Gowanus Canal: Urban Ecology Research Lab

GOWANUS CANAL URBAN ECOLOGY RESEARCH LAB KELLY WECKMAN

5 INTRODUCTION The Gowanus Canal in Brooklyn once was a creek and tidal estuary, called “the arm of the sea” in Joseph Alexiou’s book.1 Though the creek waters have since disappeared, Gowanus remains a fascinating coastal condition, both ecologically and culturally. “The arm of the sea” suggests the delicate balance that exists between manmade intervention and the natural environment.

Originally constructed in 1867 during the industrial revolution, when shipping and trade were booming in Brooklyn, Gowanus was a bustling waterway. Unfortunately, industry also contributed to making it one of the most polluted waterways in the United States. Yet the canal did not have a particularly long life as a shipping route: with the invention of the automobile, barge shipping declined, and the canal became unused and neglected. Because it was tainted for most other uses by the toxic activities around it, it became an undesirable scar in Brooklyn. Gowanus is now a mostly dormant waterway; the canal was designated a Superfund site in 2010 and 10 feet of toxic sludge is set to be dredged from the bottom.

The Gowanus Canal Conservancy and the Gowanus Dredgers club are current organizations committed to the remediation effort of the canal.

Gowanus

has

the

potential

to

become a cultural crossroads and connect the currently divided neighborhoods with a programmatic blend that would enliven the canal and the neighborhood. Already, this is happening with the unique mixture of industry, art studios, bars, and cafes. However, with New York needing more and housing, there is pressure for residential development in Gowanus, pushing out its current creative community as gentrification occurs. The following study and proposal for Gowanus Canal seeks to shape it as a destination for the surrounding neighborhoods to share, one that retains its vibrancy and culture.

This book begins with team-based research of New York and Gowanus, which uncovers many layers of information to create a holistic understanding of Gowanus’ context of place and time. The studio’s site visit is documented as a photographic journal, followed by the individual research and conceptual master plan and program proposal. The semesterlong investigation concludes with a more in-depth programmatic study.

As an appendix, partner-based research of international cities and their relationship to water, in this case a study of Stockholm, is located at the end of the book. The explorations of the fall studio inform what will become an architectural design in the spring.

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EXPLORATIONS A PHOTOGRAPHIC JOURNAL OF GOWANUS CANAL

89 WATER’S

EDGE

90

91 LANDMARKS

92

Š2011 Adam Lerner

93 MATERIAL

94

95 ART

96

97

GOWANUS VISION

ZONING, URBAN RULES AND MASTER PLAN PROPOSAL

99 RISING

WATERS

Our cities could very soon be sinking.

Or, more accurately the oceans are rising. According to Climate Central, “Global warming has raised global sea level about 8 inches since 1880.”1 In the U.S. 5 million people live at less than 4 feet above high tide.2 With ocean levels expected to rise 29-82 centimeters within this century, this is an incredibly pressing issue right now, and we are already seeing the effects.3 Hurricane Sandy was a wake up call to the resiliency effort needed if we are to preserve the world’s coastal cities. The Eastern Seaboard is one of those critical areas, and Gowanus will be among the first of

the neighborhoods to disappear with climate change.4

Boston, Present day

Boston, 5 ft. sea level rise

Boston, 12 ft. sea level rise

Boston, 25 ft. sea level rise

Gowanus canal once was a tidal estuary and marshland.5 However, it became an industrial shipping center, and then fell into decline.6 In recent years, it has become home to artists and is becoming more vibrant, but is now on the cusp of experiencing the same hyper-gentrification that has been inflicting New York in the recent decades.7 However, a Superfund clean-up of the area is anticipated to be completed in 2023.8 This creates opportunities to address resiliency at the neighborhood scale.

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New York City, if all the glacial ice melted, with current unchecked pollution

New York City, if extreme carbon cuts are implemented

101 WHAT

IS HERE?

The Gowanus neighborhood is a fascinating anomaly in New York City; even though it is only a 20 minute subway ride to Manhattan and in the heart of Brooklyn, it has been relatively untouched by major development outside of its intended manufacturing use (the obvious reason for this being the abysmally polluted canal).

Abandoned buildings and empty lots are a common sight, and the mix of taller historical factory buildings with the one and two floor contemporary manufacturing buildings makes for an interesting blend of new and old.

A distinctly gritty feeling pervades the area; it is a departure from both the Manhattan skyscrapers and the Brooklyn brownstones.

Other than the predominant industrial use in the area, Gowanus has flourished with art studios especially, but bars, restaurants and concert venues have also been steadily filling in the area.9 Most recently, the Whole Foods grocery chain opened a location along the canal and is

the greenest grocery store in the country.10 Additionally, though the canal is not anywhere close to clean yet, developers are already pouncing on the waterfront property.11 Gowanus seems perched on the edge of, if not already falling into, the pattern of development New York City and many U.S. cities have experienced: artists move in to a less desirable area with lower rents, restaurants and retail businesses move in after them, and gentrification follows, displacing the original inhabitants and industries.

This might seem like improvement of the area, but in actuality, it pushes jobs further and further away from the city, and displaces local manufacturing businesses.12 Long-term residents cultivate a sense of community and character in a neighborhood. In order to prevent this displacement and loss of character, the question becomes: How can design preserve the unique culture of Gowanus, while improving the canal?

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103 AN

INDUSTRIAL GARDEN

The original map of Brooklyn shows an almost unrecognizable Red Hook and Gowanus area. The maps today belie the flood problem that the original salt marshes solved; when it rains, the excessive pavement and rooftops do nothing to stop the surge of water from overwhelming the storm sewers.13 As ocean levels rise, solving this flooding issue becomes even more critical every day.

The canal is an entire environmental problem all to itself. Declared a Superfund site in 2010, Gowanus canal earned the name “Lavender

Lake” not due to its delightful floral scent, but rather its oily-purple color, a miasmic mix of all the noxious chemicals in it.14 However, there are seeds of canal improvement happening, such as through the canal conservancy and the Gowanus Dredger’s club.15 It seems people are beginning to care about Gowanus.

What is missing is an environmental anchor, a place where both ecologists and community members engage and improve the canal.

Somehow, despite the polluted water, plant life still finds its way to live

Historical map of Gowanus Creek and the salt marsh.

around the canal. And people enjoy this contrast between the natural and the man-made. Artists thrive in it.

Looking at how nature solves flooding, it is apparent that increased surface area allows for greater absorption.

By reintroducing pockets of absorbant landscape, one can create a balance between natural areas of respite and the current manufacturing structures.

Wetland areas will help remediate flooding from storm events, as well as preserve the spirit of Gowanus as, not an industrial wasteland, but an industrial garden.

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Villi in the small intestines are able to absorb more nutrients due to the undulating forms.16

Some sea creatures have ruffled forms for increased surface area to be more buoyant.17

Hurricane Sandy Flood map of Gowanus and Red Hook

The spongy quality of marshes is due to its shape; the organic patches can absorb more.18

105 DISCONNECTED

NEIGHBORHOODS

One issue with Gowanus is its lack of connectivity, especially pedestrian and cycling connections. Immediately one can perceive the very different environment from Red Hook to Carroll Gardens, for instance, because of Highway 287 cutting through the area.

Crossing the busy street underneath the highway is not only dangerous, but a terrible pedestrian experience. Even within Gowanus, the canal separates the district, and there are only five points at which to cross the canal: the bridges at 9th st, 3rd street, Carroll st, union st. and the bridge underneath Highway 287. Much of the canal’s

edge is completely inaccessible or private property. There are many dead ends.

However, Gowanus has great potential to become more connected with its adjacent neighborhoods.

The Brooklyn Neighborhood Report claims that in Community District 6 (which includes Gowanus, Carroll Gardens, Cobble Hill, Park Slope, and Red Hook) 11% of people walk or bike to work, compared to 66.9% that take public transit, and 13.2% that drive.19 Oddly enough, the ratio of bike lanes to streets is 1 mile to 6.2 miles, which

One might assume that with bicycle infrastructure integrated into the canal, that the amount of interconnectivity will increase. The Brooklyn Greenway Initiative is creating a waterfront greenway all around the edge of Brooklyn.21 There is then an opportunity to create a public bike path encircling the canal that connects Gowanus to the rest of Brooklyn.

BOERUM HILL

COBBLE HILL

CARROLL GARDENS

should be much more bike-able than the Brooklyn average of 1 to 13.7 miles.20 However, with no easy way to get across the canal, biking is more difficult.

GOWANUS

RED HOOK GOWANUS PARK SLOPE

106

Dead ends and a publicly-inaccessible waterfront contribute to the lack of connectivity between Gowanus and surrounding neighborhoods. Highway 287, as well as the metro bridge, create inhospitable pedestrian and cycling environments.

BROOKLYN GREENWAY

POTENTIAL CANAL CONNECTION

107 LOSS

OF ART AND INDUSTRY

Walking among the streets of Gowanus, one can tell by the murals and street art that it is a creative place. According to the Brooklyn Neighborhood Report, in 2009 14.9% of Gowanus workers are in the arts and culture industry, and that number has grown from 11.8% in 2000.22 Brooklyn as a whole is at only 4.8%, so Gowanus has a strong community of makers. Gowanus is known for its hundreds of artists, and the area is home to a monthly gallery walk called Arts Gowanus, in which over 300 artists open their doors to the community.23 However, recently the area is experiencing gentrification, and artists can no longer afford their studios with the increased rent.24 Additionally, even though artists may

have been working for many years in one studio, when the leases are up, landlords can decline to renew them.

Gowanus artists have protested the eviction of artists, and it is a topic of serious concern, as these people bring valuable cultural activity to the canal area.25 Industry and manufacturing, which have been essential to Gowanus’ identity, is also being threatened with the pressure of residential development. Brooklyn as a whole is already saturated with apartments, and the impact is on the manufacturing workers, who have to relocate further and further from the city. Industrial and manufacturing jobs are helpful for people without college degrees, and

they pay more at entry level than jobs in other sectors.26 Local businesses also funnel money back into the local economy. In 2000, there were 172,000 industrial jobs in New York City, but this number has decreased rapidly to around 100,000 in 2007, and to 76,000 in 2015.27 This does not seem to be affecting Gowanus, yet. In 2013, 12% of people worked for small manufacturing businesses, and new businesses were up 44% since 2000.28 However, if the area is rezoned for residential development, these businesses will be supplanted.

How can zoning and planning combat the “hyper-gentrification� that is taking place and preserve the creative and industrial uses?

ART STUDIOS IN GOWANUS

M

M

M

M

M

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14.9 11.8

1,200,000

NEW YORK CITY MANUFACTURING JOBS

4.8

NUMBER OF JOBS

1,000,000

% WORKERS IN ARTS AND CULTURE INDUSTRY

800,000

$8.40

600,000

$3.43

400,000 200,000

ARTS & CULTURE FUNDING 1942

1959

1975

YEAR

1992

2007

CD 6 (2000) CD 6 (2008) BROOKLYN (2008)

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PROJECT GOALS RESTORE the natural ecology of the canal LINK the surrounding neighborhoods PRESERVE the industrial and creative culture

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URBAN RULES RESTORE The first issue that must be addressed within Gowanus master plan is the need to revitalize the conditions of both the canal and the surrounding neighborhood to ensure its resiliency in the future. Therefore, new development will be required to either include a 40 ft landscaped esplanade, or at least 20% of the site must be landscaped, this can include green roofs. Additional placement and maintenance of flood-resistant landscape will be incentivized for property owners. Additionally, new development must manage all of the storm water that falls on the building on site.

MAKE ROOM FOR GREEN Densify manufacturing, commercial, artist lofts and other program to preserve green space.

LINK In order to encourage a canal experience for all of the surrounding neighborhoods alike, new bike lanes and a vehicle-free zone will be located around the canal, which becomes a walking and bike trail. New planning measures will prioritize the cyclist’s safety over vehicular convenience to promote a healthy and environmentally-conscious lifestyle.

SWEET MOBILITY Create a continuous vehicle-free bike path and connect bicyclists to the NYC waterfront green-way.

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MINIMIZE RUN-OFF Collect and detain storm water to lessen flood impact.

PEDESTRIAN PRIORITY Improve the pedestrian’s comfort along circulation paths with generous sidewalks and landscaped areas.

NET POSITIVE Positively benefit the environment, in terms of water, energy, carbon footprint and/or materials.

NODES OF ACTIVITY Create opportunities for interaction along the canal.

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URBAN RULES PRESERVE The industrial brick warehouses, giant vertical elements, and unique bridges are all part of the Gowanus character that draws people to the area; the goal is not to entomb Gowanus as an industrial archaeological site, but to add layers to the history, preserving the important elements, and transforming the others. This includes incentives to reuse building material and, when possible, the building’s envelope or structure itself, preserving makers’

space with zoning regulations, varying the canal setbacks to encourage the random nature of the building-canal relationships, and being careful to restrict certain building heights on a site-specific basis in order to preserve the views to significant landmarks of Gowanus.

ADAPT AND REUSE Provide incentives to building owners that adapt historic buildings, or reuse building material.

RESERVE MAKER SPACE Include affordable artist live-work space and protect industry and artists with land use stability.

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VARY CANAL SETBACKS Preserve the unsystematic quality of the buildings’ canal relationship

PRESERVE VIEWS Certain landmarks will remain visible from the canal.

115 ZONING The first step in improving Gowanus is to address the zoning. Much of Gowanus was previously zoned for medium industry, M-2. This designation will be upheld, but the proposed zoning will relegate any M-3 zoning to south of Highway 287. This is to reduce noise level and heavy industry in the canal area.

The canal area will also be designated a Special Purpose District, because of its unique relationship to the canal and the need for development to remain sensitive to this element. Additionally, properties that address the canal edge

will abide by provisions for a Special Natural Area, which will regulate what can be altered regarding slope and landscape near the water’s edge.29 M-1-5A zoning will be permitted as well as M-2 in the immediate Gowanus area, which allows for joint live-work space for artists.30 Under the provisions of the Special Purpose District, the M-1-5A would also be expanded upon to include a limited number of dormitories and apartments for visiting scientists and researchers that visit the research lab.

M-2-1

CURRENT ZONING:

R-6B

R-6

R-6B

R-6B

R-6B R-7B

M R-6B

M-1-1

R-6B

M-1-2

R-6B M-1-2

-1

R-5

M-1-1

M-1-4 R-7-2

R-6B M

M-3-1

R-6A

M

R-5

R-6B

R-6B C-8-2

M-1-1

R-6B

R-6B

M-1-2

C-2-4 M

M-1-1

M

R-6B R-6B

R-6A

M-2-1

R-6A M-3-1

R-6B R-6B

R-6B

R-6

116

M-2-1

PROPOSED ZONING: R-6B

R-6

R-6B

R-6B

R-6B R-7B

M R-6B

M-1-1

R-6B

M-1-2

R-6B M-1-2

R-

B M-1-1

R-5

M

M-1-1 M-2-1 M

R-5

SPECIAL PURPOSE DISTRICT

R-6A

R-6B R-7B

R-6B C-8-2

M-1-1

R-6B

R-6B

M-1-2

C-2-4 M

M-1-1

M

R-6B

R-6B

R-6A

M-2-1

R-6A M-3-1

R-6B R-6B

R-6B

R-6

MASTER PLAN 117 GOWANUS

2035

The Master Plan includes a few critical components:

1 Walk + cycle path 2 Wetland field study site 3 Urban ecology laboratory 4 Pedestrian bridge 5 Conservancy plaza 6 Activity node 7 Waterfront amphitheater 8 Green corridor The pedestrian and cycle path encircles the entire canal and connects it to the Brooklyn Greenway.

Denser light industrial, manufacturing and commercial spaces populate the canal’s emptier areas, as a response to the anticipation of a more actively programmed Gowanus (as we have seen signs of with the Whole Foods building moving in).

Within this framework, opportunities arise to create varied green spaces and spaces that interact with the canal, such as a terraced amphitheater space in front of the Bat Cave building, or pulling back the path from the edge at moments to make the reunification with the water more special. The goal is to create a balance of different landscapes mixed with some hardscaped areas, which create different relationships to the canal (pulled away, pushed up against, stepped down, lifted back up), to avoid a homogeneous 40 ft esplanade tracing the bulkhead.

7

1

8

66 1 6

118

7

6

4 2

3

5

1

7

8

118

PROPOSAL URBAN ECOLOGY RESEARCH LAB

121 WHY

RESEARCH

In the process of determining the program needs of Gowanus, it is helpful to consider what it has and what it is missing. Gowanus’ sizable artist community, as discussed previously, is a big influence on the area, and is a piece of its culture.

However, in Gowanus there is not the same level of scientific emphasis, despite being located on an incredibly fascinating water body. What would happen if Gowanus became a place for art and science to mix?

The case for art and science is very strong: artists are inspired by scientists, and many use science

in their own work. For example, bio-artists such as Anna Dumitriu actually use biological specimens in their work.1 Others, like Karen Ristuben enjoy creating new ways to communicate scientific concepts through artwork.2 The leader of the Collide@Cern program, Ariane Koek, finds that the two balance well together because “artists often ask the questions scientists never think to ask” whereas artists are attuned to graphically-captivating representation, which would allow research findings to engage the public more directly, because there is not the need to understand all the

technical terminology or sift through endless text.3 There are not many science-based programs in the Gowanus area, though there are indications that the community would embrace such a program: the Gowanus Dredgers club frequently gives canoe tours along the river, in order to raise community interest in its preservation.4 The Gowanus Canal Conservancy also is involved with the restoration effort, and frequently holds community events.5 A research lab would fill the missing link the Gowanus area needs to thrive.

INSPIRES ART

SCIENCE QUESTIONS

SCIENCE

COMMUNITY

ART

122

Whether it is bacteria, chemical reactions, or brain scans, artists find inspiration in science for their own work and processes, while scientists can find new ways of asking questions and communicating their findings.

123 NEW

YORK CITY RESEARCH FACILITIES

The canal’s relationship to both the urban and coastal environments presents an optimal location for field study research, since it is a rare condition in New York.

Additionally on the map are children’s science facilities. As you can see, there are few in the Gowanus area; thus, the community would benefit from a youth science component.

Most coastal and riparian research in New York occurs outside the city. The laboratories that are within the New York City area are usually located within universities, and as such, not as directly engaged with the public.6

An urban ecology research lab, one that is nestled not in a rural setting, but in the heart of the diverse neighborhoods around it, will activate the canal, promote environmental care and involve the community.

THE TYPICAL LAB

THE ALTERNATIVE

Inward focus

Outward focus

124 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

STEVENS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

SUNY MARITIME COLLEGE

CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK

SUBMERGE NYC

NEW YORK HARBOR SCHOOL

PRATT INSTITUTE

BROOKLYN COLLEGE JAMAICA BAY WILDLIFE REFUGE SALT MARSH NATURE CENTER

NEW YORK AQUARIUM

ACADEMIC OPEN TO PUBLIC

RESEARCH LAB GOALS 125 SOCIAL

LABORATORY

As a community-based laboratory, the Urban Ecology Research Lab will feature a variety of public and private program within the building. Greater transparency at certain points in the building will allow not only researchers to visually connect with each other, but also visitors to understand and learn more about the research happening.

These revealed moments will be part of the overall choreography of the circulation within the building.

Next there is a call for an intermingled section: in order for researchers to keep talking to one another, the program of the building will be interspersed, allowing for chance interactions that improve the communication between research groups. This is likely to result in creative solutions.

ISOLATION + VISUAL CONNECTION Invite visitors to observe the research activities while keeping labs hermetically sealed

Third, it is important that the ground floor of the research lab is inviting, as it houses community program. The connections to the street and to water are incredibly important.

Next, for a more holistic experience of the building for visitors, the wall-based exhibition spaces should occur on or just off of a circulation path in the building. It also is important that the thermally-intensive program and equipment be centralized, allowing more flexibility with the program touching the exterior.

Finally, lab modules should be flexible to allow for many configurations.

EXHIBITION CIRCULATION Allow for the circulation to be a learning experience of what goes on in the lab.

126

CROSS-POLLINATION Disperse program vertically to encourage interaction between research groups.

THERMAL GRADIENT Centralize the spaces with the most thermallysensitive program.

GROUND FLOOR PERMEABILITY Connect to both the street and canal experience to encourage community participation.

FLEXIBLE LAB SPACES Expand and contract laboratories as research demands change.

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PRECEDENTS THE SOCIAL LABORATORY

PRECEDENTS 129 SAINSBURY

LABORATORY

This botanical research lab includes laboratories, office space, lecture and meeting space and a public café, all spread across three floors with social space in between. The architects envisioned circulation as the “main street” of the building, intended as a zone of spontaneous interaction and collaboration that spurs scientific discovery and creative thinking.

A variety of workspaces, from more intimate cubbies, to open plan writeup space, to collaborative meeting rooms, allow for a balance of work styles. Light and view are prioritized according to program, for instance, the laboratories have skylights, since they require more evenly distributed top lighting, and collaborative spaces and write-up space are given a garden view, since much of the researchers’ time is spent there. The double-height space in the building visually connects the activity of the ground floor with the laboratories on the second level, creating an active visual experience and sense of orientation. Additionally, the building’s materials are warm and balanced, so it will be valuable to study it from this standpoint as well. This project’s similar program, relatively comparable size, and successful programmatic relationships make it a significant precedent to study.

Architect: Stanton Williams Location: Cambridge, UK Size: 11,000 m2 Occupants: 150 Completed: 2011 Aspects to study: Specific program elements, program adjacencies, social circulation, collaborative space, material palette

1

130

131 ANNENBERG

CENTER II

The proposed Information Science and Technology building for Caltech aims to intermingle academic program through a building that encourages intra-IST collaboration.

The intertwined circulation and social gathering spaces form a dynamic heart of the building, but to conform to the campus context, a ring of spaces surround the core; the scheme is a “wolf in sheep’s clothing.” The collaborative “wolf” is comprised of layered classrooms, conference rooms, reading rooms, lounges, kitchenettes, exhibition spaces and public circulation.

Structural rules dictate the folds in the plates: each plates fold twice per side allowing stairs, ramps, and lecture spaces to act as the lateral bracing for the building.

The result is a dynamic core, which promotes both intentional and serendipitous interaction, behind a simple, unassuming form.

Architect: REX Location: Pasadena, California Size: 6,100 m² / 65,000 sf Occupants: -Completed: -Aspects to study: Social circulation, collaborative space, flexible lecture space, intermingling of program, context sensitivity

2

132

133 GENZYME

CENTER

3

The Genzyme Center is a progressive office building that contains 920 individual workplaces. The concept for the project involved working from the inside space, the atrium, to the outside of the building. Its organization as a vertical “city” with a mixture of offices, public spaces, and indoor green space work to create a vibrant office environment. The central atrium floods the space with daylight, and a series of metal reflectors hang in the space and bounce the light to the neighboring spaces.

Architect: Behnisch Architekten Location: Cambridge, MA Size: 32.500 m² / 350.000 sq.ft.

Occupants: 920 Completed: 2004 Aspects to study: Social circulation, collaborative space

134

135 JOHN

AND FRANCES ANGELO LAW CENTER

A university building that unites offices, classrooms, and library space, the Angelos Law Center serves as a social and academic nexus for the University of Baltimore campus. Located near Baltimore’s primary train station, it is both highly visible and accessible.

The design of interlocking L-shaped volumes reflects the program inside, adopting a different façade and envelope strategy for each programmatic piece. The building features a narrow atrium, called the “green stalk” that connects the numerous floors, and provides a navigational anchor to the patrons.

The atrium also contains the lobby, coffee bars, and informal work and meeting spaces. The critical piece in the “green stalk” is the open stair that jogs irregularly through the large space, allowing for visual connection throughout multiple floors.

The project’s successful design of social circulation zones within a unified, light-filled core is the aspect that will be most critical to study.

Architect: Behnisch Architekten Location: Baltimore, MD Size: 17.873 m2 / 192.000 sq. ft.

Occupants: -Completed: 2013 Aspects to study: Social circulation, collaborative space, interaction with urban context

4

136

137 BIGELOW

LABORATORY FOR OCEAN SCIENCES

Located on a coastal site in Maine, this research laboratory studies the relationship between oceans and the atmosphere. The facility is comprised of three research wings connected by a curved gallery space that serves as the social spine of the project.

The labs are divided by support space, and are visually connected to the write-up space. Collaboration porches are adjacent to the lab and work space, promoting interaction amongst group members.

Architect: Perkins + Will Location: East Boothbay, Maine Size: 65,000 sq. ft.

Occupants: -Completed: 2012 Aspects to study: specific program elements, program adjacencies, break space

5

138

138

PROGRAM

URBAN ECOLOGY RESEARCH LAB

PEOPLE 141 RESEARCH

THE GROUP LEADER Each research team has a professional group leader, also known as a principal investigator, who writes proposals and grant applications, oversees the project and team, manages project finances, enforces protocol, and regularly communicates with the team members, other group leaders, and other research professionals outside of the program. The spokesperson of the team, the group leader converses privately and in group settings, as well as communicating extensively via

email, phone and video-conference.

However, he/she also spends a considerable time writing, reading, and completing paperwork.

PRIMARY NEEDS: -private office -acoustic separation -collaboration space -lab space

THE TEAM MEMBER Postdoctoral, postgraduate, and graduate researchers are the worker bees of the laboratory, as they complete the bulk of the experiments and data analysis.

The team member is responsible for assisting in developing research goals and tasks, collecting samples, compiling and analyzing data, and preparing technical reports and presentations with findings. The team member spends most time analyzing and writing, but field sampling and

experimenting in the wet lab also comprises a significant amount of his/her work. Some of this work may be collaborative, and team members meet up often with the group leader to discuss the next step.

PRIMARY NEEDS: -lab space -field study site -open office / write-up space -collaborative space

THE VISITING RESEARCHER Though similar to the team member, the visiting researcher, if staying for a short time (a few days up to a few weeks) will most likely spend more time at the field study site collecting samples, and sorting out the appropriate material to take to his/her permanent lab for further analysis.

However, he/she may also need access to the wet lab and equipment, and a temporary write-up space such as a hot desk. Visiting researchers may also be in town for symposiums,

conferences and other events at the research laboratory, and will only be attending lectures or meeting with fellow scientists.

NEEDS: -field study site -processing lab -boathouse -lab space

-processing lab -boathouse

COMMUNITY

142

THE YOUTHFUL LEARNER Youth in K-12 grades may visit the facility on field trips, for guided afterschool and summer activities, and for special events. The young learner will be conducting experiments in the youth lab, observing the scientific exhibitions, and exploring the field study site. This member will be supervised by the youth director, and may also interact with the outreach directors and receptionist.

NEEDS: -private office -youth lab -lecture hall -exhibition space -field study site

THE CURIOUS VISITOR The goal of the research lab is to not only to discover and innovate, but engage the public. The community member is an asset to the lab. He/she will be able to tour the ground floor exhibition space and tour the full exhibition guided by the outreach director. The visitor may also be attending a special event, or lecture, and will be accessing these more public elements of the building.

NEEDS: -lecture hall -exhibition space

THE COLLABORATOR Promoting connections between the community and science, the research lab should accommodate collaborative artists, Gowanus canal conservancy members, and Gowanus Dredgers’ Club members. Art collaborators will produce their work externally in their art studios, but will be actively involved in communicating with their particular research partner.

They will need supervised access to their partner’s lab space, and will frequently join in meetings. Conservan-

cy members will not require as much interaction with the researchers, but may be a point of communication about event hosting at the Conservancy plaza across from the building.

The Dredgers’ Club members will share access to the boathouse. All three collaborative types will likely be involved in event planning, and may help out with the exhibitions of the lab. These members will be in direct communication with the outreach director.

NEEDS: -collaborative space -access to lab space -lecture hall -exhibition space

PEOPLE 143

ADMINISTRATIVE & SUPPORT THE HEAD OF LABORATORY The backbone of the laboratory, the administrators work behind the scenes to ensure the success of the research.

Chief among these personnel include the Head of Laboratory, who oversees the entire operation and serves as a spokesperson in research events. Much of the head of laboratory’s job includes communication with other research directors, and communication with the other staff members. The head of laboratory spends a lot of time

attending meetings, symposiums, and garnering funding for the program.

He/she will receive the clerical help from the administrative staff.

NEEDS: -private office -meeting space

THE LAB MANAGER The lab manager is involved in all of the technical activities and operations in the facility. If anything goes amiss, the lab manager is there to resolve the issue. This member is responsible for managing and coordinating policies and procedures, as well as acting as a liaison for the teams. He/ she is responsible for lab calibration and maintenance of lab equipment and keeps the lab up to date with new technology and procedures. The lab manager is also involved in goal-

THE FACILITIES MANAGER While the lab manager is focused on the management and maintenance on the laboratory side, the facilities manager is responsible for upkeep on the building and grounds, including the field research park.

NEEDS: -open office -access to building and grounds -meeting space

setting both in the short term (such as planning to purchase pieces of equipment) and in the long term (such as reconfiguring lab spaces).

Providing technical support to the research groups, creating media, stocking solutions and maintaining lab supplies are the principal tasks.

Lab managers work in office spaces, but are likely to be mobile throughout the day.

NEEDS: -open office -access to all lab facilities -meeting space

144

THE ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF MEMBER A key set of administrative staff ensures the lab’s ability to function smoothly. The administrators include a financial manager, controller or accountant, two outreach directors, and a receptionist. The financial manager and controller will share a private office that connects to the administrative open office. The receptionist will be located at the front desk on the ground floor. An administrator is often on the phone, answering email, and engaged in

other forms of communication. He/ she also often is involved in group meetings.

NEEDS: -office space -meeting space -collaborative space

THE COMMUNITY OUTREACH COORDINATOR The research lab includes significant community interaction, and this team is responsible for all of the communityoriented aspects of the lab. Two outreach directors are responsible for event coordination and will often communicate with other research institutions, K-12 schools for field trip coordination, parents, and community members and collaborators. One director will be more involved in the youth programs, while the other is more involved in research events, and

both will work on other community events. A youth leader also comprises the team, who will oversee the youth activities in the lab and at the field research site.

NEEDS: -office space -collaborative space

THE MAINTENANCE STAFF MEMBER This staff member works directly with the facilities manager to ensure upkeep of the building and the grounds. The maintenance staff member will be working on his/her feet often throughout the day, but will require a small work space in the open administrative office for down time.

NEEDS: -open office -access to building and grounds

PROGRAM BRIEF 145 RESEARCH

WET LAB (7,000 sq. ft. total) Researchers complete experiments, study field samples, and handle plant, soil, water, and other materials in the wet lab. This space should be flexible, with lab benches (dimensions) under which moveable casework and equipment can nest, customizable for each research group’s needs. An overhead service carrier in which to plug equipment is recommended for flexibility. This space should include 1 fume hood per 4 benches. There must be a minimum of 5 ft. between each bench. Sinks must be located near fume hoods, and additional sinks may terminate bench areas.

This space should be directly adjacent to lab support, large equipment storage, sample storage, and should near write-up space. Special care should be given to the ventilation and the mechanical system must bring in 100% fresh air. Area/bins should be included for waste disposal. Natural lighting, especially top lighting, is essential for reducing costs and reducing shadows.

PROCESSING LAB (2 x 1,500 sq. ft. - 3,000 sq. ft. total) A space to sort and filter materials and field samples, this lab should include lots of counter space, measuring equipment, plant drying machine, and space to store containers, and space for storage tanks for water samples and storage bins for plant material and soil. Additionally, cabinets with labels and small containers for samples should be included.

WORKSHOP (1,500 sq. ft.)

Many researchers need to modify or build customized equipment and devices for collecting data and field samples.

This space should accommodate a few portable workbenches, a band saw, miter saws, and a large cutting mat.

Cabinets/shelving for manual tools, power tools, and shared materials comprise storage within the space. Large material storage and lockable storage for each research group should be adjacent to this space. The workshop should be acoustically separated from the other workspaces of the building.

GROUP LEADER OFFICE (6 x 225 sq. ft. - 1350 sq. ft total) Private office space is essential for the group leader. The space should include a desk for a computer and shelves and/or drawers for storage. This space should have natural light and a view is recommended for increased efficiency and a more pleasant working environment.

WRITE-UP SPACE (100 sq. ft. per person - 7,000 total) Write-up space is essential for researchers to record data and results. This space should include a desk for a computer and drawers for storage. Natural light is needed, and a view is recommended for increased efficiency and a more pleasant working environment.

146

LARGE BREAK SPACE / KITCHEN (1 x 625 sq. ft. - 625 total) The break space is the purely social zone of the building, where different research groups interact in a casual setting.

A larger break space with seating for 20 encourages interaction between floors, which might otherwise not occur.

Counter space and cabinetry for dishes should be included, and the space should accommodate a refrigerator, sink, microwave, and coffee machine. The break space would best be located near a major circulation zone. Access to outdoors, with seasonal outdoor seating either on the ground floor or an above ground terrace is recommended.

SMALL BREAK SPACE / KITCHEN (2 x 300 sq. ft. - 600 total) In addition to the primary break space, smaller break spaces will serve the other floors of the building. View to the outdoors is recommended.

SMALL MEETING ROOM (4 x 225 sq. ft.)

Private space for conversing with groups and videoconferencing or phone conversations should be interspersed throughout the building.

COLLABORATIVE WORK SPACE (4,000 sq. ft.)

A variety of spaces conducive to team work and discovery will permeate the work space. Proximity of this space along the major circulation zone is imperative, and these spaces may integrate or overlap with the break spaces in some instances. Spaces that engage the senses are recommended for creative thinking.

LAB STORAGE & SUPPORT (4,000 sq. ft. total) Includes larger equipment, chemical storage, cabinets for equipment, and specimen storage.

RESTROOMS (AS PER CODE REQUIREMENTS)

147 COMMUNITY

ENTRY AREA / FOYER (800 sq. ft.)

A reception space will allow visitors and researchers to gather while they wait to meet staff members or congregate before or after a lecture. A front desk will provide a security point for the building. Proximity to restrooms and the lecture hall is important. This space may be integrated with exhibition space.

EXHIBITION SPACE (2,000 sq. ft.)

In order to connect with the community, research will be on display in rotating and permanent interactive stations, digital displays, and presentation boards. Collaborations with the art community may also be displayed. Though there may be an actual exhibition room, much of the exhibition space should be combined with circulation space in order to allow visitors to experience multiple parts of the building. This space needs open wall and floor space and capabilities for digital displays.

YOUTH WET LAB (2 x 1200 sq. ft. = 2,400 sq. ft.)

Youth in K-12 grades may visit the facility on field trips, for guided after-school and summer activities, and for special events. Each lab space can accommodate up to 20 students. Only one lab will include fume hoods. Flexibility is a must for these spaces, and a visual connection to the outdoors is recommended.

LECTURE HALL (2,600 sq. ft) A double height assembly space for 100 occupants will allow connectivity with other researchers and community members. The space should be able to be closed off or opened up. Artificial light should be carefully considered, especially near the speaking area. The audio/video room should be in the rear of the space.

AUDIO / VISUAL ROOM (150 sq. ft.)

BOAT HOUSE (1,200 sq. ft.)

For field research, small watercraft will be helpful in the process of gathering samples along the canal and especially in the wetland field study site. This space should be directly adjacent to the canal and entirely able to flood. It will need racks for canoes, and space for row boats and/or air boats. This boat storage will be shared with the Gowanus Dredgers Club.

STORAGE (500 sq. ft.)

Lecture hall storage requires space for chairs/tables. Storage for the wet lab will need to include equipment and materials for activities.

RESTROOMS (AS REQUIRED BY CODE)

ADMINISTRATIVE & SUPPORT ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICES (1,200 sq. ft.)

A grouping of private offices should open up to an open office with administrative staff. Private offices should be included for the Head of Laboratory, the financial staff to share, the outreach coordinators to share, and an open office should accommodate the lab manager, facilities manager, and the remaining support staff. Both types of spaces should include a desk for a computer and shelves and/or drawers for storage and should have natural light.

A view is recommended for increased efficiency and a more pleasant working environment.

SMALL MEETING ROOM (225 sq. ft.)

Private space for conversing with groups and videoconferencing or phone conversations should be included.

WORK / MAIL ROOM (225 sq. ft.)

Includes a table with office tools, copiers, and staff mailboxes.

RESTROOMS (as required by code) JANITOR’S CLOSET (100 sq. ft.)

SUPPLY STORAGE (100 sq. ft.)

Includes general office supplies.

RECORDS STORAGE (150 sq. ft.)

Includes electronic records.

MECHANICAL, ELECTRICAL & TELECOMMUNICATIONS (15% of gross sq. ft.)

CIRCULATION (1.3 x gross sq. ft.)

148

149 EXTERIOR

WETLAND FIELD STUDY SITE (6.8 acres) Researchers will use this space to collect samples. Visiting researchers may also collect specimens and observe any wildlife in the area. A park space for community members and researchers alike will transition between the urban and canal environments.

CONSERVANCY PLAZA (63,000 sq. ft.)

Large community events may be held in this space shared with the Gowanus Canal Conservancy and the Dredgers Club.

LOADING / DROP-OFF ZONE Allow for a space for supplies and materials to be brought into the building, and a school bus to drop off and pick up students from field trips.

TRASH & RECYCLING Include one bin for each, screened from view and easily accessed for pickup.

SUMMARY SPACE Research

Wet lab Bulk processing lab Workshop Group leader private office Write-up space Large break space / kitchen Small break space / kitchen Small meeting room Collaborative work space Lab storage and support Restrooms

COMMUNITY

Entry area / reception Exhibition Youth wet lab Lecture hall Audio/visual booth Boat house Storage Restrooms

ADMINISTRATIVE & SUPPORT Administrative offices Small meeting room Work/mail room Restrooms Janitor’s closet Supply, misc. storage Records storage

150

NUMBER

SQ. FT.

TOTAL

-2 1 6 -1 2 4 --6

7,000 1,500 1,500 225 7,000 625 300 225 4,000 4,000 100

7,000 3,000 1,500 1,350 7,000 625 600 900 4,000 4,000 600

1 -2 1 1 1 -2

800 2,000 1,200 2,600 150 1,200 500 200

800 2,000 2,400 2,600 150 1,200 500 200

3 1 1 1 1 1 1

1,200 225 225 100 100 100 100

3,600 225 225 100 100 100 100

Mechanical, Electrical +15% Circulation +20%

EXTERIOR

Field study site Conservancy plaza Loading / drop-off zone Trash Subtotal (without circulation)

51,836

BUILDING GROSS SQ. FT.

67,387

151 PROGRAM

RELATIONSHIPS

WRITE- UP

LAB

COLLABORATION

LAB

LAB SUPPORT

SERVICE

CIRCULATION SPINE WRITE- UP

LAB

152

LECTURE COLLABORATIVE

CIR

CUL

ATIO N

CIRCULATION

LAB

YOUTH LAB

BUS DROP OFF

OUTDOOR SPACE

ENTRY AREA

BOATHOUSE

PROCESSING

WORKSHOP

SPACE NEEDS EXHIBITION / CIRCULATION +20%

COLLABORATIVE

MEETING

BOATHOUSE

COLLABORATIVE

GROUP LEADER OFFICE

LAB SUPPORT

STORAGE

COLLABORATIVE PROCESSING LAB

MEETING

LABS

LABS

LAB SUPPORT

WORKSHOP

COLLABORATIVE

SMALL KITCHEN

WRITE-UP

GROUP LEADER OFFICE

LECTURE HALL

SMALL KITCHEN

PROCESSING LAB

RESTROOMS COLLABORATIVE ENTRY

WORK / MAIL

WRITE-UP

MEETING

ADMIN OFFICE

153

MEETING JANITOR YOUTH LAB MEETING

admin YOUTH LAB

RECORD SUPPLY

MECHANICAL

LARGE KITCHEN

PROGRAM MASSING LAB & SUPPORT CIRCULATION COLLABORATIVE COMMUNITY WRITE-UP / OFFICE SERVICE

154

155 MASSING

STRATEGY

Carved canal inlet

Circulation spine & exhibition stair

Boat house & processing labs adajent to canal

Write-up space clusters

156

Central gathering space

Collaborative clusters

Raised lab modules

Service cores along the circulation spine

157 URBAN

SECTION

158

158 159

APPENDIX

INTERNATIONAL CITY RESEARCH: STOCKHOLM

161

162

OVERVIEW A fourteen-island city along the Baltic, Stockholm is the cultural, political, and economic center of Sweden.

Located where the freshwaters of Lake Mälaren unite with the sea, Stockholm’s physical position has affected it since its beginnings. With 914,909 people, or 22% of Sweden’s population, it is a bustling metropolis that is not only an important city nationally, but globally as well. When comparing physical size to other cities, it is easy to see that Stockholm takes up a relatively small footprint, especially considering its population.

However, with a density of 3,597/km2,

it’s closest comparison in density is Chicago.

An especially clean European city, Stockholm was named Europe’s first “green capital” in 2010. The city boasts 219 nature reserves and 1,000 green spaces, which comprises a third of the city. It also has an impressive waterfront, with 80% of the shoreline publicly accessible.

How did Stockholm get to this point of development? Mapping the city allows us a glimpse into the story of the “Venice of the North.”

163 MASS

+ VOID

Examining the mass and void of the city, one can notice a few things about the city. First, that the buildings become denser the closer to the inner city, and the buildings are closest to each other in Gamla Stan.

The second is the combination of city grids. While Gamla Stan is very irregular, the parts of the city surrounding it have a rectilinear grid that changes based on the orientation to the coast.

The buildings’ shapes are also significant. For many of the buildings

in Stockholm, the outside is rectilinear, aligning with the street grid, while inner lightwells and courtyards allow for irregular protrusions.

Finally, the amount of open space is notable. One does not need to travel far to be in nature.

PROGRAM DENSITIES Breaking down Stockholm’s city center into building types informs us further about the city. In Norrmalm for example, there are mostly commercial buildings and mixed use (Mixed use comprising of ground-floor retail and above-ground floor apartments).

One can see a north-south pattern of commercial activity, which makes sense because the city grew along the north-south axis first. The residential areas primarily are to the east and west of the commercial activity. Thus, Kungsholmen to the west has some shops, but is primarily residential.

164 Universities, including the major Karolinska Institutet, in Stockholm are almost all to the north of the city, and are just outside of the inner city.

Industry is on the fringe as well, occurring along the smaller inlets of water.

RESIDENTIAL MIXED-USE EDUCATIONAL COMMUNITY COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIAL

165 GREEN

SPACE

About 30% of the city is devoted to parks and green space.1 In addition to the quantity, notice there are different types of green space, as well. There are urban parks that act as anchors to the city, privately owned greenspace, and green connectors. The city was planned for growth that preserved the high percentage of green space.2 Comparing between districts, Gamla Stan’s green spaces are few and more rigid in structure, primarily gardens for palaces there. While on Sodermalm, for instance, large organic forms and less constrained parks are common.

GREEN SPACE BUILDINGS WATER

FOREST PUBLIC GREEN SPACE

PEDESTRIAN AND CYCLE PATHS Much of the green space in Stockholm is easily accessible by biking, making it possible for someone to feasibly leave the city for a nature reserve without ever having to set foot in a car or metro. In addition to a network of bike paths in the city, a national path is popular for long distance travel.3 Bike paths not only traverse the major streets of the city, but also trace the waterfront of the city. Several walking paths follow the shoreline as well.

Thus the person, not the automobile, has priority access to the waterfront.

NATIONAL BIKE PATH LOCAL BIKE PATH WATERFRONT WALKING PATH

166

167 PEDESTRIAN

EXPERIENCE

Throughout Stockholm, there are several different water experiences. A consistent trait in all of them, however, is how pedestrians are given priority at the water’s edge. Along most of the coast, there is a distinct vehicle-free area bordering bodies of water.

1

2 1 2

1 SÖDER MÄLARSTRAND

Vehicle-free zone

Soder Malarstrand

2 NORR MÄLARSTRAND

Vehicle-free zone

168 In addition to the water space, there is considerable vegetated dividers between pedestrians and cars. Gently sloping, tree-filled hills line some parts of the coast. A pedestrian and bicycle path is protected by vegetation on both sides in green corridors within Ostermalm.

3

4

3

4

Vehicle-free zone

3 KUNGSHOLMS STRAND

4 KARLAVĂ„GAN STREET

Vehicle-free zone

169 HAMMARBY

SJĂ–STAD

This neighborhood project grew out of the need for more housing in Stockholm. The thought was to build a sustainable community that would match the density of downtown and would be a fully-functional community complete with businesses and schools.

Once a brownfield site, in 1996, Stockholm, which was pursuing the 2012 Olympic bid, decided the site would be a perfect Olympic village project. When they lost the bid, the city planners pursued the project as a sustainable, efficient, eco-city.4

INDUSTRIAL ROOTS The site originally was an agricultural region, but in the late 19th century rapidly transformed into an industrial area of Stockholm. The Sickla Canal was built in the early 20th century, and rail lines were put in place shortly thereafter.

Heavy industry, such as a General Motors automotive factory and the Luma co-operative lamp factory, as well as light industry took place along the waterfront.

The brownfield site continued to be used for primarily industrial activities,

170 and was not rethought until the 1990s, when planners investigated the possibility of redeveloping the area as part of the city’s “build inwards” initiative to reduce sprawl.5

171 HAMMARBY

SJĂ–STAD

The intent for Hammarby was to be an extension of downtown, only greener; an eco city. The project uses bioenergy, and waste-incineration to reduce energy needs, and a large scale water management systems were put in place, including stormwater harvest and filtration in a small canal that is a smaller-scale water experience for the residents.

The compact 4-5 story buildings allow for maximum occupants with the added benefit of courtyard space and a large shared park.

the residents of Hammarby enjoy waterfront views and access along a trail. The waterfront route is activated with shops and cafes. Pedestrian and vehicular bridges span across both the small and large canals, knitting the community together. This project serves as a model for not only a sustainable city, but an enjoyable community.

Along with a shared green space,

1

1 STORM WATER CANAL 2 2 WATERFRONT SHOPS

3 WALK AND CYCLE PATH

3

172

172

BIBLIOGRAPHY

GOWANUS CANAL MASTER PLAN AND PROGRAM PROPOSAL

BIBLIOGRAPHY 175 NYC

RESEARCH: HISTORY

In-text Citations 1. The Gowanus Dredgers Canoe Club. Accessed September 15, 2015. http://www.gowanuscanal.org/history html.

2. The New York Public Library. Accessed September 13, 2015. http://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/871fda48ba46-c1d9-e040-e00a18064c0a.

3. Goode, Kristen. About Travel. Accessed September 12, 2015. http://Brooklyn.about.com/od/historicbrooklyn/a/ History.htm.

4. “Gowanus Canal” NYC Environmental Protection, Accessed September 25, 2015, <http://www.nyc.gov/html/ dep/html/harborwater/gowanus_canal_history.shtml>.

5. Andrea Thompson, “Storm Surge Could Flood NYC 1 in Every 4 Years” Climate Cental, April 25, 2014, <http:/www. climatecentral.org/news/storm-surge-could-flood-nyc-1-in-every-4-years-17344>.

6. Ibid.

7. Allen Spector, “Welcome to Gowanus Mapping,” Mapping Gowanus, Accessed October 11, 2015 < http:// allenspector.com/mappinggowanus/>.

8. Environmental Protection Agency, “Gowanus Canal Brooklyn, NY,” Gowanus Canal Superfund Site, Accessed Oct 8, 2015, <http://www3.epa.gov/region02/Superfund/npl/gowanus/>.

9. NOAA Tides and Currents, GOWANUS BAY, NY StationId: 8517921, Accessed September 29, 2015, <https:// tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/noaatidepredictions/NOAATidesFacade.jsp?Stationid=8517921>.

10. “Feasibility Study Gowanus Canal.” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1 Dec. 2011. Web. 3 Oct. 2015. <http://www3.epa.gov/region02/Superfund/npl/gowanus/pdf/2011-12-19_Gowanus_Canal_Draft_Text.pdf>.

11. “Gowanus Canal Improving Water Quality.” NYC Environmental Protection. 2015. Web. 14 Oct. 2015. <http://www. nyc.gov/html/dep/html/harborwater/gowanus_canal_improving.shtml>.

12. “A Greener, Greater New York.” Plan NYC. United States Environmental Protection Agency. The City of New York Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg. September 2007. <http://ww.nyc.gov/html/planyc/downloads/pdf/ publications/full_report_2007.pdf>.

13. Sturcken, Charles, and Cathy DelliCarpini. “City Activates Gowanus Canal Flushing Tunnel.” NYC Environmental Protection. 30 Apr. 1999. Web. 8 Oct. 2015. <http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/html/press_ releases/99-28pr.shtml>.

14. “Estuarine Shoreline Stabilization – Assessment of the “Living Shoreline” Approach.” NCCOS. March 17, 2014.

Web. 4 Oct. 2015. <http://coastalscience.noaa.gov/projects/detail?key=176>.

15. “Gowanus Canal Sponge Park.” Gowanus Canal Sponge Park. 2014. Web. Sept. 22, 2015. <http://www. dlandstudio.com/projects_gowanus.html>.

16. “Gowanus Canal Superfund Site.” Superfund Proposed Plan. United States Environmental Protection Agency.

December 2012. <http://www3.epa.gov/region02/Superfund/npl/gowanus/pdf/gowanus_prap.pdf>.

17. “Bridges over the Gowanus Canal.” NYC DOT. 2015. Web. Oct. 2, 2015. <http://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/html/ infrastructure/bridges-gowanus.shtml>.

18. “Reconsidering Gowanus.” Opportunities for the Sustainable Transformation of an Industrial Neighborhood.

The Steven L. Newman Real Estate Institute & Baruch College. Baruch is CUNY. 2010. <http://www.baruch. cuny.edu/realestate/pdf/Reconsidering-Gowanus.pdf>.

176 19. Kaysen, Ronda. “Gowanus Is Counting on a Cleanup.” The New York Times. The New York Times, 4 Oct. 2014. Web. 9 Oct. 2015.

Images

In right-left, top-down order per page Brooklyn Land Formation [Map]. Data Layers: Light Gray Canvas: ESRI ON: Generated by April Trotter, September 27, 2015. Using ArcGIS map viewer [GIS]. OpenStreetMap, 2015.

Ibid.

Ibid.

Lionel Pincus and Princess Firyal Map Division, The New York Public Library. “Plan of the town of Brooklyn and part of Long Island.” New York Public Library Digital Collections. Accessed December 14, 2015. http://digitalcollections.nypl. org/items/871fda48-ba46-c1d9-e040-e00a18064c0a Lionel Pincus and Princess Firyal Map Division, The New York Public Library. “Map of the city of Brooklyn, as laid out by commissioners, and confirmed by acts of the Legislature of the state of New York : made from actual surveys, the farm lines and names of original owners, being accurately drawn from authentic sources, containing also a map of the Village of Williamsburgh, and part of the city of New-York : compiled from accurate surveys & documents and showing the true relative position of all” New York Public Library Digital Collections. Accessed December 14, 2015. http://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47da-f01d-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99 The New York Public Library. Accessed September 13, 2015. http://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/871fda48-ba46c1d9-e040-e00a18064c0a.

Flood Graph. Climate Cental, April 25, 2014, <http://www.climatecentral.org/news/storm-surge-could-flood-nyc-1-inevery-4-years-17344>.

Gowanus Flood Mapping [Map]. Data Layers: Hurricane Sandy Flood Map, Hurricane Irene Flood Map: ESRI ON: Generated by Eric Mueth, September 29, 2015. Using ArcGIS map viewer [GIS]. OpenStreetMap, 2015.

FEMA 1% Flood Map [Map]. Data Layers: FEMA Flood Map: ESRI ON: Generated by Eric Mueth, September 29, 2015. Using ArcGIS map viewer [GIS]. OpenStreetMap, 2015.

Runoff Sewer. Gowanus your face off. Accessed September 24, 2015. <http://www.gowanusyourfaceoff.com/ category/brooklyn-3/page/45/> Gowanus Pollution. Brownstoner. Accessed September 24, 2015. <http://www.brownstoner.com/blog/2009/04/ gowanus-cleanup-1/> Gowanus Dumping. New York Times. Accessed September 24, 2015. <http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/03/ nyregion/03gowanus.html?_r=0> Gowanus. The Word on Columbia Street. Accessed September 24, 2015. <http://wordoncolumbiastreet.blogspot. com/2009_04_01_archive.html> America’s DIrtiest Cities. Forbes. Accessed September 24, 2015. <http://www.forbes.com/sites/ christopherhelman/2012/12/10/americas-20-dirtiest-cities-2/>

BIBLIOGRAPHY 177 NYC

RESEARCH: HISTORY

Sewer Run off Points [Map]. Data Layers: Base map, sewer run off points: OpenStreetMap. ON: Generated by Brooke Thompson and Eric Mueth, October 1, 2015. Using OpenStreetMap, 2015.

Allen Spector, “Superfund Timeline,” Mapping Gowanus, Accessed Oct. 11, 2015 < http://allenspector.com/ mappinggowanus/>.

Ibid.

Gowanus Tides [Graphs]. NOAA Tides and Currents, GOWANUS BAY, NY StationId: 8517921, <https:// tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/noaatidepredictions/NOAATidesFacade.jsp?Stationid=8517921>. ON: Generated by Eric Mueth, September 29, 2015.

“Flood Vulnerability Assessment Map.” U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). 2015. Web. Oct. 9, 2015. <http:// www.eia.gov/special/floodhazard/>.

“Report to Congress on the Impacts and Control of CSOs and SSOs.” 2004. Web. 14 Oct. 2015. <http://www3.epa. gov/npdes/pubs/csossoRTC2004_chapter02.pdf>.

Ibid.

“Gowanus Canal Corridor Framework - Department of City Planning.” Gowanus Canal Corridor Framework - Department of City Planning. 1 May 2008. Web. 9 Oct. 2015. <http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/gowanus/ presentation_0508.shtml>.

Ibid.

“Combined Sewer Overflow Long Term Control Plan for Gowanus Canal.” June 2015. Web. Oct. 4, 2015. <http:// www.nyc.gov/html/dep/pdf/cso_long_term_control_plan/gowanus-canal-ltcp-201506.pdf.

“Gowanus Canal Sponge Park™ Brooklyn, New York.” ASLA 2010 Professional Awards. 2010. Web. Dec. 14, 2015.

Allen Spector, “Superfund Timeline,” Mapping Gowanus, Accessed Oct. 11, 2015 < http://allenspector.com/ mappinggowanus/>.

“Gowanus Canal Brownfield Opportunity Area.” April 2014. Web. Oct. 5, 2015. <http://fbcb6.org/uploads/01%20 Gowanus%20BOA%20Step%20II%20Nomination%20Study%20REPORT-%20FINAL_low_rez.pdf.

“Combined Sewer Overflow Long Term Control Plan for Gowanus Canal.” June 2015. Web. Oct. 4, 2015. <http:// www.nyc.gov/html/dep/pdf/cso_long_term_control_plan/gowanus-canal-ltcp-201506.pdf.

“The Gowanus Canal Flushing Tunnel.” Gowanus Canal Improving Water Quality. NYC Environmental Protection.

2015. Web. Oct. 14, 2015. <http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/html/harborwater/gowanus_canal_improving.shtml>.

“Union Street Bridge.” Planning for Climate Change in Gowanus. Gowanus Canal Conservancy GCC Blog.

Jan. 25, 2012. Web. Oct. 7, 2015. <https://gowanuscanalconservancy.wordpress.com/2012/01/25/planning-forclimate-change-in-gowanus/>.

“FEMA’s Public Assistance Helps Repair Brooklyn’s Carroll Street Bridge.” FEMA’s Public Assistance Helps Repair Brooklyn’s Carroll Street Bridge. 23 Oct. 2013. Web. 10 Oct. 2015. <https://www.fema.gov/disaster/4085/updates/ femas-public-assistance-helps-repair-brooklyns-carroll-street-bridge-0>.

“Third Street Bridge over Gowanus Canal, Brooklyn, New York City.” Flickr. Yahoo!, 10 Oct. 2008. Web. <https:// www.flickr.com/photos/jag9889/2949150075>.

Percoco, Anne. “Ninth Street Bridge.” History of the Gowanus Canal. Anne Percoco, 15 July 2011. Web. Oct. 3, 2015. <https://annepercoco.wordpress.com/2011/07/15/>.

178 “Gowanus Expressway Viaduct and Hamilton Avenue Bridge over the Gowanus Canal, Brooklyn, New York City.”

Flickr. Yahoo! March 8, 2014. Web. 3 Oct. 2015. <https://www.flickr.com/photos/jag9889/13070497253>.

“Gowanus Canal.” Google Maps. Google, 2015. Web. Sept. 20, 2015. <https://www.google.com/maps/place/Gowanus Canal/@40.676407,-73.9921904.

Umberger, Melissa. “Gowanus Canal Corridor BOA Project.” Brooklyn Community Board Six. Pratt Programs for Sustainable Planning and Development, 2011. Web. Oct. 1, 2015. <http://brooklyncb6.org/_attachments/2011-11-01 Gowanus BOA RFP.pdf>.

“Land Use Map.” Gowanus Canal Corridor Framework - Department of City Planning. NYC Planning Department of City Planning City of NY, March 11, 2009. Web. 2 Oct. 2015. <http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/gowanus/indexshtml>.

“Land Use Site Axon.” Gowanus Canal Sponge Park. DLANDstudio Architecture Landscape Architecture Pllc., 2012.

Web. Oct. 4, 2015.

Taub, Mathew. “A PATHWAY IN THE GOWANUS HOUSES” Some NYCHA Residents Pessimistic About Influx of Officers. Brooklyn Brief. July 14, 2014. Web. Wiesner Olivieri, Holly. “P.S. 32 in Carroll Gardens, District 15.” NYC’s Other Great Elementary Schools. Politico New York, Jan. 13, 2014. Web. <http://www.capitalnewyork.com/article/city-hall/2014/01/8538250/nycs-other-greatelementary-schools>.

“Public Place, Street View.” Google Maps. Google, 2015. Web. Dec. 14, 2015. <https://www.google.com/maps/ @40.6773667,-73.9965316>.

Dialo, Amadao. “Architectural Grille, a Family-owned Metal...” Venice of Brooklyn. 2014. Web. Dec. 14, 2015. <http://veniceofbrooklyn.com/post/97176500588/architectural-grille-a-family-owned-metal>.

“Hamilton Avenue Asphalt Plant Reconstruction.” HAKS. 2015. Web. Oct. 14, 2015. <http://www.haks.net/project. php?mark-sub=serv-sub&scat_id=78&pro_id=163>.

Watson Carl, Anna. “Whole Foods.” The Yellow Table. 2014. Web. Oct. 4, 2015. <http://theyellowtable.com/category/ summer/>.

“Royal Palms Shuffleboard.” Royal Palms. 2015. Web. Oct. 5, 2015. <http://www.royalpalmsshuffle.com/>.

“Warehouse 1005.” Art Awakenings Warehouse 1005 Comments. 2015. Web. Oct. 9, 2015.

Nagle, Michael. “Smells like Amenity.” Smells like Amenity. 1 Aug. 2014. Web. Oct. 3, 2015. <http://www. capitalnewyork.com/article/city-hall/2014/08/8549621/smells-amenity>.

“Natural Gowanus Natural History of the Gowanus Canal.” Natural Gowanus RSS. July 9, 2009. Web. Rosenberg, Zoe. “Rent In Lightstone’s Gowanus-Adjacent Project From $833.” 363-365 Bond Street : Curbed NY. Curbed NY. Nov. 15, 2015. Web. <http://ny.curbed.com/places/363-365-bond-street>.

“Gowanus Green.” Gowanus Green. 2009. Web. Oct. 17, 2015. <http://gowanusgreen.hyperakt.com/>.

“Gowanus Pumping Station Upgrade.” Gowanus– Improving Water Quality. NYC Environmental Protection, 2015.

Web. Oct. 3, 2015. <http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/html/harborwater/gowanus_canal_improving.shtml>.

“Sponge Park.” Gowanus– Improving Water Quality. NYC Environmental Protection, 2015.

Web. Oct. 3, 2015. <http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/html/harborwater/gowanus_canal_improving.shtml>.

“WXY Architecture Urban Design.” Special Initiative for Rebuilding and Resiliency. Archinet, 2014. Web. Oct. 2, 2015.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 179 NYC

RESEARCH: TRANSPORTATION

In-text Citations 1D epartment of City Planning of New York. “Population: Current Population Estimates.” Nyc.gov. 2014. Accessed September, 21 2015. http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/transportation/main.shtml 2P ark It Guides. “NYC Bridges and Tunnels.” Parkitnyc.com. 2010. Accessed September, 20 2015. http://parkitnyc.com/driving-nyc/nyc-bridge-tunnel/ 3N YCEDC. “The New York Commute.” Nycedc.com. June 27, 2015. Accessed September, 21 2015. http://www.nycedc.com/blog-entry/new-york-commute 4N YC The Official Guide. “NYC by Train: Essentials.” Nycgo.cov. 2014. Accessed September, 21 2015. http://www.nycgo.com/articles/nyc-by-train 5M etropolitan Transportation Authority. “Subways.” Web.mta.info. Accessed September, 22 2015. http://web.mta.info/nyct/facts/ffsubway.htm 6 Transportation Alternative. “Bicycling in New York: Know the Facts.” Transalt.org. 2015. Accessed September, 25 2015. https://transalt.org/issues/bike/bikefaq 7 W ikipedia Foundation Inc.. “New York Water Taxi.” Wikipedia.com. November 24, 2015. Accessed September, 24 2015. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Water_Taxi 8D epartment of City Planning of New York. “Ferries and Buses.” Nyc.gov. 2015. Accessed September, 24 2015. http://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/html/ferrybus/staten-island-ferry.shtml 9. “List of Bridges and Tunnels in New York City.” [Wikipedia]. Accessed September 15, 2015. https://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/List_of_bridges_and_tunnels_in_New_York City.

10. “ Brooklyn Bus Schedules.” Mta.info. Accessed September 20, 2015. http://web.mta.info/nyct/service/bus/bklnsch. htm.

11. Freemark, Yonah. “Streetcars for Brooklyn: A New Life?” The Transport Politic. May 7, 2009.

12. F reemark, Yonah. “Streetcars for Brooklyn: A New Life?” The Transport Politic. May 7, 2009. Accessed September 22, 2015. http://www.thetransportpolitic.com/2009/05/07/streetcars-for-brooklyn-a-new-life/.

13. “MTA Bus Time.” MTA Bus Time. Accessed September 16, 2015. http://bustime.mta.info/.

14. F reemark, Yonah. “Streetcars for Brooklyn: A New Life?” The Transport Politic. May 7, 2009. Accessed September 22, 2015. http://www.thetransportpolitic.com/2009/05/07/streetcars-for-brooklyn-a-new-life/.

15. “Brooklyn.” [Wikipedia]. Accessed December 14, 2015. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn 16. “NY Waterway.” [Wikipedia]. Accessed December 14, 2015. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NY_Waterway.

Images

In right-left, top-down order per page (Graphics created by Nico Rallo, information extracted from the following) epartment of City Planning of New York. “Population: Current Population Estimates.” Nyc.gov. 2014. Accessed D September, 21 2015. http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/transportation/main.shtml Park It Guides. “NYC Bridges and Tunnels.” Parkitnyc.com. 2010. Accessed September, 20 2015. http://parkitnyc.com/driving-nyc/nyc-bridge-tunnel/

180 Highway and Roads [ARCGIS Image Service]. Accessed September 21, 2015. Available: https://www.arcgis.com/home/webmap/viewer.html?useExisting=1 Alon Levy. “New York Regional Rail.” Thetransportpolitic.vom. March 10, 2010. Accessed September, 21 2015. http://www.thetransportpolitic.com/2010/03/10/new-york-regional-rail-a-coda/ Metropolitan Transportation Authority. “SubwayMsp.” Web.mta.info. Accessed September, 22 2015. http://web.mta.info/maps/submap.html icycle Routes [ARCGIS Image Service]. Accessed September 25, 2015. Available: B https://www.arcgis.com/home/webmap/viewer.html?useExisting=1 Port Authority of New York & New Jersey. “Ferry Transportation.” Panynj.gov. 2015. Accessed September, 27 2015. http://www.panynj.gov/commuting-traveling/ferry-transportation.html [Google Maps]. Accessed September 15, 2015. Available: https://www.google.com/maps/ [Open Street Map]. Accessed September 15, 2015. Available: http://www.openstreetmap.org/ MTA Subway lines [ARCGIS Image Service]. Accessed September 25, 2015. Available: https://www.arcgis.com/home/ webmap/viewer.html?useExisting=1 “List of Bridges and Tunnels in New York City.” [Wikipedia]. Accessed September 15, 2015. https://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/List_of_bridges_and_tunnels_in_New_York City. [ Google Maps]. Accessed September 15, 2015. Available: https://www.google.com/maps/ [Open Street Map]. Accessed September 15, 2015. Available: http://www.openstreetmap.org/ MTA Subway lines [ARCGIS Image Service]. Accessed September 25, 2015. Available: https://www.arcgis.com/home/ webmap/viewer.html?useExisting=1 “R.P.A. Calls, Again, for Outer-borough X Line.” [Capitalnewyork]. Accessed December 13, 2015. Available: http:// www.capitalnewyork.com/article/city-hall/2015/02/8561985/rpa-calls-again-outer-borough-x-line.

Local Bus Map. Freemark, Yonah. “Existing Transit Network.” Digital image. Thetransportpolitic. Published May, 7th, 2009.. Accessed September 23, 2015. Available: http://www.thetransportpolitic.com/2009/05/07/streetcars-forbrooklyn-a-new-life/ Express Bus Map. [MTA Bus Time] Accessed September 24, 2015. Available: http://bustime.mta.info/ Future Bus Routes. Freemark, Yonah. “Proposed Transit Network.” Digital image. Thetransportpolitic. Published May, 7th, 2009.. Accessed September 23, 2015. Available: http://www.thetransportpolitic.com/2009/05/07/streetcars-forbrooklyn-a-new-life/ Bicycle Routes. [ARCGIS Image Service]. Accessed September 23, 2015. Available: https://www.arcgis.com/home/ webmap/viewer.html?useExisting=1 [Google Maps]. Accessed September 24, 2015. Available: https://www.google.com/maps/ [ Google Maps]. Accessed September 15, 2015. Available: https://www.google.com/maps/ [Open Street Map]. Accessed September 15, 2015. Available: http://www.openstreetmap.org/ MTA Subway lines [ARCGIS Image Service]. Accessed September 25, 2015. Available: https://www.arcgis.com/home/ webmap/viewer.html?useExisting=1 [Google Maps]. Accessed September 15, 2015. Available: https://www.google.com/maps/ TA Subway lines [ARCGIS Image Service]. Accessed September 25, 2015. Available: https://www.arcgis.com/home/ M webmap/viewer.html?useExisting=1 Bicycle Routes [ARCGIS Image Service]. Accessed September 25, 2015. Available: https://www.arcgis.com/home/ webmap/viewer.html?useExisting=1 [Google Maps]. Accessed September 15, 2015. Available: https://www.google.com/maps/

BIBLIOGRAPHY 181 NYC

RESEARCH: NEIGHBORHOOD

In-text Citations 1. “Greenmarket Farmers Markets.” GrowNYC. Accessed September 30, 2015. http://www.grownyc.org/greenmarket.

2. “History of Brooklyn.” Thirteen. Accessed September 30, 2015. http://www.thirteen.org/Brooklyn/history/history1. html 3. Ibid.

4. “Oasis Map.” Oasis NYC. Accessed September 30, 2015. http://www.oasisnyc.net/map.aspx.

5. “Gowanus Open Studios.” Artsicle. Accessed September 30, 2015. https://www.artsicle.com/communities/gowanusopen-studios.

6. “Google Maps.” Google. Accessed September 30, 2015. https://www.google.com/maps/search/bars/@40.6734333,73.9957018,15.43z.

7. “Now Renting.” New York City Housing Development Corporation. Accessed September 29, 2015. http://www.nychdc.com/pages/Now-Renting.html.

8. Ibid.

9. “Gowanus Canal, Brooklyn, NY.” Environmental Protection Agency. September 27, 2013. http://www3.epa.gov/region02/Superfund/npl/gowanus/ 10. “Arts Gowanus.” Artsicle. Accessed September 30, 2015. https://www.artsicle.com/communities/gowanus-openstudios/ 11. “General Information.” Gowanus Dredgers Canoe Club. Accessed September 30, 2015. http://www.gowanuscanal. org/info.html 12. “Must-see Park Slope.” NYC Official Guide. January 7, 2014. http://www.nycgo.com/slideshows/must-see-parkslope/1 13. “About the Coop.” Park Slope Food Coop. Accessed September 30, 2015. http://www.foodcoop.com/home 14. Hsu, Michael. “Must-see Red Hook.” NYC Official Guide. May 7, 2014. http://www.nycgo.com/slideshows/mustsee-red-hook/1 15. “No-brakes bike race sweeps cycling world.” CBS News. April 27, 2015. http://www.cbsnews.com/news/red-hookcriterium-no-brake-bike-race-sweeps-cycling-world/ 16. “Downtown Brooklyn - Approved.” NYC Planning. Accessed October 2, 2015. http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/ dwnbklyn2/dwnbklynproj1.shtml.

17. “Boerum Hill.” Compass. Accessed September 30, 2015. https://www.compass.com/neighborhood-guides/nyc/ boerum-hill/ 18. Goode, Kristen. “Cobble Hill - Neighborhood Profile.” About Travel. http://Brooklyn.about.com/od/brooklynneighborhoods/p/Cobble_Hill.htm 19. Swerdloff, Alex, “Must-see Carroll Gardens.” NYC Official Guide. October 26, 2011. http://www.nycgo.com/slideshows/must-see-carroll-gardens

182

Images

In right-left, top-down order per page Mass/Void [Open Street Map]. Accessed September 27, 2015. http://www.openstreetmap.org/search?query=brooklyn%20ny#map=14/40.6501/-73.9346 Our Markets [map]. Layers used: Brooklyn. Generated by Hyeonhee Oh; using “Grow NYC”. Accessed September 29, 2015. http://www.grownyc.org/greenmarket/ourmarkets Find Your Community Garden [map]. Layers used: Brooklyn. Generated by Hyeonhee Oh; using “Green Thumb”.

Accessed September 29, 2015. <http://www.greenthumbnyc.org/gardensearch.html> Location of Parks in Brooklyn [Google Earth Pro]. Accessed September 26, 2015. https://www.google.com/maps/ search/Parks+in+Brooklyn/@40.6820683,-73.9908251,14 Density by Footprint. [Google Maps]. Accessed September 28 2015. https://www.google.com/maps/place/Brooklyn,+N Y/@40.6453531,-74.0150372,12z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x89c24416947c2109:0x82765c7404007886 Program Densities [Google Maps]. Accessed September 28 2015. https://www.google.com/maps/place/Brooklyn,+NY/ @40.6453531,-74.0150372,12z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x89c24416947c2109:0x82765c7404007886 Building Age. BKLYNR. With data from NYC Planning. Accessed September 28, 2015. http://bklynr.com/block-byblock-brooklyns-past-and-present/ Building Heights. Oasis NYC. Accessed September 30, 2015. http://www.oasisnyc.net/map.aspx.

Cultural Nodes. Google. Accessed September 30, 2015. https://www.google.com/maps/search/bars/@40.6734333,73.9957018,15.43z Household Income 2000. Census Explorer [map]. Layers used: 2000 Census, Median Household Income. Generated

by Hyeonhee Oh; using “United States Census Bureau.” Accessed September 30, 2015. http://www.census.gov/censusexplorer/censusexplorer.html Household Income 2013. Census Explorer [map]. Layers used: 2013 ACS 2012 CBP, Median Household Income.

Generated by Hyeonhee Oh; using “United States Census Bureau.” Accessed September 30, 2015. http://www.census.gov/censusexplorer/censusexplorer.html Ethnicity 2000. Visualizing a Changing Region, Block by Block [map]. “Urban Research Maps. Accessed October 1, 2015. http://www.urbanresearchmaps.org/comparinator/pluralitymap.htm Ethnicity 2010. Visualizing a Changing Region, Block by Block [map]. “Urban Research Maps. Accessed October 1, 2015. http://www.urbanresearchmaps.org/comparinator/pluralitymap.htm Fraser, Simon. “Greetings from Gowanus.” Digital Image. August 20, 2014. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Greetings-from-Gowanus-A.jpg “Brooklyn, New York.” City-data. Accessed September 29, 2015. http://www.city-data.com/city/Brooklyn-New-York.html “Gowanus neighborhood in Brooklyn, New York (NY), 11215, 11217, 11231 detailed profile.” City-data. 2013. Accessed September 29, 2015. http://www.city-data.com/neighborhood/Gowanus-Brooklyn-NY.html “Living in Gowanus New York.” Walk Score. Accessed October 3, 2015. https://www.walkscore.com/NY/New_York/ Gowanus.

Weckman, Kelly. “Warehouse.” Digital Image. October 21, 2015. Brooklyn, New York.

Chart. “Gowanus neighborhood in Brooklyn, New York (NY), 11215, 11217, 11231 detailed profile.” City-data. 2013.

Accessed September 29, 2015. http://www.city-data.com/neighborhood/Gowanus-Brooklyn-NY.html

BIBLIOGRAPHY 183 Roberts, Frances. Digital Image. February 13, 2011. http://nymag.com/realestate/realestatecolumn/71562/ Weckman, Kelly. “Tower.” Digital Image. October 21, 2015. Brooklyn, New York.

Ethnicity. “Gowanus neighborhood in Brooklyn, New York (NY), 11215, 11217, 11231 detailed profile.” City-data. 2013.

Accessed September 29, 2015. http://www.city-data.com/neighborhood/Gowanus-Brooklyn-NY.html “Park Slope neighborhood in Brooklyn, New York (NY), 11215, 11217 detailed profile.” City-data. 2013. Accessed September 29, 2015. http://www.city-data.com/neighborhood/Park-Slope-Brooklyn-NY.html “Living in Park Slope New York.” Walk Score. Accessed October 3, 2015. https://www.walkscore.com/NY/New_York/ Park_Slope.

Noah, Adam. “Snow in Park Slope.” Digital image. Adam Noah. October 29, 2011. http://adamnoah.com/category/ weather/ Chart. “Park Slope neighborhood in Brooklyn, New York (NY), 11215, 11217 detailed profile.” City-data. 2013. Accessed September 29, 2015. http://www.city-data.com/neighborhood/Park-Slope-Brooklyn-NY.html “New Vendors Wanted!” Digital image. Brooklyn Flea. Accessed October 1, 2015. http://brooklynflea.com/2013/10/29/ new-vendors-wanted-park-slope/ Caruso, Vincent. “Excerpts from the Space.” Digital image. Vincent Caruso. Accessed October 4, 2015. http://vmcaruso.com/synopsis-of-the-space/excerpts-from-the-space/ Ethnicity. “Park Slope neighborhood in Brooklyn, New York (NY), 11215, 11217 detailed profile.” City-data. 2013. Accessed September 29, 2015. http://www.city-data.com/neighborhood/Park-Slope-Brooklyn-NY.html “Red Hook neighborhood in Brooklyn, New York (NY), 11231 detailed profile.” City-data. 2013. Accessed September 29, 2015. http://www.city-data.com/neighborhood/Red-Hook-Brooklyn-NY.html “Living in Red Hook New York.” Walk Score. Accessed October 3, 2015. https://www.walkscore.com/NY/New_York/ Red_Hook.

Doherty, Megan. “The famous food trucks.” Digital Image. June 22, 2011. http://brokelyn.com/brokelyn-bike-toursplashy-red-hook-edition/ “The Doors of Red Hook.” Digital Image. The O’Connell Organization. http://redhookwaterfront.com/properties/ Chart. “Red Hook neighborhood in Brooklyn, New York (NY), 11231 detailed profile.” City-data. 2013. Accessed September 29, 2015. http://www.city-data.com/neighborhood/Red-Hook-Brooklyn-NY.html “Red Hood Waterfront.” Digital Image. The O’Connell Organization. http://brokelyn.com/brokelyn-bike-tour-splashyred-hook-edition/ Ethnicity. “Red Hook neighborhood in Brooklyn, New York (NY), 11231 detailed profile.” City-data. 2013. Accessed September 29, 2015. http://www.city-data.com/neighborhood/Red-Hook-Brooklyn-NY.html “Downtown Brooklyn neighborhood in Brooklyn, New York (NY), 11201 detailed profile.” City-data. 2013. Accessed September 29, 2015. http://www.city-data.com/neighborhood/Downtown-Brooklyn-Brooklyn-NY.html “Living in Downtown Brooklyn New York.” Walk Score. Accessed October 3, 2015. https://www.walkscore.com/NY/ New_York/Downtown_Brooklyn.

“Willoughby Plaza.” Digital Image. New York City Department of Transportation. January 18, 2013. https://www.flickr. com/photos/nycstreets/8392007831

184 Chart. “Downtown Brooklyn neighborhood in Brooklyn, New York (NY), 11201 detailed profile.” City-data. 2013. Accessed September 29, 2015. http://www.city-data.com/neighborhood/Downtown-Brooklyn-Brooklyn-NY.html Kirby, Michael. “Brooklyn Bridge.” Digital Image. Accessed September 29 2015. http://www.timeout.com/newyork/ things-to-do/new-york-attractions-brooklyn-bridge-slide-show Ziegler, Garrett. Digital Image. Accessed September 29. https://www.flickr.com/photos/garrettziegler/6622303733/ Ethnicity. “Downtown Brooklyn neighborhood in Brooklyn, New York (NY), 11201 detailed profile.” City-data. 2013.

Accessed September 29, 2015. http://www.city-data.com/neighborhood/Downtown-Brooklyn-Brooklyn-NY.html “BoCoCa neighborhood in Brooklyn, New York (NY), 11201, 11217, 11231 detailed profile.” City-data. 2013. Accessed September 29, 2015. http://www.city-data.com/neighborhood/BoCoCa-Brooklyn-NY.html “Living in Boerum Hill New York.” Walk Score. Accessed October 3, 2015. https://www.walkscore.com/NY/New_York/ Boerum_Hill.

“Living in Cobble Hill New York.” Walk Score. Accessed October 3, 2015. https://www.walkscore.com/NY/New_York/ Cobble_Hill.

“Living in Carroll Gardens New York.” Walk Score. Accessed October 3, 2015. https://www.walkscore.com/NY/New_ York/Carroll_Gardens.

Pat. “Wyckoff Street Mosaic.” Digital Image. Mille Fiori Favoriti. Accessed September 30, 2015. http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/mosaic-facade “Boerum Hill, Brooklyn, NY.” Digital Image. The Boerum. Accessed September 30, 2015. http://theboerum.com/neighborhood/ Chart. “BoCoCa neighborhood in Brooklyn, New York (NY), 11201, 11217, 11231 detailed profile.” City-data. 2013.

Accessed September 29, 2015. http://www.city-data.com/neighborhood/BoCoCa-Brooklyn-NY.html Bary, Jeffery. “Cobble Hill Park, Earth Day 2007.” Digital Image. Flickr. April 22, 2007. https://www.flickr.com/photos/70118259@N00/468883018/ Ethnicity. “Carroll Gardens neighborhood in Brooklyn, New York (NY), 11231 detailed profile.” City-data. 2013. Accessed September 29, 2015. http://www.city-data.com/neighborhood/Carroll-Gardens-Brooklyn-NY.html Ethnicity. “Boerum Hill neighborhood in Brooklyn, New York (NY), 11201, 11217, 11231 detailed profile.” City-data.

2013. Accessed September 29, 2015. http://www.city-data.com/neighborhood/Boerum-Hill-Brooklyn-NY.html Ethnicity. “Cobble Hill neighborhood in Brooklyn, New York (NY), 11201, 11231 detailed profile.” City-data. 2013. Accessed September 29, 2015. http://www.city-data.com/neighborhood/Cobble-Hill-Brooklyn-NY.html

BIBLIOGRAPHY 185 NYC

RESEARCH: ZONING

In-text Citations 1. Fischel, William. “An Economic History of Zoning and a Cure for Its Exclusionary Effects.” Urban Studies, 2004, 317-40.

2. Washburn, Alexandros. The Nature of Urban Design: A New York Perspective on Resilience. Washington DC: Island Press., 2013. 103-113.

3. Erickson, Amanda. “The Birth of Zoning Codes, a History.” CityLab. 2012. Accessed October 2, 2015. http://www. citylab.com/politics/2012/06/birth-zoning-codes-history/2275/.

4. “DCP History Project - New York City Department of City Planning.” DCP History Project - New York City Department of City Planning. Accessed October 10, 2015. http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/history_project/index.shtml.

5. Brooklyn, New York. Kings County. Population, Housing Units, Area Measurements, and Density: 1790 to 1990. Table 2. US Census. Accessed October 12, 2015. http://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/files/table-2.pdf 6. Revell, Keith D. Building Gotham: Civic Culture and Public Policy in New York City, 1898-1938. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003.

7. Kesinger, Nathan. “The Fascinating, Murky History of Brooklyn’s Gowanus Canal.” Curbed NY. Accessed December 14, 2015. http://ny.curbed.com/ 8. Koolhaas, Rem. Delirious New York: A Retroactive Manifesto for Manhattan. New ed. New York: Monacelli Press, 1994.

9. Lionel Pincus and Princess Firyal Map Division, The New York Public Library. Plates 1-35. New York Public Library Digital Collections. Accessed October 2015. http://digitalcollections.nypl.org/ 10. Revell, Keith D. Building Gotham: Civic Culture and Public Policy in New York City, 1898-1938. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003.

11. Lionel Pincus and Princess Firyal Map Division, The New York Public Library. Plates 1-35. New York Public Library Digital Collections. Accessed October 2015. http://digitalcollections.nypl.org/ 12. Ibid.

13. Kesinger, Nathan. “The Fascinating, Murky History of Brooklyn’s Gowanus Canal.” Curbed NY. Accessed December 14, 2015. http://ny.curbed.com/ 14. “DCP History Project - New York City Department of City Planning.” DCP History Project - New York City Department of City Planning. Accessed October 10, 2015. http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/history_project/index.shtml.

15. “NYC Zoning ­ Glossary.” NYC Zoning ­ Glossary. Accessed October 5, 2015. http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/ zone/glossary.shtml.

16. Ibid, http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/zone/zh_r5.shtml.

17. Ibid, http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/zone/zh_r6.shtml 18. Ibid, http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/zone/zh_r7.shtml 19. Ibid, http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/zone/zh_r8.shtml 20. Ibid, http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/zone/zh_c5.shtml

186 21. Ibid, http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/zone/zh_c6.shtml 22. Ibid, http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/zone/zh_c8.shtml 23. Ibid, http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/zone/zh_m1.shtml 24. Ibid, http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/zone/zh_m2.shtml 25. Ibid, http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/zone/zh_m3.shtml

Images

In right-left, top-down order per page Ratzer, Bernard. Map of Brooklyn, NY made in 1766. 1766. Brooklyn Genealogy Information, Brooklyn, NY. October 11, 1015. http://bklyn-genealogy-info.stevemorse.org/Map/1766.Vill.Bklyn.html Lionel Pincus and Princess Firyal Map Division, The New York Public Library. Plates 5. New York Public Library Digital Collections. Accessed October 2015. http://digitalcollections.nypl.org/ Lionel Pincus and Princess Firyal Map Division, The New York Public Library. Plates 16. New York Public Library Digital Collections. Accessed October 2015. http://digitalcollections.nypl.org/ Lionel Pincus and Princess Firyal Map Division, The New York Public Library. Plates 15. New York Public Library Digital Collections. Accessed October 2015. http://digitalcollections.nypl.org/ Lionel Pincus and Princess Firyal Map Division, The New York Public Library. Plates 1-35. New York Public Library Digital Collections. Accessed October 2015. http://digitalcollections.nypl.org/ New York. New York and Kings County. Historical Zoning Maps, 1961 Zoning Resolution Collection, Department of City Planning. Oct. 3 2015. http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/zone/zh_historical_maps.shtml New York. New York and Kings County. Historical Zoning Maps, 1961 Zoning Resolution Collection, Department of City Planning. Oct. 3 2015. http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/zone/zh_historical_maps.shtml “NYC DCP Zoning And Land Use (ZoLa).” NYC.gov. 2015. Accessed September 30, 2015. http://maps.nyc.gov/doitt/ nycitymap/template?applicationName=ZOLA#.

Ibid.

(OpenStreetMap). 2015. Accessed September 30, 2015. http://www.openstreetmap.org/.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 187

EXPLORATIONS: PHOTO JOURNAL Images

In right-left, top-down order per page Weckman, Kelly. South of 287. October 21, 2015.

Weckman, Kelly. The Bulkhead. October 21, 2015.

Weckman, Kelly. Graffiti on warehouses. October 21, 2015.

Weckman, Kelly. Metal and Pebbles. October 21, 2015.

Weckman, Kelly. Building edge. October 21, 2015.

Weckman, Kelly. Horizontal. October 21, 2015.

Weckman, Kelly. Donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t fall in! October 21, 2015.

Weckman, Kelly. Tower. October 21, 2015.

Weckman, Kelly. Abandoned factory. October 21, 2015.

Weckman, Kelly. Carroll St. Bridge. October 21, 2015.

Lerner, Adam. The Bat Cave, Gowanus, Brooklyn. April 8, 2011.

Weckman, Kelly. Infrastructure. October 21, 2015.

Weckman, Kelly. Church in the distance. October 21, 2015.

Weckman, Kelly. Rusty window coverings. October 21, 2015.

Weckman, Kelly. Infrastructure. October 21, 2015.

Heuser, Frederik. October 21, 2015.

Heuser, Frederik. October 21, 2015.

Heuser, Frederik. October 21, 2015.

Heuser, Frederik. October 21, 2015.

Heuser, Frederik. October 21, 2015.

Prives, Simona. Hereafter I. 2014.

Lucius, Chris. Beat Nite Gowanus Poster. 2015.

Campbell, Ai. Untitled. 2014.

Slater, Ben. Photo of street art. October 21, 2015.

Weckman, Kelly. Photo of graffiti. October 21, 2015.

Weckman, Kelly. Photo of street art. October 21, 2015.

GOWANUS VISION: ZONING, URBAN RULES, AND MASTER PLAN In-text Citations 1. “The Facts About Sea Level Rise.” Climate Central. Accessed October 30, 2015. http://sealevel.climatecentral.org/ 2. Ibid.

3. Jones, Nicola. “Rising Waters: How Fast and How Far Will Sea Levels Rise?” Yale Environment 360. October 21, 2013. http://e360.yale.edu/feature/rising_waters_how_fast_and_how_far_will_sea_levels_rise/2702/ 4. Sallenger, Asbury H., Kara S. Doran and Peter A. Howd. “Hotspot of accelerated sea-level rise on the Atlantic coast of North America.” Nature Climate Change. Last modified April 26, 2013. doi:10.1038/nclimate1597 5. Kensinger, Nathan. “The Fascinating, Murky History of Brooklyn’s Gowanus Canal.” Curbed NY. October 15, 2015. http://ny.curbed.com/archives/2015/10/15/the_fascinating_murky_history_of_brooklyns_gowanus_canal.php 6. Ibid.

7. “Not Even Toxic Waste Can Stop Gentrification: NYC’s Superfund Neighborhoods Are Booming.” Gothamist. August, 22, 2014. http://gothamist.com/2014/08/22/superfund_vs_gentrification.php 8. Kaysen, Ronda. “Gowanus is Counting on a Cleanup.” New York Times. October 3, 2014.

9. Matheson, Sarah. “Gowanus: A Destination Neighborhood Undergoing Rapid Transformation.” Epoch Times.

Feb. 21, 2015. http://www.theepochtimes.com/n3/1257808-gowanus-a-destination-neighborhood-undergoing-rapidtransformation/ 10. Yang, Yi. “Brooklyn’s Whole Foods Nation’s Greenest Supermarket.” May 2, 2014. http://www.theepochtimes.com/ n3/651162-brooklyns-whole-foods-nations-greenest-supermarket/ 11. Umanov, B. “Three New Development Projects Underway in Gowanus that you Might Not Know About.” Gowanus Your Face Off. http://www.gowanusyourfaceoff.com/2014/08/12/three-new-development-projects-underway-ingowanus-that-you-might-not-know-about/ 12. Lester, William T., and Daniel A. Hartley, “The Long Term Employment Impacts of Gentrification in the 1990s.”

Regional Science and Urban Economics 45, no. 4. March 30, 2013. https://planning.unc.edu/people/faculty/williamlester/ Lester_and_HartleyGentrificationandJobsfinal2.pdf 13. “Guaranteeing Infrastructure Investments.” Bridging Gowanus. http://bridginggowanus.com/infrastructurebackground/ 14. Alexiou, Joseph. Gowanus: Brooklyn’s Curious Canal. New York: NYU Press, 2015.

15. McColl, Sarah. “A Garden Grows in a Superfund Site.” Take Part. Sept. 26, 2015. http://www.takepart.com/ article/2015/09/26/gowanus-garden 16. Cloe, Adam. “The Importance of Villi and the Small Intestine to the Digestion of Nutrients.” Houston Chronicle. http:// livehealthy.chron.com/importance-villi-small-intestine-digestion-nutrients-3923.html 17. Love, Carrie, and Caroline Stamps. Animals: A Visual Encyclopedia. London: DK Pub., 2012. Print. sea slugs 18. “Functions and Values of Wetlands.” State of Washington Department of Ecology. http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/ sea/wetlands/functions.html 19. “Brooklyn Neighborhood Reports: Community District 6.” Brooklyn Community Foundation. 2012. http://www. brooklyncommunityfoundation.org/brooklyn-accelerator/brooklyn-neighborhood-reports 20. Ibid.

21. “Brooklyn Greenway Initiative.” NYC Service. http://www.nycservice.org/organizations/index.php?org_id=2172

188

BIBLIOGRAPHY 189 GOWANUS

VISION: ZONING, URBAN RULES, AND MASTER PLAN

22. “Brooklyn Neighborhood Reports: Community District 6.” Brooklyn Community Foundation. 2012. http://www. brooklyncommunityfoundation.org/brooklyn-accelerator/brooklyn-neighborhood-reports 23. “Gowanus Open Studios.” Artsicle. Accessed Sept. 30, 2015. https://www.artsicle.com/communities/gowanus-openstudios.

24. Grearson, Robin. ‘”We are experiencing Hyper-Gentrification’: Gowanus Art Community Sizes Up Its Future.”

Hyperallergic. Oct. 27, 2015. http://hyperallergic.com/248970/we-are-experiencing-hyper-gentrification-gowanus-artcommunity-sizes-up-its-future/ 25. Grearson, Robin. “Gowanus Rallies to Support Artists Losing Affordable Workspaces.” Hyperallergic. October 18, 2015. http://hyperallergic.com/246274/gowanus-rallies-to-support-artists-losing-affordable-workspaces/ 26. Scott, Robert E. “The Manufacturing Footprint and the Importance of U.S. Manufacturing Jobs.” Jan. 22, 2015. http:// www.epi.org/publication/the-manufacturing-footprint-and-the-importance-of-u-s-manufacturing-jobs/ 27. Byrne, John Adam. “Manufacturing jobs vanishing from city.” Feb. 15, 2015. http://nypost.com/2015/02/15/ manufacturing-jobs-vanishing-from-city/ 28. Guimaraes, Mayara and Reuven Blau. “New report shows booming manufacturing sector — and rapid gentrification — in Gowanus Canal zone.” NY Daily News. Sept. 24, 2013. http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/Brooklyn/ gentrification-manufacturing-side-side-gowanus-article-1.1466523 29. “Special Purpose Districts.” Department of City Planning, City of New York. http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/zone/ zh_special_purp_dist.shtml 30. “Manufacturing Districts.” Department of City Planning, City of New York. http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/zone/ zh_special_purp_dist.shtml

Images

In right-left, top-down order per page Lamm, Nickolay. “Back Bay Boston.” Digital Images. Accessed October 30, 2015. http://www.climatecentral.org/news/ images-of-future-sea-levels-19213 “Surging Seas Mapping Choices.” Digital Images. Accessed October 30, 2015. Climate Central. http://choices. climatecentral.org/ Weckman, Kelly. Bridge looking north. Oct. 21, 2015.

Ratzer, Bernard. Map of Brooklyn, NY made in 1766. 1766. Brooklyn Genealogy Information, Brooklyn, NY. October 11, 1015. http://bklyn-genealogy-info.stevemorse.org/Map/1766.Vill.Bklyn.html Bhagat, Govind. “Biopsy of small intestine showing normal villi.” Digital Image. http://newsroom.cumc.columbia.edu/ blog/2013/08/05/celiac-disease-patients-with-ongoing-intestine-damage-at-lymphoma-risk/ Khousainov, Farid. “Spanish Dancer.” Digital Image. http://www.bloggs74.com/photography/40-startling-example-ofunderwater-photography/ Devlin, Ray. “Gulf coast marshlands.” Digital Image. http://raydevlinphotography.com/louisiana-wetlands Gowanus Flood Mapping [Map]. Data Layers: Hurricane Sandy Flood Map. Flood Map: ESRI ON: Generated by Kelly Weckman, Sept. 29, 2015. Using ArcGIS map viewer [GIS]. OpenStreetMap, 2015.

190 Aerial image. Google Maps. Accessed Nov. 18, 2015. Available: https://www.google.com/maps/ Minn, Michael. “Douglass St dead end into gate at Gowanus Canal.” Digital Image. Nov. 19, 2008. http://michaelminn. net/newyork/infrastructure/gowanus_canal/north/ “Brooklyn - Gowanus Expressway - Old and Tired and Wanting to Die.” Digital Image. Oct. 22, 2011. https://www.flickr. com/photos/10632426@N05/6325614415 Aerial image. Google Maps. Accessed Nov. 18, 2015. Available: https://www.google.com/maps/ Arts Gowanus [map]. Data layers: Arts Gowanus locations. Generated by Spencer Scherer. OpenStreetMap. 2015.

Accessed Sept. 30, 2015. http://www.openstreetmap.org/.

Sequeira, Erika. “A chalk mural on the exterior of 94 9th Street.” Digital Image. http://hyperallergic.com/248970/we-areexperiencing-hyper-gentrification-gowanus-art-community-sizes-up-its-future/ Grearson, Robin. “Protesters in Gowanus on the morning of Saturday, October 17, 2015.” Digital Image. Oct. 17, 2015. http://hyperallergic.com/246274/gowanus-rallies-to-support-artists-losing-affordable-workspaces/ Chart. “NYC Manufacturing in Decline.” Thirteen. Accessed Nov. 16, 2015. http://www.thirteen.org/uncertainindustry/ uncategorized/nyc-manufacturing-in-decline/ Chart. “Brooklyn Neighborhood Reports: Community District 6.” Brooklyn Community Foundation. 2012. http://www. brooklyncommunityfoundation.org/brooklyn-accelerator/brooklyn-neighborhood-reports Chart. “Brooklyn Neighborhood Reports: Community District 6.” Brooklyn Community Foundation. 2012. http://www. brooklyncommunityfoundation.org/brooklyn-accelerator/brooklyn-neighborhood-reports “NYC DCP Zoning And Land Use (ZoLa).” NYC.gov. 2015. Accessed September 30, 2015. http://maps.nyc.gov/doitt/ nycitymap/template?applicationName=ZOLA#.

(OpenStreetMap). 2015. Accessed Sept. 30, 2015. http://www.openstreetmap.org/.

Aerial image. Google Maps. Accessed Nov. 18, 2015. Available: https://www.google.com/maps/

BIBLIOGRAPHY 191 PROPOSAL:

URBAN ECOLOGY RESEARCH LAB

In-text Citations 1. Stromberg, Joseph. “An Artist Dyes Clothes and Quilts With Tuberculosis and Staph Bacteria.” Smithsonian.

Feb. 12, 2014. http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/artist-dyes-clothes-quilts-tuberculosis-and-staphbacteria-180949511/ 2. Willyard, Cassandra. “Synergy: Artists Take on Ocean Science.” Studio 360. Feb. 14, 2013. http://www.studio360.org/ story/269612-synergy-artists-take-ocean-science/ 3. Kieniewicz, Johanna. “Why Art and Science?” At the Interface. June 19, 2013. http://blogs.plos.org/ attheinterface/2013/06/19/why-art-and-science/ 4. “Gowanus Dredgers Canoe Club.” Accessed Nov. 16, 2015. http://gowanuscanal.org/ 5. “About the Gowanus Canal Conservancy.” Accessed Nov. 16, 2015. http://www.gowanuscanalconservancy.org/ee/ index.php/about/ 6. “Research Institutions.” Science and Resilience Institute @ Jamaica Bay. Accessed Nov. 16, 2015. http://www.srijb. org/who-we-are/

Images

In right-left, top-down order per page Oh, Seung-Hwan. Untitled. Impermanence. 2013. Reproduced from Seung-Hwan Oh.com. http://www.seunghwan-oh. com/#!impermanence/c199t Ristuben, Karen. Untitled. Feb. 16, 2013. Museum of Science, Boston. Reproduced from Karen Ristuben.com. http:// www.karenristuben.com/EcoArt.html Aldworth, Susan. Transience 1. 2013. Reproduced from Susan Aldworth.com. http://susanaldworth.com/transience-2013/ Alberico, Donna. “Canoers on the Gowanus Canal.” Digital Image. City Room, The New York Times. 2010. Accessed Dec. 9, 2015. http://content.easybib.com/citation-guides/chicago-turabian/how-to-cite-a-photo-digital-image-chicagoturabian/ Aerial image. Google Maps. Accessed Nov. 18, 2015. Available: https://www.google.com/maps/

PRECEDENTS: THE SOCIAL LABORATORY In-text Citations 1. “Stainsbury Laboratory.” Stanton Williams. Accessed Dec. 2, 2015. http://www.stantonwilliams.com/projects/ sainsbury-laboratory/ 2. “Annenberg Center II.” REX. Accessed Dec. 2, 2015. http://www.rex-ny.com/annenberg-center-ii/ 3. “Genzyme Center.” Behnisch Architekten. Accessed Dec. 2, 2015. http://behnisch.com/projects/104 4. “John & Frances Angelos Law Center.” Behnisch Architekten. Accessed Dec. 2, 2015. http://behnisch.com/projects/521 5. “Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences.” Perkins + Will. Accessed Dec. 3, 2015. http://perkinswill.com/work/bigelowlaboratory-ocean-sciences

Images

In right-left, top-down order per page Hufton + Crow. “Stainsbury Laboratory.” Digital Image. Stanton Williams. Accessed Dec. 2, 2015. http://www. stantonwilliams.com/projects/sainsbury-laboratory/ Ibid.

Ibid.

Ibid.

Ibid.

“Annenberg Center II.” Digital Image. REX. Accessed Dec. 2, 2015. http://www.rex-ny.com/annenberg-center-ii/ Ibid.

Ibid.

Ibid.

“Genzyme Center.” Digital Image. Behnisch Architekten. Accessed Dec. 2, 2015. http://behnisch.com/projects/104 Ibid.

Ibid.

Genzyme Corporation. “Genzyme Center.” Digital Image. Metropolis. Accessed Dec. 2, 2015. http://www.metropolismag. com/Point-of-View/August-2013/Bringing-Nature-into-the-Workplace/ “Genzyme Center.” Digital Image. Behnisch Architekten. Accessed Dec. 2, 2015. http://behnisch.com/projects/104 Ibid.

Feinknopf, Brad and David Matthiesen. “John & Frances Angelos Law Center.” Digital Image. Behnisch Architekten.

Accessed Dec. 2, 2015. http://behnisch.com/projects/521 Section. “John & Frances Angelos Law Center.” Digital Image. Behnisch Architekten. Accessed Dec. 2, 2015. http:// behnisch.com/projects/521 Feinknopf, Brad and David Matthiesen. “John & Frances Angelos Law Center.” Digital Image. Behnisch Architekten.

192

BIBLIOGRAPHY 193

PRECEDENTS: THE SOCIAL LABORATORY Accessed Dec. 2, 2015. http://behnisch.com/projects/521 Ibid.

Diagram. “John & Frances Angelos Law Center.” Digital Image. Behnisch Architekten. Accessed Dec. 2, 2015. http:// behnisch.com/projects/521 Feinknopf, Brad and David Matthiesen. “John & Frances Angelos Law Center.” Digital Image. Behnisch Architekten.

Accessed Dec. 2, 2015. http://behnisch.com/projects/521 Plan. “Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences.” Digital Image. Perkins + Will. Accessed Dec. 3, 2015. http://perkinswill. com/work/bigelow-laboratory-ocean-sciences Barnes, Christopher. “Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences.” Digital Image. Perkins + Will. 2013. Accessed Dec. 3, 2015. http://perkinswill.com/work/bigelow-laboratory-ocean-sciences Ibid.

Ibid.

Ibid.

Section. “Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences.” Digital Image. Perkins + Will. Accessed Dec. 3, 2015. http:// perkinswill.com/work/bigelow-laboratory-ocean-sciences

APPENDIX: INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH, STOCKHOLM In-text Citations 1. Nelson, Alyse. Stockholm, Sweden City of Water. Accessed September 9, 2015. http://depts.washington.edu/ open2100/Resources/1_OpenSpaceSystems/Open_Space_Systems/Stockholm_Case_Study.pdf.

2. Ibid.

3. Ibid.

4. “Hammarby Sjostad, Stockholm, Sweden, 1995 to 2015.” Future Communities. Accessed September 4, 2015. http:// www.futurecommunities.net/case-studies/hammarby-sjostad-stockholm-sweden-1995-2015 5. Gaffney, Andrea, Vinita Huang, Kristin Maravilla, and Nadine Souboutin. “Hammarby Sjostad, Stockholm, Sweden: A Case Study.” 2007. http://www.aeg7.com/assets/publications/hammarby%20sjostad.pdf

Images Mass Void [Map]. Generated by Kelly Weckman, Using data from OpenStreetMap. September 4, 2015. OpenStreetMap, 2015.

Program Density [Map]. Generated by Kelly Weckman. Using data from Google Maps and OpenStreetMap. September 4, 2015. OpenStreetMap. 2015.

[Google Maps]. Accessed September 9, 2015. Available: https://www.google.com/maps/ Pedestrian and Cycle Paths [Map]. Generated by Kelly Weckman. Using data from Mapmyride and OpenStreetMap. September 4, 2015. OpenStreetMap. 2015.

“Stockholm Cycling Trails.” Mapmyride. http://www.mapmyride.com/se/stockholm-stockholm/ Gustavsson, Per. Digital image. Standard Times. August 7, 2014. http://www.gosanangelo.com/lifestyle/travel/5-freethings-to-do-in-stockholm-ep-568457753-354470921.html [Google Maps]. Accessed September 9, 2015. Available: https://www.google.com/maps/ Digital image. Bostad. Accessed September 12, 2015. http://bostad.erikolsson.se/Pages/ViewObjectImage. aspx?filetype=viewall&estate=51122 Digital image. Bostad. Accessed aspx?filetype=viewall&estate=50004

September

12,

2015.

http://bostad.erikolsson.se/pages/viewobjectimage.

[Google Maps]. Accessed September 9, 2015. Available: https://www.google.com/maps/ [Google Maps Street View]. Accessed September 12, 2015. Available: https://www.google.com/maps/ Bessmert. “Canal, Hammarby Sjöstad, Stockholm.” Digital image. Flickr. May 17, 2009. https://www.flickr.com/photos/ bessmert/3606496403 Digital image. That’s up. Accessed September 14, 2015. http://thatsup.se/stockholm/restaurang/restaurangg%C3%B6teborg/ Ericson, Ola. “Hammarby Seaport.” Digital image. Stockholmsfoto. Accessed September 15, 2015. http://www. stockholmsfoto.se/index.php?katID=1463&imageID=144425&easysearch=hammarby&index=1&nr_img_show=10 Digital image. Hammarby Sjostad. Accessed September 15, 2015. http://www.aeg7.com/assets/publications/ hammarby%20sjostad.pdf

194

BIBLIOGRAPHY 195 APPENDIX:

INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH, STOCKHOLM

Hammstyrelsen. Digital image. Wikimedia Commons. 21 November 2012. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Danvikskanalen_och_Danviksbron_1928.jpg “Project Hammarby Sjostad.” Digital image. Build. October 31, 2014. http://www.buildmagazin.com/index2. aspx?fld=tekstovi&ime=bm3119.htm Digital image. That’s up. Accessed September 14, 2015. http://thatsup.se/stockholm/restaurang/restaurangg%C3%B6teborg/ Digital image. Totally Stockholm. Accessed September 15, 2015. http://totallystockholm.se/more/street-style-hammarbysjostad/

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