Salva tabataZe naTia nacvliSvili
interkulturuli ganaTleba
2008 1
samecniero redaqtori: nino cincaZe sakonsultacio sabWo: sofo gorgoZe paata sirbilaZe
kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa: Tamar goderZiSvili
Š maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis centri
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ganaTlebis internacionalizacia 21-e saukunis umniSvnelovanes amocanad iqca aramarto saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebisTvis, aramed samTavrobo struqturebisTvisac. Gglobalizaciis procesi, sabazro ekonomikisa da konkurentuli bazris pirobebi ganaTlebis internacionalizaciis mTavari faqtorebia. aseT viTarebaSi, saganmanaTleblo sistemisa da dawesebulebebis socialuri pasuxismgeblobaa, Seqmnas iseTi saswavlo procesi, romelic moamzadebs da gaxdis moswavles konkurentunarians saerTaSoriso SromiT bazarze. Sesabamisad, saswavlo procesma unda uzrunvelyos iseTi moqalaqis Camoyalibeba, romelic mzad iqneba, icxovros multikulturul da mravalferovan msoflioSi da imuSaos multikulturul da mravalferovan SromiT dawesebulebebSi. yovelive amis aucilebel winapirobas ki interkulturuli ganaTleba warmoadgens.
Sesavali
socialuri urTierTobebis Sedegad, adamianTa garkveuli jgufi iziarebs erTmaneTis codnas, damokidebulebebs, Rirebulebebsa da rwmenas da ayalibebs RirebulebaTa ierarqias. ase iqmneba kultura. Tumca RirebulebaTa es ierarqiac SesaZlebelia Seicvalos droTa ganmavlobaSi.
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mniSvnelovania, rom Tavad termini kultura da masTan dakavSirebuli swavla-swavlebis Tematikis ganxilva xSirad iwvevs debatebs, radgan am termins yvela Taviseburad aRiqvams. aqedan gamomdinare, mniSvnelovnad migvaCnia, SevexoT kulturisa da saswavlo procesis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxebs. Kkulturas swavlobs araerTi samecniero disci plina, magaliTad, anTropologia, sociologia, ganaTlebis mecnierebebi, fsiqologia, biznes-ekonomika da samxedro mecnierebebic ki. Tuki yvela am samecniero dargs gadavxedavT, termin `kulturis~ asobiT gansxvavebuli ganmarteba Segvxvdeba. ra Tqma unda, yvela es ganmarteba ar aris adekvaturi saswavlo procesisa da kulturis uSualod dasakavSireblad. Tumca, am ganmartebebs aerTianebs is, rom `kultura aris adamianebis mier Seqmnili garemo~. kultura gamoxatavs adamianis fiqrebs, ideebs, adamianTaSorisi urTierTobebis maxasiaTeblebs. igi aris socialuri qmedebebis, rwmenis, xelovnebis, sazogadoebrivi institutebis mTlianoba, romelic Seqmnilia adamianTa garkveuli jgufis Sromisa da fiqris Sedegad. kulturis mTavar Semadgenel elementebad moiazreba geografiuli mdebareoba, eTnikuri kuTvnileba, ena, religia da istoria. sxvadasxva sociokulturuli jgufi samyaros sxvadasxvanairad aRiqvams da amis mixedviT yalibdeba gansxvavebuli kulturuli rwmenebi da damokidebulebebi. kulturas xSirad adareben aisbergs. wylis zedapirze aisbergis mxolod 10%-is danaxvaa SesaZlebeli, xolo aisbergis 90 % wyalSia damaluli. aisbergis msgavsad, kulturis yvelaze Sinaarsobrivi nawilia SeumCneveli da mas kulturis 4
subieqtur nawils uwodeben, xolo xilul nawils – obieqturs. kulturis subieqturi komponentebi aris kulturis vizualurad da materialurad SeumCneveli aspeqtebi, kerZod, damokidebulebebi, Rirebulebebi, qcevis wesebi da normebi, swavlis stili, socialuri rolebis ierarqia da a.S. xSirad swored kulturis subieqturi aspeqtebi warmoqmnis interkulturul gaugebrobebs da swored maTze unda moxdes fokusireba multikulturuli Tu interkulturuli ganaTlebis dros. kulturis obieqturi komponentebi moicavs jgufisaTvis damaxasiaTebel vizualurad da materialurad xelSesaxeb elementebs, magaliTad, enas, romelzec laparakoben; tradiciebsa da ritualebs, romelTac icaven; tansacmels, romelsac atareben; saWmels, romelsac miirTmeven da a.S. yvela es elementi advilad SesamCnevia da maTi danaxva yvelas Tanabrad SeuZlia. swored obieqturi kulturis elementebi igulisxmeba xSirad, rodesac saubaria kulturul gansxvavebebze.
dadgenilia kulturuli identobis, TviTmyofadobis Tormeti wyaro, romelic gavlenas axdens swavla-swavlebis procesze (ix. sqema gv. 6).
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kuSneri, makklilandi, safordi, 2006, gv. 70
6
ra Tqma unda, am Tormet wyaros gaaCnia gadakveTis wertilebi. individis kulturuli identoba (Rirebulebebi, rwmena, codna, unarebi, damokidebulebebi) yalibdeba am Tormeti wyaros mimarT arsebuli gamocdilebiT. EaRniSnul gamocdilebas ki individi iseT sazogadoebriv struqturebTan, socialur institutebTan urTierTobiT iZens, rogoricaa ojaxi, eklesia, samuSao adgili, skola, mediasaSualebebi da a.S. (ix. sqema). ase yalibdeba individis kulturuli codna.
kuSneri, makklilandi, safordi, 2006, gv. 76
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mniSvnelovania, ganvsazRvroT, ras niSnavs socializacia da ra etapebs moicavs igi. socializacia aris procesi, romlis meSveobiTac individi eufleba ama Tu im konkretuli jgufisaTvis misaReb normebs. es normebi SeiZleba moicavdes enis swavlas, socialuri rolebis codnas da am rolebis Sesabamis qmedebas, fizikuri da socialuri garemos aspeqtebis specifikur aRqmasa da gaazrebas. socializaciis procesi sam etapad iyofa: 1) bavSvis aRzrda ojaxis an sxva momvlelis mier; 2) procesSi iseTi socialuri institutebis CarTva, rogoricaa skola, samezoblo, TanatolTa wre, televizia, eklesia da a.S. 3) zrdasrulTa socializacia, romelic gulisxmobs zrdasruli adamianis axal socialur rolebTan Tu situaciebTan adaptacias. aseTi ti pis socializacias ganekuTvneba, magaliTad, qorwineba, mSoblis funqciebis gaTaviseba, sacxovreblad sxva qveyanaSi wasvla, axal samuSaoze gadasvla da a.S. aucilebelia, rom pedagogma gaiTvaliswinos socializaciis etapebis specifika da is, Tu ra axdens gavlenas, zogadad, socializaciis procesze (mag. fizikuri Taviseburebebi). rogorc amerikeli filosofosi jon diui aRniSnavs, swavla yvelaze efeqturia maSin, rodesac igi im codnidan iwyeba, romelic bavSvs ukve gaaCnia. Sesabamisad, maswavleblisTvis mniSvnelovania, icodes aramxolod kulturuli socializaciis zogadi aspeqtebi, aramed unda icnobdes TiToeuli moswavlis kulturul 8
maxasiaTeblebs, romlis farglebSic xdeboda maTi socializacia. M kulturuli codnis dagrovebis procesis ufro kargad aRsaqmelad gTavazobT sqemas, sadac Sejamebulia es procesi da gviCvenebs misM MM kompleqsurobas, gansakuTrebiT multikulturul sazogadoebaSi.
kuSneri, makklilandi, safordi, 2006, gv. 85
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rogorc sqemebidan Cans, kulturis wyaroebi socializaciis sxvadasxva institutis meSveobiT ayalibeben individis kulturul identobas. mniSvnelovania, maswavleblebs axsovdeT, rom kulturuli identoba mkveTrad gansxvavebulia rogorc sxvadasxva, aseve erTi da imave kulturis SigniTac. kulturulma sxvaobebma SeiZleba warmoSvas garkveuli gaugebroba an konfliqti skolasa Tu swavlebis procesSi. interkulturuli ganaTleba xels uwyobs, erTi mxriv, gaugebrobebis aRmofxvrasa da acilebas da, meore mxriv, SesaZlebels xdis, rom kulturuli sxvaobebi pedagogma klasSi gamoiyenos, rogorc resursi ufro efeqturi da saintereso saswavlo garemos Sesaqmnelad. interkulturuli midgoma aucilebeli pirobaa imisa, rom maswavlebeli iyos yvela moswavlis maswavlebeli da aramxolod im moswavleTa maswavlebeli, romlebic ufro axlos dganan mis kulturul identobasTan.
umciresobebi termini `umciresoba~ sxvadasxva mniSvnelobiT SeiZleba iqnas gamoyenebuli: adgilis, enis, religiisadmi kuTvnilebis niSniT, magram yvelaze xSirad masSi moiazreba adamianebis garkveuli jgufi, romelic gansxvavebul kulturul arealSi didi xnis (xSirad saukuneebis) ganmavlobaSi cxovrobs. miuxedavad imisa, rom kulturuli Tu sxva saxis sxvaobebis sakiTxi yovelTvis aqtualuri iyo, globalizaciis procesma umciresobaTa warmomadgenel moswavleebTan dakavSirebuli saganmanaTleblo midgomebi mniSvnelovnad Secvala. 10
mravalferovneba, romelic jgufebsa Tu individebSi vlindeba, damaxasiaTebelia nebismieri sazogadoebisTvis. mravalferovneba, iqneba es individualuri, kulturuli, religiuri da a.S. saWiroebs am sxvaobebis aRqmisa da miRebis unars, romelic gamoricxavs konfliqts, Zaladobas, zogadad, adamianis uflebebis Selaxvas da xels uwyobs TanamSromlobiTi da keTilganwobili garemos Camoyalibebas. ganaTlebis interkulturuli midgomebic, romelic swored mravalferovnebazea agebuli, moicavs `harmoniuli Tanacxovrebis� swavlebasa da demokratiuli cnobierebis princi pebs da mimarTulia mSvidobiani, antidiskriminaciuli urTierTobebis Camoyalibebisaken. evropis umravles qveyanaSi umciresobebis saganmanaTleblo programebi Tu maTTvis gankuTvnili skolebi moswavleebs bilingvur (orenovan) ganaTlebas an iseT saganmanaTleblo programebs (mSobliur enaze) sTavazoben, romlis Sinaarsic kulturaTa urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxebs moicavs. am fonze, umciresobaTa uflebebis damcveli kanonmdebloba da saganmanaTleblo midgomebi sxvadasxva qveyanaSi gansxvavebulia.
saqarTvelo da interkulturuli ganaTleba saqarTvelos konteqstSi sakmaod mniSvnelovania interkulturuli ganaTlebis danergva, radgan saqarTvelo mravaleTnikuri qveyanaa. 2002 wlis mosaxleobis sayovelTao aRweris mixedviT, qarTvelebi Seadgenen mosaxleobis saerTo raode11
nobis 83,8 %-s, xolo sxva eTnikuri jgufebi 15,2 %-s. faqtobrivad, arsebobs 4 regioni, sadac kompaqturad gansaxlebulia gansxvavebuli eTnikuri jgufebi. es regionebia: afxazeTi, samxreT oseTi, qvemo qarTli da samcxe-javaxeTi. qistebi kompaqturad saxloben kaxeTSi (pankisis xeoba), Tumca qistebi regionis mosaxleobis mxolod 7 %-s Seadgenen. kompaqturi gansaxlebis garda, saqarTveloSi gvxvdeba iseTi eTnikuri jgufebis dispersiuli, Sereuli gansaxlebebi, rogorebicaa rusebi, berZnebi, qurTebi, iezidebi, ebraelebi, asirielebi, ukrainelebi da sxv. saqarTvelo religiuradac mravalferovani saxelmwifoa, sadac saxloben gansxvavebuli religiis warmomadgenlebi, ufro metic, erTi eTnikuri jgufis warmomadgenlebi sxvadasxva religiis mimdevrebi arian. saqarTveloSi mdidaria lingvisturi mravalferovnebac, dominanti enac sxvadasxva dialeqturi mravalferovnebiT xasiaTdeba. saqarTveloSi bolo wlebSi arsebuli migraciuli procesebis analizisas naTeli xdeba saqarTveloSi Semosul ucxoel moqalaqeTa raodenobis mkveTri zrda. es realoba unda aisaxos saganmanaTleblo sistemaSic. aRsaniSnavia agreTve CeCneTis respublikidan ltolvili mosaxleoba, romelic gansaxlebulia pankisis xeobaSi. sabWoTa kavSiris ngrevis Semdeg saqarTveloSi ramdenime mwvave eTnikuri konfliqti moxda. es faqti kidev erTxel miuTiTebs saqarTvelos saganmanaTleblo sistemaSi interkulturuli ganaTlebis aspeqtebis damkvidrebis aucileblobaze, radgan interkulturuli ganaTleba konfliqtis mogvarebisa da prevenciis erT-erT mniSvnelovan instrumentad miiCneva. garda amisa, aRsaniSnavia, rom kon12
fliqtis Sedegad saqarTveloSi gaizarda iZulebiT gadaadgilebul moqalaqeTa ricxvi. maTi saWiroebebis, iseve rogorc maTi ganaTlebisaTvis aucilebeli politikuri, socialur-ekonomikuri da fsiqologiuri faqtorebis gaTvaliswineba mniSvnelovania saswavlo procesSi. qveyanaSi arsebuli mravalferovneba asaxulia saqarTvelos zogadi ganaTlebis sistemaSic. saqarTveloSi 265 araqarTulenovani sajaro skolaa, rac sajaro skolebis saerTo raodenobis 11, 96 %-s Seadgens. araqarTulenovani skolebi regionebis mixedviT Semdegnairadaa gadanawilebuli (cxrili 1. gv. 14) mosaxleobis eTnikuri mravalferovnebis msgavsad sajaro skolis moswavleTa Semadgenlobac mravalferovnebiT xasiaTdeba. araqarTulenovani skolis moswavleebis raodenoba da xvedriTi wilic sakmaod maRalia. araqarTulenovani skolebis moswavleTa raodenoba sajaro skolis moswavleTa saerTo raodenobis 8,79 %-s Seadgens. mniSvnelovania araqarTulenovani skolebis pedagogTa raodenobac. saqarTveloSi momuSave araqarTulenovani skolis pedagogebis gadanawileba regionebis da skolis ti pis Sesabamisad Semdegnairad gamoiyureba (cxrili 2. gv. 15).
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14
azerbaijanuli
95
0
1
0
3
0
99
regioni
qvemo qarTli
samcxejavaxeTi
Tbilisi
mcxeTamTianeTi
kaxeTi
imereTi
sul:
122
0
0
0
2
98
22
somxuri
cxrili 1.
30
2
1
2
10
4
11
rusuli
2
0
0
2
0
0
0
osuri
somxurazerbaijanuli
3
0
0
0
0
1
2
7
0
0
0
4
1
2
somxurrusuli
2
0
0
0
0
0
2
azerbaijanul -rusuli
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
osur rusu li
265
2
4
4
17
104
134
sul
15
0
60
0
mcxeTamTianeTi
kaxeTi
imereTi
2719
18
Tbilisi
sul:
0
2641
qvemo qarTli
samcxejavaxeTi
azerb.
regioni
2634
0
0
0
50
2141
443
somxuri
cxrili 2.
833
40
12
27
337
136
281
rusuli
25
0
0
25
0
0
0
osuri
57
0
0
0
0
14
43
somxurazerb.
227
0
0
0
167
13
47
somxurrusuli
46
0
0
0
0
0
46
azerb. rusu li
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
osurrusuli
6541
40
72
52
572
2304
3501
sul
mravalferovnebis dadebiTi mxareebi swavlebis procesSi mravalferovneba saswavlo procesis efeqturad marTvis resurss warmoadgens da, dRevandeli realobis gaTvaliswinebiT, xels uwyobs multikulturul sazogadoebaSi cxovrebisTvis momzadebuli moqalaqis Camoyalibebas. aRsaniSnavia, rom Zvelad maswavlebelTa momzadebis programebSi mravalferovneba negatiur konteqstSi aRiqmeboda. iTvleboda, rom mravalferovneba erTgvari problemaa. midgomas, rom gansxvavebuli kulturuli jgufis moswavleebs aqvT gansxvavebuli gamocdileba da xedva, rac sasargebloa dominanti kulturuli jgufis moswavleebisTvisac, ar hqonda farTo mxardaWera. Tumca globalizaciis procesma da saWiroebam, rom moswavleebi unda moemzadon pluralistur da mravalferovan msoflioSi sacxovreblad, radikalurad Secvala mravalferovnebisadmi damokidebuleba da naTlad gamokveTa interkulturuli ganaTlebis aucilebloba. mravalferovnebis saganmanaTleblo paradigma xazs usvams, rom mravalferovneba sasargebloa, rogorc umravlesobis, aseve umciresobis kulturuli jgufis moswavleTaTvis. mravalferovneba `amdidrebs~ saswavlo garemos. swored es mosazrebaa yvelaze mkafio argumenti interkulturuli ganaTlebis mxardasaWerad. mravalferovan garemoSi interkulturuli ganaTlebis elementebis gamoyenebiT moswavles uviTardeba:
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a) mravalmxrivi xedva; b) konfliqtis Tavidan aridebis unari; g) saerTo Rirebulebebis mimarT pativiscema. G es mosazreba dadasturebulia araerTi saganmanaTleblo eqspertisa da mecnieris kvlevebiT. mecnierebi mravalferovnebis dadebiT mxareebs ZiriTadad or kategoriad yofen: 1) saswavlo (akademiuri) Sedegebi; 2) demokratiuli Sedegebi. dResdReobiT yvela Tanxmdeba saswavlo garemoSi mravalferovnebis dadebiT mxareebsa da interkulturuli ganaTlebis saWiroebaze. Tumca swavlebis procesSi mTavari problema mravalferovnebis efeqturad marTva da interkulturuli ganaTlebis strategiebis sworad gamoyenebaa, rac sakmaod rTulad gadasaWrel amocanas warmoadgens, radgan, gadaulaxav gamowvevad rCeba sakiTxis kompleqsuroba, romelsac kulturuli sxvaobebis simravle ganapirobebs. kulturuli sxvaobebis marTvis strategiebi: • asimilaciis modeli • integraciis modeli • multikulturuli modeli • interkulturuli modeli
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asimilaciis modeli Aasimilaciis modeli gulisxmobs sakuTari kulturuli TviTmyofadobis daTmobas da sxva kulturasTan Serwymas. asimilaciis modeli efuZneba ucxoel Tu umciresobis warmomadgenel moswavleTa `kulturuli deficitis~ hi poTezas, ris mixedviTac ojaxi Tu sociokulturuli konteqsti ver uzrunvelyofs bavSvs aucilebeli kulturuli Tu kognituri unarebiT; bavSvi nel-nela kargavs Tavis kulturul TviTmyofadobas da erTiani, xSirad `nacionaluri kulturis~ nawilad iqceva.
integraciis modeli am modelis mizania gansxvavebul kulturaTa integracia saerTo kulturasTan. mis mixedviT, aucilebelia sxvaobaTa TviTmyofadobis dafaseba da yvela kulturuli jgufis mSvidobiani da Tanabaruflebiani CarTuloba qveynis politikur, socialur Tu ekonomikur institutebSi. aq ar ismeba dominant kulturasTan sxvaobaTa asimilaciis sakiTxi, magram RirebulebaTa analizis fonze upiratesoba mainc dominanti kulturis maxasiaTeblebs eniWeba. amasTanave, integraciis modeli yovelTvis ar iZleva umciresobaTa statusis gansazRvris saSualebas.
multikulturuli modeli es modeli, ZiriTadad, maSin gvxvdeba, roca eTnikuri umciresobebi uars acxadeben umravlesobasTan asimilaciaze. misi amocanaa, ganamtkicos pativisce18
misa da tolerantobis unarebi umravlesobasa da umciresobas Soris, xeli Seuwyos maT Soris ndobis gaCenasa da socialur mobilobas umciresobaTa jgufebSi.
interkulturuli modeli interkulturuli midgoma, zogadad, konteqstis mixedviT ganisazRvreba. misi pirdapiri interesis sagania kultura, rogorc individis qmedebiT, strategiebiT, dinamikiTa da mani pulaciebiT miRebuli erTgvari Sedegi, romlis saSualebiTac individi sakuTar identobas amtkicebs. igi, kulturuli maxasiaTeblebis gaTvaliswinebiT, efuZneba individebisa da jgufebis urTierTdamokidebulebebs. axali gamowvevebisa da Tanamedrove adamianis winaSe gadaSlili axali perspeqtivebis fonze, saerTaSoriso Tu saxelmwifo organizaciebi ufro da ufro did mniSvnelobas aniWeben TiToeuli individis uflebas, icxovros eTnikurad da kulturulad gansxvavebul garemoSi. radgan interkulturuli ganaTleba aucilebeli pirobaa imisa, rom sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi sam sxvadasxva (adgilobriv, erovnul da globalur) safexurs Soris SemaerTebeli xazi gaevlos.
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`interkulturuli ganaTleba~ da `multikulturuli ganaTleba~
aRsaniSnavia, rom terminebs Soris `interkulturuli ganaTleba~ da `multikulturuli ganaTleba~ mniSvnelovani gansxvavebaa. Ees ori termini xSirad erTi da igive mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba, Tumca Tanamedrove ganaTlebis Sesaxeb samecniero literaturaSi maT mkveTrad mijnaven. erT-erTi yvelaze martivi da mkafio gansazRvreba am ori terminisa ekuTvnis kamileris (1992), romelic aRniSnavs, rom `multikulturuli~ aris aRweriTi termini, romelic ubralod afiqsirebs pluralizmis1 arsebobas da sxvadasxva kulturis matarebeli xalxis faqtobriv Tanacxovrebas, xolo termini `interkulturuli~ asaxavs arsebul interaqcias gansxvavebuli kulturis mqone xalxs Soris. ganaTlebis sistema mxedvelobaSi unda iRebdes sazogadoebis multikulturul maxasiaTeblebs da xels unda uwyobdes sxvadasxva kulturul jgufs Soris mSvidobian Tanaarsebobasa da pozitiur interaqcias. `multikulturuli ganaTleba~ emsaxureba swavlebas sxvadasxva kulturis Sesaxeb, raTa miRweul iqnas `mimRebloba~ an, sul mcire, `tolerantoba~2 1.pluralizmi [laT. pluralis mravlobiTi] - 1. (filos.). idealisturi moZRvreba, romelic uaryofs samyaros erTianobas da amtkicebs, rom mas safuZvlad udevs mravali erTmaneTTan daukavSirebeli sulieri arsi. 2. (polit.). saxelmwifos mmarTvelobis mravalpartiuli sistema. 2.tolerantoba [laT. tolerans (tolerantis) momTmeni, Semwynarebeli] (wign.). sxvisi azrebis, rwmenis Semwynarebloba.
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gansxvavebuli kulturis mimarT. xolo `interkulturuli ganaTleba~ scildeba sxvadasxva kulturaTa pasiuri Tanacxovrebis miRwevis amocanas da miznad isaxavs Seqmnas mdgradi winapiroba, rom multikulturuli sazogadoebis Tanacxovreba daefuZnos urTierTgagebis, pativiscemisa da dialogis princi pebs. rogorc aRvniSneT, termini `multikulturuli~, igive `mravalkulturuli~, gulisxmobs faqtobrivi situaciis gadmocemas, aRweras, mravali kulturuli jgufisgan Semdgari (romelTa kavSiri ganpirobebulia garkveuli RirebulebebiTa da normebiT) sazogadoebis realuri suraTis gadmocemas. maSin, roca termini `interkulturuli� gamoxatavs mimarTulebas, mizans; gulisxmobs dialogis, aqtiuri TanamSromlobis, urTierTdamokidebulebis aucileblobas da gvixatavs sasurvel, idealur suraTs, romlis miRwevis saSualebasac Tavad warmoadgens. multikulturalizmi amcirebs uTanasworobiTa da gansxvavebuli identobebis niSniT gamowveuli konfliqtebis ricxvs. Tumca, multikulturuli midgomiT, TiToeuli individi Tavisi kuTvnilebis jgufis elements warmoadgens. aseT SemTxvevaSi didia riski imisa, rom individi Tavis jgufSi Caiketos da xeli SeuSalos sxva jgufebTan integracias. multikulturalizmi sazogadoebas `mozaikurad~ warmogvidgens. interkulturalizmi ki kulturuli sxvaobebis analizis saSualebaa. multikulturuli ganaTleba SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc demokratiul princi pebsa da Rirebulebebze dafuZnebuli midgoma, romelsac warmatebiT iyeneben kulturuli pluralizmiT ganmtkicebul, 21
sxvaobebiT mdidar sazogadoebaSi. igi mimarTulia azrovnebis unaris ganviTarebisaken, rom moswavlem ukeT gaiazros, ra xdeba mis saswavlo garemoSi; ganiviTaros gansxvavebuli kulturebis kritikuli analizis unari; SeuTavsos sakuTari kulturuli identoba gansxvavebuli identobis aRqmas da izrunos sakuTari cxovrebis pirobebis gaumjobesebisaTvis. multikulturalizms SeuZlia xeli Seuwyos gansxvavebuli jgufebis Tanacxovrebas, segregaciisa1 da diskriminaciis2 elementebis gamoricxviT. am jgufebsa Tu individebs Soris kavSirebis moSlis SemTxvevaSi ki igi Tavis mniSvnelobas kargavs. zogierT sazogadoebaSi multikulturalizmis, rogorc saganmanaTlo politikis miReba, socialuri struqturebisTvis garkveul riskebTanaa dakavSirebuli. umciresobaTa zogi jgufisTvis maT identobasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi xSirad Zalian mtkivneulia da aseT dros nebismieri qmedeba da gadawyvetileba did sifrTxiles moiTxovs. rac Seexeba termins `interkulturuli~, Sinaarsobrivad igi aucileblad moicavs interaqciis, gacvla-gamocvlis, barierebis moSlisa da WeSmariti solidarobis datvirTvas, rasac prefiqsi `inter~ miuTiTebs. xolo `kulturaSi~ moiazreba mTeli is Rirebulebebi, cxovrebis wesebi, adamianuri arsis simboluri gamoxatulebebi, romelic farTomasStabian konteqstSi konkretul pirovnebasa Tu sazogadoebis garkveul nawils exeba. 1.segregacia [laT. segregatio gamoyofa] - rasobrivi diskriminaciis erT-erTi saxe, feradkanianTa iZulebiTi gamoyofa TeTrkanianebisagan. 2.diskriminacia [laT. discriminatio gansxvaveba] da diskriminirebacalkeuli pirovnebis, adamianTa jgufis saxelmwifos da a.S. uflebebis SezRudva, Tanasworuflebianobis mospoba.
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interkulturuli ganaTlebis mizani nebismier sivrcesa da sazogadoebaSi interkulturuli ganaTleba ZiriTadad sam mizans emsaxureba. esenia: • kulturuli pluralizmis, rogorc sazogadoebrivi realobis miReba da gacnobiereba; • Tanasworuflebiani da samarTliani sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis xelSewyoba; • harmoniuli intereTnikuri urTierTobebis damyarebis xelSewyoba. interkulturuli ganaTlebis midgomebi xSirad, qveynisa Tu sazogadoebis Taviseburebidan gamomdinare, erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli da zogjer urTierTgamomricxavia. 1975-1977 wlebSi evrosabWom daadgina interkulturuli ganaTlebis ramdenime mTavari princi pi, rogoricaa, magaliTad: interkulturuli dialogi, eTnocentrizmis uaryofa, kulturuli Sesabamisoba da misi gardaqmna saskolo aqtivobad, imigrirebuli bavSvebis interaqciis mizniT. mas Semdeg, evrosabWos rekomendaciiT, wevr qveynebSi interkulturuli saganmanaTleblo programebi ramdenime mimarTulebiT gavrcelda, magaliTad: demokratia, adamianis uflebebi, umciresobebi: kulturuli da saganmanaTleblo aspeqtebi (1997), samoqalaqo ganaTleba (2000), ganaTlebis axali interkulturuli gamowveva: religiuri sxvaobebi (2002) da a.S. interkulturuloba gaTvlilia individebisa Tu jgufebis integraciasa da identobaTa urTierTmimarTebaze. misi mizania rogorc umravlesobis, aseve 23
umciresobebis mozardTa warmatebuli integracia Tanamedrove mravaleTnikur sazogadoebaSi da maTi Camoyalibeba interkulturuli orientaciis mqone pirovnebebad. interkulturuli aRzrda mimarTulia moswavleebSi humanurobis, pasuxismgeblobis, solidarobis, urTierTgagebis, demokratiisa da tolerantobis princi pebze dafuZnebuli msoflxedvisa da qcevis Camoyalibebisken. interkulturuli ganaTlebis mizania, gamoumuSaos moswavleebs sxvadasxva kulturisTvis damaxasiaTebeli kompetenciebi da Seuqmnas pirobebi individualuri msoflmxedvelobis Camosayalibeblad. interkulturuloba exeba yvela moswavles, imigranti iqneba Tu adgilobrivi, umravlesobis warmomadgeneli Tu umciresobis. interkulturuli swavlebis ZiriTadi princi pebia: • zogadsakacobrio Rirebulebebis (pluralizmi, tolerantoba, demokratia) SeTviseba-aRiareba; • kulturuli TviTidentobis aRqmis xelSemwyobi pirobebis Seqmna - umciresobebis mier sakuTari kulturuli maxasiaTeblebis SenarCuneba; • yvela kulturis Tanabrad dafaseba, kulturuli dialogisTvis aucilebeli garemos Seqmna; • warmatebis misaRwevad umravlesobisa da umciresobebisTvis Tanabari mxardaWeris uzrunvelyofa.
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interaqciuli sociologia kulturas ganixilavs, rogorc gansxvavebuli interesebisagan Seqmnili organizaciis dinamikas. am midgomis mixedviT, interkulturuli ganaTleba moiazreba, rogorc interaqciis, TanamSromlobisa Tu ufro globaluri kavSirebis Sedegad miRebuli mravalmxrivi codnis gadacema da, rogorc aRvniSneT, mimarTulia ganurCevlad yvela moswavlisken. pluralizmi moiazreba, rogorc ganaTlebis Rirebuleba da saboloo mizani. interkulturuli fsiqologia Seiswavlis interaqcias individebsa da gansxvavebuli kulturis jgufebs Soris, maT stereoti pebs, Rirebulebebsa da Cveulebebs (magaliTad, rogor axerxebs individi sakuTari kulturuli konteqstidan gamosvlas da gansxvavebul kulturul garemoSi warmatebiT TviTrealizacias). interaqcia ganisazRvreba, rogorc urTierTdamokidebuleba umravlesobisa da umciresobis kulturebs Soris da maTi ganuyofloba saerTo globaluri konteqstisgan. interkulturuli ganaTleba mravalferovnebas ganixilavs, rogorc normas, da ara rogorc bariers, romlis gadalaxvaSic adamians daxmareba sWirdeba. mravalferovneba, sxvaobebis miuReblobisa Tu avtoritarizmis SemTvevaSi, konfliqtis mizezad SeiZleba iqces. interkulturuli ganaTlebis mTavari princi pia, yovel moswavles gauCinos jgufSi muSaobis motivacia, am muSaobis safuZvels swored erTmaneTSi aRmoCenili msgavsi saxasiaTo Strixebi unda qmnides (gv. 55), amiT unda daiZlios siZneleebi, magram ise, rom sxvaoba araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar iyos miCneuli samarcxvino laqad.
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rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, interkulturuli ganaTleba araa mimarTuli mxolod ucxoeli an umciresobis warmomadgeneli moswavleebisken. igi exeba yvela bavSvs, vinc saswavlo procesSia CarTuli da warmoadgens ara uTanasworobis kompensaciis saSualebas, aramed misi mizania Tanasworobis swavleba Tanasworuflebian garemoSi. termini interkulturuli anu kulturaTSorisi, masStaburobis gamo, interpretirebis saSualebas iZleva. pirdapiri gagebiT, igi, sxva kulturasTan urTierTobisas, warmoadgens codnis, Sexedulebebis da qcevis Camoyalibebis individualur process. Tumca, ufro xSirad, kulturaTSorisi swavleba ufro farTo konteqstSi ganixileba da aRniSnavs cnebas, romlis mixedviTac sxvadasxva warmomavlobisa da kulturuli Rirebulebebis mqone adamianebi mSvidobianad Tanacxovroben.
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interkulturuli ganaTleba da religia gansxvavebuloba xSiri diskusiis sagania. gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca saqme exeba religias da mis mimarTebas kulturasTan. im gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiare damokidebulebidan gamomdinare, romelic adamianebs religiis mimarT aqvT, aucilebelia, rom interkulturuli ganaTleba myarad daefuZnos eTikis princi pebs. sazogadoebis didi nawilisTvis sazogadoebrivi realoba dinamiuri da mravalferovania. Znelia, Seafaso individi mxolod misi kulturuli kuTvnilebis, eTnikuri warmoSobis Tu religiis mixedviT. aqedan gamomdinare, pirovnebis saidentifikaciod, SeiZleba misi sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis gamocdileba ufro mniSvnelovani aRmoCndes, vidre religiuri cnobiereba. interkulturuli ganaTlebis farglebSi religia warmoadgens interess aramarto im Seucnoblis mimarT, romelsac igi universalurad warmoidgens, aramed, zogadad, adamianuri bunebis saerTo gamocdilebis mimarTac. rogorc aRvniSneT, igi unda daefuZnos eTikis princi pebs, ganaTlebis universalur RirebulebebTan SeTanxmebiT. interkulturuli TvalsazrisiT, eTika ganaTlebidan ki ar gamomdinareobs, aramed mis aucilebel pirobas da fundaments warmoadgens. mxolod eTikuri Rirebulebebis praqtikasa da Teoriul codnaze Tanabrad gadanawileba iZleva imis 27
saSualebas, rom ganaTlebam gezi saerTo kulturuli harmoniisken aiRos. ganaTleba, romelic ar ukavSirdeba, acdenilia eTikis princi pebs, warmoadgens mxoloddamxolod pragmatul ganaTlebas, romelic yovelTvis moiTxovs ufro met mSral wesebs da maT iZulebiT morCilebas, vidre interessa da azrovnebas. Tu samoqalaqo sazogadoeba ar cdilobs eTikis princi pebis aRiarebas, es niSnavs, rom misi rwmena araa srulyofili, rac advilad qmnis konfliqtis winapirobas. religiuri sxvaobebis ganaTleba, upirveles yovlisa, saWiroebs religiis gaazrebas, aramxolod rogorc erTgvarovani rwmenis sistemisas. tradiciebsa da jgufebs Soris urTierTkavSiris konteqstis gaTvaliswinebiT, maswavlebelma unda SesTavazos moswavles analizisa da azrovnebis kompetencia, missave rwmenasa da Rirebulebebze dafuZnebuli, raTa SeZlos kritikuli refleqsiis unaris gamomuSaveba. skolebi, upirveles yovlisa, iqiT unda iyos mimarTuli,rom gamoiyenos interkulturuli ganaTleba yovelgvari diskriminaciis, qsenofobiis1 da rasizmis (instituciuri iqneba es Tu kulturuli) winaaRmdeg brZolis iaraRad da gamoumuSaos moswavleebs tolerantobis, sxvaobaTa mimReblobis da Tanasworobis princi pebi. Tumca, rac unda mniSvne-
1.qsenofobia [berZ. xenos ucxo, ucxoeli da phobos SiSi] - ucxoelebisa da yovelive ucxouris siZulvili.
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lovani roli iTamaSos skolam religiuri sxvaobebis ganaTlebaSi, zogadi viTarebis ganmsazRvreli mainc sxva sazogadoebrivi institutebis politikaa, gansakuTrebiT, xelisuflebis, romelic adgens religiuri Tu kulturuli umravlesobis administrirebisa da mimarTulebis sakiTxebs.
interkulturuli midgomebi skolaSi bavSvebs xSirad uWirT kulturuli sxvaobebis miReba da gacnobiereba, maT swored am kuTxiT sWirdebaT daxmareba da, interkulturuli ganaTlebis TvalsazrisiT, pedagogiuri praqtikisTvis es yvelaze didi gamowvevaa. interkulturul ganaTlebaSi ZiriTadad or pedagogiur mimarTulebas gamoyofen: Sinaarsze, saswavlo masalaze orientirebulsa da jgufebs Soris urTierTkavSirze (klasi, uaxloesi garemocva) orientirebuls. orives aerTianebs is, rom maTi mizania, bavSvisTvis kulturuli sxvaoba iqces axali interesisa da cnobierebis gamdidrebis resursad. maswavlebeli valdebulia, gaiTvaliswinos TiToeuli moswavlis saskolo Tu ojaxuri mdgomareoba; maRali Sedegis misaRwevad, swavlebis formebic TiToeuli moswavlis kognituri donisa da saWiroebis mixedviT unda SearCios. dResdReobiT gacilebiT iolia, moiZio da gaecno swavlebis sxvadasxva meTodsa da strategias. Tumca, mTavari problema aRniSnuli strategiebis sworad gamoyenebaa. swori strategiis SesarCevad maswavlebelma Semdegi faqtorebi unda gaiTvaliswinos: 29
• ra aris Cveni saganmanaTleblo praqtikis amocanebi; • ra realuri saWiroebebi aqvT Cvens moswavleebs konkretul saklaso garemosa da konkretul saswavlo situaciaSi; • yvela moswavles aqvs ufleba, gaxdes sazogadoebis srulyofili wevri da maswavlebelma xeli unda Seuwyos mas am uflebis realizebaSi; • maswavlebelma unda gaiTvaliswinos moswavleTa gansxvavebuli SesaZleblobebi, qcevis wesebi, codna da interesebi; • saswavlo procesi mimarTuli unda iyos garkveuli unarebis ganviTarebaze, da ara informaciis dagrovebaze. interkulturuli ganaTleba, ZiriTadad, umravlesobis mier marTul saswavlo procesTan asocirdeba. maswavlebelma Tavisi saswavlo meTodebi moswavles unda moargos. am TvalsazrisiT, sxvaobaTa mimRebloba mxolod moswavleebs ar exeba. maswavlebeli, romelic TviTon ar aris Tavisufali diskriminaciisa da qsenofobiisagan, ver SeZlebs moswavleebSi interkulturuli Sexedulebebis danergvas. rodesac interkulturuli ganaTleba moswavleebs exeba, aRiarebulia, rom yvelaze efeqturi aqtiuri meTodebia, romelic moswavlesa da maswavlebels Soris cocxal urTierTobas moiTxovs. nebismieri samuSao sruldeba moswavleebTan TanamSromlobiT, maT Soris TiToeuli Tavad gansaz30
Rvravs sakuTar identobas, kulturul kuTvnilebasa da kognitur sirTuleebs. unda aRiniSnos, rom skolis ti pisa da bavSvis asakis mixedviT icvleba interkulturuli ganaTlebis Sinaarsi: magaliTad, Tu dawyebiT safexurze bavSvebi, ZiriTadad, pasiurad (miReba - ar miRebis, sakuTari damokidebulebis gansazRvris gareSe) ecnobian kulturul sxvaobebsa da maT maxasiaTeblebs, Semdeg safexurze isini ukve afiqsireben TavianT pozicias. pedagogikis inovaciuri midgomebi, romlebic moswavleebs kulturuli Tu lingvisturi sxvaobebiT gamorCeul sazogadoebaSi cxovrebaSi exmarebian, xels uwyoben rasizmisa da qsenofobiis aRmofxvras, zrunaven umciresobebis bavSvebis `pozitiur~ integraciasa da adaptaciaze garemomcvel sazogadoebasTan, da aseTi midgomebiT aumjobeseben ganaTlebis xarisxs. interkulturuli ganaTlebis Sedegi damokidebulia maswavleblebisa da saskolo personalis unar-Cvevebze, maT kvalifikaciasa da efeqturobaze. maswavlebelma rom moswavleTa eTnikuri Tu rasistuli stereoti pebisgan gaTavisufleba SeZlos, amisaTvis saWiroa, TviTon ar warmoadgendes kulturuli stereoti pebis tyves. im SemTxvevaSi Tu konkretuli klasi sxvadasxva kulturuli stereoti pebis Sejaxebis areals warmoadgens,maswavlebels unda SeeZlos, rac SeiZleba umtkivneulod gadaitanos klasma es procesi. unda SeeZlos socialuri da kulturuli harmoniisTvis aucilebeli pirobebis swavleba da ar unda aaridos Tavi aqtualur da mwvave socialur problemebze saubars. 31
interkulturulma midgomebma skolaSi SeiZleba mravali disci plina moicvas, dawyebuli istoriiTa da geografiiT, da literaturiT damTavrebuli. am procesSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba swavlebis enas.
interkulturuli ganaTleba da ena garkveulwilad,ena kulturis erT-erTi gamoxatulebaa. komunikacia warmoadgens socialur da kulturul dinamikas imdenad, ramdenadac niSnebi, verbaluri Tu araverbaluri, kulturul kuTvnilebaze miuTiTeben. multikulturul konteqstSi bavSvisTvis axali enis Seswavla (romel kulturul garemoSic uxdeba cxovreba) aramarto enis, aramed kulturis gagebas niSnavs. realurad igi ori enisa da ori kulturis gadakveTis wertilSi aRmoCndeba. samoqalaqo integraciis procesis ZiriTad maCvenebels swored saxelmwifo ena warmoadgens da misi codna samoqalaqo integraciis erT-erTi saSualebaa. aucilebelia, rom saxelmwifo enis propagandasa da misi gavrcelebisaken mimarTul RonisZiebebs axldes umciresobaTa enebis uflebebis aRiarebac, raTa erovnuli umciresobebis warmomadgenlebma igrZnon, rom daubrkoleblad aqvT sakuTari Rirebulebebis dacvis saSualeba. roca sakiTxi exeba umciresobebs, mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT maTi damokidebuleba, romelic ganpirobebulia imis SiSiT, rom saxelmwifos maTi umravlesobasTan asimilireba da dasusteba ufro surs, vidre maTi mravalferovnebis pativiscema. amgvari damokidebulebis arideba mxolod informirebis, ganxilvisa da konsultacie32
bis farTo programebiT SeiZleba. aucilebelia imis gacnobiereba, rom umciresobebiT dasaxlebuli regionebisa da mosaxleobis enobrivi Tu samoqalaqo izolacia maT gamijvnas, marginalizacias gamoiwvevs, rac sazianoa rogorc moqalaqeebisaTvis, ise saxelmwifosaTvis. saxelmwifo enis swavlebis sakiTxSi wamyvani roli, bunebrivia, skolas eniWeba.Kkvlevebma aCvena, rom enebis swavlebis gramatikisa da leqsikis dazepirebaze dafuZnebuli moZvelebuli meTodebi ar aris sakmarisi da rom interkulturul garemoSi bavSvebi enas ukeTesad swavloben interaqtiuli meTodebiT, roca ki ar izepireben, aramed uSualod iyeneben enas. swored amitom gaCnda aucilebloba bilingvuri (orenovani) Tu multilingvuri (mravalenovani) ganaTlebis danergvisa. mravalenovani ganaTlebis modelis mixedviT, bavSvebi, erovnuli da eTnikuri kuTvnilebis ganurCevlad, erT klasSi swavloben. mravalenovani ganaTleba niSnavs sagnebis (da aramarto enebis) swavlebas or an met enaze Targmanis gareSe, rodesac bunebrivi enobrivi garemo iZleva SesaZleblobas, bavSvebma aramxolod is enebi aiTvison karg doneze, romlebzec swavloben, aramed sagnebis Sinaarsic. aseTi modeli TiToeul bavSvs erTdroulad yvela saWiro enaze (mSobliurze, saxelmwifoze, oficialurze da a.S.) ganaTlebis miRebisa da maTi karg doneze aTvisebis saSualebas aZlevs. bavSvebi aramarto ecnobian sxva xalxebis kulturasa da enebs, izrdebian mravalkulturul da mravalenovan adamianebad, rac cxovrebaSi maT sakuTari potencia33
lis realizebis ufro met SesaZleblobebs aZlevs. magram yvelaze mTavari is aris, rom am modelis SemoReba xels uwyobs yvela eTnikuri jgufis gaerTianebas saxelmwifo enis codnis meSveobiT, rac Zalze mniSvnelovania mTeli sazogadoebis integraciisTvis. mravalenovan ganaTlebas mniSvnelovani wvlilis Setana SeuZlia saqarTveloSi mravaleTnikuri integrirebuli sazogadoebis CamoyalibebaSi. amis miRweva SeiZleba umciresobebisTvis daxmarebis gaweviT qarTuli enis myari codnis miRebaSi da, amave dros, maTi sakuTari kulturisa da enis SenarCunebiT. eTnolingvistur umciresobaTa bevri warmomadgeneli acnobierebs, rom qarTuli enis kargad codna qarTul sazogadoebaSi integraciis gaumjobesebisa da maTi SvilebisaTvis profesiuli da ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebis gafarToebis mniSvnelovani saSualebaa.
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interkultruli unar-Cvevebi, kompetenciebi da ZiriTadi Rirebulebebi • gansxvavebuli kulturuli kuTvnilebis adamianebTan mSvidobiani Tanacxovrebis unari; • konfliqturi situaciis analizisa da problemis gadaWris unari; • rogorc sakuTari, aseve sxvebis kulturis Secnobisa da pativiscemis unari; • rasistuli, qsenofobiuri da aratolerantuli Sexedulebebis miuReblobis unari; • interesi sxva eTnikuri jgufebis adaT-wesebisa da Rirebulebebis mimarT.
sxvaobaTa urTierTgamamdidrebeli damokidebulebidan gamomdinare, interkulturuli ganaTlebis mTavari princi pad aRiarebulia zogierTi Rirebuleba: • empaTia: adamians SeuZlia warmoidginos Tavi sxvis adgilze da gaiziaros sxvisi problemebi; •solidaroba: interkulturuli ganaTleba aris harmoniuli Tanacxovrebisa da urTierTmxardaWeris swavlis saSualeba; •interkulturuli pativiscema: interkulturuli ganaTleba miznad isaxavs kulturaTa Soris ierarqiis moSlasa da maT Tanabaruflebianobis xelSewyobas; • antinacionalizmi: interkulturulma ganaTlebam unda SeZlos,moSalos qveynebs Soris stereoti pul Sexedulebebze dafuZnebuli barierebi 35
da xeli Seuwyos moqalaqeTa msoflmxedvelobis gafarToebas. interkulturuli ganaTleba, upirveles yovlisa, aris ganaTleba Rirebulebebis Sesaxeb, romlis mTavari miznebi, ZiriTadad, mimarTulia solidarobisa da tolerantobis gaRvivebisken da romlis principebic arsebiTad moicavs multikulturul Tu multilingvur sazogadoebaSi integracias. interkulturuli midgoma gulisxmobs iseTi saganmanaTleblo aqtivobebis gamoyenebas, romelic xels uwyobs, erTi mxriv, swavlebis procesSi CarTul yvela adamians Soris azrebis gacvlas, xolo, meore mxriv, axali codnisa da mosazrebebis formirebas, moswavlisa da maswavleblis saerTo gamocdilebidan gamomdinare. gTavazobT ramdenime rekomendacias, romelic maswavlebels xels Seuwyobs klasSi jansaRi garemos SeqmnaSi da gaudvilebs moswavleebTan efeqtur komunikacias: • daafase moswavlis miRweva, rac unda mciredi iyos; • Tuki moswavles Secdomaze miuTiTeb, aucileblad SesTavaze am Secdomis gamosworebisa da problemis gadaWris gzebi; • daafase moswavlis nebismieri qmedeba, romelic problemis mogvarebiskenaa mimarTuli, imis miuxedavad, efeqturad geCvenebaT Tu ara moswavlis mier dasaxuli problemis mogvarebis gza; • daafase moswavleTa damoukidebeli azrovneba da xeli Seuwye maTSi damoukideblad qmedebis unaris ganviTarebas; 36
• moswavleebTan erTad daadgineT saklaso oTaxSi qcevis wesebi da SeecadeT, yvelam pativi sces yvelasTan SeTanxmebul saerTo wesebsa da normebs; • konfliqtis arsebobisas, CarTeT moswavleebi konfliqtis mogvarebis procesSi; • dauTmeT garkveuli dro im adamianebze saubars, romelTa moRvaweobam mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli humanurobis ganviTarebasa da keTildReobas msoflios masStabiT; • moawyveT samecniero gamofenebi, proeqtis prezentaciebi, Sekrebebi da sxva aqtivobebi interkulturul sakiTxebze, rac moamzadebs yvela moswavles aqtiuri cxovrebisTvis; • ganaxorcielebineT moswavleebs damoukidebeli kvlevebi, raTa xeli SeuwyoT maTSi damoukidebeli azrovnebis ganviTarebas da sakuTari SesaZleblobebis mimarT rwmenis Camoyalibebas.
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kavSiri Teoriasa da praqtikas Soris interkulturuli ganaTlebis Sesaxeb mxolod Teoriuli safuZvlebis codna araefeqturia. mTavari am codnis praqtikaSi gamoyenebaa. zogierTma kvlevam aCvena, rom pedagogebs, romlebsac gavlili hqondaT multikulturuli ganaTlebis kursi da fiqrobdnen, rom advilad gaarTmevdnen Tavs sxvadasxva kulturuli warmomavlobis moswavleebTan urTierTobas, swavlebis procesSi, praqtikuli saqmianobisas seriozuli problemebi SeeqmnaT. Sesabamisad, mniSvnelovania, moqmedi Tu momavali pedagogebis momzadebisa da profesiuli ganviTarebis programebma gaiTvaliswinon kvlevis es Sedegebi da Teoriul codnasTan erTad praqtikuli kursic SesTavazon moqmed Tu momaval pedagogebs. amJamad warmogidgenT yvelaze martiv situiaciebsa da rekomendaciebs, Tu rogor unda moiqces maswavlebeli aRniSnul SemTxvevaSi. situacia 1 qvemoT maswavleblebs vTavazobT aqtovobas, romelic kulturaTSoris komunikaciis sakiTxebze, kerZod ki integraciis sakiTxebzea agebuli.1
aqtivobis saxelwodeba: skola tyis piras
1. masala adaptirebulia britaneTis sabWos proeqtidan “vicxovroT erTad� da mogvawoda rusudan tyemalaZem
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maswavleblis masala ALA aqtivobis Temaa konfliqtebi, romlebic SeiZleba warmoiSvas gansxvavebuli Rirebulebebis da Sexedulebebis mqone adamianebis jgufebs Soris. ra aris imis mizezi, rom adamianebi uxalisod Tmoben am gansxvavebebs? ra gzebi arsebobs imisaTvis, rom xeli SevuwyoT am jgufebis sazogadoebaSi integracias?
aqtivobis miznebi • im gzebis ganxilva, romlebic xels Seuwyobs sxvadasxva Rirebulebebis da Sexedulebebis adamianebis jgufebis sazogadoebaSi integracias da aswavlis maT urTierTpativiscemas; • moswavleebSi kritikuli azrovnebis da logikuri msjelobis unaris ganviTareba.
swavlebis Sedegebi • moswavleebi gaiazreben im sakiTxebs, romlebic Tavs iCens sxvadasxva kulturis warmomadgeneli adamianebis erTad cxovrebis dros; • moswavleebi SeZleben Camoayalibon is faqtorebi, romlebic mravalkulturul sazogadoebaSi adamianebis mier sakuTari kulturis SenarCunebis sasargeblod an sawinaaRmdegod moqmedebs; • moswavleebs miecemaT saSualeba imsjelon im meTodebze, romelTa saSualebiTac miiRweva kulturuli pluralizmi.
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procedura sanam moTxrobis - skola tyis piras - wakiTxvas da mis garSemo msjelobas daiwyebdeT, moswavleebs auxseniT Tu ras niSnavs sityvebi integracia, asimilacia, samoqalaqo sazogadoeba da kulturuli pluralizmi. integracia is procesia, romlis drosac sxvadasxva kulturuli jgufebis warmomadgenlebi erTiandebian da maTi qceva, Cveulebebi da moqmedeba erTmaneTs harmoniulad erwymis. asimilacia is procesia, rodesac integraciis Sedegad umciresobis warmomadgenelTa kultura qreba. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba sazogadoebis is nawilia, romlis warmomadgenlebi individualurad an erTad moqmedeben sazogadoebrivi keTildReobisaTvis. kulturuli pluralizmi iseTi mdgomareobaa, romlis drosac sxvadasxva kulturis warmomadgenlebi erT sazogadoebaSi cxovroben da sadac kanoniT daSvebulia gansxvavebuli Rirebulebebi da tradiciebi.
waikiTxeT moTxroba skola tyis piras (ix. moswavlis masala). moswavleebi daajgufeT wyvilebad an mcire jgufebad da sTxoveT, imsjelon qvemoT motanil sakiTxebze. sakiTxebis CamonaTvals moswavleebma SeiZleba sakuTari sakiTxebic daamaton:
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• ram SeiZleba SeuSalos xeli or xalxs Soris karg urTierTobas? • ramdenad advili iqneba tyeSi da dablobze mcxovreb adamianebs Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebis daZleva? • ra amoZravebs maswavlebels, romelsac dapirispirebuli mxareebis Serigeba unda? ra unari unda gaaCndes mas, rom es moaxerxos? • vis unda ndomoda skolis dawva da ratom? moswavleebs sTxoveT, moiyvanon argumentebi skolis aRdgenis sasargeblod an sawinaaRmdegod. dafaze CamowereT skolis aRdgenis momxreTa da mowinaaRmdegeTa argumentebi. romeli mxaris argumentebia ufro bevri da Zlieri? Tu warmovidgenT, rom aRdgenili skola saerTo iqneba, kidev risi gakeTeba SeiZleba imisTvis, rac am skolaSi moswavleTa integracias daexmareba? ra ufro Seuwyobs xels skolaSi sxvadasxva kulturuli jgufebis integracias? moswavles unda SeeZlos sakuTari azris dasabuTeba. es davaleba SeiZleba weriTi saSinao davalebis saxiTac misceT.
moswavlis masala skola tyis piras erT qveyanaSi mTiani qedis ganapiras, tyis piras, xalxi cxovrobda. maT istoria da religia aerTianebdaT. mezobel qveyanaSi areuloba iyo. iq mcxovreb xalxs aiZules, daetovebinaT sakuTari qveyana. isini iZulebiT dasaxldnen iq, sadac xalxi tyis 41
piras cxovrobda. gadmosaxlebuli xalxi TavianT qveyanaSi dablobze cxovrobdnen, amitomac maT tyis piras mcxovrebma xalxma dablobidan mosulebi daarqva. tyis xalxs dablobidan mosulebTan cota ram hqondaT saerTo. maT erTmaneTis ena esmodaT, magram erTmaneTis mimarT cudad iyvnen ganwyobili. zogjer, am xalxTa individualur warmomadgenlebs Soris uTanxmoeba da, periodulad, konfliqtebic ki xdeboda. erT dRes, erTma axalgazrda kacma tyis piras mSenebloba daiwyo. miuxedavad imisa, rom tyis xalxis warmomadgeneli iyo, mas dablobidan mosuli adamianebi moswonda da undoda maT daxmareboda. gamoacxada, rom tyis piras skolas aSenebda, romelSic swavlas orive xalxis warmomadgenlebi SeZlebdnen. kacis azriT, am gziT moqiSpe xalxebs Soris mSvidoba Camovardeboda da orive keTildReobaSi icxovrebda. male Senoba mzad iyo. skolaSi swavla orive xalxis Svilebma daiwyes. mSoblebi da maswavleblebi movlenebs Tvals daZabulebi adevnebdnen. Tavdapirvelad, moswavleebs Soris problemebi arsebobda. isini xSirad kamaTobdnen da Cxubobdnen kidec, magram, rogorc cnobilia, bavSvebi erTmaneTs advilad umegobrdebian da TandaTanobiT mdgomareoba gamosworda. maswavlebeli mkacri iyo, magram samarTliani. igi orive xalxis warmomadgenlebs erTnairad eqceoda. bavSvebs skolaSi orive xalxis cxovrebis wesis pativiscemas aswavlidnen. tyis piras mdebare skolis moswavleTa ricxvi TandaTan izrdeboda. amave dros, arsebobdnen adamianebi romlebsac ar surdaT, rom maT Svilebs meore xalxis SvilebTan erTad eswavlaT. isini imis momxreebi 42
iyvnen, rom orive xalxisTvis cal-calke skolebi gaxsniliyo. am azrisAmomxreebi gansakuTrebiT Warbobda maT Soris, vinc tyis piras cxovrobda. isini cdilobdnen rom TavianTi nacnob-megobrebi daerwmunebinaT imaSi, rom saerTo skolaSi Svilebi ar gaeSvaT. erT dilas, rodesac moswavleebi skolaSi mividnen, maTAskola gadamwvari daxvdaT. skolis adgilas mxolod nangrevebi iyo darCenili. aqtivoba 1: unda aRdges Tu ara skola? qvemoT motanili argumentebidan romelia skolis aRdgenis sasargeblo da romeli – sawinaaRmdego? • moswavleebi tolerantulebi gaizrdebian da mSoblebsac igives aswavlian. • saerTo skola ufro metad gaaRvivebs dapirispirebas. • skola moexmareba adamianebs, daZlion barierebi da crurwmenebi. • skolis megobari mTeli cxovrebisMmegobaria, ase rom kargia, rodesac sxvadasxva kulturis adamianebi erTad swavloben. E • azri ara aqvs. axal skolas mainc dawvaven. • saerTo skolam xalxebs SeiZleba sakuTari kultura daakargvinos. • momavali axalgazrdebisaa da maT unda iswavlon erTad cxovreba.DA A • moswavleebi sxva kulturis pativiscemas iswavlian. • maswavleblebisTvis ufro advilia iseT moswavleebTan muSaoba, romelTac saerTo kultura 43
aqvT. • maswavlebeli Tavad swavlobs, rogor unda iyos ufro tolerantuli gansxvavebuli kulturis mqone moswavleebis mimarT. • kidev ra? daamateT Tqveni mosazrebebi. aqtivoba 2: qvemoT motanili mosazrebebidan, Tqveni azriT, romeli ufro gvaswavlis pativiscemas sxva kulturis mimarT? daalageT Tanmimdevrulad. • skolaSi sxvadasxva erovnebis maswavleblebi unda aswavlidnen. • moswavleebs unda utardebodeT gakveTilebi adamianis uflebebze da tolerantobaze. • im skolebis moswavleebma, sadac sxvadasva erovnebis moswavleebi swavloben, saerTo proeqtebSi unda miiRon monawileoba. • skolaSi unda aRiniSnebodes sxvadasxva xalxebis erovnuli dResaswaulebi da unda imarTebodes xalxuri koncertebi. • mkacrad unda daisajos yvela is moswavle, vinc sxva kulturis warmomadgenels pativs ar scems an amcirebs. • Tu erovnuli umciresobis warmomadgenels swavla uWirs, maT gansakuTrebulad unda daexmaroT. • kidev ra? daamateT Tqveni mosazrebebi.
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aqtivoba 3: Tqven rogor fiqrobT, unda aRdges skola Tu ara? ra argumentebi gaqvT Tqveni mosazrebis dasasabuTeblad? Tqven TviTon Tu iswavlidiT aseT skolaSi?
situacia 2. araqarTulenovan moswavles, sxva moswavleebTan SedarebiT, aqvs dabali enobrivi kompetencia. igi swavlobs qarTul skolaSi, sadac sxva moswavleebisTvis qarTuli ena mSobliuria. maswavlebeli dabali enobrivi kompetenciis gamo moswavlis izolirebas axdens da ar rTavs mas saswavlo procesSi, rasac Sesabamis axsnasac uZebnis: `Sen xom qarTulad ramdenime sityvas Zlivs abam erTmaneTze~. mniSvnelovania, yvela maswavlebelma gaiTvaliswinos, rom dabali enobrivi kompetencia ar niSnavs dabali kognituri ganviTarebis unars. es ar niSnavs, rom moswavle ver azrovnebs da ar gaaCnia gansjis unari. aseT SemTxvevaSi, misi saswavlo procesidan izolirebis nacvlad, pedagogma unda gamoiyenos yvela strategia da resursi maqsimalurad integrirebisa da misi codnis warmosaCenad. miuxedavad dabali enobrivi kompetenciisa, igi SeiZleba erT-erT yvelaze warmatebul moswavled iqces, izolacia ki daTrgunavs da swavlis motivacias gauqrobs.
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situacia 3.
mowveuli stumari raime konkretuli Temis swavlebisas stumris mowveva, agreTve, efeqturi gzaa swavlebis procesSi. mowveuli stumari damatebiT interess zrdis moswavleebSi, garda amisa, moswavleebi ismenen imisgan gansxvavebul pespeqtivebs, xedvebs da midgomebs, rasac maswavlebeli awvdiT. mniSvnelovania, mowveuli stumris SerCevisas misi kulturuli mravalferovnebac iyos gaTvaliswinebuli. SesaZlebelia moiwvioT stumari, romelic warmatebuli iyo Tavis sferoSi saqarTveloSi da, amave dros, warmatebebs miaRwia saqarTvelos farglebs gareTac. an stumari, romelic, kulturuli identobis TvalsazrisiT, umciresobas warmoadgens, Tumca es ar gamxdara dabrkoleba sazogadoebaSi integraciisTvis. SesaZlebelia, mowveul iyos saqarTveloSi droebiT macxovrebeli piri da moswavleebs gauziaros sakuTari mosazrebebi garkveul sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, sakuTari kulturuli msoflmxedvelobidan gamomdinare danaxuli da aRqmuli qarTuli realoba. situacia 4.
TanatolTa swavleba saswavlo procesSi moswavleTa CarTulobisTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs TanatolTa swavlebis strategias. igi SeiZleba gamoviyenoT a) moswavleebs Soris inteleqtualuri monace46
mebis mkveTri sxvaobis SemTxvevaSi; b) moswavleebSi urTierTTanamSromlobis dabali xarisxis SemTxvevaSi. maswavlebeli qmnis ori moswavlisagan Semdgar jgufs: erTi aswavlis, meore swavlobs. gTavazobT erT-erTi moswavlis monaTxrobs imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra Sedegi gamoiRo TanatolTa swavlebis strategiam:
`me gamovicvale skola da rusuli skolidan gadavedi qarTul skolaSi. Tavdapirvelad sakmaod dabneuli, faqtobrivad, dakarguliviT viyavi klasSi. roca maswavlebeli axsnas iwyebda, verafers vigebdi. gansakuTrebiT gamiWirda maTematika. maswavlebeli gvaswavlida gayofas, magram dafaze cifrebs da gayofis niSnebs iseTi formiT werda, romelic ucxo iyo CemTvis da verafers vgebulobdi. me gayofisas sxva meTods viyenebdi, magram raSi iyo gansxvaveba, ver vamCnevdi da verc maswavlebeli xvdeboda, ratom ver vigebdi da ras mixsnida gansxvavebulad. erTerTi Tanaklaseli mixvda Cems gaWirvebas da Taviseburad, Zalian martivad amixsna, rogor asrulebda gayofas. misi axsnis Semdeg CemTvis yvelaferi naTeli gaxda da aRarasodes Semqmnia problema.. . . “ situacia 5. gTavazobT ramdenime cxrils, sadac mocemulia aqtivobebi (Temebisa da sagnebis mixedviT) multikulturul konteqstSi bavSvTa enobrivi ganviTarebisa da miRwevebis monitoingisaTvis. masala amoRebulia proeqtidan -Multilingual Education in Georgia project 2006 – 2008 Annex 1.3.
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Sinaarsi zepirmetyveleba: es ra xilia/bostneulia? es aris . . . me (ar) miyvars . . . romeli xili/bostneuli giyvars? leqsika: xili, bostneuli, atami, bali, vaSli, msxali, yurZeni, mandarini, forToxali, simindi, nesvi, sazamTro, kitri, kartofili, pomidori, xaxvi, stafilo (werisTvis aqedan airCeva sityvebi imisda mixedviT, Tu ra asoebi aqvT gavlili da ra unda gaiaron).
aucilebelia swavleba arsebuli naxatebis an cocxali magaliTebis safuZvelze sakvebi mcenareebi: xili da bostneuli. moswavle samuSao rveulSi (wignSi) miawers suraTs saxels.
mizani moswavles SeeZleba � xilis da bostneulis martivi saxelebis amokiTxva (ilustraciaze dayrdnobiT); � xilis da bostneulis martivi saxelebis dawera (ilustraciaze dayrdnobiT); � moswavles SeeZleba martivi winadadebis dawera da amokiTxva; � moswavles SeeZleba suraTze da masze miweril saxelze dayrdnobiT dasvas martivi kiTxvebi xilis da bostneulis Sesaxeb da upasuxos maT.
moswavles SeeZleba � xilis da bostneulis garCeva; � xilis da bostneulis amocnoba naxatze; � dasaxeleba, sad izrdeba, raSi
sagani qarTuli ena (3sT.)
bunebismcodneoba (1sT.)
Tema: `xili da bostneuli”
Tema: ` xili
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fizkultura (2sT.)
xelovneba/ Sroma (1sT.)
moswavle xatavs sayvarel xils da bostneuls da miawers saxels. moswavle warmoadgens naxats klasis winaSe (aCvenebs da asaxelebs) an/da moswavle aferadebs sxvadasxva ferebad xilis da bostneulis naxatebs da awers saxelebs. moswavle warmoadgens naxats klasis winaSe (aCvenebs da asaxelebs).
TamaSi #1: “naxati-sityva” _ gundebma rac SeiZleba swrafad unda moZebnon da erTad daalagon darbazSi dafantuli xilisa da bostneulis naxatebi da maTi Sesabamisi sityvebi.
moswavles SeeZleba � ferebis/masalis SerCeva; � aratradiciuli masalis gamoyeneba namuSevris Sesaqmnelad; � klasis winaSe sakuTari namuSevris warmodgena; � ganuviTardeba xelisa da Tvalis koordinacia.
� samuSaos ganawileba gunduri muSaobisas; � daxmarebis unaris ganviTareba; � sivrciTi orientacia, � sirbili.
gamoiyeneba.
Multilingual Education in Georgia proj
da bostneuli ~
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sagani qarTuli ena (3sT.+3sT)
mizani moswavle SeZlebs � cxovelebis da frinvelebis martivi saxelebis amokiTxvas (ilustraciaze dayrdnobiT); � cxovelebis da frinvelebis martivi saxelebis daweras (ilustraciaze dayrdnobiT); � martivi winadadebis dawerasa da amokiTxvas; � suraTze da masze miweril saxelze dayrdnobiT dasvas martivi kiTxvebi cxovelebis da frinvelebis Sesaxeb da upasuxos maT. ra aris es? es aris (Txa, bu . . .). es ra cxovelia? es ra frinvelia? es aris . . . leqsika: ZaRli, kata, Tagvi, Txa, Zroxa, xbo, kameCi, Rori, cxvari, ixvi, bati, indauri, qaTami, beRura, mercxali, bu, Wia, lomi, mgeli, mela, arwivi, maimuni, gveli, gedi, spilo, Zera, daTvi, ciyvi, kudi, TaTi, frTa (werisTvis aqedan airCeva sityvebi imisda mixedviT, Tu ra asoebi aqvT gavlili da ra unda gaiaron).
Sinaarsi
2 kvira
Tema: `cxovelebi da frinvelebi”
Tema: ` cxovelebi
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moswavle SeZlebs � cxovelebisa da frinvelebis garCevas; � cxovelebisa da frinvelebis amocnobas naxatze; � maTi sxeulis nawilebis (kudis, TaTis da frTis dasaxelebas ilustraciaze dayrdnobiT); � Sinauri da gareuli cxovelis/frinvelis garCevas. xelovne� xelisa da Tvalis ba/ Sroma koordinaciis (2sT.+2sT) ganviTareba; � ferebis/masalis SerCeva; � klasis winaSe sakuTari namuSevris warmodgenis unaris ganviTareba.
bunebismcodneoba (1sT.+1sT)
moswavle xatavs cxovelebs, romlebic gars akravs da awers saxelebs. moswavle warmoadgens naxats klasis winaSe (aCvenebs da asaxelebs) an/da moswavle aferadebs sxvadasxva ferebad cxovelebis da frinvelebis naxatebs da awers saxelebs.
aucilebelia swavleba arsebuli naxatebis an cocxali magaliTebis safuZvelze ZaRli, kata, Tagvi, Txa, Zroxa, xbo, kameCi, Rori, cxvari, ixvi, bati, indauri, qaTami, beRura, mercxali, bu, Wia, lomi, mgeli, mela, arwivi, maimuni, gveli, gedi, spilo, Zera, daTvi, ciyvi, kudi, TaTi, frTa. Sinauri da gareuli cxovelebi.
Multilingual Education in
da frinvelebi ~
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fizkultura (2sT.+2sT)
� samuSaos ganawileba gunduri muSaobisas; � koordinacia; � sivrciTi orientacia, � sirbili.
TamaSi #1: `loto cxovelebiT da frinvelebiT” (sityvebi). _ gundebma rac SeiZleba swrafad moZebnon darbazis sxvadasxva kedelze dakidebuli baraTebi sxvadasxva saxeliT, Camoxsnan da miusadagon gundisTvis micemuli cxovelis an frinvelis ramdenime naxats. TamaSi #2: `loto cxovelebiT da frinvelebiT” (asoebi). _ gundebma rac SeiZleba swrafad moZebnon darbazis sxvadasxva kedelze dakidebuli baraTebi sxvadasxva asoebiT, Camoxsnan da Seavson gundisTvis micemuli cxovelis an frinvelis ramdenime naxatis qveS arsebuli ujrebi.
amoWrili) asoebiT awers saxels. moswavle warmoadgens namuSevars klasis winaSe (aCvenebs da asaxelebs).
situacia 6.
qalbatoni marina erT-erTi skolis qarTuli enis maswavlebelia. Uigi axali saswavlo wlis dasawyebad emzadeba. man, upirveles yovlisa, klasis mowyobaze izruna. klasis mowyobisas misi mTavari mizani iyo saklaso oTaxi gaemzadebina moswavleTa aqtiuri muSaobisTvis, da ara pasiuri smenisTvis. radgan qalbatoni marinas skola kulturuli mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva da klasSic sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufis warmomadgenlebi iqnebodnen, man iyida qarTuli, afxazuri, rusuli, inglisuri, somxuri, azerbaijanuli da osuri anbani da kedelze gamoakra, enaTa xesTan erTad, romelic aCvenebda msoflios ZiriTadi enebis fesvebs. aseve, qalbatonma marinam kedelze gamoakra wina klasis moswavleTa suraTebi, romelic maTi aqtiuri muSaobis process gadmoscemda. wels Qqalbatoni marina axal klasSi Sedis, sadac 24 moswavle iqneba. moswavleebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian rogorc eTnikuri warmomavlobiT, aseve, eniT, socialuri mdgomareobiT da wina wlebis akademiuri moswrebiT. saswavlo wlis dawyebamde qalbatonma marinam kargad Seiswavla TiToeuli moswavlis saskolo istoria. mas kargad esmoda, rom moswavleTa gansxvavebuloba niSnavda maT gansxvavebul swavlis stilsa da gansxvavebul interesebs. Sesabamisad, mas unda daekmayofilebina yvela moswavlis interesi, rac aSkarad gamowveva iyo misi profesiuli saqmianobisTvis.
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saswavlo wlis pirveli kvira qalbatonma marinam pirveli ori kvira saintereso da megobruli saswavlo garemos Seqmnas dauTmo. pirveli gakveTilis dasrulebis Semdeg man sTxova moswavleebs, meore dRisTvis mSoblebTan erTad moemzadebinaT sakuTari saxelebisa da gvarebis istoriebi. agreTve, sTxova moswavleebs, gaerkviaT, Tu hqondaT maTs saxelebs rame mniSvneloba sxva enaze. `xvalindel dRes Cven daviwyebT erTmaneTis interviuebiT, raTa gamovceT gazeTi Cveni klasis Sesaxeb~- ganucxada man moswavleebs. meore dRes qalbatonma marinam gakveTili moswavleTa dawyvilebiT daiwyo. dawyvilebis principad moswavleTa dabadebis dReebi airCia: moswavle wyvildeboda im moswavlesTan, romlis dabadebis dRec mis dabadebis dResTan yvelaze axlos iyo. moswavleTa dawyvilebis Semdeg qalbatonma marinam maT kiTxvebis CamonaTvali gaacno, romelic erTmaneTTan intervius dros unda gamoeyenebinaT: 1. ra gqvia? ra mogwons an ar mogwons Sens saxelTan dakavSirebiT? 2. rogor dagarqves es saxeli? vis sapativsacemod dagarqves? vin dagarqva? 3. Seni ojaxis romelime wevrs Tu hqvia igive saxeli? 4. gyavs megobari, romelsac igive saxeli hqvia? 5. aris vinme cnobili adamiani, vinc imave saxels atarebs? 6. mogwons is adamianebi, visac Seni saxeli hqvia? magaliTad... 7. Sens saxels rame sxva mniSvneloba Tu aqvs? 54
8. saidan warmoiSva Seni saxeli? sxva enaSi Tu aris Seni saxeli da rogor gamoiTqmis is? 9. ojaxSi ras geZaxian? gaqvs rame metsaxeli? 10. ra girCevnia dagiZaxoT, Seni saxeli Tu metsaxeli, romelsac ojaxSi geZaxian? moswavleebma erTmaneTTan interviuebs TxuTmeti wuTi dauTmes, ris Semdegac qalbatonma marinam maT sTxova, moeTxroT mTeli klasisTvis is, rac mewyvileze Seityves. moswavleTa monaTxrobs maswavlebeli aqtiurad iniSnavda, raTa ar gamorCenoda rame mniSvnelovani detali. bolos qalbatonma marinam aiRo fotoaparati da TiToeul moswavles dafaze dawerili misive saxelis fonze gadauRo suraTi, raTa klasis gazeTSi ganeTavsebina. Semdeg gakveTilze qalbatonma marinam sTxova moswavleebs, gaerkviaT, Tu ramden enaze SeeZloT klasSi myof moswavleebs saubari. aRmoCnda, rom yvela bavSvi laparakobda qarTulad da inglisurad. Tumca cal-calke SeeZloT esaubraT afxazurad, osurad, rusulad, somxurad, azerbaijanulad, frangulad da ukrainulad. radgan saklaso oTaxSi enaTa aseTi mravalferovneba iyo warmodgenili, qalbatonma marinam SesTavaza moswavleebs, CamoeTvalaT is sityvebi, romlebic saerTo iyo qarTulisTvis da romelime sxva enisTvis, romelzec klasSi romelime moswavle saubrobda. am savarjiSomac Zalian gaaxalisa moswavleebi, aRmoaCines Zalian bevri saerTo sityva, magaliTad: qarTul-somxuri saerTo sityvebi: Toki, xazi, wesi, Citi, kenWi, bRavili, Toxi, ojaxi, droSa WeSmariteba...… qarTul-azerbaijanuli: xalxi, TariRi, fanjara, 55
jami, fasi,salami, Cai, xali, fuli, jibe, meidani, bulbuli... erT-erT moswavles gauCnda idea, `nasesxebi sityvebis leqsikoni~ SeeqmnaT, romelzec mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi imuSavebda mTeli klasi. momdevno gakveTili mTlianad klasis gazeTis Seqmnas daeTmo. Ggarda gaformebisa da erTmaneTis Sesaxeb informaciis gadatanisa, maswavlebelma maT sTxova, iseTi igav-araki gaexsenebinaT, romelic gazeTis SuagulSi ganTavsdeboda da yvelaze metad asaxavda klasSi arsebul situacias (mravalferovnebis konteqsts). moswavleebma Semdegi igav-araki gaixsenes da Caweres gazeTis SuagulSi: igav-araki erT saxlSi cxovrobda kata, romelic verasodes axerxebda Tagvis daWeras. erT dResac gamoekida Tagvs da is-is iyo, unda daeWira, rom Tagvma patara xvrelSi SeZvroma moaswro da katas aRaraferi darCenoda, garda imisa, rom damjdariyo im patara xvrelTan da dalodeboda, rodis gamoZvreboda Tagvi. ucabedad Tagvs ZaRlis xma moesma da ifiqra, rom radgan ZaRli saxlSi iyo, kata gaiqceoda da aRar daiwyebda xvrelTan lodins. Sesabamisad, Tagvi xvrelidan gamoZvra da moulodnelad katis klanWebSi amoyo Tavi. `ki, magram ZaRli sad aris?~ – ikiTxa akankalebulma Tagvma. `ZaRli ki ara, es me viyavi, ZaRliviT daviyefe, rom Sen daimedebuli gamomZvraliyavi xvrelidan,~- gadaixarxara gamarjvebulma katam da Semdeg daamata, - `Cemo kargo, Tu sul mcire or enaze ar laparakob, dRevandel dRes veranair warmatebas ver miaRwevo.~
SabaT-kviras qalbatonma marinam isev Caxeda mo56
swavleTa istoriebs, im gakveTilis Canawerebs, moswavleebma sakuTari saxelebis Sesaxeb interviuebi rom gaakeTes, agreTve naxa im gakveTilis Canawerebi, sadac moswavleebi sakuTaris enis codnis Sesaxeb saubrobdnen. am sam wyaroze dayrdnobiT, qalbatonma marinam Seadgina klasis lingvisturi repertuaris sqema. saswavlo wlis meore kvira Semdeg kviras, qalbatonma marinam gadawyvita, klasSi stumari moeyvana. stumrobis survili erTerTi moswavlis babuamac ki gamoTqva da momdevno dRes estumra qarTuli enis gakveTilze. man uambo moswavleebs sakuTari ojaxis historia. misi ojaxi iZulebuli iyo, 1921 wels, saqarTvelos damoukideblobis dakargvis Semdeg, gadasaxlebuliyo safrangeTSi da iq gaegrZelebina cxovreba. stumarma gaacno bavSvebs maTi ojaxis franguli cxovrebis detalebi; mouyva, rogor gaxda misi saqarTvelodan devnili babua sorbonis universitetis profesori; ras moRvaweobdnen mamamisi da TviTon safrangeTSi da ra siZneleebTan iyo dakavSirebuli maTi frangul sazogadoebaSi integrireba. Mmowveuli stumris monaTxrobma didi STabeWdileba moaxdina bavSvebze. am magaliTSi Cans ramdenime strategia, romelic qalbatonma marinam jansaRi saswavlo garemos Sesaqmnelad gamoiyena. es daexmara, rom gacnoboda moswavleebs, moswavleebic gacnobodnen erTmaneTs da amis mixedviT daesaxa TiToeul moswavlesTan muSaobis gegma.
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