Dissertation final water

USE OF VORONOI DIAGRAM IN AN ARCHITECTURE DESIGN OPTIMIZATION

A DISSERTATION REPORT Submitted by

K.KEDHEESWARAN In partial fulfilment for the award of the degree Of

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE IN GENERAL ARCHITECTURE

RVS SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, COIMBATORE

Affiliated to

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025 DECEMBER 2015

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ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE Certified that this Report titled “USE OF VORONOI DIAGRAM IN AN ARCHITECTURE DESIGN OPTIMIZATION” is the bonafide work of K.KEDHEESWARAN (Roll No - 714714566005) to the RVS School of Architecture, Coimbatore, Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai who has carried out the research under my supervision.. Certified further that to the best of my

knowledge the work reported herein does not form part of any other dissertation on the basis of which a degree or award was conferred on an earlier occasion on this or any other candidate.

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXAMINER

EXTERNAL

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

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DECLARATION “Declare that this dissertation has not been previously accepted in substance for any degree and is not being concurrently submitted in candidature for any degree. I state that this dissertation is the result of my own independent investigation/ work, except where otherwise stated. I hereby give consent for my dissertation, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and understand that any reference to or quotation from my thesis will receive an acknowledgement”. ……………………………………

K.KEDHEESWARAN

DATE…………………………..

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ABSTRACT This Dissertation is to find how the voronoi diagram application is used in optimization of design parametrics.To explore how the voronoi is taken in an account of process of building a design and the topological parametric used for an optimization to the different array. “Buildings can be considered as a flow of bodies and information through space, over time�. - FAULDERS STUDIO

The constraints/parametric synthesis in this research was facade and spatial planning problem and evolution through voronoi daigrams.The facade and planning morphology context through a specific study, i.e. from micro-level to a broad level by individual building and to urban level With Voronoi diagram rule based system one can easily determine proximity matrix.

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ACKNOWLEGEMENT The completion of this Dissertation has been made possible because of the involvement of many individuals. Whatever I am and whatever I will be in future is because of love, sacrifice a---------------------------------------------------------------------------nd goodwill from my family. My parents have always been a great source of inspiration for me. Words are just not enough to express my gratitude to my parents and my family. I thank them for always being supportive.

A word of appreciation also goes to my friends and faculty who have supported me in this endeavour and to all whose names I couldn’t mention here.

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“I DEDICATE THIS DISSERTATION TO MY PARENTS, WHO GAVE ME AN APPRECIATION OF LEARNING AND TAUGHT ME THE VALUE OF PERSEVERANCE AND RESOLVE. I ALSO DEDICATE THIS TO MY BELOVED ONES AND ALL THE PEOPLE WHO SUPPORTED ME IN THIS JOURNEY.”

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TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................. iii LIST OF FIGURE..................................................................................................... viii LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................... x AIM & MOTIVATION .............................................................................................. xi SCOPE.......................................................................................................................... xi FRAMING OF RESEARCH QUESTIONS ???? .................................................. xii 1. What is Voronai Diagram? ..................................................................... xii 2. How complex aesthetics are involved through voronoi architecture? ... xii 3. How these design process and ideology will contribute a designer and a community? ............................................................................................................... xii 4. How the parametric play a domain to a design development and image building process? ......................................................................................................... xii 5. Does it have compatibility to a building and in urban development for sustainable growth vs. issues? ..................................................................................... xii METHOLOGY .......................................................................................................... xiii CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION ............................................................................ 14 1.1 - The primary concept of voronoi diagrams ........................................ 14 1.2 - Voronoi diagram components............................................................ 16 CHAPTER 2 - VORONOI DIAGRAMS NATURE .............................................. 17 2.1 - Parallelism of Voronoi with F.L Wright‟s Usonian house ................ 20 2.2 - Dimensional study of voronoi ............................................................ 21 2.3 - From two-dimensional to three-dimensional .................................... 22 2.4 - Voroni daigram has space fillers ....................................................... 23 CHAPTER 3 - CASE STUDY .................................................................................. 24 3.1 - Voroni daigram has a façade modulators/morphogenis ................... 24 3.1.1 - Tulum museum, Mexico. .......................................................... 25

P a g e | vii 3.1.2 - Net lab ...................................................................................... 25 3.1.3 - Airspace tokyo designed by faulders studio ............................. 26 3.1.3.1 - Design Approach ....................................................... 26 3.1.3.2 - Overlapping thorough voronoi ................................... 27 3.1.4 - Alibaba headquarters, China................................................... 28 3.2 -LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY .............................................................. 29 3.2.1 - Overview .................................................................................. 29 3.2.2 - Location-case study .................................................................. 30 3.2.3 - METHODOLOGY AND CASE STUDY MODEL ..................... 30 3.2.3.1 - The first parametric design........................................ 31 3.2.3.2 - Second parametric model ......................................... 31 3.2.3.3 - Voronoi parametric in waterfront ............................ 32 3.2.3.4.Green space parametric ............................................... 32 3.3 - Kaohsiung national centre for the performing arts, Taiwan ............. 33 3.4 - Potentiality of voronoi diagram in urban design ............................. 35 3.4.1 -Magok waterfront city ............................................................... 35 3.4.1.1 -Digital parametric process of the project................... 36 3.4.1.2 - The process evolved in the waterfornt development .. 39 3.5 -VORONOI AS STRUCTURAL OPTIMISER .............................. 41 3.5.1 - The National Swimming Centre -Water Cube, Beijing, china .. 41 3.5.2 - Process of design generation .................................................... 42 3.5.3 - Inference ................................................................................... 42 3.6 - VORONOI AS URBAN MORPHOLOGY .................................. 43 3.6.1 - Voronoi skyscraper-Geoffrey Braiman, David Beil ,U S. 3.6.2 - Theme ......................................................................................... 44 3.6.3 - Ways and Mean.......................................................................... 45 3.7 - PARAMETRIC URBANISM THROUGH VORONOI .............. 46 3.7.1 - MVRDV Venture – Architect.Denes. ........................................ 47

P a g e | viii 3.7.2 - Design process .......................................................................... 50 CHAPTER 4 - INFERENCE .................................................................................... 58 CHAPTER 5 - CONCLUSION ................................................................................. 59 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...................................................................................................... 60 LIST OF FIGURE Figure 1 : Step-1, Defining the finite points as reference ........................................................15 Figure 2 : Step-2, joining finite points .....................................................................................15 Figure 3 : Step-3, Bisection of line ..........................................................................................15 Figure 4 : Step-4, Bisection each to create voronoi ................................................................16 Figure 5 : Step-5, Further division to create voronoi..............................................................16 Figure 6: Final voronoi pattern ...............................................................................................16 Figure 7: Elements of voronoi .................................................................................................17 Figure 8 : Illustrate of space evolution ....................................................................................18 Figure 9 : Different broad application of voronoi ...................................................................19 Figure 10 : Layout of Usonian house ......................................................................................20 Figure 11: Fragmentation of layout ......................................................................................20 Figure 12 : Illustration to Voronoi ..........................................................................................21 Figure 13 : Natural forms as a Voronoi diagram ....................................................................22 Figure 14: Different voronoi diagram by variation of points ..................................................22 Figure 15 : Marc Newson‟s Voronoi Shelf ..............................................................................23 Figure 16: Gourdoukis algorithmic body project ....................................................................24 Figure 17: Space filler for........................................................................................................24 Figure 18 : Tulum museum ......................................................................................................25 Figure 19 : Conceptual view of Net Lab ..................................................................................26 Figure 20 :Effect through punctured voronoi overlap.............................................................26 Figure 21: The façade randomness as whole ..........................................................................27 Figure 22 : The façade layering through different to form a building cubicle........................28

P a g e | ix Figure 23 : Alibaba headquarters-View, Elevation &Site Block model ..................................29 Figure 24 : The topology of Pataua coastal settlement ...........................................................30 Figure 25 : Different land use mapping for waterfront development ......................................31 Figure 26 : Generation land use through points ie through site parametrics .........................31 Figure 27 : Parametrics of voronoi used for visual opportunity .............................................32 Figure 28 : Green and blue space development ......................................................................33 Figure 29 : Topologial force, Kaohsiung national centre for the performing arts, Taiwan ......................................................................................................................................34 Figure 30 : Right: the in Layout. Left: the stages of generating the layout starting from the points to the final form. ..............................................................................................34 Figure 31 : Visual generated from the form ............................................................................35 Figure 32 : View.......................................................................................................................35 Figure 33 : Conceptual view of Waterfront Magok .................................................................36 Figure 34 : Over design process for Magok waterfront city ...................................................38 Figure 35 : The different phases of voronoi optimization for water surface development..............................................................................................................................39 Figure 36 : The Site for Waterfront developement ..................................................................40 Figure 37 : Final master plan for Magok waterfront ..............................................................40 Figure 38 : Illustration from Weaire-Phelan structure to Voronoi structure .........................41 Figure 39 : Voronoi form developed in rhino to water cube ...................................................41 Figure 40 : Final out of Water-cube ........................................................................................42 Figure 41 : Voronoi Skyscraper ...............................................................................................43 Figure 42 : structure of Daigrid in skyscraper ........................................................................43 Figure 43 : Design development .............................................................................................44 Figure 44 : Plan typology ........................................................................................................45 Figure 45 : Voronoi particle development in section ..............................................................45 Figure 46 : Voronoi in Skyscraper...........................................................................................46

Page |x Figure 47 : Form and Space that is derived from the interaction beaten urban conditions. Zaha Hadid ............................................................................................................46 Figure 48 : Form and space derived by Schumacher through Voronoi. .................................47 Figure 49 : Urban form & topography of Switzerland City ....................................................47 Figure 50 :Patterns created through Voronoi for urban design of Switzerland City ..............48 Figure 51 : A layering system in order to understand complex relationships.........................49 Figure 52 : Proposed final Voronoi assimilated Design for Switzerland city by Ar.Denes ...................................................................................................................................49 Figure 53 : Process of Design developement ..........................................................................50 LIST OF TABLES Table 1 : Faรงade & spatial planning-core analysis process

...................

51

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AIM & MOTIVATION  My hypothesis of subject is to find how and the factors of voronoi is used in the design optimization.  In depth on functional the various analysis and method to in applied nature to space planning parameters. For example for comparing areas covered by different space planning, building morphogenesis etc.  With Voronoi diagram rule based system one can easily determine proximity matrix from micro to macro level planning (broad level i.e. GIS) by voronoi diagrams  Sustainable approaches in urban and landscape planning issues  To break the conventional design process in contrast.

SCOPE  Way to subdivide/organize space, based on proximity/closest neighbour.  Expansion in three dimensions organizes a constructive expansion toward infinity in all directions without any gaps.  To create clear proximity matrix in urban scape zoning and also for landscape ecology for sustainable development as in MAGOK WATERFRONT in Korea.  Voronoi diagram can be used as plugin with other program to have better design solution for structural optimization, form, shape and urban design.  It used as tool used as space filling.  It used as surface modulator to create an interest and an image in a building for local attractors.  It is a self-organization parametric which goes with a rule based system which is parametric in nature.  Diversity of design alternatives in a balanced hierarchy system.

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FRAMING OF RESEARCH QUESTIONS????

1. What is Voronai Diagram?

2. How complex aesthetics are involved through voronoi architecture?

3. How these design process and ideology will contribute a designer and a community?

4. How the parametric play a domain to a design development and image building process?

5. Does it have compatibility to a building and in urban development for sustainable growth vs. issues?

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METHOLOGY UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPT &APPROACH BEHIND THE VORONOI

PARAMETER BEHIND THE DESIGN PROBLEM AND SOLUTION THROUGH VORONOI DIAGRAM IN

DIAGRAMS BY STUDY BASED ON NET, ARCHITECTURAL JOURNALS

BUILDINGS

FRAMING OF PARAMETER WHICH INTERCONNECTS TO THE DESIGN AND APPROACH TOWARD THEM.

SYNTHESIS OF INFORMATION

CONCLUSION

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CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION Nowadays architects, more often than it was before, look at the branches of science like mathematics, biology or physics for inspiration and for tips on how to solve problems they are trying to tackle. The idea taken from mathematics and applied to architecture design. To be more specific – about the Voronoi diagram.

Voronoi diagram is being used so often by architects because it produces very organic looking patterns.

The primary concept of Voronoi Diagrams: “The Given a set of a finite number of distinct points in the 2-D Euclidean space, a Voronoi diagram of the point set is a collection of regions that divide up the plane, and all locations in one region (exception the region boundary) are closer to the corresponding point than to any other point”.

1.1 - THE PRIMARY CONCEPT OF VORONOI DIAGRAMS A Voronoi diagram of the point set is a collection of regions that divide up the plane, and all locations in one region (exception the region boundary) are closer to the corresponding point than to any other point”.

Voronoi diagram using any CAD software or pen and paper. For start you need set of points on the plain.

Step1: is to draw a line connecting adjacent points.

Step 2: is to draw a perpendicular line to the one you just drew in the midpoint of it.

Step 3: is to connect lines, drawn in the second step, into a network.

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Figure 1: Step-1, defining the finite points as reference

Figure 2: Step-2, joining finite points

Figure 3: Step-3, Bisection of line

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Figure 4: Step-4, Bisection each to create voronoi

Figure 5 : Step-5, Further division to create voronoi

Figure 6: Final voronoi pattern

VORONOI DIAGRAM COMPONENTS

P a g e | 17 A simple voronoi diagram has the following elements.

Voronoi diagram of a point is just made of the same point.  Voronoi Vertex  Voronoi Cell,  Voronoi Space,  Voronoi Foam.

Figure 7: Elements of voronoi

CHAPTER 2 - VORONOI DIAGRAMS NATURE WAY FINDING-NAVIGATION 1. The Voronoi diagram was implemented as the background

navigation,

especially way finding mainly in GIS. 2. The shortest way/ proximities as physical displacement.

OCCUPATION ANALYSIS 1. The centre of Voronoi cells becomes the search agents that receive information of the surrounded cells during the searching process.

2. When the information from the surrounded cells fits their inherent requirements, the agent holds the space.

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SPACE EVOLUTION 1. The Voronoi diagram activates a process of generating and evolving spatial forms interacting with all entities of a system, the self-organization.

2. In the context of the architecture, it would be referred to the co-adaption which generates a space out of complex relationships and needs among disorganized Subsystems of the environment

Figure 8 : Illustrate of space evolution

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Figure 9: Different broad application of voronoi

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2.1 - PARALLELISM OF VORONOI WITH F.L WRIGHT’S USONIAN HOUSE Charles E. Aguar and Bernard Aguar found this drawing of layout plan for Usonian II housing estate by Frank Lloyd Wright.

Method used here is not exactly a Voronoi diagram but it is very similar to it.

Drawing below should give an idea how Voronoi diagram could be used for space planning and what sort of design it can produce.

Figure 10 : Layout of Usonian house

Figure 11: Fragmentation of layout

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Figure 12 : Illustration to Voronoi

2.2 - DIMENSIONAL STUDY OF VORONOI Voronoi tiles have been created by a series of points.

A cellular pattern that each of these cells includes the space surrounding the point. Place of the rest of the shapes created with these pattern fits into a close system. They form a collection of shapes that look like squares, honeycombs, crystals or boulders.

The personal space of each point is separated by a neutral zone lines from its neighbourhood.

These lines are equidistant from both the surrounding area i.e. optimum proximity matrix

P a g e | 22 ONE-DIMENSIONAL

Figure 13 : Natural forms as a Voronoi diagram

 Voronoi diagrams include patterns called Dirichlet Tessellation.  These irregular tessellations on a plane occur spontaneously in nature at every scale.  They are used in the studies with space making problems such as computer science, growth of crystalline structure, biology, anthropology and etc.

2.3 - FROM TWO-DIMENSIONAL TO THREE-DIMENSIONAL

Figure 14: Different voronoi diagram by variation of points

P a g e | 23 The minimal enclosure system of these bubbles and cells shows that tilings are a simple system, rather their thickness in three dimensions expands constructive toward infinity without any gaps.

Geometry and topology of polygonal cells, such as size, proportion and number of edges is sensitive to the slightest change in position of each point anywhere in the neighbourhood.

The relationship between the cell nucleus and the resulting geometry is complex in nature.

2.4 - VORONI DAIGRAM HAS SPACE FILLERS The Voronoi diagram has become a ubiquitous motif in recent generative architecture and design.

Voronoi diagram is a way of dividing up space into regions so that, for a given set of sites within that space, each region contains all points in the space that are closer to one site than any other.

The attributes of the Voronoi as a model in this way. It is multiplicities, but in a different way to the gridline uniformity of the foam models.

The variability of the Voronoi can be phrased another way, as arbitrarinessÍž In other words, that there is no inherent reason for a given site to be where it is. There is nothing internal to the model that can generate that differentiation

Figure 15 : Marc Newson’s Voronoi Shelf

P a g e | 24 The visual signature carries an association of organic logic: but in formal fact the cell sites are arbitrary, that is to say, designed. There is no necessary relation of one to another it can be unique...

VORONI DAIGRAM HAS SPACE FILLERS

Figure 16: Gourdoukis algorithmic body project

In

Gourdoukis

Algorithmic

Body project, the locations of the voronoi sites are specified by a second

generative

system,

a

cellular automaton; Here the Voronoi acts as a geometric filter, interpreting and interpolating one set of spatial data into another.

Figure 17: Space filler for geometric

CHAPTER 3 - CASE STUDY 3.1-VORONI DAIGRAM HAS A FAÇADE MODULATORS/MORPHOGENIS 1. Tulum museum, Mexico.

2. Net lab

P a g e | 25 3.Airspace Tokyo designed by “Faulders studio” 3.1.1. TULUM MUSEUM, MEXICO. Museum is design by Andrew Kudless for a competition. This Archaeological museum is outside of devastation of Mayan in Cancun peninsula.

Researchers in this project used Voronoi system for organizing cells (Spaces).

The walls and roof of the museum is formed from a three dimensional Voronoi tiling. That examines the nature of the structures through holes instead of mass.

Structure is directly related to the Tulum’s site rock walls. This structure can be considered a fulfilment of the empty spaces between separate rocks.

Thus, structure of the museum refers to the available tectonic and at the same time it is lightweight

Figure 18 : Tulum museum

3.1.2. NET LAB: The project is 16 months research of a person called G Nome. The purpose of this research is the use of parametric algorithms, in forming of cell spaces in relation to certain criteria which express different social systems, scale and needs of the users.

This design includes a set of computational methods based on Voronoi algorithms summarized in a plugin created during the investigation.

This plugin gives access to an iterative process of feedback, adjustment and optimization of the design. In addition, the project by integrating designs, analysis as a formal process, provides a redefinition of the role of the architect with the use of algorithms in real terms…

P a g e | 26 Project explores the redefinition of the architect’s role by integrating design, analysis, and production manufacturing as a whole formal process by applying algorithms in real contexts.

Figure 19 : Conceptual view of Net Lab

3.1.3 - AIRSPACE TOKYO DESIGNED BY FAULDERS STUDIO 3.1.3.1 - Design Approach Digitally-generated overlapping voronoi pattern that represents the biomorphic cells of vegetation, suits our preferred digital technique exploration.

At night, the interior lightings passing through the perforations of overlapping voronoi make a mysterious feeling as it seems to move as we move‌

Figure 20 :Effect through punctured voronoi overlap

P a g e | 27 3.1.3.2 - OVERLAPPING THOROUGH VORONOI: Taking the concepts from our matrices exploration, we came up with a technique to produce an overlapping voronoi by generating random points and outcome is similar to that of our case study, Airspace Tokyo.

Figure 21: The façade randomness as whole

The 2-dimesional facades into a cube would be the easiest approach to achieve “the stereoscopic sense of voronoi brought by clubbing overlaps and randomness as a whole”.

Playing with light, the façades of the cube create shadows that overlapped each other and further fragmenting the voronoi.

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Figure 22 :The façade layering through different to form a building cubicle

“Buildings can be considered as a flow of bodies and information through space, over time”.

The programmatic elements were modelled as attractors on the site. Visitors, information and exchanges were modelled as particles.

Once the particles attracted, they started forming varying degrees of concentration. A halo of particles was floating over the site, suggesting an eventual architectural space.”

3.1.4 - ALIBABA HEADQUARTERS, CHINA. Alibaba is China’s leading e-commerce company and operates the world’s largest online marketplaces for both international and domestic China trade.

The dynamic campus accommodates approximately 9,000 Alibaba employees and has been designed to reflect the interconnection, diversity and vitality of the company.

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Figure 23 :Alibaba headquarters-View, Elevation &Site Block model

3.2 - LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY 3.2.1 - OVERVIEW The voronoi algorithm used urban coastal development.

Voronoi parametric is used for mapping/surveying through GIS for finding various issues as topology growth pattern and the flood plain etc.

There have been many interpretations of the voronoi diagram across architecture, urban design and landscape architecture. One particular example is a waterfront development named the “Majok Project�.

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Figure 24 : The topology of Pataua coastal settlement

Urban design is the profession of shaping the physical setting for life in cities, towns and communities; In recent years, landscape architecture becoming more involved, urban design has become a diverse and multi-disciplinary profession.

The design process in general terms is seen by a lot of professions as – a brief, a need, a demand - a solution.

3.2.2 -LOCATION-CASE STUDY Coastal settlement to the west of Whangarei, New Zealand - Pataua North figure: 24.

3.2.3 - METHODOLOGY AND CASE STUDY MODEL Pataua North is about a 31km drive from Whangarei, and there are just over 100 houses. These houses are made up of holiday beaches and some that have permanent residents GIS data the site was mapped, including contours, hydrology, land-use, slope, aspect, viewpoints and built form.

P a g e | 31 Mapping gave an insight into the spatial characteristic structure of Pataua, which helped determine site constraints and opportunities.

Figure 25 : Different land use mapping for waterfront development

3.2.3.1 - THE FIRST PARAMETRIC DESIGN. Experiment followed the mapping and analysis.

The goal was to explore variations of road layouts, generated using Voronoi diagram around points of interest.

The points included flood plains, road intersections, knolls, and landscape features‌

Figure 26 :Generation land use through points i.e. through site parametric

3.2.3.2 -SECOND PARAMETRIC MODEL

P a g e | 32 Then created for various parts of the design using attract and repel notions to create different patterns.

All the models were incorporated together and a series of generations were created. Keeping record of the results enabled reflection and evaluation of the designs.

3.2.3.3 -. VORONOI PARAMETRIC IN WATERFRONT The waterfront is a key component of Pataua, with one of the main attractions being the surf beach. Several points were located along the beach representing coastal features.

One of the points was a knoll and another was a depression in the sand dunes, which opened up a view to the beach. This depression opened up the opportunity to locate a green corridor from the floodplain to the beach, creating a visual connection. These points were then used to influence the geometry of the road.

Figure 27 : Parametric of voronoi used for visual opportunity

3.2.3.4 - GREEN SPACE PARAMETRIC The green space design definition a visibility rule was added. This meant that the road (shown in red in figure could deform only if the deformation increases the visibility of the green space (in green).

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Figure 28 : Green and blue space development

INFERENCE The parametric models developed collectively proved how the interdependencies between various elements of the settlements fabric (road network, open spaces, plot sizes, etc.) can be explored and evaluated in order to overcome the challenges in coastal settlements’ growth for sustainable communities.

3.3 -KAOHSIUNG NATIONAL CENTRE FOR THE PERFORMING ARTS, TAIWAN  The building was designed by Zaha Hadid in a competition.  She used Voronoi diagram to analyse the relationship between the environment and site data.

Visitors’ access points are controlled using data on the site such as trees, monuments and borders-Topological & Forces The area around points, which is created by the analysis of the relationship between space and the site, is connected to the main flow of human traffic, so that it becomes a tool for space traffic control. „Deformation of visual data and canopies, roofs and facades designs is derived from the Voronoi diagram‟

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Figure 29 : Topological force, Kaohsiung national centre for the performing arts, Taiwan

Figure 30 : Right: the in Layout. Left: the stages of generating the layout starting from the points to the final form.

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Figure 31: Visual generated from the form

 In this project, the architect distributed points in the main envelope to create the main form.  The overall form of the building itself seems to grow out of the voronoi patterned landscape, merging at the top, to form a canopy that shades the public plaza below.  The main form was created by the Nurbs geometry then it was divided by the voronoi algorithm

Figure 32: View

3.4 - POTENTIALITY OF VORONOI DIAGRAM IN URBAN DESIGN 3.4.1 -MAGOK WATERFRONT CITY The project which uses the Voronoi system for dividing the given district of Seoul city The main concept of this project, the International Design Competition for the Magok Waterfront City, is to merge the flow of the landscape with the logic of the Voronoi diagram.

P a g e | 36 The designer becomes increasingly interested in the efficient use of ecosystem and water flow.

VORONOI DIAGRAM

Fragmentation of land

Using Voronoi diagram, this problem can be solved by breaking the physical limits of the urban grid. Moreover, it accepts the numbers of information and needs from the architectural environment.

Figure 33 :Conceptual view of Waterfront Magok

Process of overlapping preliminary design with voronoi diagram Space should accept various activities and events reflecting the concept. And through the analysis, we reach the conclusion that we should make a reservoir space for the safe city in case it gets a flood. Therefore, we make a condition based on the data from we investigate, and extract two main concerns from our analysis; The relationship and the volume of spaces

3.4.1.1 - DIGITAL PARAMETRIC PROCESS OF THE PROJECT The process which applies the Voronoi diagram for dynamic cartography, and modifies it in order to fit our project’s concept. In addition, we use the Voronoi diagram plugin offered as Rhino script….

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FIRST STEP: The project is to set up the axis of the site drawn from the parameter of landscape, water, and traffic in order to create the grids of the site. These grids are optimized by offsetting by from the axis and are used as the limitation of the block size.

The intersections between these grids and the preliminary sector design, and are set in array i.e. finite points according to the flow of the whole space.

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Figure 34 : Over design process for Magok waterfront city

P a g e | 39 3.4.1.2 -THE PROCESS EVOLVED IN THE WATERFORNT DEVELOPMENT

Figure 35 : The different phases of voronoi optimization for water surface development.

Attractors and Repellors1

The segments cannot be eliminated, but can only be expanded or shrunk, since collision detection and topology maintenance are based on the primary input points Project is directly editable due to the parametric system of the geometry creating system.

1

Attractors: Zones of compatible nature are termed as Attractors‌ Repellors: Zones of conflicting types are termed as Repellors.

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Figure 36 :The Site for Waterfront development

Figure 37 :Final master plan for Magok waterfront

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3.5 - VORONOI AS STRUCTURAL OPTIMISER: 3.5.1 - The National Swimming Centre -Water Cube, Beijing, china The internal steel frame of The National Swimming Centre „Water Cube is based on the unique geometry of water-soap bubbles known as the Weaire-Phelan structure.

Figure 38 :Illustration from Weaire-Phelan structure to Voronoi structure

Building design that employs polyhedral derived from so-called Voronoi cells.

Figure 39 : Voronoi form developed in rhino to water cube

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3.5.2 -PROCESS OF DESIGN GENERATION STEP 1: Establishment- using guiding points.

STEP 2: Exploration- using dynamic findings.

STEP 3: Refinement, using repelling/attracting fields and particles. These three stages process produced two irregular, topologically cylindrical surfaces and were continued by two more stages STEP 4: Generated voronoi cells around these points.

STEP 5: Created cell-walls and cell-skins.

STEP 6: Prepared the cell components for robotic i.e. CNC manufacturing.

Figure 40 : Final out of Water-cube

3.5.3 -INFERENCE: ďƒ˜ The structure commutation and less material consumption are proved. ďƒ˜ The pattern of voronoi structure creates a surface modulator to aesthetical image to building (water cube).

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3.6 -VORONOI AS URBAN MORPHOLOGY 3.6.1 - VORONOI SKYSCRAPER-Geoffrey Braiman, David Beil ,U S.

Figure 41 :Voronoi Skyscraper

This is the typical example of tall building architecture structure always use Diagrid which moment resistant frame.

Similar Diagrid pattern is developed by use of Voronoi pattern

Figure 42 : structure of Daigrid in skyscraper

So rather than conforming to column and slab construction techniques a skyscraper based on nature results in a streamlined structure that: 1. Minimizes materials.

P a g e | 44 2. Accommodates variable programs.

3.6.2 -THEME  Introverted style stacked of world.  The unending array of floor slabs.  The city of the future is a multivalent hybrid reliant on strong infrastructure...  The most common solution to densification is to stack volumes, insert a circulation core.  This approach repeats the ineptitude of the street grid by rotating its vector perpendicular and extruding the form.  The resultant tower to grow and change over time. In order to adapt, we must look for alternative organizing strategies to accommodate our changing needs which tangible in nature

Figure 43 : Design development

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Figure 44 : Plan typology

3.6.3 -WAYS AND MEAN 1. Created - rectangular box 2. Generate/import point cloud – random points or import data cloud from structural analysis 3. Generate voronoi cells from point cloud.

4. Cells for subtraction/Addition ……

Figure 45 : Voronoi particle development in section

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Figure 46 : Voronoi in Skyscraper

3.7 - PARAMETRIC URBANISM THROUGH VORONOI Parametric Urbanism can understand “the dynamic and real time relationships within mass amounts of information found in quantifiable data and social issues through the use of parameters, which can then be used to create reflexive pattern and form that give architects a much more knowledgeable, although more complicated, starting point to design from resulting in the slow morph of sterile cities into flexible living environments.”

Figure 47 : Form and Space that is derived from the interaction beaten urban conditions. Zaha Hadid

Traffic, in efficient living space, environmental issues, poverty, crime, and poor use of networking are some of the major problems seen in today’s sterile cities.

P a g e | 47 Many have tried to solve these issues independently because the human mind cannot comprehend the amount of information needed to correct multiple largescale problems.

Figure 48 :Form and space derived by Schumacher through Voronoi.

“Parametric Urbanism” through which he shows some interesting progress through his and Zaha Hadid’s entry for the Urban Istanbul Competition.

Schumacher has taken a stance that says, “Everything must resonate with everything else to understand parametric urbanism we need to locate the beginning...”

3.7.1 - MVRDV Venture – Architect.Denes.

Intelligence of the urbanism can be found in two forms:

1. Practical knowledge (quantitative) 2. “Military type” knowledge (qualitative).

Switzerland‟s city design- MVRDV

Figure 49 : Urban form & topography of Switzerland City

P a g e | 48 Swiss Cross Urban Study MVRDV says traffic is the major issue of Switzerland’s city design. In order to show” the effects of increased or decreased traffic flow on 2

city function”, MVRDV developed “sliders ” that control the level of traffic flow through the city.

Matei Denes, a senior architect at Mahai Radu Architects, performed a complete urban design using parametric that begins where MVRDV left off.

The site of Denes’ intervention is Sao Paulo Brazil. Denes’ study is so informative because it is much more specific than anything MVRDV focused on.

Figure 50 :Patterns created through Voronoi for urban design of Switzerland City

“Denes” first selects a type of pattern known as a “Voronoi”.  The voronoi pattern is reflexive in nature because it is based off of a system of points that are governed by parameters- Space-Filling.

2

Quantitative mechanisms that have the capacity to transform numeric values into quantities.

P a g e | 49  If points are added, moved, or altered in any way, the voronoi pattern adjusts itself to the new layout-Self-organising  What is so appealing about the voronoi is that its primary objective is the most efficient use of space and distance from one point to any other point in the field. space fill-Minimum proximity Intervention

Figure 51 : A layering system in order to understand complex relationships

Denes then locks in three specific parameters to inform the voronoi: “traffic flow, program, and landscape”

Each parameter is then broken down into its component parts. For example, program is broken down into housing, commerce, and parks.

Figure 52 : Proposed final Voronoi assimilated Design for Switzerland city by Ar.Denes

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3.7.2 -DESIGN PROCESS 1. Fixing of problem/parameter-points in voronoi 2. Development of the point 3. Customization through voronoi diagram 4. Assimilation

Figure 53 : Process of Design development

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Table 1 :FAÇADE & SPATIAL PLANNING-CORE ANALYSIS PROCESS

P a g e | 52 FAÇADE

PARAMETER

SPATIAL PLANNING

MICRO LEVEL

PROJECT MORPHISM LOGICS CONCEPT USED

Kaohsiung national

Magok Waterfront

Switzerland‟s city

skyscraper-geoffrey Swimming Centre

centre for the

City, Seoul, Korea.

design

braiman,david beil

-Water Cube,

performing arts,

, US

Beijing ,China

Taiwan-Zaha hadid

Airspace Tokyo

Voronoi

designed by faulders studio

The National

SURFACE MODULATORS Overlapping of skin by generating voronoi random points Customisation

MACRO LEVEL

Topological & Forces w.r.t the relationship between the environment and site data.

Refinement, using repelling/attracting fields Topological cylindrical surfaces

SPACE EVOLUTION/SPACE FILLERS Using data on the site such as trees, monuments and borders Topological parameter

The intersections between these grids and the preliminary sector design, and are set in array i.e. finite points

PARAMETRIC Reflexive in nature because it is based off of a system of voronoi points that are governed by parameters

P a g e | 53

PROJECT

PROCESS

Kaohsiung national

Magok Waterfront

Switzerland‟s city

skyscraper-geoffrey Swimming Centre

centre for the

City,Seoul,Korea

design

braiman,david beil

-Water Cube,

performing arts,

, US

Beijing ,China

Taiwan-Zaha hadid

1.

Created rectangular box...

2.Generate/import point cloud – random points or import data cloud from structural analysis 3. Generate voronoi cells from point cloud.

4.cells for subtraction/Addition

1.

Establishment using guiding points.

2 Exploration- using dynamic findings 3. Refinement , using repelling/attracting fields and particles 4.These three stages process produced two irregular, topologically cylindrical surfaces and were continued by two more stages

The area around points, which is created by the analysis of the relationship between space and the site, is connected to the main flow of human traffic, so that it becomes a tool for space traffic control.

2.Deformation of visual

Airspace Tokyo

Voronoi

designed by faulders studio

1. The 2-dimesional facades into a cube would be the easiest approach to achieve the stereoscopic sense of voronoi brought by clubbing overlaps and randomness as a whole.

2.Once the particles attracted, they started forming varying degrees of concentration 3. A halo of particles was floating over the site,

suggesting

an

eventual architectural space.”

The National

data roofs

1. Location of cell by fixing finite point for initializing voronoi.

2. Mapping of water flux gradient.

3. findings of water flux gradient 4.Optimization/custo mization by attraction/repulsion Matrix are developed and canopies, 5.Final output and facades 6.Water surface

designs is derived from the Voronoi diagram

1. Fixing of problem/parameterpoints in voronoi.

2.Devolpement of the point 3.Customization through voronoi diagram 4.Assimilation

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P a g e | 55

PROJECT

OUTPUT/ FINDINGS

Magok

Switzerland‟s city

Swimming Centre - centre for the

Waterfront City,

design

braiman,david beil

Water Cube,

performing arts,

Seoul, Korea.

,US

Beijing ,China

Taiwan-Zaha hadid

1. The vertices of the Voronoi are of triangulation in nature in which base geometry consume less area.

2.A scatter of points, it is based on the packing of spheres in the space.

3.The packed program according to common requirements such as adjacencies, access to sun, views, etc.

4.Three dimensional array of irregular planar polygons using Voronoi (cont.)

1. The structure commutation and less material consumption are proved.

2. The pattern of voronoi structure creates a surface modulator to aesthetical image to building (water cube).

3. Voronoi systems have a useful and structural logic where they can produce stable yet irregular structures.

1.

The architect distributed points in the main envelope to create the main form.

2. The overall form of the building itself seems to grow out of the voronoi patterned landscape, merging at the top, to form a canopy that shades the public plaza below.

3. The main form was created by the Nurbs geometry then it was divided by the voronoi algorithm.

4.Deformation of visual data and canopies, roofs and facades designs is derived from the Voronoi diagram

Airspace Tokyo

Voronoi

The National

designed by

skyscraper-geoffrey

Faulders studio

1. Playing with light, the façades of the cube create shadows that overlapped each other and further fragmenting the voronoi.

2.Fragmentation is brought by voronoi overlapping 3. The voronoi pattern imitates the trees‟ foliage and is not just decorative it‟s functional.

4.

The façade functionally works as a screen (Jalli‟s) to provide a sense of privacy; this has been achieved by layering voronoi façade.

Kaohsiung national

1. Project is directly editable due to the parametric system of the geometry creating system.

2.

Matrix are formed for the tracing of water i.e. by attractor/repel.

3.

At simple recursive point voronoi diagrams where voronoi concepts are used to tessellate space with respect to a given set of generator points.

1. The voronoi pattern is reflexive in nature because it is based off of a system of points that are governed by parameters.

(SpaceFilling …)

2. If points are added, moved, or altered in any way, the voronoi pattern adjusts itself to the new layout. (Self-organising) 3. Each parameter is then broken down into its component parts. For example, program is broken down into housing, commerce, and parks. (cont.)

P a g e | 56

Airspace Tokyo

Voronoi

designed by faulders skyscraper-geoffrey

PROJECT

Output/ Findings

studio

The National

Kaohsiung national

Swimming Centre - centre for the

braiman,david beil , Water Cube,

performing arts,

US

Taiwan-Zaha hadid

skyscraper based on nature results in a streamlined structure A matter of necessity, natural systems continually reorganize until the best possible solution is realized

Beijing ,China

Magok

Switzerlandâ€&#x;s city

Waterfront City,

design

Seoul, Korea.

3. What is so appealing about the voronoi is that its primary objective is the most efficient use of space and distance from one point to any other point in the field. (Space fills).

4. Changes in the landscape have dramatic effect on how traffic is able to flow through the city if founded out.

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P a g e | 58

CHAPTER 4 - INFERENCE In the following voronoi studies reveals these criteria is observed evidently‌

1. In building facade modulation and shading elements-exterior morphism 2. Spatial planning parameter is evidently seen from micro planning to macro level.

In micro level voronoi points are taken as finite points with respect to some parametric is seen.

Architecture is increasingly becoming a simulation through Voronoi Diagrams. Therefore the study of architecture should assume the simulation as a powerful design tool to understand and implement complex relationship factors of environment.

Voronoi diagrams on macro level are a way of dividing spaces which formed based on a series of points.

The voronoi developed facade are perceived as aesthetic surface articulators and functionally as a screening (i.e. as Jalli’s) element meant for privacy.

In Urban contexts the large scale spatial segregation and land use pattern are taken as layers for proximity constraints for minimum adjacency master planning parameters such as zoning, parking and qualitative open space generation.

Voronoi concepts are used to tessellate space with respect to a given set of generator points

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CHAPTER 5- CONCLUSION The use of parameter in spatial & facade design by voronoi allows us to design not just a piece of art but rather a building with a context that fit into culture and social realm…..

Town and urban planning in Architecture may be simplified by assigning the site as a nodal point and generating the Voronoi diagram…

Creating a systematic design process for urban design using parametric system.

Balancing of forces and tensions in the design.

Variety of design options in the design of a balanced hierarchical system.

Today this method is available as a command in software’s such as Grasshopper and Rhino.

The result of this unique process in a city zoning creates a natural structure of urban space, not like a random shape that we usually understand forms, But as a balance between entities relations.

-It is an “EMERGENCE”

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BIBLIOGRAPHY  http://matsysdesign.com/category/projects/tulum-site-museum  http://www.gnome-netlab.com,  http://issuu.com/diegosuareztraverso/docs/adda  http://faulders-studio.com/proj_airspace.html  Ben Pell, „Airspace Tokyo‟, in The Articulate Surface : Ornament and Technology in Contemporary architecture (Basel, London: Birkhäuser ;Springer distributor, 2010), pp. 86 - 89  http://www.archdaily.com/  http://www.Wikipedia.com/Voronoi  http://www.dysturb.net/2007/associativedesign-berlage/,  www.patrikschumacher.com/index.html,  http://matei23.wordpress.com.  http://www.designbuildnetwork.com/projects/watercube/  http://www.pierpaolomaggiora.com/pdf/citylife_eng.pdf  http://cumincad.architexturez.net/system/files/pdf/caadria2008_49_sessi on5a_399.content.pdf  http://www.issue.com,Magazine  http://www.designbuildnetwork.com/projects/watercube/  http://teemingvoid.blogspot.in/2010/08/uniformdiversityspacefillingand. html  http://www.evolo.us/architecture/voronoiskyscraper/  http://www.snibbe.com/digitalart#/projects/interactive/boundaryfunctio ns/  https://tomaszjaniak.wordpress.com/2012/01/15/voronoi-diagram-inarch  http://www.evolo.us/architecture/voronoi-skyscraper

P a g e | 61  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voronoi_diagram  http://digiarchi.blogspot.in/2010/03/application%ADof%ADvoronoi%A Ddiagram%ADinto.html  Architectural Design-Digital cities -Magazine  http://www.archdaily.com/8277/alibaba-headquarters-hassell.  Architecture design studio: air journal-adriana d‟amico  Studio Air Journal