance in
agriculture and have to migrate in cities for job
community and community activities.
opportunities. Same case with the communities, who By providing solid source of income at new
4.4.5 Difficulties in maintaining RCC houses:
colonies, problem of migration can be solved and
Houses of tribal community were of mud
can provide financial support to tribal community.
and bamboo which were easy in maintenance.
used to be dependent on fishery or coir making.
New houses of RCC gets damage due to heavy rains in monsoon, and tribes face difficulties in
4.4.2 Lack of Natural Resources:
maintaining these houses.
The cultural life of the Konda Reddi’s depends upon the physical environment. Their life depends upon the availability of natural resources, their exploitation and how are these being recovered and preserved. Their life is depended upon Godavari river
4.4.6 Small Houses Compare to Old Houses: Tribes were used to of living in open area, green area around houses. All major activities
and Hilly area forest for day-to-day activities.
happened in verandah and front area of house.
At new colonies, because of unfamiliar
In new colonies, tribes find it difficult to live
location tribes find it difficulty in collecting natural
in smaller area compare to old houses.
resources.
4.4.3. Increase in stress: Resettlement disrupt the entire life of the people. It increases stress because of emptiness and purposelessness created in their life.
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67
5. Site Study: For the resettlement of Madipalli and Penikilapadu villages,
government
has
identified
land
at
Pedambhimpalli. Land to land for agricultural land is given around Indukuru and Pedambhimpalli area.
Madipalli & Penikilapadu
Godavari River
V. Ramannapalem Hills
Pedambhimpalli R&R Colony 68 Conserving Intangible
5.1 Location of Old Settlements and Location of New Colony:
5.2. Accessibility by Road: • Rajahamundry bus stand to Gokavaram bus stand – 37km. • Gokavaram bus stand to Pedambhimpalli Colony – 16km
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69
5.3 Site Context : 5.3.1 Larger Context :
5.3.2. Smaller Context-
• Nearest town to the site is Gokavaram.
• Site is surrounded by farmlands on three sides,
• Gokavaram is a Taluka village in East Godavari
with Gokavaram-Indukuru Road on south side.
district. Accessible from Rajahamundry as well
• Pedambhimpalli Village is located on east side
as Rampachodavaram. • Indukurupeta is main village in Indukurpet mandal. • Pedambhimpalli Colony is also surrounded by other two R&R colonism which are Pedambhimpalli colony-2, Indukuru-1.
70 Conserving Intangible
of new plot.
5.4 Site DimensionsTotal area – 65038 msq.
5.5. Site Sections -
Source: Author
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71
5.6. Climatic Data:
5.7. Sun and Wind Direction -
The weather is hot and humid, with a tropical climate and, thereby, no distinct seasons. The mean maximum temperature is 32 °C. The hottest season is from April to June, with temperature ranging from 34 °C to 48 °C with maximum of 51 °C recorded in May 2002 and May 2007. The coolest months are December and January, when it is pleasant at 27 °C to 30 °C. There is heavy monsoon rain at the end of summer, with depressions in the Bay of Bengal. Average Rainfall:
5.8. Water and Electricity Connection:
Water and Electricity connection is carried
forward from Pedambhimpalli village through Gokavaram-Indukuru road. Drain line is also transferred to the main road.
Source: Climare-Data.org
Average Temperature:
Source: Climare-Data.org 72 Conserving Intangible
5.9. Site Photographs :
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73
74 Conserving Intangible
The following chapter is composed of study and understanding of resettlement programs and redevelopment programs to understand the process carried out for resettlement of community. It also includes study of new mass housing for artist community.
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75
6.1. Kosi Flood Re-construction Rehabilitation.
of
Multi-Hazard Resistant Houses for the 2008 Kosi Flood Affected Districts in Bihar
• Architect- Hunnarshala Foundation.
• Location- Orlaha village, Triveniganj block in Supaul district, Bihar, India. • Project Year- 2013 . • Type- Rural Community Housing. • Client- Bihar Government.
Part-II Technical Guidelines for Bamboo based Construction
Department of Planning and Development
Government of Bihar 2010
76 Conserving Intangible
6.1.1. Introduction:
6.1.2 Mithilanchal region:
This rehabilitation program conducted by
The Indian state of Bihar, located to its north.
Hunarshala, emphasizes on study of the traditional
Bihar is divided in two parts by river Ganges which
built forms and building techniques in the region
flows from west to east. Part of the region north of
and translating it into new housing typology.
river Ganges is termed as Mithilanchal. River Kosi is
It is concerned with the long-term effectiveness
one of seven rivers that flow through the plains of
of social and technical process during housing
Mithilanchal, from north to south, from Himalayan
reconstruction project in Bihar at reviving people’s
into river Ganges (UNCRD 2003). Apart from these
faith in traditional technology. Hence, a mixed-
rivers, Bihar is endowed with heavy monsoon
methodological approach is used to inform the
rainfall, as it is located in a tropical to sub-tropical
design of a detailed research approach.
climatic zone. Each year, with monsoonal rains, these rivers help rejuvenate the soil with rich alluvial deposits, on which local agriculture and livelihood revolves. Hence, the local culture is significantly influenced by the climate, hydrology and landform.
Conserving Intangible
77
6.1.3. The case of Orlaha settlement, post 2008 Kosi floods: In August 2008, Kosi River breached its embankment at the Nepal-India border. Though Bihar is vulnerable to multiple hazards – floods, earthquake and high wind velocity, this disaster was unprecedented. Madhubani and Darbhanga districts, which are hit by floods more often, have evolved means of coping with floods; however, the districts of Supaul, Madhepura, Saharsa, Purnia, Araria and Katihar in northern Bihar had been relatively flood protected with no experience in dealing with floods.
Source : IITK.in
Source : IITK.in
Source : Bihar Times
About 1,000 villages of 35 blocks in these five districts were severely impacted. Out of three million people that lived in this region, over 1 million people were displaced; over 3 million people were affected, more than 200,000 homes were damaged and a significant damage was brought to cattle and crops due to protracted inundations. This flood was no slow-onset disaster; it was a rapid onset disaster. Source : Bihar Times 78 Conserving Intangible
6.1.4. Existing Building Practice in North Bihar:
Housing in North Bihar is determined
largely by the socio-economic condition of the family; the available materials and the hazards the region faces. The rich used to build courtyard houses using country burnt brick walls with a joist and plank roof using lime as a bonding material. In the last decade several sophisticated Kiln baked bricks have replaced the country kiln bricks, and the roof is now made with RCC. The Gangetic basin soils make good quality bricks and other pottery products including roofing tiles.
The production of bricks largely caters
to government projects and the cost is high, averaging 2-3 times the national average. Sand and aggregate needed for RCC is not available in the region and is often brought at high costs. Sand is brought from Kiul and Son rivers of South Bihar or Gangajali from Nepal. The coarse aggregate comes from Pakur district of Jharkhand. The quality of RCC is not good in the region. The shuttering is made from bamboo with a layer of mud to make it impervious. Most buildings in this category do not follow the earthquake safety requirements.
Conserving Intangible
79
80 Conserving Intangible
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81
6.1.5. Owner-driven reconstruction:
6.1.7. Social process for maintaining effective engagement:
In an Owner-Driven Reconstruction (ODR) approach, the survivors are enabled and
A very strong social process accompanied
informed to be in-charge of decision-making for
the technical component. The aim was to enable
the reconstruction of their own house through all
people to gain faith in rebuilding a multi-hazard
stages.
safe housing themselves, for them to own the
The approach turns out to be quicker, cheaper,
process hence to retain their dignity and to reinstate
has potential to strengthen the social capital and
people’s lost trust in potentials of bamboo and to
also incorporate livelihood.
remove the stigma of it being a ‘poor man’s timber’. Hence an owner-driven approach was adopted.
Source : Hunnarshala Foundation
6.1.6. Housing and Settlement Reconstruction in Orlaha settlement : A three-fold strategy was advocated by ODRC for reconstruction during model settlements: • Technical - provide technical guidelines for multi-hazard safety of houses and so that the reconstruction process is not unregulated. • Social - to bring faith back in people that they can built own multi-hazard safe houses. • Financial – provide financial and livelihood support during the reconstruction process, to provide locals with an opportunity to come out of poverty. 82 Conserving Intangible
Source : Hunnarshala Foundation
6.1.8. Social facilitation process leading to formation of the “Kosi Setu Kendra” (KSKs): In essence, KSKs were meant to provide a bridge between the community and the government. For every cluster of two or three ‘panchayats’ or for every 2000- 3000 houses, one KSK was provided. During pilot stage, a group comprising of 1 engineer, 2 social workers, 2 master masons and 1 manager was formed as a ‘social-hub’. This group was in-charge of community mobilising and facilitating the reconstruction process
6.1.9. Technical: Disaster resilient house design and construction: Bamboo was advocated for in the Mithilanchal region as it was indigenous to the region, good quality bamboo was in ample supply along with ample artisan skills for house construction, whereas brick was expensive and brick may not be available in adequate quantities required during reconstruction (GoB & ODRC 2008). In Orlaha, out of 41 houses, all the houses with an exception of two houses were made out of bamboo.
During preliminary stage of reconstruction, the very first task of social workers (SWs) was to gain local community’s trust. ODRC had teamed up with a local NGO called Meghpain Abhiyaan and others, to identify and involve social workers and masons who are local - familiar with the local culture, technology and language. During pre-construction and construction phase, after few different model-houses were built for showcasing choices to locals in terms of spatial design, financial package and technological choices, ODRC’s team worked closely with the households and local masons. Source : Hunnarshala Foundation
Conserving Intangible
83
6.1.10. Multi-hazard bamboo housing:
resistance
of
For flood protection, three key features
An attic space (7-8 feet above Ground
were introduced in Orlaha based on learnings from
Level) was mandated for each house to seek
Madhubani region. First, an attic space to serve as
refuge and save belongings in flooding. Digging
a refuge for human lives in case of floods; second,
deep foundation proved challenging in soils which
a strong and deep foundation with high plinth
could easily liquidate during floods and where
beams on which the house would sit and third,
ground water level was as high as 5 feet. Working
cement stabilised mud plaster for bamboo-matt-
collaboratively, ODRC and the local mistries, came
woven walls, for plaster to give way to the pressure
up with innovative solution for foundation, whereby
of water rather than compromising on structure.
RCC pile foundation was pre-cast and the hole in
A basic mechanism such as highest flood level
ground was dug from within a drum, so as to keep
in extreme situation of 2008 floods was used to
the ground-water away (Figure 9, 10). These multi-
determine the height of house plinth level in Orlaha.
hazard safety features of an attic, higher plinth and
Moreover, due to time constraints and absence of
give-way wattle-daub walls were new features for
flood-mapping information, ODRC recommended
households in Orlaha.
in-site reconstruction.
84 Conserving Intangible
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85
For earthquake resistance, the flexibility,
These diagonal braces provided strength
lightness and high tensile strength of bamboo was
to the structure to withstand lateral thrust. This
found advantageous. Diagonal bracing members
structure when combined with lightweight walls and
were mandated between posts in all corners from
lightweight roofing system, providing earthquake
plinth level to attic level. The distance between two
safety. For safety against high-velocity winds, the
posts was mandated to be equal to or not be more
connection of bamboo post with plinth beam and
than 1.2m centre to centre.
the walls to roof were modified to avoid uplifting.
Source : Hunnarshala Foundation 86 Conserving Intangible
6.1.11. Inferences: 6.11.1 ODR Collaborative: An owner-driven process, with financial and
6.11.4 Creating Faith In Natural Material For Construction:
socio-technical support meant that people could
Despite its potential, ample availability
make decisions on their house design, the size,
of bamboo and artisan construction skills since
orientation, materials and construction technology.
time memorable, bamboo lacked people’s trust in the material. ODRC identified that bamboo
6.11.2 Social Awareness:
technology need not remain an un-engineered,
The social process was meant to enable
un-scrutinised technology; given its potentials, it
households with awareness about designing,
needed to be upgraded for its sustainability over
choosing materials and building/ monitoring
40-50 years and for it to be considered as pukka
the construction of a disaster-safe house for
(permanent) rather than kuchchha (transient).
themselves. 6.11.3 Character Of Village: While reconstruction of new houses, importance is given in keeping the village character intact by providing elements of existing settlement in contemporary way such as verandas, courtyards, sloping roof, wattle and daub shuttering. Verandahs and courtyards play an important role in social interaction of the village, newly constructed houses follow the same principal of designing of spaces.Â
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6.2.Resilient Resettlement:Post Disaster Reconstruction • Architect- Yashodhara P. K. Ranasinghe. • Location- Poonagala, Bandarawela, Sri Lanka • Type- Rural Community Housing. • Competition- ARCASIA 2016
88 Conserving Intangible
6.2.1. Introduction: October 2014 a huge landslide struck Sri Lanka in the district of Badulla (a hilly region), killing and leaving people missing forever. This lead to a whole line house community to be flushed away and buried at dawn while some were still sleeping, and it became Sri Lanka’s second largest natural disaster (first Tsunami) within recent history. Meeriyabedda, the tea estate disappeared from the geographical map and people who displaced were retained in schools as temporary camps.  They still are in the same places as there is no other place to go and no resettlement plans as well. Government is now planning for a resettlement program for these people and to launch it in a massive scale throughout the whole tea estate labor sector.
Source: RIBA architecture
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89
6.2.2. Context :
Source: RIBA architecture
90 Conserving Intangible
6.2.3. Process: This project is a ‘resettlement program’
With the relocation plan (as the existing site
for the line house community who displaced
is not safe enough) the idea is to reinterpret the
due to landslide. This project to be launched as
village as a self-sustain community. The zoning
a time concern, low cost building system as a
was done with certain inspirations of the destroyed
proper solution for areas where there is landslide
community and project was done in two parts.
vulnerability and at the same time support the
Part one is housing clusters with regional material
native communal values of the community to
(available and discarded), simple, regional and low
familiarize and move forward with the new site and
scale technology and the available unskilled labor
the system.
force. The part two is develop the village center
The project is challenged with its environmental context, social and cultural context, economical
with some important facility buildings manipulating the same systems into a larger scale.
context and technological context. In order to tackle the challenges, the project was manipulated based upon two considerations which are Generic and Specific implementation of problem solving process. Temple
Capital Square
Commercial zone
Public park/open space, Entrance to village
Housing clusters Commercial layer Agricultural plot
Temple square Village capital
Housing clusters Commercial layer Agricultural plot
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91
6.2.4. Spatial Principals : 01 : Religious oriented line setting. The total layout
05 : Personalize room defined by various colors
is shaped by the religious building.
reflect the personal preferance.
02 : Stepping up to the personalized houses.
06 : Allyways as main communal space.
03 : Outdoor as more user comfortable spaces.
04 : They themselves construct and detail the building with simple techniques and local materials .
92 Conserving Intangible
6.2.5. Technical Principals : 07 : Identify the risk possibility of the site.
01 : Identify the risk possibility of the site.
Low risk zone - no risk for construction. Warning zone-no risk for construction.
08 : Identify the risk possibility of the site. No steep slop. No landslide prone area. No rock fall.
Building mass on plate Elevated concrete plates
02 : Land type according to the angle. Low risk type A
Type A - less than 5 degree sloperecommended for settlement. Type B - 5-30 degree slope with precautions measures. Type C - more than 30 degree is construction restricted.
Warning zone Type B Prohabited zone type C
column structure stands on ground
Module house- Total habitable space is elevated on to plate.
09 : Building height 3 floors max Second floor 3 Floors max. defined First floor module prevents exceeding the maximum building height Ground floor
03 : Protect natural contours.
10 : How the water touches the ground.
Layout Housing clusters arrange along the conyours.
Surface drain Subsoil drain
04 : Limit unnecessary earth cuttings. Individual pad foundation or hand augured oile foundation.
Retaining the earth
Intermediate garden plots to control water flow
11 : Square or rectangular shape building. Housing unit plan is rectangular
05 : Stepping building.
12 : Minimum the slope being blocked.
06 : Protect vegitation. Prohabited zone preserved with vegetation and replantation Plamt trees with tap root Buffer zone as green ramp way
Building elevate only on two perpendicular walls.
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6.2.6. Site Plan and Site Sections :
94 Conserving Intangible
Source: RIBA architecture
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6.2.7. Construction Phases : Phase 1 : With skilled labours, standard materials and technology. The implementation stage of the project is launched with involvement of skilled labours under the authority of government. Pre-cast column beam structure and composite slab system is used in order to sustain the structure. Pre-cast is used instead of in-site construction of structure, to minimize the damages to the site that happen due to soaking, transporting raw materials etc.
Phase 2 :
With unskilled labours, regional
material, simple technology Unskilled labours (community members) are asked to involve in construction of their own houses and transform the knowledge. The material, joints and detailing part in these phases are always derived from regional basis, so that regional labours easily can engage with construction process.
Phase 3 :
Building owner (unskilled labour)
expand the building with transformed knowledge. Horizontality and verticality grow the building as the user requirement. At this phase user alone do the changes being on the designed framework and using transformed knowledge. He uses the local material from the context and low tech. At this stage, the design is more tolerance to manmade errors, building system variations. aesthetic etc. 96 Conserving Intangible
Unit plan and Incrimental growth
Source: RIBA architecture
Source: RIBA architecture
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6.2.8. Materials :
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Source: RIBA architecture 98 Conserving Intangible
6.2.9. Inference: 6.2.9.4. Community Spaces:
6.2.9.1. Study of Destroyed village: Before relocating the village, study of character
The clusters are arranged to form community
of village is done. Studying and understanding
spaces amongst the units enabling the families to
the zoning of village, community spaces, religious
lead a community life with the neighbours, making
spaces, study of individual houses, and then
the space more lively.
transforming
these
characteristics
into
new
settlement. 6.2.9.2. Study and Analysis of New Site The new site is thoroughly studied before the zoning process. Site study consist of • Landslide risk at new site. • Protection of green area on existing site. • Protect natural contours by limiting unnecessary earth cutting.
6.2.9.3. Sustainability : The use of locally available materials helps the building belong to the site.
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6.3.Artists’ Village, Belapura, Mumbai
• Architect – Charles Correa • Location- Belapur, Navi Mumbai • Project Year- 1983-1986 • Client- CIDCO Housing • Type- Housing • Area- 5.4 Hectares
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6.3.1. Introduction:
6.3.2. Design:
• Belapur incremental housing project - a
Belapur incremental housing project - a
proposal for mass affordable housing in New
proposal for mass affordable housing in New
Bombay (Navi Mumbai), which demonstrated
Bombay (Navi Mumbai), which demonstrated how
how high densities could be achieved with
high densities could be achieved with low-rise
low-rise courtyard homes, built with simple
courtyard homes, built with simple materials at a
materials at a human scale.
human scale.
• Based on clusters of between seven and 12
Based on clusters of between seven and 12 pairs
pairs of houses arranged around communal
of houses arranged around communal courtyards,
courtyards, the buildings did not share party
the buildings did not share party walls – allowing
walls – allowing each family to extend and
each family to extend and adapt their own house
adapt their own house independently.
independently. 550 families were planned for in a
• 550 families were planned for in a 5.4-hectare
5.4-hectare area limitation.
area limitation.
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6.3.3. Modular Design
6.3.4.Live-Work
As each unit has its own plot and does not
The housing was planned for the artists and
share any common walls with its neighbour, it also
craftsmen in Navi Mumbai to boost their economy.
has its own open-to-sky space which augments to
The housing typology specified a work- live
the built up. This independence, well recognised as
typology where the workshop forms the lower level
desirable in contemporary planning, allowing each
and the living forms the upper level. This ensures
house owner to extend or change his dwelling in
the participation of the local artist efficiently in his
whatever way the family sees fit and at a pace in
work.
keeping with the family’s economic well being.
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Private Courtyards
Small courtyards for dwellings 8x8 m.
3 courtyards common for 21 dwellings
Public space with services 21x21 m.
Overlap Master Plan Source: Source: https://identityhousing.files.wordpress.com/ Conserving Intangible
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6.3.5. The Modules: Project demonstrates how high density housing (500 people per hectare) can be achieved in a low-rise typology, while including (open to sky spaces) and services, like schools, that the community requires.
Overriding principle is to give each unit its
Module Formation
own site to allow for expansion (Incrementality). The village was produced with the idea that the residents are allowed and have the freedom to alter it in many ways, making it truly their own. Therefore, homes are freestanding, so residents can add on and grow, as their family requirements. The footprint of each plan varies little in size (from 45 sq. m to 70 sq. m), maintaining equity (fairness) in the community . Scheme caters wide range from the lowest budgets of Rs 20,000; Middle income groups Rs 30,000-50,000 and Upper income Rs 1,80,000. The village was produced with the idea that the residents were going to alter it in many ways, making it truly their own, therefore homes are freestanding, so residents can add on to them as their families grow; and differently priced plans appeal to a wide variety of income levels.
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Source: Source: https://identityhousing.files.wordpress.com/
6.3.6. Principles of Design : Incremental housing- Charles Correa believed in improving the present slums into urban districts gradually, rather than demolishing and rebuilding. Hence introducing the concept of incremental housing.
Identity - The idea behind this housing
was to preserve the architectural identity; may it be through form or using elements of a particular architecture style.
Pluralism- The buildings design that were
used by a wide variety of public; people of different caste, religion, rich or poor. The concept of harmony despite of differences came in.
Income generation- Belapur housing is
integrated of spaces of housing as well as working workshop.
Local vernacular- The Belapur housing units
are responsive to the climate of place and needs of people.
Open to sky - Charles Correa believed that
Source: Source: https://identityhousing.files.wordpress.com/
the sky is a blessing and it makes you closer to gods and heaven, which is reflected in his designs with open-to-sky concept.
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Source: Source: https://identityhousing.files.wordpress.com/
Living Space
Workshop Space Dry & Kitchen Storage Front
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6.3.7. Inferences : 6.3.7.1. Cluster Planning The strength of Artists’ Village is its cluster planning.
6.3.7.4. Work- Live Typology
It does not have a formal character. The planning
The houses are designed to enable the artists to
gives the scheme, an informal ambiance even
work in the lower level and utilise the upper level
though having a proper unitised planning.
for the family and living space.
6.3.7.2. Green Spaces
6.3.7.5. Incremental Philosophy
The master plan is planned with odd spaces that
The units are planned in a way to provide every
enable
enabling the space
family with a fixed plot area. They decide the built
to be more environmentally fresh and aesthetic.
up area according to their comfort, enabling the
The individual plots have a certain amount of
rest of the space of the plot available for future
green patches that they own hence implying their
expansion on the ease of the family.
tree
plantations
responsibility. 6.3.7.3. Community Spaces The clusters are arranged to form community spaces amongst the units, enabling the families to lead a community life with the neighbours, making the space more lively. `
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6.4.Shaam-e-Sarhad, Hodka
• Location- Banni, Bhuj , Gujarat. • Architect- Hunnarshala foundation in association with Kutch Mahila Vikas Sangathan, UNDP and State Government • Client- Hodko village community • Year- 2003-2007
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6.4.1. Introduction :
6.4.2 Cultural and Geographical Aspects :
Tourism is today recognized as the world’s fastest growing industry and in recent years, has
The primary residents of this area are the
come to play a significant role in the economies
Maldharis (cattle breeders) or Baniyaras who all
of developing countries. Tourism has the potential
practice Islam. The Hindu sub-communities are the
to provide economic, environmental and social
Meghwals and Vadhas.
benefits. One such is community-based tourism.
The earthquake of 2001 with its epicentre
This kind of tourism has gained momentum
in Kachchh, changed landscapes and resulted
globally, since it looks at aspects of community
in
development, poverty alleviation and conservation
this disaster, global support for rehabilitation
of the natural and cultural heritage.
and reconstruction was tremendous. Several
It is to develop the culture, craft and sustainable
organizations were established during this period
dimensions of rural life, as a means to viable
and many innovative approaches used towards
livelihood opportunities for low-income rural
the restoration of the region. As a result, local
communities.
communities were exposed to a range of outside
fatalities,
damage
and
destruction.
Post
agencies and this has changed the perspective of these communities.
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6.4.3.Art and Craft of the Banni region :
6.4.4. Architecture of the Banni :
Some of Gujarat’s finest embroidery and
Mud, or, to be more colloquial, Maati, is
leatherwork comes from the Banni area. In contrast
the essential material to which every Kutchi in
to the stark landscape or to compensate for it,
Banni relates to. Centuries of experience have
the embroidery is in bright vibrant colours and
given the people of Banni mastery over maati
extremely intricate in nature. Women are involved
and their Bhunga (circular hut) demonstrates a
in embroidery for themselves as well as for the
deep understanding of the ecological, social and
market. It is a family tradition. Women from both the
aesthetic features of architecture.
Muslim as well as the Hindu community are involved
The thick maati (Mud) walls, which keep
in embroidery but each distinct as representing
the interior cool during the hot Kutchi summers
their own culture. The lifestyle (particularly of the
and warm in the cold desert winters, terminate in
Meghwal community) is intricately entwined in
conical roofs made of thatch.
cattle and leather craft. This is essentially a male
The traditional Bhunga is an engineering
craft. Music is also an inherent part of the culture
wonder. This sturdy structure has been known to
of Banni. Traditional folk songs and the playing of
withstand severe winds and seismic activity because
traditional musical instruments is an important part
of its circular design and tough mud plaster.
of the Banni lifestyle.
The design and construction was undertaken in partnership with the artisans of the village and it showcases their traditional arts and crafts. The Hodko experience is significant because the community was at the focal point..
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6.4.5 Shaam-e-Sarhad Resort : Shaam-e-Sarhad is ideally located as a tourist destination. Villages that are a repository of different arts and crafts surround the resort. This includes the beautiful embroidery, leather, clay, metal, mud and woodwork. Tours are organized by the resort to these villages to see people work on these crafts, and also get a feel of their lives and livelihoods. A unique structure to capture and manage rainwater can also be seen here. Called Virdas in the local language, these are shallow pits dug by the Maldharis after studying the flow of water during the monsoon.For the naturalist this area presents some unique biodiversity. The nearby ‘white desert’ is a sight worth seeing as is Karo Dungar (Black Hill) that is the highest point in the region. The Shaam-e-Sarhad model is unique in many ways, primarily because it is both community-
6.4.6. Inferences :
owned and managed. Even though it Is a project at a very small scale, it is setting high standards of
The initiative aims to enable local communities
tourism in many other places, in a way helping the
introduce visitors to their art and craft and cultural
local communities to interact with the tourist and
and natural heritage. It also aims to promote new
help them to explore the unique culture and art of
and innovative approaches to build livelihood
Banni.
opportunities in rural areas through community action. Aptly named the Endogenous Tourism Project, its focus, with the Rural Tourism Scheme, is to develop the culture, craft and sustainable dimensions of rural life, as a means to viable livelihood opportunities for low-income rural communities. Conserving Intangible
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7. Design Program : 7.1. Proposed area statement by government :
7.1. Approximate area statement of existing villages :
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7.1. Final area statement for R&R colony :
Village office complex includes: • Anganwadi and Primary school • Gram panchayat office • Post office • Veterinary service centre • Fertilizer centre. Reserved space includes: • Power and water supply structure • Community hall
Total area – 65038 msq.
• Religious site • Future insititute. • Open space.
- 16,900 – 26%
• Road
- 11,706 – 18%
• School
- 650 – 1%
• Village office complex - 1,951 – 3% • Reserved space
- 9,750 – 15%
• Total house area
- 24,064 – 37% Each house = 200sqm 14x14 m one plot.
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8. Design Intent :
8.1 Temple as Centre of the Village: Village temple act as major gathering point in old settlement. Also during festival period, all the community activates are performed around village temple. By providing village temple at centre, it will act as central gathering point as well as it will be accessible for everyone.
Source: Source: Author
8.2. Providing Open Space Around Houses: Verandah and frontyard plays important role in day-to-day life. Verandah acts as living room in tribal houses, also front yard is use to make baskets, coir, etc.
Source: Source: Author
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8.3. Green Spaces Around Houses:
8.4. Creating Opportunity for Occupation: Rich fertile land and availability of water of Godavari made agriculture as main occupation for tribal community. After resettlement to new land, they do not get fertile land which leads to no work and migration. Tribal community also practices bamboo basket making as well as coir making, which can be act as main occupation for tribe.
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8.5. Use of Natural Slope at New Site: Madipalli as well as Penikilapadu is situated on contour land. New colony site has contours which can be added in design.
8.6. Providing Contemporary architecture with natural material : Tribal community finds difficulties in maintenance. By building houses with natural material, it will be easy for maintenance.
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10. References and Bibliography
Chapter 1
Chapter 7
• UNESCO website https://en.unesco.org/
• Kosi Flood Rehab. – Hunnarshala Annual
• Factors affecting Culture Article by Saheb D
Report Books Re-construction of for the 2008
• Resettlement and Rehabilitation 2011 :
Kosi Flood Resistant Houses Multi-Hazard
reasons, issues and objectives, Author: Vivek chowdhury
Affected Districts in Bihar Vol. 1&2 • Bihar times newspaper. • IITK.co.in
Chapter 2 • South Asia Network on Dams, Rivers and People - https://sandrp.in/ • Wikipedia - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Tehri_Dam
• Hunnarshala Foundation - http://www. hunnarshala.org/ • Archiprix Competition - http://www.archiprix. org/2019/ • RIBA architecture – President medal - http:// www.presidentsmedals.com/Entry-41621
Chapter 3 • Rehabilitation And Resettlement Polavaram Irrigation Project - http://rreg.in/index.php • Ethnography of Konda Reddi - Anil Kumar Pulipati • District gazetteer of East Godavari. • Dam’ ned, documentary by Saraswati Kavula
• https://architalks101.wordpress.com/tag/ belapur-incremental-housing/ • https://identityhousing.files.wordpress.com/ • Khan, Hasan-Uddin, “Belapur Housing.” In Charles Correa, pg 70-75. Singapore: Concept Media Ltd., 1987 • Shaam-E-Sarhad, A Community-based
• Konda Reddies, filmy by Saraswati Kavula
Tourism Initiative, Article published by
• Tribal walefare Andhra Pradesh
Kalpavruksha and written by Seem Bhat
Chapter 5 • https://en.climate-data.org/asia/india/andhrapradesh/rajahmundry-968417/
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