CLASSIFICATION OF THE CONTENTS OF AL QUR'AN'S PART 6 by Khalid Roche

CHAPTER 15 Akhlāq Education – Islāmic Morality 2796

                     And thus have We sent it (the Qurʾān) down to be a judgement of authority in Arabic. Were you (O Muḥammad ) to follow their (vain) desires after the knowledge which has come to you, then you will not have any Walīy (protector) or defender against Allāh. 2797

                       For every nation there is a direction to which they face (in their prayers). So hasten towards all that is good. Wheresoever you may be, Allāh will bring you together (on the Day of Resurrection). Truly, Allāh is Able to do all things. 2798

Akhlāq ‫ اخالق‬is derived from the root word khalaq ‫ خٍك‬which according to Lane‟s Arabic-English Dictionary (Volume 2, page 799), „signifies The act of measuring; or determining the measure, proportion, or the like, of a thing; and the making a thing by measure, or according to the measure of another thing; or proportioning a thing to another thing‟. 2796 Sūrah Al Mulk (67), ayāh 15. http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume2/00000435.pdf 2796 Sūrah Al Baqarah (2), ayāh 11. 2796 Sūrah Al Anʿām (6), ayāh 162. 2796 Cattle here refers to all livestock whether, cows, camels, sheep, etc. 2796 Slaughtered here is from the Arabic ‫( رثخ‬dhabḥ) meaning „to cut the throat‟ – and not by means of shooting, electrocution, or any other method. 2796 The Ahlul Kitāb refers to the Jews and Christians – „those who were given scriptures‟. 2796 Akhlāq ‫ اخالق‬is derived from the root word khalaq ‫ خٍك‬which according to Lane‟s Arabic-English Dictionary (Volume 2, page 799), „signifies The act of measuring; or determining the measure, proportion, or the like, of a thing; and the making a thing by measure, or according to the measure of another thing; or proportioning a thing to another thing‟. http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume2/00000435 2797 Sūrah Al Raʿd (13), ayāh 37. 2798 Sūrah Al Baqarah (2), ayāh 148. 2796

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Respect time, so as not to suffer loss 89:1 Because of the importance of time, Allāh swears by 81:17-18 the dawn and the night; the time of the brightening 74:34 dawn; and the time of dawn while it brightens.   By the dawn;2799         And by the night as it departs; and by the dawn as it brightens;2800     And by the dawn when it brightens, 91:1

2801

By the sun and it‟s brightness.   

And by the sun and its brightness;

2802

93:1

By the forenoon (ḍuḥā).  

By the forenoon (after sun-rise);

2803

91:3

By the day as it shows up brightness.    

And by the day as it shows up (the sun's) brightness; 92:2

2804

By the day as it appears in brightness.    

Sūrah Al Fajr (89), ayāh 1. Sūrah Al Takwīr (81), 17-18. Sūrah Al Muddaththir (74), ayāh 34. 2802 Sūrah Al Shams (91), ayāh 1. 2803 Sūrah Al Ḍuḥa (93), ayāh 1. 2804 Sūrah Al Shams (91), ayāh 3. 2799 2800 2801

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And by the day as it appears in brightness;2805 84:16

By the afterglow of sunset.    

So I swear by the afterglow of sunset;2806 53:1

By the star when it goes down.    

By the star when it goes down, (or vanishes).2807 81:15-17 By the planets that recede and move swiftly; by the night as it departs.            So verily, I swear by the planets that recede (i.e. disappear during the day and appear during the night). And by the planets that move swiftly and hide themselves, and by the night as it departs;2808 91:4

By the night as it conceals.    

And by the night as it conceals it (the sun); 84:17

2809

By the night and whatever it gathers in its darkness.    

And by the night and whatever it gathers in its darkness; 92:1

2810

By the night as it envelops.    

By the night as it envelops;

2811

93:2

By the night when it is still.

Sūrah Al Lail (92), ayāh 2. Sūrah Al Inshiqāq (84), ayāh 16. Sūrah Al Najm (53), ayāh 1. 2808 Sūrah Al Takwīr (81), āyāt 15-17. 2809 Sūrah Al Shams (91), ayāh 4. 2810 Sūrah Al Inshiqāq (84), ayāh 17. 2811 Sūrah Al Lail (92), ayāh 1. 2805 2806 2807

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    And by the night when it is still (or darkens); 84:18

2812

By the moon when it is at the full.    

And by the moon when it is at the full,

2813

74:32-33 By the moon and by the night when it withdraws.        Nay, and by the moon, and by the night when it withdraws,2814 91:2

By the moon as it follows (the sun).    

And by the moon as it follows it (the sun); 75:1

2815

By the Day of Ressurection.     

I swear by the Day of Resurrection; 85:2

2816

By the Promised Day.   

And by the Promised Day (i.e. the Day of Resurrection);2817 103:1-3     

    

 

     By Al-ʿAṣr (the time). Sūrah Al Ḍuḥa (93), ayāh 2. Sūrah Al Inshiqāq (84), ayāh 18. Sūrah Al Muddaththir (74), āyāt 32-33. 2815 Sūrah Al Shams (91), ayāh 2. 2816 Sūrah Al Qiyāmah (75), ayāh 1. 2817 Sūrah Al Burūj (85), ayāh 2. 2812 2813 2814

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Verily! Man is in loss, except those who believe (in Islāmic Monotheism) and do righteous good deeds, and recommend one another to the truth (i.e. order one another to perform all kinds of good deeds (Al-Maʿrūf) which Allāh has ordained, and abstain from all kinds of sins and evil deeds (Al-Munkar) which Allāh has forbidden), and recommend one another to patience (for the sufferings, harms, and injuries which one may encounter in Allāh‟s Cause during preaching His Religion of Islāmic Monotheism or Jihād, etc.).2818

Do goodness! 16:90 16:30

Allāh commands „mankind‟ to do what is good; indeed, goodness comes from Allāh.

                   Verily, Allāh enjoins Al-ʿAdl (i.e. justice and worshipping none but Allāh alone - Islāmic Monotheism) and Al-Iḥsān [i.e. to be patient in performing your duties to Allāh, totally for Allāh‟s sake and in accordance with the Sunnah (legal ways) of the Prophet in a perfect manner], and giving (help) to kith and kin (i.e. all that Allāh has ordered you to give them e.g., wealth, visiting, looking after them, or any other kind of help, etc.): and forbids Al-Faḥshā (i.e all evil deeds, e.g. illegal sexual acts, disobedience of parents, polytheism, to tell lies, to give false witness, to kill a life without right, etc.), and Al-Munkar (i.e all that is prohibited by Islāmic law: polytheism of every kind, disbelief and every kind of evil deeds, etc.), and Al-Baghy (i.e. all kinds of oppression), He admonishes you, that you may take heed.2819                           And (when) it is said to those who are the Muttaqūn (pious2) “What is it that your Lord has sent down?” They say: “That which is good.” For those who do good in this world, there is good, and the home of the Hereafter will be better. And excellent indeed will be the home (i.e. Paradise) of the Muttaqūn (pious).2820 41:35

Good characteristics are only given to people who are patient and to people who possess good fortune.            

2818 2819 2820

Sūrah Al ʿAṣr (103), āyāt 1-3. Sūrah Al Naḥl (16), ayāh 90. Sūrah Al Naḥl (16), ayāh 30.

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But none is granted it (the above quality) except those who are patient, and none is granted it except the owner of the great portion (of the happiness in the Hereafter i.e. Paradise and in this world of a high moral character).2821 2:195

Allāh likes those people who do good.

                 And spend in the Cause of Allāh (i.e. Jihād of all kinds, etc.) and do not throw yourselves into destruction (by not spending your wealth in the Cause of Allāh), and do good. Truly, Allāh loves Al-Muḥsinūn (the good-doers).2822 2:148

Compete in acts of goodness.

                       For every nation there is a direction to which they face (in their prayers). So hasten towards all that is good. Wheresoever you may be, Allāh will bring you together (on the Day of Resurrection). Truly, Allāh is Able to do all things.2823 3:115

Goodness will be recompensed for by Allāh.           

And whatever good they do, nothing will be rejected of them; for Allāh knows well those who are Al-Muttaqūn (the pious).2824 23:96

repel evil with that which is good.           

Repel evil with that which is better. We are Best-Acquainted with the things they utter.2825 4:36

Do good towards one‟s parents.

            

Sūrah Fuṣṣilat (41), ayāh 35. Sūrah Al Baqarah (2), ayāh 195. Sūrah Al Baqarah (2), ayāh 148. 2824 Sūrah Āl ʿImrān (3), ayāh 115. 2825 Sūrah Al Muʾminūn (23), ayāh 96. 2821 2822 2823

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                       Worship Allāh and join none with Him in worship, and do good to parents, kinsfolk, orphans, Al-Masākīn (the poor), the neighbour who is near of kin, the neighbour who is a stranger, the companion by your side, the wayfarer (you meet), and those (slaves) whom your right hands possess. Verily, Allāh does not like such as are proud and boastful;2826

Desist from evil! 21:35

Goodness and evil are trials.

             Everyone is going to taste death, and We shall make a trial of you with evil and with good, and to Us you will be returned.2827 4:38

Shaiṭān is the worst of allies.

                    And (also) those who spend of their substance to be seen of men, and believe not in Allāh and the Last Day [they are the friends of Shaiṭān (Satan)], and whoever takes Shaiṭān (Satan) as an intimate; then what a dreadful intimate he has!2828 4:118-119 Shaiṭān always whispers evil towards „mankind‟.  

         

                     Allāh cursed him. And he [Shaiṭān (Satan)] said: “I will take an appointed portion of Your slaves; Verily, I will mislead them, and surely, I will arouse in them false desires; and certainly, I will order them to slit the ears of cattle, and indeed I will order them to change the nature created by Allāh.” And whoever takes Shaiṭān (Satan) as a Walīy (protector or helper) instead of Allāh, has surely

2826 2827 2828

Sūrah Al Nisāʾ (4), ayāh 36. Sūrah Al ʾAnbiyāʾ (21), ayāh 35. Sūrah Al Nisāʾ (4), ayāh 38.

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suffered a manifest loss.2829 3:187 Evil indeed are those people who conceal the contents of the 7:175-177 Holy Books; deny, and lie against the Āyāt of Allāh; Hell is 4:115 the worst of places and it will be the return of such as those.                        (And remember) when Allāh took a covenant from those who were given the Scripture (Jews and Christians) to make it (the news of the coming of Prophet Muḥammad and the religious knowledge) known and clear to mankind, and not to hide it, but they threw it away behind their backs, and purchased with it some miserable gain! And indeed worst is that which they bought.2830                       

 

                                 And recite (O Muḥammad ) to them the story of him to whom We gave Our Āyāt (proofs, evidences, verses, lessons, signs, revelations, etc.), but he threw them away, so Shaiṭān (Satan) followed him up, and he became of those who went astray. And had We willed, We would surely have elevated him therewith but he clung to the earth and followed his own vain desire. So his description is the description of a dog: if you drive him away, he lolls his tongue out, or if you leave him alone, he (still) lolls his tongue out. Such is the description of the people who reject Our Āyāt (proofs, evidences, verses, lessons, signs, revelations, etc.). So relate the stories, perhaps they may reflect. Evil is the likeness of the people who reject Our Āyāt (proofs, evidences, verses and signs, etc.), and used to wrong their ownselves.2831                       And whoever contradicts and opposes the Messenger (Muḥammad ) after the right path has been shown clearly to him, and follows other than the 2829 2830 2831

Sūrah Al Nisāʾ (4), āyāt 118-119. Sūrah Āl ʿImrān (3), ayāh 187. Sūrah Al Aʿrāf (7), āyāt 175-177.

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believers‟ way. We shall keep him in the path he has chosen, and burn him in Hell - what an evil destination.2832

Multiple rewards for goodness 28:54

Rewards will be given twice for those who are patient, and repel evil, and spend in charity.

             These will be given their reward twice over, because they are patient, and repel evil with good, and spend (in charity) out of what We have provided them.2833 28:84

Good rewards are better than the doing of good (the good itself).

                    Whosoever brings good (Islāmic Monotheism along with righteous deeds), he shall have the better thereof, and whosoever brings evil (polytheism along with evil deeds) then, those who do evil deeds will only be requited for what they used to do.2834 6:160

The bringing of a good deed is rewarded ten times and the reward of an evil deed is the recompense thereof.

                  Whoever brings a good deed (Islāmic Monotheism and deeds of obedience to Allāh and His Messenger ) shall have ten times the like thereof to his credit, and whoever brings an evil deed (polytheism, disbelief, hypocrisy, and deeds of disobedience to Allāh and His Messenger ) shall have only the recompense of the like thereof, and they will not be wronged.2835 2:261

The reward of those who spend their wealth in the Way of Allāh is multiplied 700 times.

Sūrah Al Nisāʾ (4), ayāh 115. Sūrah Al Qaṣaṣ (28), ayāh 54. Sūrah Al Qaṣaṣ (28), ayāh 84. 2835 Sūrah Al Anʿām (6), ayāh 160. 2832 2833 2834

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                           The likeness of those who spend their wealth in the Way of Allāh, is as the likeness of a grain (of corn); it grows seven ears, and each ear has a hundred grains. Allāh gives manifold increase to whom He pleases. And Allāh is All-Sufficient for his creatures‟ needs, All-Knower.2836 64:17

A goodly loan to Allāh is doubled in recompense and He will forgive (then one performing the goodly loan).

              If you lend to Allāh a goodly loan (i.e. spend in Allāh‟s Cause) He will double it for you, and will forgive you. And Allāh is Most Ready to appreciate and to reward, Most Forbearing,2837 98:7-8

The reward for goodness is „Adn Paradise, underneath which rivers flow and they will be well pleased.

                                  Verily, those who believe [in the Oneness of Allāh, and in His Messenger Muḥammad ()) including all obligations ordered by Islām] and do righteous good deeds, they are the best of creatures. Their reward with their Lord is ʿAdn (Eden) Paradise (Gardens of Eternity), underneath which rivers flow, they will abide therein forever, Allāh well-pleased with them, and they with Him. That is for him who fears his Lord.2838

Love and affection 30:21

From „mankind‟ wives were created, in order that love and affection grows between them.

Sūrah Al Baqarah (2), ayāh 261. Sūrah Al Taghābun (64), ayāh 17. Sūrah Al Baiyinah (98), āyāt 7-8.

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yourselves, that you may find repose in them, and He has put between you affection and mercy. Verily, in that are indeed signs for a people who reflect.2839 90:12-17 Recommend one another to persevere and to pity and 48:29 compassion; develop love and affection towards other muʾminūn.                                   And what will make you know the Path that is steep? (It is) freeing a neck (slave, etc.) or giving food in a day of hunger (famine), to an orphan near of kin. Or to a Miskīn (poor) afflicted with misery. Then he became one of those who believed, and recommended one another to perseverance and patience, and (also) recommended one another to pity and compassion.2840                                                              Muḥammad () is the Messenger of Allāh, and those who are with him are severe against disbelievers, and merciful among themselves. You see them bowing and falling down prostrate (in prayer), seeking bounty from Allāh and (His) good Pleasure. The mark of them (i.e. of their faith) is on their faces (foreheads) from the traces of (their) prostration (during prayers). This is their description in the Taurāt (Torah). but their description in the Injeel (Gospel) is like a (sown) seed which sends forth its shoot, Then makes it strong, it then becomes thick, and it stands straight on its stem, delighting the sowers - that He may enrage the disbelievers with them. Allāh has promised those among them who believe (i.e. all those who follow Islāmic Monotheism, the Religion of Prophet Muḥammad  till the Day of Resurrection) and do righteous good deeds, forgiveness and a mighty reward (i.e. Paradise).2841

2839 2840 2841

Sūrah Al Rūm (30), ayāh 21. Sūrah Al Balad (90), āyāt 12-17. Sūrah Al Fath (48), ayāh 29.

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Distance oneself from hatred of each other 2:216

It can be that „mankind‟ hates something which is good for them.

                             Jihād (holy fighting in Allāh‟s Cause) is ordained for you (Muslims) though you dislike it, and it may be that you dislike a thing which is good for you and that you like a thing which is bad for you. Allāh knows but you do not know.2842 2:8

The characteristics of hatred are inclined towards those who do injustice towards another.            

And of mankind, there are some (hypocrites) who say: “We believe in Allāh and the Last Day” while in fact they believe not.2843 108:3

A person who angers you, will be cut off from the Mercy of Allāh.     

For he who makes you angry (O Muḥammad ()), - he will be cut off (from every good thing in this world and in the Hereafter).2844

Love, brotherhood, and peace 3:103

Because of the favour of Allāh amongst „mankind‟, are mutual relations.

Sūrah Al Baqarah (2), ayāh 216. Sūrah Al Baqarah (2), ayāh 8. Sūrah Al Kauthar (108), ayāh 3.

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you, that you may be guided.2845 49:9-10

Make peace amongst quarrelling parties of the muʾminūn; indeed, amongst the muʾminūn is brotherhood.

                                              And if two parties or groups among the believers fall to fighting, then make peace between them both, but if one of them rebels against the other, then fight you (all) against the one that which rebels till it complies with the command of Allāh; then if it complies, then make reconciliation between them justly, and be equitable. Verily! Allāh loves those who are equitable. The believers are nothing else than brothers (in Islāmic religion). So make reconciliation between your brothers, and fear Allāh, that you may receive mercy.2846 4:114

Most secretive whisperings are evil, except the whispering of those who call for ṣadaqah (charity in Allāh‟s Cause), who call to the maʿrūf, and peace between „mankind‟.

                             There is no good in most of their secret talks save (in) him who orders Ṣadaqah (charity in Allāh‟s Cause), or Maʿrūf (Islāmic Monotheism and all the good and righteous deeds which Allāh has ordained), or conciliation between mankind, and he who does this, seeking the good pleasure of Allāh, We shall give him a great reward.2847

Avoid hostility 41:34                    The good deed and the evil deed cannot be equal. Repel (the evil) with one 2845 2846 2847

Sūrah Āl ʿImrān (3), ayāh 103. Sūrah Al Ḥujurāt (49), āyāt 9-10. Sūrah Al Nisāʾ (4), ayāh 114.

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which is better (i.e. Allāh ordered the faithful believers to be patient at the time of anger, and to excuse those who treat them badly), Then verily! He, between whom and you there was enmity, (will become) as though he was a close friend. 2848 22:38-39 Moreover, we are empowered to fight back if we are fought against. 

                          

Truly, Allāh defends those who believe. Verily! Allāh likes not any treacherous ingrate to Allāh [those who disobey Allāh but obey Shaiṭān (Satan)]. Permission to fight is given to those (i.e. believers against disbelievers), who are fighting them, (and) because they (believers) have been wronged, and surely, Allāh is Able to give them (believers) victory.2849 60:7-9

Relationships (within the bounds of Islām) between Muslims and non-Muslims, who do not oppose Islām, is permissible.

                                                                 Perhaps Allāh will make friendship between you and those whom you hold as enemies. And Allāh has power (over all things), and Allāh is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful. Allāh does not forbid you to deal justly and kindly with those who fought not against you on account of the Deen (religion) and did not drive you out of your homes. Verily, Allāh loves those who deal with equity. It is only as regards those who fought against you on account of the Deen (religion), and have driven you out of your homes, and helped to drive you out, that Allāh forbids you to befriend them. And whosoever will befriend them, then such are the Ẓālimūn (wrong-doers those who disobey Allāh).2850

Hold to unity 3:103 2848 2849 2850

Do not be divided amongst yourselves.

Sūrah Fuṣṣilat (41), ayāh 34. Sūrah Al Ḥajj (22), āyāt 38-39. Sūrah Al Mumtaḥinah (60), āyāt 7-9.

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Hold fast to the Rope of Allāh.

                     Verily, those who divide their Deen (religion) and break up into sects (all kinds of religious sects), you (O Muḥammad ) have no concern in them in the least. Their affair is only with Allāh, who then will tell them what they used to do.2852 30:30-32 It is Allāh who takes care of people who sow discord within the Deen, splitting and becoming sects.                    

        

  

                 

So set you (O Muḥammad ) your face towards the Deen (religion) of pure Islāmic Monotheism Ḥanifa (worship none but Allāh Alone) Allāh‟s Fitrah (i.e. Allāh‟s Islāmic Monotheism), with which He has created mankind. No change let there be in Khalqillāh (i.e. the Religion of Allāh - Islāmic Monotheism), that is the Straight Deen (religion), but most of men know not. [Tafsir AtTabarī, Vol 21, Page 41] (Always) turning in repentance to Him (only), and be afraid and dutiful to Him; and perform Aṣ-Ṣalāt (Iqāmataṣ-Ṣalāt) and be not of AlMushrikūn (the disbelievers in the Oneness of Allāh, polytheists, idolaters, etc.). Of those who split up their Deen (religion) (i.e. who left the true Islāmic 2851 2852

Sūrah Āl ʿImrān (3), ayāh 103. Sūrah Al Anʿām (6), ayāh 159.

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Monotheism), and became sects, [i.e. they invented new things in the Religion (Bidʿah), and followed their vain desires], each sect rejoicing in that which is with it.2853 61:4

Form ranks like a solid structure.

            Verily, Allāh loves those who fight in His Cause in rows (ranks) as if they were a solid structure.2854 8:46

Do not dispute amongst each other in order that unity remains strong.

                And obey Allāh and His Messenger, and do not dispute (with one another) lest you lose courage and your strength depart, and be patient. Surely, Allāh is with those who are Aṣ-Ṣābirin (the patient ones, etc.).2855

Do not be prejudicial 10:35-36 Something that can be obtained by suspicion absolutely cannot 10:66-70 be exchanged for something that can be obtained with certitude. And indeed, prejudice is only guessing.                                                      Say: “Is there of your (Allāh‟s so-called) partners one that guides to the truth?” Say: “It is Allāh who guides to the truth. Is then He, Who gives guidance to the truth, more worthy to be followed, or he who finds not guidance (himself) unless he is guided? Then, what is the matter with you? How judge you?” And most of them follow nothing but conjecture. Certainly, conjecture can be of no avail against the truth. Surely, Allāh is All-Aware of what they do.2856

Sūrah Al Rūm (30), āyāt 30-32. Sūrah Al Ṣaff (61), ayāh 4. Sūrah Al Anfāl (8), ayāh 46. 2856 Sūrah Yūnus (10), āyāt 35-36. 2853 2854 2855

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                                                                            

         



            No doubt! Verily, to Allāh belongs whosoever is in the heavens and whosoever is in the earth. And those who worship and invoke others besides Allāh, in fact they follow not the (Allāh‟'s so-called) partners, they follow only a conjecture and they only invent lies. He it is who has appointed for you the night that you may rest therein, and the day to make things visible (to you). Verily, in this are Āyāt (proofs, evidences, verses, lessons, signs, revelations, etc.) for a people who listen (i.e. those who think deeply). They (Jews, Christians and pagans) say: “Allāh has begotten a son (children).” Glory be to Him! He is rich (free of all wants). His is all that is in the heavens and all that is in the earth. No warrant you have for this. Do you say against Allāh what you know not. Say: “Verily, those who invent lie against Allāh will never be successful” a brief enjoyment in this world! - and then unto Us will be their return, then We shall make them taste the severest torment because they used to disbelieve [in Allāh, belie His Messengers, deny and challenge His Āyāt (proofs, signs, verses, etc.)].2857 6:116                     And if you obey most of those on earth, they will mislead you far away from Allāh‟s Path. They follow nothing but conjectures, and they do nothing but lie. 2858 49:12                2857 2858

Sūrah Yūnus (10), āyāt 66-70. Sūrah Al Anʿām (6), ayāh 116.

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                     O you who believe! Avoid much suspicions, indeed some suspicions are sins. And spy not, neither backbite one another. Would one of you like to eat the flesh of his dead brother? You would hate it (so hate backbiting). And fear Allāh. Verily, Allāh is the One who accepts repentance, Most Merciful. 2859

49:6

It is alright to be suspicious of the news brought by someone who is fāsiq.

                  O you who believe! If a rebellious evil person comes to you with a news, verify it, lest you harm people in ignorance, and afterwards you become regretful to what you have done.2860 48:6

The punishment of Allāh is for those who are evilly suspicious towards Him is extremely bitter.

                         And that He may punish the Munāfiqūn (hypocrites), men and women, and also the Mushrikūn men and women, who think evil thoughts about Allāh, for them is a disgraceful torment, and the Anger of Allāh is upon them, and He has cursed them and prepared Hell for them, and worst indeed is that destination.2861

Do not like deprecation, abusiveness, cursing 49:11

Do not mock nor deride as it may be that the latter one is better than the former.

                                2859 2860 2861

Sūrah Al Ḥujurāt (49), ayāh 12. Sūrah Al Ḥujurāt (49), ayāh 6. Sūrah Al Fatḥ (48), ayāh 6.

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           O you who believe! Let not a group scoff at another group, it may be that the latter are better than the former; nor let (some) women scoff at other women, it may be that the latter are better than the former, nor defame one another, nor insult one another by nicknames. How bad is it, to insult one‟s brother after having faith [i.e. to call your Muslim brother (a faithful believer) as: “O sinner”, or “O wicked”, etc.]. And whosoever does not repent, then such are indeed Ẓālimūn (wrong-doers, etc.).2862 49:12

Do not be condemning, nor backbite or look for others faults.

                                    O you who believe! Avoid much suspicions, indeed some suspicions are sins. And spy not, neither backbite one another. Would one of you like to eat the flesh of his dead brother? You would hate it (so hate backbiting). And fear Allāh. Verily, Allāh is the One who accepts repentance, Most Merciful.2863 4:47

Do not gossip about others. Allāh does not like that which is evil.

                              O you who have been given the Scripture (Jews and Christians)! Believe in what We have revealed (to Muḥammad ) confirming what is (already) with you, before We efface faces (by making them like the back of necks; without nose, mouth, eyes, etc.) and turn them hindwards, or curse them as We cursed the Sabbathbreakers. And the Commandment of Allāh is always executed.2864 104:1-2

There is great misfortune for those who slander and backbite.          

Woe to every slanderer and backbiter. Who has gathered wealth and counted it,2865 Sūrah Al Ḥujurāt (49), ayāh 11. Sūrah Al Ḥujurāt (49), ayāh 12. Sūrah Al Nisāʾ (4), ayāh 47. 2865 Sūrah Al Humazah (104), āyāt 1-2. 2862 2863 2864

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Be patient 22:34-35 Good news for those people who desire to be patient.                   

        

           And for every nation We have appointed religious ceremonies, that they may mention the Name of Allāh over the beast of cattle that He has given them for food. And your Ilāh (God) is one Ilāh (God - Allāh), so you must submit to Him alone (in Islām). And (O Muḥammad ) give glad tidings to the Mukhbitīn [those who obey Allāh with humility and are humble from among the true believers of Islāmic Monotheism], Whose hearts are filled with fear when Allāh is mentioned; who patiently bear whatever may befall them (of calamities); and who perform Aṣ-Ṣalāt (Iqāmat-aṣ-Ṣalāt), and who spend (in Allāh‟s Cause) out of what We have provided them.2866                          Say (O Muḥammad ): “O My slaves who believe (in the Oneness of Allāh - Islāmic Monotheism), be afraid of your Lord (Allāh) and keep your duty to Him. Good is (the reward) for those who do good in this world, and Allāh‟s earth is spacious (so if you cannot worship Allāh at a place, then go to another)! Only those who are patient shall receive their rewards in full, without reckoning.” 2867 3:200            O you who believe! Endure and be more patient (than your enemy), and guard your territory by stationing army units permanently at the places from where the enemy can attack you, and fear Allāh, so that you may be successful. 2868 21:85

Remember that the Prophets were patient people.         

2866 2867 2868

Sūrah Al Ḥajj (22), āyāt 34-35. Sūrah Al Zumar (39), ayāh 10. Sūrah Āl ʿImrān (3), ayāh 200.

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And (remember) Ismāʿīl (Ishmael), and Idrīs (Enoch) and Dhul-Kifl (Isaiah), all were from among Aṣ-Ṣābirīn (the patient ones, etc.).2869 20:130

Be patient and glorify Allāh in the morning and the night.

                      So bear patiently (O Muḥammad ) what they say, and glorify the praises of your Lord before the rising of the sun, and before its setting, and during some of the hours of the night, and at the sides of the day (an indication for the five compulsory congregational prayers), that you may become pleased with the reward which Allāh shall give you.2870 40:55 50:39

So bear with patience all that they say, and glorify the praises of your Lord, before the rising of the sun and before setting.2871

             So be patient (O Muḥammad ). Verily, the Promise of Allāh is true, and ask forgiveness for your fault, and glorify the praises of your Lord in the ʿAshī (i.e. the time period after the midnoon till sunset) and in the Ibkār (i.e. the time period from early morning or sunrise till before midnoon) [It is said that, that means the five compulsory congregational Ṣalāt (prayers) or the ʿAsr and Fajr prayers].2872              So bear with patience (O Muḥammad ) all that they say, and glorify the praises of your Lord, before the rising of the sun and before (its) setting (i.e. the Fajr, Zuhr, and ʿAsr prayers).2873 73:10

Distance oneself from them in a good manner.        

And be patient (O Muḥammad ) with what they say, and keep away from them in a good way.2874 16:126-128

Sūrah Al ʾAnbiyāʾ (21), ayāh 85. Sūrah Ṭā-Ḥā (20), ayāh 130. Sūrah Qāf (50), ayāh 39. 2872 Sūrah Al Mūʾmin [or Ghāfir] (40), ayāh 55. 2873 Sūrah Qāf (50), ayāh 39. 2874 Sūrah Al Muzzammil (73), ayāh 10. 2869 2870 2871

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                                       And if you punish (your enemy, O you believers in the Oneness of Allāh), then punish them with the like of that with which you were afflicted. But if you endure patiently, verily, it is better for Aṣ-Ṣābirīn (the patient ones, etc.) . And endure you patiently (O Muḥammad ), your patience is not but from Allāh. And grieve not over them (polytheists and pagans, etc.), and be not distressed because of what they plot. Truly, Allāh is with those who fear Him (keep their duty unto Him), and those who are Muḥsinūn (good-doers). 2875 31:17                    “O my son! Aqimiṣ-Ṣalāt (perform Aṣ-Ṣalāt), enjoin (people) for AlMaʿrūf (Islāmic Monotheism and all that is good), and forbid (people) from AlMunkar (i.e. disbelief in the Oneness of Allāh, polytheism of all kinds and all that is evil and bad), and bear with patience whatever befall you. Verily! These are some of the important commandments ordered by Allāh with no exemption.2876 76:24           Therefore be patient (O Muḥammad ) and submit to the command of your Lord (Allāh, by doing your duty to Him and by conveying His message to mankind), and obey neither a sinner nor a disbeliever among them.2877 52:48

Be patient awaiting the decision of Allāh.            

So wait patiently (O Muḥammad ) for the decision of your Lord, for verily, you are under Our eyes, and glorify the praises of your Lord when you get up from sleep.2878 90:17

Recommend to others the way of patience.

Sūrah Al Naḥl (16), āyāt 126-128. Sūrah Luqmān (31), ayāh 17. Sūrah Al ʾInsān [or Al Dahr] (76), ayāh 24. 2878 Sūrah Al Ṭūr (52), ayāh 48. 2875 2876 2877

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          Then he became one of those who believed, and recommended one another to perseverance and patience, and (also) recommended one another to pity and compassion.2879 103:1-3

Perseverance, pity, and compassion, that which is right.

    

    

 

     By Al-ʿAṣr (the time). Verily! Man is in loss, Except those who believe (in Islāmic Monotheism) and do righteous good deeds, and recommend one another to the truth (i.e. order one another to perform all kinds of good deeds (Al-Maʿrūf) which Allāh has ordained, and abstain from all kinds of sins and evil deeds (Al-Munkar) which Allāh has forbidden), and recommend one another to patience (for the sufferings, harms, and injuries which one may encounter in Allāh‟s Cause during preaching His Religion of Islāmic Monotheism or Jihād, etc.).2880

Do not be angry 68:48-49 Remember the consequences of the Prophet Yunūs‟s  anger regarding his denial by his people at the time he gave daʿwah to them.  

                    

So wait with patience for the decision of your Lord, and be not like the companion of the fish, when he cried out (to Us) while he was in deep sorrow. (See the Qurʾān, Verse 21:87). Had not a grace from his Lord reached him, he would indeed have been (left in the stomach of the fish, but We forgave him), so he was cast off on the naked shore, while he was to be blamed.2881 64:14

Wives and children are trials – so do not be angry and pardon the faults of others.

           

2879 2880 2881

Sūrah Al Balad (90), ayāh 17. Sūrah Al ʿAṣr (103), āyāt 1-3. Sūrah Al Qalam [or Nūn] (68), āyāt 48-49.

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        O you who believe! Verily, among your wives and your children there are enemies for you (i.e. may stop you from the obedience of Allāh), therefore beware of them! But if you pardon (them) and overlook, and forgive (their faults), then verily, Allāh is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful.2882 42:36-37 Pardon the faults of others.                         

    

So whatever you have been given is but a passing enjoyment for this worldly life, but that which is with Allāh (Paradise) is better and more lasting for those who believe (in the Oneness of Allāh - Islāmic Monotheism) and put their trust in their Lord (concerning all of their affairs). And those who avoid the greater sins, and Al-Fawāḥish (illegal sexual intercourse, etc.), and when they are angry, they forgive;2883 3:133-134 Indeed people such as these (patient and forbearing) will receive the recompense of paradise as wide as the heavens and the earth.                             And march forth in the way (which leads to) forgiveness from your Lord, and for Paradise as wide as are the heavens and the earth, prepared for Al-Muttaqūn (the pious). Those who spend [in Allāh‟s Cause - deeds of charity, alms, etc.] in prosperity and in adversity, who repress anger, and who pardon men; Verily, Allāh loves Al-Muḥsinūn (the gooddoers).2884

Forgive the faults of others 7:199 2:263

Be one who forgives. The conferral of forgiveness is better than ṣadaqah followed by injury (words that make one sick at heart).        

2882 2883 2884

Sūrah Al Taghābun (64), ayāh 14. Sūrah Al Shūra (42), āyāt 36-37. Sūrah Āl ʿImrān (3), āyāt 133-134.

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Show forgiveness, enjoin what is good, and turn away from the foolish (i.e. don‟t punish them).2885               Kind words and forgiving of faults are better than Ṣadaqah (charity) followed by injury. And Allāh is rich (Free of All wants) and He is Most-Forbearing.2886 4:149

Allāh is Oft-Pardoning, so forgive the faults of others.

               Whether you (mankind) disclose (by good words of thanks) a good deed (done to you in the form of a favour by someone), or conceal it, or pardon an evil, ... Verily, Allāh is ever OftPardoning, AllPowerful.2887 42:39-43 One who forgives will obtain blessings and favours from Allāh 3:133-134 with Paradise as wide as the heavens and the earth.           

      

         

                 

             

And those who, when an oppressive wrong is done to them, they take revenge. The recompense for an evil is an evil like thereof, but whoever forgives and makes reconciliation, his reward is due from Allāh. Verily, He likes not the Ẓālimūn (oppressors, polytheists, and wrong-doers, etc.). And indeed whosoever takes revenge after he has suffered wrong, for such there is no way (of blame) against them. The way (of blame) is only against those who oppress men and wrongly rebel in the earth, for such there will be a painful torment. And verily, whosoever shows patience and forgives that would truly be from the things recommended by Allāh.2888           

Sūrah Al Aʿrāf (7), ayāh 199. Sūrah Al Baqarah (2), ayāh 263. Sūrah Al Nisāʾ (4), ayāh 149. 2888 Sūrah Al Shūra (42), āyāt 39-43. 2885 2886 2887

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                 And march forth in the way (which leads to) forgiveness from your Lord, and for Paradise as wide as are the heavens and the earth, prepared for Al-Muttaqūn (the pious). Those who spend [in Allāh‟s Cause - deeds of charity, alms, etc.] in prosperity and in adversity, who repress anger, and who pardon men; Verily, Allāh loves Al-Muḥsinūn (the gooddoers).2889

Concerning the obligation of fulfilling oaths, agreements, and vows 2:224-225                       

  

      And make not Allāh‟s (Name) an excuse in your oaths against your doing good and acting piously, and making peace among mankind. And Allāh is All-Hearer, All-Knower (i.e. do not swear much and if you have sworn against doing something good then give an expiation for the oath and do good). Allāh will not call you to account for that which is unintentional in your oaths, but He will call you to account for that which your hearts have earned. And Allāh is Oft-Forgiving, Most-Forbearing. 2890 66:2 5:89

Whenever a person makes an oath that what is ḥarām is ḥalāl, then it is obligatory upon „him‟ to free „himself‟ from that oath by praying kaffāra (‫ – )وفشح‬penance, atonement, reparation, amendment – by bestowing meals for 10 poor people, or giving them clothing, or freeing a slave. For those who are unable to do this then their kaffāra is to fast for three days. Kaffāra also applies to those who contravene their oaths.              

Allāh has already ordained for you (O men), the dissolution of your oaths. And Allāh is your Maula (Lord, or Master, or Protector, etc.) and He is the All-Knower, the All-Wise.2891

2889 2890 2891

Sūrah Āl ʿImrān (3), āyāt 133-134. Sūrah Al Baqarah (2), āyāt 224-225. Sūrah Al Taḥrīm (66), ayāh 2.

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                                                   Allāh will not punish you for what is uninentional in your oaths, but He will punish you for your deliberate oaths; for its expiation (a deliberate oath) feed ten Masākīn (poor persons), on a scale of the average of that with which you feed your own families; or clothe them; or manumit a slave. But whosoever cannot afford (that), then he should fast for three days. That is the expiation for the oaths when you have sworn. And protect your oaths (i.e. do not swear much). Thus Allāh make clear to you His Āyāt (proofs, evidences, verses, lessons, signs, revelations, etc.) that you may be grateful.2892 16:91-95 For that reason do not seek to break oaths and agreements. 48:10                                                                                       

           

               And fulfill the Covenant of Allāh (Baiʿa: pledge for Islām) when you have covenanted, and break not the oaths after you have confirmed them, and indeed you have appointed Allāh your surety. Verily! Allāh knows what you do. And be not like her who undoes the thread which she has spun after it has become strong, by taking your oaths a means of deception among yourselves, lest a nation may be more numerous than another nation. Allāh only tests you by this [i.e who obeys Allāh and fulfills Allāh‟s Covenant and who disobeys Allāh and breaks Allāh‟s Covenant]. And on the Day of Resurrection, He will certainly make clear to you that wherein you used to 2892

Sūrah Al Māʾidah (5), ayāh 89.

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differ [i.e. a believer confesses and believes in the Oneness of Allāh and in the Prophethood of Prophet Muḥammad which the disbeliever denies it and that was their difference amongst them in the life of this world]. And had Allāh willed, He could have made you (all) one nation, but He sends astray whom He wills and guides whom He wills. But you shall certainly be called to account for what you used to do. And make not your oaths, a means of deception among yourselves, lest a foot may slip after being firmly planted, and you may have to taste the evil (punishment in this world) of having hindered (men) from the Path of Allāh (i.e. belief in the Oneness of Allāh and His Messenger, Muḥammad ), and yours will be a great torment (i.e. the Fire of Hell in the Hereafter). And purchase not a small gain at the cost of Allāh‟s Covenant. Verily! What is with Allāh is better for you if you did but know.2893                             Verily, those who give Baiʿā (pledge) to you (O Muḥammad ) they are giving Baiʿā (pledge) to Allāh. The Hand of Allāh is over their hands. Then whosoever breaks his pledge, breaks only to his own harm, and whosoever fulfills what he has covenanted with Allāh, He will bestow on him a great reward.2894 17:34 5:1

...And fulfil covenant. Verily! The covenant, will be questioned about.2895

                    And come not near to the orphan‟s property except to improve it, until he attains the age of full strength. And fulfil (every) covenant. Verily! The covenant, will be questioned about. 2896                           O you who believe! Fulfill (your) obligations. Lawful to you (for food) are all the beasts of cattle except that which will be announced to you (herein), game (also) being unlawful when you assume Iḥrām for Ḥajj or ʿUmrah (pilgrimage). Verily, Allāh commands that which He wills.2897 18:23-24 When you make an oath to another person state: InshāʾAllāh – if Sūrah Al Naḥl (16), āyāt 91-95. Sūrah Al Fatḥ (48), ayāh 10. Sūrah Al Isrāʾ (17), ayāh 34. 2896 Sūrah Al Isrāʾ (17), ayāh 34. 2897 Sūrah Al Māʾidah (5), ayāh 1. 2893 2894 2895

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Allāh wills.        

       

           And never say of anything, “I shall do such and such thing tomorrow.” Except (with the saying), “If Allāh will!” And remember your Lord when you forget and say: “It may be that my Lord guides me unto a nearer way of truth than this.”2898 68:10       And obey not everyone who swears much, and is considered worthless, 2899

2:270

...whatever vow you make, be sure Allāh knows it all...2900

                 And whatever you spend for spendings (e.g., in Ṣadaqah - charity, etc. for Allāh‟s Cause) or whatever vow you make, be sure Allāh knows it all. And for the Ẓālimūn (wrong-doers, etc.) there are no helpers. 2901 22:29 76:5-7

Then let them complete the prescribed duties for them, and perform their vows...2902         

Then let them complete the prescribed duties (Manāsik of Ḥajj) for them, and perform their vows, and circumambulate the Ancient House (the Kaʿbah at Makkah). 2903                          Verily, the Abrār (pious, who fear Allāh and avoid evil), shall drink a cup (of wine) mixed with water from a spring in Paradise called Kāfūr. Sūrah Al Kahf (18), āyāt 23-24. Sūrah Al Qalam (68), ayāh 10. Sūrah Al Baqarah (2), ayāh 270. 2901 Sūrah Al Baqarah (2), ayāh 270. 2902 Sūrah Al Ḥajj (22), ayāh 29. 2903 Sūrah Al Ḥajj (22), ayāh 29. 2898 2899 2900

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A spring wherefrom the slaves of Allāh will drink, causing it to gush forth abundantly. They (are those who) fulfill (their) vows, and they fear a Day whose evil will be wide-spreading.2904

Do not lie 33:70          O you who believe! Keep your duty to Allāh and fear him, and speak (always) the truth. 2905 22:30

...so shun the abomination of idol, and shun lying speech.2906

                           That (Manāsik prescribed duties of Ḥajj is the obligation that mankind owes to Allāh), and whoever honours the sacred things of Allāh, then that is better for him with his Lord. The cattle are lawful to you, except those (that will be) mentioned to you (as exceptions). So shun the abomination (worshipping) of idol, and shun lying speech (false statements) -2907 61:2-3                    O you who believe! Why do you say that which you do not do? Most hateful it is with Allāh that you say that which you do not do. 2908 61:7-8                              

Sūrah ʾInsān [or Al Dahr] (76), āyāt 5-7. Sūrah Al Aḥzāb (33), ayāh 70. Sūrah Al Ḥajj (22), ayāh 30. 2907 Sūrah Al Ḥajj (22), ayāh 30. 2908 Sūrah Al Ṣaff (61), āyāt 2-3. 2904 2905 2906

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And who does more wrong than the one who invents a lie against Allāh, while he is being invited to Islām? And Allāh guides not the people who are Ẓālimūn (polytheists, wrong-doers and disbelievers) folk. They intend to put out the light of Allāh (i.e. the Religion of Islām, this Qurʾān, and Prophet Muḥammad ) with their mouths. But Allāh will complete his light even though the disbelievers hate (it). 2909

Do not spread lies 24:14-15 Be careful regarding false information brought by and distributed by people.                        

 

       Had it not been for the Grace of Allāh and His Mercy unto you in this world and in the Hereafter, a great torment would have touched you for that whereof you had spoken. When you were propagating it with your tongues, and uttering with your mouths that whereof you had no knowledge, you counted it a little thing, while with Allāh it was very great.2910 33:60-62 The distribution of false information is one of the characteristics of the munafiqūn.                

        

                  If the hypocrites, and those in whose hearts is a disease (evil desire for adultery, etc.), and those who spread false news among the people in Al-Madinah, cease not, We shall certainly let you overpower them, then they will not be able to stay in it as your neighbours but a little while. Accursed, wherever found, they shall be seized and killed with a (terrible) slaughter. That was the Way of Allāh in the case of those who passed away of old, and you will not find any change in the Way of Allāh.2911

2909 2910 2911

Sūrah Al Ṣaff (61), āyāt 7-8. Sūrah Al Nūr (24), āyāt 14-15. Sūrah Al Aḥzāb (33), āyāt 60-62.

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49:6                   O you who believe! If a rebellious evil person comes to you with a news, verify it, lest you harm people in ignorance, and afterwards you become regretful to what you have done.2912

Do not slander 4:112

Do not accuse someone of committing a sin especially since it may be oneself who did it.

               And whoever earns a fault or a sin and then throws it on to someone innocent, he has indeed burdened himself with falsehood and a manifest sin.2913 2:191-193 The committing of fitnah (slander) is worse than killing someone. 2:217 The committing of slander is worse (greater) than killing someone.                                                       And kill them wherever you find them, and turn them out from where they have turned you out. And Al-Fitnah is worse than killing. And fight not with them at Al-Masjid-al-Ḥarām (the sanctuary at Makkah), unless they (first) fight you there. But if they attack you, then kill them. Such is the recompense of the disbelievers. But if they cease, then Allāh is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful. And fight them until there is no more Fitnah (disbelief and worshipping of others along with Allāh) and (all and every kind of) worship is for Allāh (Alone). But if they cease, let there be no transgression except against Aẓ-Ẓālimūn (the polytheists, and wrong-doers, etc.)2914                

2912 2913 2914

Sūrah Al Ḥujurāt ()49, ayāh 6. Sūrah Al Nisāʾ (4), ayāh 112. Sūrah Al Baqarah (2), āyāt 191-193.

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                                                 They ask you concerning fighting in the sacred months (i.e. 1st, 7th, 11th and 12th months of the Islāmic calendar). Say, “Fighting therein is a great (transgression) but a greater (transgression) with Allāh is to prevent mankind from following the Way of Allāh, to disbelieve in Him, to prevent access to Al-Masjid-al-Ḥarām (at Makkah), and to drive out its inhabitants, and Al-Fitnah is worse than killing. And they will never cease fighting you until they turn you back from your Deen (religion) (Islāmic Monotheism) if they can. And whosoever of you turns back from his religion and dies as a disbeliever, then his deeds will be lost in this life and in the Hereafter, and they will be the dwellers of the Fire. They will abide therein forever.”2915 29:10-11 Do not remove faith because of slandering someone.                                         Of mankind are some who say: “We believe in Allāh,” but if they are made to suffer for the sake of Allāh, they consider the trial of mankind as Allāh‟s punishment, and if victory comes from your Lord, (the hypocrites) will say: “Verily! We were with you (helping you).” Is not Allāh best aware of what is in the breast of the ʿĀlamīn (mankind and jinns). Verily, Allāh knows those who believe, and verily, He knows the hypocrites [i.e. Allāh will test the people with good and hard days to discriminate the good from the wicked (although Allāh knows all that before putting them to test)].2916

Be a true witness 4:135 5:8                                 2915 2916

Sūrah Al Baqarah (2), ayāh 217. Sūrah Al ʿAnkabūt (29), āyāt 10-11.

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          O you who believe! Stand out firmly for justice, as witnesses to Allāh, even though it be against yourselves, or your parents, or your kin, be he rich or poor, Allāh is a better protector to both (than you). So follow not the lusts (of your hearts), lest you may avoid justice, and if you distort your witness or refuse to give it, verily, Allāh is ever WellAcquainted with what you do. 2917

                               O you who believe! Stand out firmly for Allāh and be just witnesses and let not the enmity and hatred of others make you avoid justice. Be just: that is nearer to piety, and fear Allāh. Verily, Allāh is WellAcquainted with what you do.2918 70:33-35                 And those who stand firm in their testimonies; and those who guard their Ṣalāt (prayers) well , such shall dwell in the Gardens (i.e. Paradise) honoured.2919

Speak what is good and true 17:53 O you who believe! Keep your duty to Allāh and fear Him, and 33:69-70 speak the truth.2920                    And say to My slaves (i.e. the true believers of Islāmic Monotheism) that they should (only) say those words that are the best. (Because) Shaiṭān (Satan) verily, sows disagreements among them. Surely, Shaiṭān (Satan) is to man a plain enemy.2921

Sūrah Al Nisāʾ (4), ayāh 135. Sūrah Al Māʾidah (5), ayāh 8. Sūrah Al Maʿārij (70), āyāt 33-35. 2920 Sūrah Al Aḥzāb (33), ayāh 70. 2921 Sūrah Al Isrāʾ (17), ayāh 53. 2917 2918 2919

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                           O you who believe! Be not like those who annoyed Mūsā (Moses), but Allāh cleared him of that which they alleged, and he was honourable before Allāh. O you who believe! Keep your duty to Allāh and fear Him, and speak (always) the truth. 2922 41:33               And who is better in speech than he who [says: “My Lord is Allāh (believes in His Oneness),” and then stands straight (acts upon His Order), and] invites (men) to Allāh‟s (Islāmic Monotheism), and does righteous deeds, and says: “I am one of the Muslims.” 2923

Protect trusts - Amānat 2:283

Fulfil your trusts towards others.

                                      And if you are on a journey and cannot find a scribe, then let there be a pledge taken (mortgaging); Then if one of you entrust the other, let the one who is entrusted discharge his trust (faithfully), and let him be afraid of Allāh, his Lord. And conceal not the evidence for he, who hides it, surely his heart is sinful. And Allāh is All-Knower of what you do.2924 4:58

Deliver your trusts to those who have the right.

2922 2923 2924

Sūrah Al Aḥzāb (33), āyāt 69-70. Sūrah Fuṣṣilat (41), ayāh 33. Sūrah Al Baqarah (2), ayāh 283.

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Truly, Allāh is ever AllHearer, AllSeer.2925 8:27-28

Do not betray the trust which has already been pledged by you.

                       O you who believe! Betray not Allāh and His Messenger, nor betray knowingly your Amānāt (things entrusted to you, and all the duties which Allāh has ordained for you). And know that your possessions and your children are but a trial and that surely with Allāh is a mighty reward.2926 23:8 One of the characteristics of a person who believes and is 70:32-35 successful is to protect „his‟ trusts and agreements – the recompense is Paradise full of blessings.       Those who are faithfully true to their Amānāt (all the duties which Allāh has ordained, honesty, moral responsibility and trusts etc.) and to their covenants;2927     

     

           And those who keep their trusts and covenants; and those who stand firm in their testimonies; and those who guard their Ṣalāt (prayers) well, such shall dwell in the Gardens (i.e. Paradise) honoured.2928 28:26

And the best of peoples to deliver their works are those who are strong and trustworthy.

            And said one of them (the two women): “O my father! Hire him! Verily, the best of men for you to hire is the strong, the trustworthy.”2929

Do not be treacherous 4:105-109 Do not side with those who are treacherous; the disbelievers are Sūrah Al Nisāʾ (4), ayāh 58. Sūrah Al Anfāl (8), āyāt 27-28. Sūrah Al Muʾminūn (23), ayāh 8. 2928 Sūrah Al Maʿārij (70), āyāt 32-35. 2929 Sūrah Al Qaṣaṣ (28), ayāh 26. 2925 2926 2927

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8:55-58

the worst of creatures; they do not believe and betray their trusts.

                 

        

 

                                       

   

           Surely, We have sent down to you (O Muḥammad ) the Book (this Qurʾān) in truth that you might judge between men by that which Allāh has shown you (i.e. has taught you through Divine Inspiration), so be not a pleader for the treacherous. And seek the forgiveness of Allāh, certainly, Allāh is ever OftForgiving, Most Merciful. And argue not on behalf of those who deceive themselves. Verily, Allāh does not like anyone who is a betrayer of his trust, and indulges in crime. They may hide (their crimes) from men, but they cannot hide (them) from Allāh, for He is with them (by His Knowledge), when they plot by night in words that He does not approve, and Allāh ever encompasses what they do. Lo! You are those who have argued for them in the life of this world, but who will argue for them on the Day of Resurrection against Allāh, or who will then be their defender?2930                                 

                 

Verily, the worst of moving (living) creatures before Allāh are those who disbelieve, - so they shall not believe. They are those with whom you made a covenant, but they break their covenant every time and they do not fear Allāh. So if you gain the mastery over them in war, punish them severely in order to disperse those who are behind them, so that they may learn a lesson. If you (O Muḥammad ) fear treachery from any people throw back (their covenant) to them (so as to be) on equal terms (that there will be no more covenant between you and them). Certainly Allāh likes not the treacherous.2931 2930 2931

Sūrah Al Nisāʾ (4), āyāt 105-109. Sūrah Al Anfāl (8), āyāt 55-58.

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12:52

Indeed Allāh guides not the treason of those who betray.             

[Then Yūsuf (Joseph) said: “I asked for this enquiry] in order that He (Al-ʿAzīz) may know that I betrayed him not in secret. And, verily! Allāh guides not the plot of the betrayers.2932 8:27

Do not betray Allāh and His Messenger .

            O you who believe! Betray not Allāh and His Messenger, nor betray knowingly your Amānāt (things entrusted to you, and all the duties which Allāh has ordained for you).2933

Do not refuse blessings 16:53-55 All blessings come from Allāh, so do not refuse them. „mankind‟ is given many blessings but is always unthankful. Many of 17:67-70 „mankind‟, if when they are given blessings, feel happy and even arrogant at stealing themselves. However, if they are affected by 30:33-36 a calamity they are suddenly hopeless.                       

          

And whatever of blessings and good things you have, it is from Allāh. Then, when harm touches you, unto Him you cry aloud for help. Then, when He has removed the harm from you, behold! Some of you associate others in worship with their Lord (Allāh). So (as a result of that ) they deny (with ungratefulness) that (Allāh‟s Favours) which We have bestowed on them! Then enjoy yourselves (your short stay), but you will come to know (with regrets).2934                          

   

              

2932 2933 2934

Sūrah Yūsuf (12), ayāh 52. Sūrah Al Anfāl (8), ayāh 27. Sūrah Al Naḥl (16), āyāt 53-55.

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                                   And when harm touches you upon the sea, those that you call upon besides Him vanish from you except Him (Allāh Alone). But when He brings you safely to land, you turn away (from Him). And man is ever ungrateful. Do you then feel secure that He will not cause a side of the land to swallow you up, or that He will not send against you a violent sand-storm? Then, you shall find no Wakīl (guardian one to guard you from the torment). Or do you feel secure that He will not send you back a second time to sea and send against you a hurricane of wind and drown you because of your disbelief, then you will not find any avenger therein against Us? And indeed We have honoured the Children of ʾĀdam, and We have carried them on land and sea, and have provided them with Aṭ-Ṭaiyibāt (lawful good things), and have preferred them above many of those whom We have created with a marked preference.2935                 

       

  

                           And when harm touches men, they cry sincerely only to their Lord (Allāh), turning to Him in repentance, but when He gives them a taste of His Mercy, behold! A party of them associate partners in worship with their Lord. So as to be ungrateful for the graces which We have bestowed on them. Then enjoy (your short life); but you will come to know. Or have We revealed to them a Scripture, which speaks of that which they have been associating with Him? And when We cause mankind to taste of mercy, they rejoice therein, but when some evil afflicts them because of (evil deeds and sins) that their (own) hands have sent forth, Lo! They are in despair!2936 39:49-51 Moreover, „mankind‟ is proud, (thinking) that the blessings are from „his‟ own cleverness.                                 

2935 2936

Sūrah Al Isrāʾ (17), āyāt 67-70. Arah Al Rūm (30), āyāt 33-36.

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                    When harm touches man, he calls to Us (for help), then when We have (rescued him from that harm and) changed it into a favour from Us, he says: “Only because of knowledge (that I possess) I obtained it.” Nay, it is only a trial, but most of them know not! Verily, those before them said it, yet (all) that they had earned availed them not. So, the evil results of that which they earned overtook them. And those who did wrong of these [people to whom you (Muḥammad ) have been sent], will also be overtaken by the evil results (torment) for that which they earned, and they will never be able to escape.2937 41:49-51 When affected by misfortune then they pray much.                                                             Man (the disbeliever) does not get tired of asking good (things from Allāh), but if an evil touches him, then he gives up all hope and is lost in despair. And truly, if We give him a taste of mercy from Us, after some adversity (severe poverty or disease, etc.) has touched him, he is sure to say: “This is for me (due to my merit), I think not that the Hour will be established. But if I am brought back to my Lord, surely, there will be for me the best (wealth, etc.) with Him. Then, We verily, will show to the disbelievers what they have done and We shall make them taste a severe torment. And when We show favour to man, he withdraws and turns away, but when evil touches him, then he has recourse to long supplications.2938

Be thankful 93:11

Be thankful for the blessings of Allāh.     

And proclaim the Grace of your Lord (i.e. the Prophethood and all other Graces).2939 2937 2938 2939

Sūrah Al Zumar (39), āyāt 49-51. Sūrah Fuṣṣilat (41), āyāt 49-51. Sūrah Al Ḍuḥa (93), ayāh 11.

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31:12 27:40

Whoever is thankful, then „he‟ is thankful for (the good of) „his‟ ownself; and whoever is ungrateful is ungrateful only for the loss of „his‟ ownself. Indeed Allāh is rich, bountiful.

                     And indeed We bestowed upon Luqmān AlḤikmah (wisdom and religious understanding, etc.) saying: “Give thanks to Allāh,” and whoever gives thanks, he gives thanks for (the good of) his ownself. And whoever is unthankful, then verily, Allāh is AllRich (Free of All wants), Worthy of All Praise.2940                                           One with whom was knowledge of the Scripture said: “I will bring it to you within the twinkling of an eye!” Then when [Sulaimān (Solomon)] saw it placed before him, he said: “This is by the Grace of my Lord to test me whether I am grateful or ungrateful! And whoever is grateful, truly, his gratitude is for (the good of) his ownself, and whoever is ungrateful, (he is ungrateful only for the loss of his ownself). Certainly! My Lord is rich (Free of All wants), Bountiful.”2941 14:7 16:18 14:34

...”If you give thanks, I will give you more, but if you are thankless, Verily! My punishment is indeed severe.”2942

             And (remember) when your Lord proclaimed: “If you give thanks (by accepting faith and worshipping none but Allāh), I will give you more (of My Blessings), but if you are thankless (i.e. disbelievers), verily! My punishment is indeed severe.” 2943             And if you would count the graces of Allāh, never could you be able to count them. Truly! Allāh is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful.2944

Sūrah Luqmān (31), ayāh 12. Sūrah Al Naml (27), ayāh 40. Sūrah Ibrāhīm (14), ayāh 7. 2943 Sūrah Ibrāhīm (14), ayāh 7. 2944 Sūrah Al Naḥl (16), ayāh 18. 2940 2941 2942

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                  And He gave you of all that you asked for, and if you count the Blessings of Allāh, never will you be able to count them. Verily! Man is indeed an extreme wrong-doer, - a disbeliever (an extreme ingrate, denies Allāh‟s Blessings by disbelief, and by worshipping others besides Allāh, and by disobeying Allāh and His Prophet Muḥammad ).2945 3:145

Allāh will recompense people who desire to be thankful to Him.

                           And no person can ever die except by Allāh‟s leave and at an appointed term. And whoever desires a reward in (this) world, We shall give him of it; and whoever desires a reward in the Hereafter, We shall give him thereof. And We shall reward the grateful.2946 2:152

Be thankful to Me (Allāh)!       

Therefore remember Me (by praying, glorifying, etc.). I will Remember you, and be grateful to Me (for My countless favours on you) and never be ungrateful to Me.2947

Do not be envious nor spiteful 4:32                                 And wish not for the things in which Allāh has made some of you to excel others. For men there is reward for what they have earned, (and likewise) for women there is reward for what they have earned, and ask Allāh of His Bounty. Surely, Allāh is ever AllKnower of everything. 2948 Sūrah Ibrāhīm (14), ayāh 34. Sūrah Āl ʿImrān (3), ayāh 145. Sūrah Al Baqarah (2), ayāh 152. 2948 Sūrah Al Nisāʾ (4), ayāh 32. 2945 2946 2947

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2:90 4:54-55

Do not enter disbelief by feeling spiteful that Allāh has bestowed graces towards people who He wills.

                              How bad is that for which they have sold their ownselves, that they should disbelieve in that which Allāh has revealed (the Qurʾān), grudging that Allāh should reveal of His Grace unto whom He will of His slaves. So they have drawn on themselves wrath upon wrath. And for the disbelievers, there is disgracing torment.2949                                  Or do they envy men (Muḥammad  and his followers) for what Allāh has given them of His Bounty? Then We had already given the family of „Ibrāhīm (Abraham) the Book and Al-Ḥikmah (As-Sunnah - Divine Inspiration to those Prophets not written in the form of a book), and conferred upon them a great kingdom. Of them were (some) who believed in him (Muḥammad ), and of them were (some) who averted their faces from him (Muḥammad ); and enough is Hell for burning (them).2950 3:118-120 Characteristics of those people who are envious and spiteful is that their hearts are saddened when (other) people obtain goodness and feel happy at the time that they themselves have troubles.                                                                        

2949 2950

Sūrah Al Baqarah (2), ayāh 90. Sūrah Al Nisāʾ (4), āyāt 54-55.

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               O you who believe! Take not as (your) Biṭānah (advisors, consultants, protectors, helpers, friends, etc.) those outside your Deen (religion) (pagans, Jews, Christians, and hypocrites) since they will not fail to do their best to corrupt you. They desire to harm you severely. Hatred has already appeared from their mouths, but what their breasts conceal is far worse. Indeed We have made plain to you the Āyāt (proofs, evidences, verses) if you understand. Lo! You are the ones who love them but they love you not, and you believe in all the Scriptures [i.e. you believe in the Taurāt (Torah) and the Injeel (Gospel), while they disbelieve in your Book, the Qurʾān]. And when they meet you, they say, “We believe”. But when they are alone, they bite the tips of their fingers at you in rage. Say: “Perish in your rage. Certainly, Allāh knows what is in the breasts (all the secrets).” If a good befalls you, it grieves them, but if some evil overtakes you, they rejoice at it. But if you remain patient and become Al-Muttaqūn (the pious), not the least harm will their cunning do to you. Surely, Allāh surrounds all that they do.2951 113:1-5

Seek the protection of Allāh from the evils of people who are spiteful.

                            Say: “I seek refuge with (Allāh) the Lord of the daybreak, “From the evil of what He has created; “And from the evil of the darkening (night) as it comes with its darkness; (or the moon as it sets or goes away). “And from the evil of the witchcrafts when they blow in the knots, “And from the evil of the envier when he envies.”2952

The prohibition of luxuriousness 2:202

„mankind‟ will obtain a share of what they have endeavoured towards.          

For them there will be alloted a share for what they have earned. And Allāh is Swift at Reckoning.2953 3:14 18:46 2951 2952 2953

In the view of „mankind‟ that which is beautiful is the love of that which they desire, namely, the pleasure of this worlds

Sūrah Āl ʿImrān (3), āyāt 118-120. Sūrah Al Falaq (113), āyāt 1-5. Sūrah Al Baqarah (2), ayāh 202.

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ornaments.                            Beautified for men is the love of things they covet; women, children, much of gold and silver (wealth), branded beautiful horses, cattle and well-tilled land. This is the pleasure of the present world‟s life; but Allāh has the excellent return (Paradise with flowing rivers, etc.) with Him.2954                Wealth and children are the adornment of the life of this world. But the good righteous deeds (five compulsory prayers, deeds of Allāh‟s obedience, good and nice talk, remembrance of Allāh with glorification, praises and thanks, etc.), that last, are better with your Lord for rewards and better in respect of hope.2955 8:28

Whereas all of that is a trial within life. For that reason do not love the pleasures of this world more than ones love for Allāh and His Messenger , and strive in His Path.

           And know that your possessions and your children are but a trial and that surely with Allāh is a mighty reward.2956 28:77-78 Remember the destruction of communities aforehand caused by 34:34-37 the over accumulation of wealth and excessiveness in their love for luxurious lives at the price of forgetting the Hereafter.                                                               2954 2955 2956

Sūrah Āl ʿImrān (3), ayāh 14. Sūrah Al Kahf (18), ayāh 46. Sūrah Al Anfāl (8), ayāh 28.

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But seek, with that (wealth) which Allāh has bestowed on you, the home of the Hereafter, and forget not your portion of legal enjoyment in this world, and do good as Allāh has been good to you, and seek not mischief in the land. Verily, Allāh likes not the Mufsidūn (those who commit great crimes and sins, oppressors, tyrants, mischief-makers, corrupts). He said: “This has been given to me only because of knowledge I possess.” Did he not know that Allāh had destroyed before him generations, men who were stronger than him in might and greater in the amount (of riches) they had collected. But the Mujrimūn (criminals, disbelievers, polytheists, sinners, etc.) will not be questioned of their sins (because Allāh knows them well, so they will be punished without account).2957                    

        

   

        

                    And We did not send a warner to a township, but those who were given the worldly wealth and luxuries among them said: “We believe not in the (Message) with which you have been sent.” And they say: WWe are more in wealth and in children, and we are not going to be punished.” Say (O Muḥammad ): “Verily, my Lord enlarges and restricts the provision to whom He pleases, but most men know not.” And it is not your wealth, nor your children that bring you nearer to Us (i.e. pleases Allāh), but only he (will please Us) who believes (in the Islāmic Monotheism), and does righteous deeds; as for such, there will be twofold reward for what they did, and they will reside in the high dwellings (Paradise) in peace and security.2958 57:20 89:20 3:10

Do not be proud of ones wealth, (number of) children, and overly loving of wealth, because that wealth is unable to prevent the punishment of Allāh.

                                          

2957 2958

Sūrah Al Qaṣaṣ (28), āyāt 77-78. Sūrah Sabaʾ (34), āyāt 34-37.

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Know that the life of this world is only play and amusement, pomp and mutual boasting among you, and rivalry in respect of wealth and children, as the likeness of vegetation after rain, thereof the growth is pleasing to the tiller; afterwards it dries up and you see it turning yellow; then it becomes straw. But in the Hereafter (there is) a severe torment (for the disbelievers, evil-doers), and (there is) forgiveness from Allāh and (His) good pleasure (for the believers, good-doers), whereas the life of this world is only a deceiving enjoyment.2959      And you love wealth with much love!

2960

                  Verily, those who disbelieve, neither their properties nor their offspring will avail them whatsoever against Allāh; and it is they who will be fuel of the Fire.2961 102:1-8

Allāh threatens those negligent amongst „mankind‟ regarding the meaning of life and a life of grandeur.

               

  

     

 

         The mutual rivalry for piling up of worldly things diverts you, until you visit the graves (i.e. till you die). Nay! You shall come to know! Again, Nay! You shall come to know! Nay! If you knew with a sure knowledge (the end result of piling up, you would not have occupied yourselves in worldly things) Verily, you shall see the blazing Fire (Hell)! And again, you shall see it with certainty of sight! Then, on that day, you shall be asked about the delight (you indulged in, in this world)!2962 104:1-9

There will be grand misfortune for the hoarder of possessions or wealth which is not spent in the Way of Allāh.

              Sūrah Al Ḥadīd (57), ayāh 20. Sūrah Al Fajr (89), ayāh 20. Sūrah Āl ʿImrān (3), ayāh 10. 2962 Sūrah Al Takāthur (102), āyāt 1-8. 2959 2960 2961

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                             Woe to every slanderer and backbiter. Who has gathered wealth and counted it, he thinks that his wealth will make him last forever! Nay! Verily, he will be thrown into the crushing Fire. And what will make you know what the crushing Fire is? The Fire of Allāh, kindled, which leaps up over the hearts, Verily, it shall be closed in on them, in pillars stretched forth (i.e. they will be punished in the Fire with pillars, etc.).2963

Do not be excessive 7:31 6:141

O Children of Adam! Take your adornment, while praying and going round the Kaʿbah, and eat and drink but waste not by extravagance, certainly He likes not Al-Musrifūn.2964

                  O children of ʾĀdam! Take your adornment (by wearing your clean clothes), while praying and going round (the Ṭawāf of ) the Kaʿbah, and eat and drink but waste not by extravagance, certainly He (Allāh) likes not Al-Musrifūn (those who waste by extravagance).2965                                     And it is He who produces Gardens trellised and untrellised, and date-palms, and crops of different shape and taste (its fruits and its seeds) and olives, and pomegranates, similar (in kind) and different (in taste). Eat of their fruit when they ripen, but pay the due thereof (its Zakāt, according to Allāh‟s orders 1/10th or 1/20th) on the day of its harvest, and waste not by extravagance. Verily, He likes not Al-Musrifūn (those who waste by extravagance),2966 17:27-28 Indeed those who are squanderers are the brothers of the Shayāṭīn. Sūrah Al Humazah (104), āyāt 1-9. Sūrah Al A‟rāf (7), ayāh 31. Sūrah Al Aʿrāf (7), ayāh 31. 2966 Sūrah Al Anʿām (6), ayāh 141. 2963 2964 2965

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                        Verily, spendthrifts are brothers of the Shayāṭin (devils), and the Shaiṭān (Devil - Satan) is ever ungrateful to his Lord. And if you (O Muḥammad ) turn away from them (kindred, poor, wayfarer, etc. whom We have ordered you to give their rights, but if you have no money at the time they ask you for it) and you are awaiting a mercy from your Lord for which you hope, then, speak unto them a soft kind word (i.e. Allāh will give me and I shall give you).2967 46:20

The punishment of Allāh is for people who consume their wealth in extravagance.

                            On the Day when those who disbelieve (in the Oneness of Allāh - Islāmic Monotheism) will be exposed to the Fire (it will be said): “You received your good things in the life of the world, and you took your pleasure therein. Now this Day you shall be recompensed with a torment of humiliation, because you were arrogant in the land without a right, and because you used to rebel and disobey (Allāh).2968

Steer clear of miserliness 57:23-24 Worship Allāh and join none with Him in worship,.. 4:36-37                            



  In order that you may not be sad over matters that you fail to get, nor rejoice because of that which has been given to you. And Allāh likes not prideful boasters. Those who are misers and enjoin upon people miserliness (Allāh is not in need of their charity). And whosoever turns away (from faith Allāh‟s Monotheism), then Allāh is rich (Free of All wants), Worthy of All Praise.2969 2967 2968 2969

Sūrah Al Isrāʾ (17), āyāt 27-28. Sūrah Al Aḥqāf (46), ayāh 20. Sūrah Al Ḥadīd (57), āyāt 23-24.

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           

               Worship Allāh and join none with Him in worship, and do good to parents, kinsfolk, orphans, Al-Masākīn (the poor), the neighbour who is near of kin, the neighbour who is a stranger, the companion by your side, the wayfarer (you meet), and those (slaves) whom your right hands possess. Verily, Allāh does not like such as are proud and boastful; Those who are miserly and enjoin miserliness on other men and hide what Allāh has bestowed upon them of His Bounties. And We have prepared for the disbelievers a disgraceful torment. 2970 3:180

Do not withhold that which has been bestowed by Allāḥ...

                                   And let not those who covetously withhold of that which Allāh has bestowed on them of His Bounty (wealth) think that it is good for them (and so they do not pay the obligatory Zakāt). Nay, it will be worse for them; the things which they covetously withheld shall be tied to their necks like a collar on the Day of Resurrection. And to Allāh belongs the heritage of the heavens and the earth; and Allāh is WellAcquainted with all that you do. 2971 9:34-35

“This is the treasure which you hoarded for yourselves. Now taste of what you used to hoard.”

                            

       

           

2970 2971

Sūrah Al Nisāʾ (4), āyāt 36-37. Sūrah Āl ʿImrān (3), ayāh 180.

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   O you who believe! Verily, there are many of the (Jewish) rabbis and the (Christian) monks who devour the wealth of mankind in falsehood, and hinder (them) from the Way of Allāh (i.e. Allāh‟s Religion of Islāmic Monotheism). And those who hoard up gold and silver [Al-Kanz: the money, the Zakāt of which has not been paid], and spend it not in the Way of Allāh, - announce unto them a painful torment. On the Day when that (Al-Kanz: money, gold and silver, etc., the Zakāt of which has not been paid) will be heated in the Fire of Hell and with it will be branded their foreheads, their flanks, and their backs, (and it will be said unto them):- “This is the treasure which you hoarded for yourselves. now taste of what you used to hoard.” 2972 70:15-18 The Fire of Hell will blaze for those people who accumulate wealth and hoard it.                 By no means! Verily, it will be the Fire of Hell! Taking away (burning completely) the head skin! Calling: “[O Kāfir (O disbeliever in Allāh, His angels, His Book, His Messengers, the Day of Resurrection and in Al-Qadar (Divine Preordainments), O Mushrik (O polytheist, disbeliever in the Oneness of Allāh)] (all) such as turn their backs and turn away their faces (from faith) [picking and swallowing them up from that great gathering of mankind (on the Day of Resurrection) just as a bird picks up a food-grain from the earth with its beak and swallows it up] [Tafsīr al-Qurtubī, Vol. 18, Page 289] And collect (wealth) and hide it (from spending it in the Cause of Allāh).2973 92:8-11

And Allāh has prepared for them difficulties.

                  But he who is greedy miser and thinks himself self-sufficient. And gives the lie to Al-Ḥusna; We will make smooth for him the path for evil; And what will his wealth benefit him when he goes down (in destruction).2974 47:36-38 Behold! You are those who are called to spend In the Cause of Allāh, yet among you are some who are niggardly. And whoever is niggardly, it is only at the expense of his ownself. But Allāh is rich, and you are poor. And if you turn away, He will exchange you for some other people, and they will not be your likes.2975 Sūrah Al Taubah (9), āyāt 34-35. Sūrah Al Maʿārij (70), āyāt 15-18. Sūrah Al Lail (92), āyāt 8-11. 2975 Sūrah Muḥammad (47), ayāh 38. 2972 2973 2974

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             

      

 

                                The life of this world is but play and pastime, but if you believe (in the Oneness of Allāh - Islāmic Monotheism), and fear Allāh, and avoid evil, He will grant you your wages, and will not ask you your wealth. If He were to ask you of it, and press you, you would covetously withhold, and He will bring out all your (secret) ill-wills. Behold! You are those who are called to spend in the Cause of Allāh, yet among you are some who are niggardly. And whoever is niggardly, it is only at the expense of his ownself. But Allāh is rich (Free of All wants), and you (mankind) are poor. And if you turn away (from Islām and the obedience of Allāh), He will exchange you for some other people, and they will not be your likes. 2976

Pay attention to the poor and needy 2:273-274 Man was created very impatient... 2:177 70:19-27                                                   (Charity is) for Fuqarā (the poor), who in Allāh‟s Cause are restricted (from travel), and cannot move about in the land (for trade or work). The one who knows them not, thinks that they are rich because of their modesty. You may know them by their mark, they do not beg of people at all. And whatever you spend in good, surely Allāh knows it well. Those who spend their wealth (in Allāh‟s Cause) by night and day, in secret and in public, they shall have their reward with their Lord. On them shall be no fear, nor shall they grieve.2977 2976 2977

Sūrah Muḥammad (47), ayāh 38. Sūrah Al Baqarah (2), āyāt 273-274.

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                                                        It is not Al-Birr (piety, righteousness, and each and every act of obedience to Allāh, etc.) that you turn your faces towards east and (or) west (in prayers); but Al-Birr is (the quality of) the one who believes in Allāh, the Last day, the Angels, the Book, the Prophets and gives his wealth, in spite of love for it, to the kinsfolk, to the orphans, and to Al-Masākīn (the poor), and to the wayfarer, and to those who ask, and to set slaves free, performs Aṣ-Ṣalāt (Iqāmat-aṣ-Ṣalāt), and gives the Zakāt, and who fulfill their covenant when they make it, and who are Aṣ-Ṣābirīn (the patient ones, etc.) in extreme poverty and ailment (disease) and at the time of fighting (during the battles). Such are the people of the truth and they are AlMuttaqūn (pious).2978                                               Verily, man (disbeliever) was created very impatient; Irritable (discontented) when evil touches him; and niggardly when good touches him;except those devoted to Ṣalāt (prayers) those who remain constant in their Ṣalāt (prayers); and those in whose wealth there is a known right, for the beggar who asks, and for the unlucky who has lost his property and wealth, (and his means of living has been straitened); and those who believe in the Day of recompense, and those who fear the torment of their Lord,2979 90:12-16                

2978 2979

Sūrah Al Baqarah (2), ayāh 177. Sūrah Al Maʿārij (70), āyāt 19-27.

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        And what will make you know the path that is steep? (It is) freeing a neck (slave, etc.) or giving food in a day of hunger (famine), to an orphan near of kin. Or to a Miskīn (poor) afflicted with misery. 2980 93:9-10           Therefore, treat not the orphan with oppression, and repulse not the beggar; 2981

Actively spend of your wealth (in charity) – ʿamal 16:71

Of „mankind‟ are those who exceed others in matters of fortune, yet the majority of them will not help the others.

                         And Allāh has preferred some of you above others in wealth and properties. Then, those who are preferred will by no means hand over their wealth and properties to those (slaves) whom their right hands possess, so that they may be equal with them in respect thereof. Do they then deny the Favour of Allāh?2982 24:22

People who are superior (in wealth) and more fortunate make oaths not to give in charity.

Sūrah Al Balad (90), āyāt 12-16. Sūrah Aḍ ḍuḥā (93), āyāt 9-10. Sūrah Al Naḥl (16), ayāh 71. 2983 Sūrah Al Nūr (24), ayāh 22. 2980 2981 2982

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25:67

Do not be overly extravagant, but also do not be miserly.

            And those, who, when they spend, are neither extravagant nor niggardly, but hold a medium (way) between those (extremes).2984 57:7

It is hoped that all people spend of their wealth in accordance with their capabilities.

                 Believe in Allāh and His Messenger (Muḥammad ), and spend of that whereof He has made you trustees. And such of you as believe and spend (in Allāh‟s way), theirs will be a great reward.2985 59:9 64:16                                  And those who, before them, had homes (in Al-Madinah) and had adopted the faith, love those who emigrate to them, and have no jealousy in their breasts for that which they have been given (from the booty of Banī An-Naḍīr), and give them (emigrants) preference over themselves, even though they were in need of that. And whosoever is saved from his own covetousness, such are they who will be the successful.2986                   So keep your duty to Allāh and fear Him as much as you can; listen and obey; and spend in charity, that is better for yourselves. And whosoever is saved from his own covetousness, then they are the successful ones.2987 74:6

Do not give to someone in the hope of it being recompensed.

Sūrah Al Furqān (25), ayāh 67. Sūrah Al Ḥadīd (57), ayāh 7. Sūrah Al Ḥashr (59), ayāh 9. 2987 Sūrah Al Taghābun (64), ayāh 16. 2984 2985 2986

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    And give not a thing in order to have more (or consider not your deeds of Allāh‟s obedience as a Favour to Allāh).2988 92:17-21 Those who spend of their wealth seeking the pleasure of Allāh  then for them is self-purification.     

    

  

           And Al-Muttaqūn (the pious and righteous) will be far removed from it (Hell). He who spends his wealth for increase in self-purification, and have in his mind no favour from anyone for which a reward is expected in return, except only the desire to seek the Countenance of his Lord, the Most High; He surely will be pleased (when he will enter Paradise).2989

Desist from intoxicants and gambling 2:219

The sin in them is greater than the benefit...

                               They ask you (O Muḥammad ) concerning alcoholic drink and gambling. Say: “In them is a great sin, and (some) benefit for men, but the sin of them is greater than their benefit.” And they ask you what they ought to spend. Say: “That which is beyond your needs.” Thus Allāh makes clear to you His laws in order that you may give thought.”2990 4:43

Perform Aṣ-Ṣalāt in a sober and pure state...

                                          

2988 2989 2990

Sūrah Al Muddaththir (74), ayāh 6. Sūrah Al Lail (92), āyāt 17-21. Sūrah Al Baqarah (2), ayāh 219.

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        O you who believe! Approach not Aṣ-Ṣalāt (the prayer) when you are in a drunken state until you know (the meaning) of what you utter, nor when you are in a state of Janāba, (i.e. in a state of sexual impurity and have not yet taken a bath) except when travelling on the road (without enough water, or just passing through a mosque), till you wash your whole body. And if you are ill, or on a journey, or one of you comes after answering the call of nature, or you have been in contact with women (by sexual relations) and you find no water, perform Tayammum with clean earth and rub therewith your faces and hands (Tayammum). Truly, Allāh is ever OftPardoning, Oft-Forgiving.2991 5:90-91

Intoxicants (khamr) and gambling are amongst those issues that are contemptible and are the doings of Shaiṭān. By means of both of these Shaiṭān desires to foster enmity and hatred; as well as the obstruction of „mankind‟s‟ remembrance of Allāh .

                                      O you who believe! Intoxicants (all kinds of alcoholic drinks), gambling, Al-Anṣāb, and AlAzlām (arrows for seeking luck or decision) are an abomination of Shaiṭān‟s (Satan) handiwork. So avoid (strictly all) that (abomination) in order that you may be successful . Shaiṭān (Satan) wants only to excite enmity and hatred between you with intoxicants (alcoholic drinks) and gambling, and hinder you from the remembrance of Allāh and from Aṣ-Ṣalāt (the prayer). So, will you not then abstain?2992 47:15

People who are pious will be recompensed with Paradise wherein are rivers of wine, delicious to drink, and which do not intoxicate.

                                                The description of Paradise which the Muttaqūn (pious) have been promised is that in it are rivers of water the taste and smell of which are not changed; rivers of milk of which the taste never changes; rivers of wine delicious to those who drink; and rivers of clarified honey (clear and pure) therein for them is every kind of fruit; and forgiveness from their Lord. (Are 2991 2992

Sūrah Al Nisāʾ (4), ayāh 43. Sūrah Al Māʾidah (5), āyāt 90-91.

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these) like those who shall dwell for ever in the Fire, and be given, to drink, boiling water, so that it cuts up their bowels?2993

Do not be boastful (Riyāʾ - ‫)ريبء‬ Riyā‟ is the performance of a deed not seeking the pleasure of Allāh but rather to seek praise and or renown (for oneself) in the community. 8:47

Do not be vain and boastful in front of „mankind‟.

                   And be not like those who come out of their homes boastfully and to be seen of men, and hinder (men) from the Path of Allāh. And Allāh is Muḥīṭun (encircling and thoroughly comprehending) all that they do.2994 4:38

When giving in charity do not do so in order to be seen doing so.

This ayāh exemplifies the person who gives charity by means of boastfulness.

                                          O you who believe! Do not render in vain your Ṣadaqah (charity) by reminders of your generosity or by injury, like him who spends his wealth to be seen of men, and he does not believe in Allāh, nor in the Last Day. His likeness is the likeness of a smooth rock on which is a little dust; on it falls heavy rain which leaves it bare. They are not able to do anything with what 2993 2994 2995

Sūrah Muḥammad (47), ayāh 15. Sūrah Al Anfāl (8), ayāh 47. Sūrah Al Nisāʾ (4), ayāh 38.

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they have earned. And Allāh does not guide the disbelieving people.2996 3:188

Do not be a person who is or wishes to be praised for what „he‟ has done.

                      Think not that those who rejoice in what they have done (or brought about), and love to be praised for what they have not done,- think not you that they are rescued from the torment, and for them is a painful torment.2997 107:6

Riyāʾ is one example of lying in religion and a disaster for those who are boastful.    

Those who do good deeds only to be seen (of men),

2998

Do not be afraid nor cowardly 3:156-158 Do not be like the munafiqūn who always avoid or are reluctant 4:72-73 to fight, because they are afraid of dying for maintaining the 4:77 truth; but they request a portion of the booty of war when the war is won. The munafiqūn are afraid of the enemy as they are afraid of Allāh .                                                               O you who believe! Be not like those who disbelieve (hypocrites) and who say to their brethren when they travel through the earth or go out to fight: “If they had stayed with us, they would not have died or been killed,” so that Allāh may make it a cause of regret in their hearts. It is Allāh that gives life and causes death. And Allāh is AllSeer of what you do. And if you are killed or die in the Way of Allāh, forgiveness and mercy from Allāh are far better than all that they amass (of worldly wealths, etc.). And whether you die, or are killed, verily, unto Allāh you shall be gathered.2999 Sūrah Al Baqarah (2), ayāh 264. Sūrah Āl ʿImrān (3), ayāh 188. Sūrah Al Māʿūn (107), ayāh 6. 2999 Sūrah Āl ʿImrān (3), āyāt 156-158. 2996 2997 2998

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                           

 

       There is certainly among you he who would linger behind (from fighting in Allāh‟s Cause). If a misfortune befalls you, he says, “Indeed Allāh has favoured me in that I was not present among them.” But if a bounty (victory and booty) comes to you from Allāh, he would surely say - as if there had never been ties of affection between you and him – “Oh! I wish I had been with them; then I would have achieved a great success ( a good share of booty).”3000                                                    Have you not seen those who were told to hold back their hands (from fighting) and perform Aṣ-Ṣalāt (Iqāmataṣ-Ṣalāt), and give Zakāt, but when the fighting was ordained for them, behold! A section of them fear men as they fear Allāh or even more. They say: “Our Lord! Why have you ordained for us fighting? Would that you had granted us respite for a short period?” Say: “Short is the enjoyment of this world. The Hereafter is (far) better for him who fears Allāh, and you shall not be dealt with unjustly even equal to the Fatilā (a scalish thread in the long slit of a datestone).3001 8:15-16 

Do not retreat through fear! Except as a strategy of war.

           

                     O you who believe! When you meet those who disbelieve, in a battle-field, never turn your backs to them. And whoever turns his back to them on such a day - unless it be a stratagem of war, or to retreat to a troop (of his own), - he indeed has drawn upon himself wrath from Allāh. And his abode is Hell, and worst indeed is that destination!3002 3000 3001 3002

Sūrah Al Nisāʾ (4), āyāt 72-73. Sūrah Al Nisāʾ (4), ayāh 77. Sūrah Al Anfāl (8), āyāt 15-16.

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Do not cause destruction 26:151-152             “And follow not the command of Al-Musrifūn [i.e. their chiefs, leaders who were polytheists, criminals and sinners], “Who make mischief in the land, and reform not.”3003 7:56 2:11-12 7:74 7:85-86                  And do not do mischief on the earth, after it has been set in order, and invoke Him with fear and hope; surely, Allāh‟s Mercy is (ever) near unto the good-doers. 3004                     And when it is said to them: “Make not mischief on the earth,” they say: “We are only peacemakers.” Verily! They are the ones who make mischief, but they perceive not.3005                            “And remember when He made you successors after ʿĀd (people) and gave you habitations in the land, you build for yourselves palaces in plains, and carve out homes in the mountains. So remember the graces (bestowed upon you) from Allāh, and do not go about making mischief on the earth.”3006

Sūrah Al Shuʿarā (26), āyāt 151-152. Sūrah Al Aʿrāf (7), ayāh 56. Sūrah Al Baqarah (2), āyāt 11-12. 3006 Sūrah Al Aʿrāf (7), ayāh 74. 3003 3004 3005

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                                                                     And to (the people of) Madyan (Midian), (We sent) their brother Shuʿaib. He said: “O my people! Worship Allāh! You have no other Ilāh (God) but Him. [Lā ilāha ill-Allāh (none has the right to be worshipped but Allāh)].” Verily, a clear proof (sign) from your Lord has come unto you; so give full measure and full weight and wrong not men in their things, and do not mischief on the earth after it has been set In order, that will be better for you, if you are believers. “And sit not on every road, threatening, and hindering from the Path of Allāh those who believe in Him. And seeking to make it crooked. And remember when you were but few, and He multiplied you. And see what was the end of the Mufsidūn (mischief-makers, corrupts, liars).3007 30:41                 Evil (sins and disobedience of Allāh, etc.) has appeared on land and sea because of what the hands of men have earned (by oppression and evil deeds, etc.), that Allāh may make them taste a part of that which they have done, in order that they may return (by repenting to Allāh, and begging His Pardon). 3008

Do not be arrogant and proud of oneself – Be modest! 17:37 25:63 31:18

Do not adopt an insolent face for reasons of pride and do not walk arrogantly but rather, walk with humility.

               And walk not on the earth with conceit and arrogance. Verily, you can neither rend nor penetrate the earth, nor can you attain a stature like the 3007 3008

Sūrah Al Aʿrāf (7), āyāt 85-86. Sūrah Al Rūm (30), ayāh 41.

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mountains in height.3009              And the slaves of the Most Beneficent (Allāh) are those who walk on the earth in humility and sedateness, and when the foolish address them (with bad words) they reply back with mild words of gentleness.3010                   “And turn not your face away from men with pride, nor walk in insolence through the earth. Verily, Allāh likes not each arrogant boaster.3011 4:36 Arrogance renders „mankind‟ in denial of the truth that comes 16:22-25 from Allāh, with the result that Allāh seals their dead hearts.                                     Worship Allāh and join none with Him in worship, and do good to parents, kinsfolk, orphans, Al-Masākīn (the poor), the neighbour who is near of kin, the neighbour who is a stranger, the companion by your side, the wayfarer (you meet), and those (slaves) whom your right hands possess. Verily, Allāh does not like such as are proud and boastful;3012                                                          Your Ilāh (God) is One Ilāh (God Allāh, none has the right to be worshipped but He). But for those who believe not in the Hereafter, their hearts deny (the faith in the Oneness of Allāh), and they are proud. Certainly, Allāh knows what they conceal and what they reveal. Truly, He likes not the proud. Sūrah Al Isrāʾ (17), ayāh 37. Sūrah Al Furqān (25), ayāh 63. Sūrah Luqmān (31), ayāh 18. 3012 Sūrah Al Nisāʾ (4), ayāh 36. 3009 3010 3011

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And when it is said to them: “What is it that your Lord has sent down (unto Muḥammad )?” They say: “Tales of the men of old!” They will bear their own burdens in full on the Day of Resurrection, and also of the burdens of those whom they misled without knowledge. Evil indeed is that which they shall bear!3013 4:172-173 16:29 39:60 40:35 40:76                  

     

                        The Messiah will never be proud to reject to be a slave to Allāh, nor the angels who are near (to Allāh). And whosoever rejects His worship and is proud, then He will gather them all together unto himself. So, as for those who believed (in the Oneness of Allāh - Islāmic Monotheism) and did deeds of righteousness, He will give their (due) rewards, and more out of His Bounty. But as for those who refuse His worship and were proud, He will punish them with a painful torment. And they will not find for themselves besides Allāh any protector or helper.3014           “So enter the gates of Hell, to abide therein, and indeed, what an evil abode will be for the arrogant.” 3015                 And on the Day of Resurrection you will see those who lied against Allāh (i.e. attributed to Him sons, partners, etc.) their faces will be black. Is there not in Hell an abode for the arrogant ones?3016               

Sūrah Al Naḥl (16), āyāt 22-25. Sūrah Al Nisāʾ(4), āyāt 172-173. Sūrah Al Naḥl (16), ayāh 29. 3016 Sūrah Al Zumar (39), ayāh 60. 3013 3014 3015

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           Those who dispute about the Āyāt (proofs, evidences, verses, lessons, signs, revelations, etc.) of Allāh, without any authority that has come to them, it is greatly hateful and disgusting to Allāh and to those who believe. Thus does Allāh seal up the heart of every arrogant, tyrant. (So they cannot guide themselves to the right path).3017           Enter the gates of Hell to abide therein, and (indeed) what an evil abode of the arrogant!3018

Be obedient! 4:59

Obey Allāh and His Messenger  as well as those in authority (ʾŪlil ʾAmri) amongst the mu‟minūn.

                               O you who believe! Obey Allāh and obey the Messenger (Muḥammad ), and those of you (Muslims) who are in authority. (And) if you differ in anything amongst yourselves, refer it to Allāh and His Messenger (), if you believe in Allāh and in the Last Day. That is better and more suitable for final determination.3019 17:23-25 Be respectful, obedient, and dutiful to parents; and if they both 31:15 call you to something evil then do not follow; one must still associate with them in a goodly manner on this earth.                                                        And your Lord has decreed that you worship none but Him. And that you be dutiful to your parents. If one of them or both of them attain old age in your life, say not to them a word of disrespect, nor shout at them but address 3017 3018 3019

Sūrah Al Mūʾmin [or Ghāfir] (40), ayāh 35. Sūrah Al Mūʾmin [or Ghāfir] (40), ayāh 76. Sūrah Al Nisāʾ (4), ayāh 59.

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them in terms of honour. And lower unto them the wing of submission and humility through mercy, and say: “My Lord! Bestow on them Your Mercy as they did bring me up when I was small.” Your Lord knows best what is in your inner-selves. If you are righteous, then, verily, He is ever Most Forgiving to those who turn unto Him again and again in obedience, and in repentance.3020                                  But if they (both) strive with you to make you join in worship with Me others that of which you have no knowledge, then obey them not, but behave with them in the world kindly, and follow the path of him who turns to Me in repentance and in obedience. Then to Me will be your return, and I shall tell you what you used to do.3021

Rebelliousness and its consequences 82:6-9

Do not be rebellious to Allāh nor deny the Day of Resurrection.

                        O man! What has made you careless concerning your Lord, the Most Generous? Who created you, fashioned you perfectly, and gave you due proportion; In whatever form He willed, He put you together. Nay! But you deny the recompense (reward for good deeds and punishment for evil deeds).3022 80:40-42 82:13-16              And other faces, that day, will be dust-stained; darkness will cover them, such will be the Kafarah (disbelievers in Allāh, in His Oneness, and in His Messenger Muḥammad (), etc.), the Fajarah (wicked evil doers).3023

Sūrah Al Isrāʾ (17), āyāt 23-25. Sūrah Luqmān (31), ayāh 15. Sūrah Al Infiṭār (82), āyāt 6-9. 3023 Sūrah ʿAbasa (80), āyāt 40-42. 3020 3021 3022

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                   Verily, the Abrār (pious and righteous) will be in delight (Paradise); and verily, the Fujjār (the wicked, disbelievers, sinners and evil-doers) will be in the blazing Fire (Hell), in which they will enter, and taste its burning flame on the Day of Recompense, and they (Al-Fujjār) will not be absent therefrom (i.e. will not go out from the Hell). 3024

Beware the humiliation that will descend 4:123

Favours are based on the stipulations of Allāh and not according to ones desires.

                      It will not be in accordance with your desires (Muslims), nor those of the people of the Scripture (Jews and Christians), whosoever works evil, will have the recompense thereof, and he will not find any protector or helper besides Allāh.3025 5:100

Remember, much of that which tugs at the heart is something evil.

                 Say (O Muḥammad ): “Not equal are AlKhabīth (all that is evil and bad as regards things, deeds, beliefs, persons, foods, etc.) and Aṭ-Ṭaiyib (all that is good as regards things, deeds, beliefs, persons, foods, etc.), even though the abundance of Al-Khabīth (evil) may please you.” So fear Allāh much [(abstain from all kinds of sins and evil deeds which He has forbidden) and love Allāh much (perform all kinds of good deeds which He has ordained)], O men of understanding in order that you may be successful.3026 10:27 32:21-22 39:26 4:37 58:20 3024 3025 3026

The evil ones are recompensed in proportion, and they are covered in disgrace. The punishment of this world, which is their degradation will descend before the torment in the Hereafter, hot and horrifying.

Sūrah Al Infitār (82), āyāt 13-16. Sūrah Al Nisāʾ (4), ayāh 123. Sūrah Al Māʾidah (5), ayāh 100.

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                                And those who have earned evil deeds, the recompense of an evil deed is the like thereof, and humiliating disgrace will cover them (their faces). No defender will they have from Allāh. Their faces will be covered, as it were, with pieces from the darkness of night. They are dwellers of the Fire, they will abide therein forever.3027                          And verily, We will make them taste of the near torment (i.e. the torment in the life of this world, i.e. disasters, calamities, etc.) prior to the supreme torment (in the Hereafter), in order that they may (repent and) return (i.e. accept Islām). And who does more wrong than he who is reminded of the Āyāt (proofs, evidences, verses, lessons, signs, revelations, etc.) of his Lord, then he turns aside therefrom? Verily, We shall exact retribution from the Mujrimūn (criminals, disbelievers, polytheists, sinners, etc.).3028                So Allāh made them to taste the disgrace in the present life, but greater is the torment of the Hereafter if they only knew!3029                  Those who are miserly and enjoin miserliness on other men and hide what Allāh has bestowed upon them of His Bounties. And We have prepared for the disbelievers a disgraceful torment.3030          Those who oppose Allāh and His Messenger (Muḥammad ), they will be among the lowest (most humiliated).3031

Sūrah Yūnus (10), ayāh 27. Sūrah Al Sajdah (32), āyāt 21-22. Sūrah Al Zumar (39), ayāh 26. 3030 Sūrah Al Nisāʾ (4), ayāh 37. 3031 Sūrah Al Mujādilah (58), ayāh 20. 3027 3028 3029

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Do not be deceitful 86:15-16 „Mankind‟ truly plots deceit, but Allāh makes a better 27:50 plan.        Verily, they are but plotting a plot (against you O Muḥammad ()). And I (too) am planning a plan.3032         So they plotted a plot, and We planned a plan, while they perceived not.3033 13:33 8:30 3:54

The Kāfirūn consider their evil deceit good, and it is Allāh who foils their evil deceptions; and Allāh will assuredly recompense the deceit of the Kāfirūn who try to destroy Islām.

                                            Is then He (Allāh) who takes charge (guards, maintains, provides, etc.) of every person and knows all that he has earned (like any other deities who know nothing)? Yet they ascribe partners to Allāh. Say: “Name them! Is it that you will inform Him of something He knows not in the earth or is it (just) a show of false words.” Nay! To those who disbelieve, their plotting is made fairseeming, and they have been hindered from the right path, and whom Allāh sends astray, for him, there is no guide.3034                    And (remember) when the disbelievers plotted against you (O Muḥammad ) to imprison you, or to kill you, or to get you out (from your home, i.e. Makkah); they were plotting and Allāh too was planning, and Allāh is the best of the planners.3035         And they (disbelievers) plotted [to kill ʿĪsā (Jesus)], and Allāh planned too. Sūrah Al Ṭāriq (86), āyāt 15-16. Sūrah Al Naml (27), ayāh 50. Sūrah Al Raʿd (13), ayāh 33. 3035 Sūrah Al Anfāl (8), ayāh 30. 3032 3033 3034

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And Allāh is the best of the planners.3036

Do not be involved in secret evil talk 58:7-8 58:9-10

Allāh knows those people who are involved in secret evil talk, so do not get involved in secret discussions about sin, enmity, and rebelliousness.

                                                                                            Have you not seen that Allāh knows whatsoever is in the heavens and whatsoever is on the earth? There is no Najwā (secret counsel) of three, but He is their fourth (with His knowledge, while He himself is over the Throne, over the seventh heaven), nor of five but He is their sixth (with His Knowledge), not of less than that or more, but He is with them (with His knowledge) wheresoever they may be; and afterwards on the Day of Resurrection, He will Inform them of what they did. Verily, Allāh is the All-Knower of everything. Have you not seen those who were forbidden to hold secret counsels, and afterwards returned to that which they had been forbidden, and conspired together for sin and wrong doing and disobedience to the Messenger (Muḥammad ). And when they come to you, they greet you with a greeting wherewith Allāh greets you not, and say within themselves: “Why should Allāh punish us not for what we say?” Hell will be Sufficient for them, they will burn therein, and worst indeed is that destination!3037              

         

                O you who believe! When you hold secret counsel, do it not for sin and wrong-doing, and disobedience towards the Messenger (Muḥammad ) 3036 3037

Sūrah Āl ʿImrān (3), ayāh 54. Sūrah Al Mujādilah (58), āyāt 7-8.

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but do it for Al-Birr (righteousness) and Taqwā (virtues and piety); and fear Allāh unto whom you shall be gathered. Secret counsels (conspiracies) are only from Shaiṭān (Satan), in order that he may cause grief to the believers. But he cannot harm them in the least, except as Allāh permits, and in Allāh let the believers put their trust .3038 4:114

Secret talk is from Shaiṭān, and it does not bring disadvantage except by the leave of Allāh. Much whispering is evil, except to call to that which is maʿrūf.

Desist from deeds of no benefit 23:1-3

Distance oneself from deeds and speech that is not beneficial; this is a characteristic of a faithful, successful person.

                Successful indeed are the believers. Those who offer their Ṣalāt (prayers) with all solemnity and full submissiveness. And those who turn away from Al-Laghw (dirty, false, evil vain talk, falsehood, and all that Allāh has forbidden).3040 25:72

Whenever we meet with people who work at deeds that are unbeneficial, then leave them in a polite manner.          

And those who do not witness falsehood, and if they pass by some evil play or evil talk, they pass by it with dignity.3041

Sūrah Al Mujādilah (58), āyāt 9-10. Sūrah Al Nisāʾ (4), ayāh 114. Sūrah Al Muʾminūn (23), āyāt 1-3. 3041 Sūrah Al Furqān (25), ayāh 72. 3038 3039 3040

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Be simple in behaviour/personality 31:19

Don‟t be arrogant in manner or loud of voice.

             “And be moderate (or show no insolence) in your walking, and lower your voice. Verily, the harshest of all voices is the voice (braying) of the ass.” 3042 7:31                   O Children of ʾĀdam! Take your adornment (by wearing your clean clothes), while praying and going round (the Ṭawāf of ) the Kaʿbah, and eat and drink but waste not by extravagance, certainly He (Allāh) likes not Al-Musrifūn (those who waste by extravagance). 3043

Dress and cover! 7:26 7:31-32

Dress and cover modestly.

                      O Children of ʾĀdam! We have bestowed raiment upon you to cover yourselves (screen your private parts, etc.) and as an adornment, and the raiment of righteousness, that is better. Such are among the Āyāt (proofs, evidences, verses, lessons, signs, revelations, etc.) of Allāh, that they may remember (i.e. leave falsehood and follow truth ). 3044                                                O Children of ʾĀdam! Take your adornment (by wearing your clean clothes), while praying and going round (the Ṭawāf of ) the Kaʿbah, and eat 3042 3043 3044

Sūrah Luqmān (31), ayāh 19. Sūrah Al Aʿrāf (7), ayāh 31. Sūrah Al Aʿrāf (7), ayāh 26.

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and drink but waste not by extravagance, certainly He (Allāh) likes not Al-Musrifūn (those who waste by extravagance). Say (O Muḥammad ): “Who has forbidden the adoration with clothes given by Allāh, which He has produced for His slaves, and Aṭ-Ṭaiyibāt [all kinds of Ḥalāl (lawful) things] of food?” Say: “They are, in the life of this world, for those who believe, (and) exclusively for them (believers) on the Day of Resurrection (the disbelievers will not share them).” Thus We explain the Āyāt (Islāmic laws) in detail for people who have knowledge.3045 24:30-31 O Prophet! Tell your wives and your daughters and the women 33:59 of the believers to draw their cloaks all over their bodies. That will be better, that they should be known so as not to be annoyed. And Allāh is ever Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful.3046                                                                                                      Tell the believing men to lower their gaze (from looking at forbidden things), and protect their private parts (from illegal sexual acts, etc.). That is purer for them. Verily, Allāh is All-Aware of what they do. And tell the believing women to lower their gaze (from looking at forbidden things), and protect their private parts (from illegal sexual acts, etc.) and not to show off their adornment except only that which is apparent (like palms of hands or one eye or both eyes for necessity to see the way, or outer dress like veil, gloves, head-cover, apron, etc.), and to draw their veils all over Juyubihinna (i.e. their bodies, faces, necks and bosoms, etc.) and not to reveal their adornment except to their husbands, their fathers, their husband‟s fathers, their sons, their husband‟s sons, their brothers or their brother‟s sons, or their sister‟s sons, or their (Muslim) women (i.e. their sisters in Islām), or the (female) slaves whom their right hands possess, or old male servants who lack vigour, or small children who have no sense of the shame of sex. And let them not stamp their feet so as to reveal what they hide of their adornment. And all of you beg Allāh to forgive you all, O believers, that you may be successful.3047 3045 3046 3047

Sūrah Al Aʿrāf (7), āyāt 31-32. Sūrah Al Aḥzāb (33), ayāh 59. Sūrah Al Nūr (24), āyāt 30-31.

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                        O Prophet! Tell your wives and your daughters and the women of the believers to draw their cloaks (veils) all over their bodies (i.e. screen themselves completely except the eyes or one eye to see the way). That will be better, that they should be known (as free respectable women) so as not to be annoyed. And Allāh is ever OftForgiving, Most Merciful.3048

Maintain cleanliness and purity! 74:4-5

Maintain cleanliness both externally and internally.      

And your garments purify! And keep away from Ar-Rujz (the idols)! 3049 2:222 4:43 5:6

Allāh commands „mankind‟ to purify themselves of impurities; and to cleanse themselves of impurities by bathing, ablutions, or tayammun in accordance with the situation and availability of water.

                                They ask you concerning menstruation. Say: that is an Adha (a harmful thing for a husband to have a sexual intercourse with his wife while she is having her menses), Therefore keep away from women during menses and go not unto them till they have purified (from menses and have taken a bath). And when they have purified themselves, then go in unto them as Allāh has ordained for you (go in unto them in any manner as long as it is in their vagina). Truly, Allāh loves those who turn unto Him in repentance and loves those who purify themselves (by taking a bath and cleaning and washing thoroughly their private parts, bodies, for their prayers, etc.).3050                                3048 3049 3050

Sūrah Al Aḥzāb (33), ayāh 59. Sūrah Al Muddaththir (74), āyāt 4-5. Sūrah Al Baqarah (2), ayāh 222.

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                    O you who believe! Approach not Aṣ-Ṣalāt (the prayer) when you are in a drunken state until you know (the meaning) of what you utter, nor when you are in a state of Janāba, (i.e. in a state of sexual impurity and have not yet taken a bath) except when travelling on the road (without enough water, or just passing through a mosque), till you wash your whole body. And if you are ill, or on a journey, or one of you comes after answering the call of nature, or you have been in contact with women (by sexual relations) and you find no water, perform Tayammum with clean earth and rub therewith your faces and hands (Tayammum). Truly, Allāh is ever OftPardoning, Oft-Forgiving.3051                                                                  O you who believe! When you intend to offer Aṣ-Ṣalāt (the prayer), wash your faces and your hands (forearms) up to the elbows, rub (by passing wet hands over) your heads, and (wash) your feet up to ankles. If you are in a state of Janāba (i.e. had a sexual discharge), purify yourself (bathe your whole body). But if you are ill or on a journey or any of you comes from answering the call of nature, or you have been in contact with women (i.e. sexual intercourse) and you find no water, then perform Tayammum with clean earth and rub therewith your faces and hands. Allāh does not want to place you in difficulty, but He wants to purify you, and to complete His Favour on you that you may be thankful.3052

Pay heed to the etiquette of visiting and greeting 24:27-29 Do not enter a house that is not yours,..                   3051 3052

       

Sūrah Al Nisāʾ (4), ayāh 43. Sūrah Al Māʾidah (5), ayāh 6.

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                                       O you who believe! Enter not houses other than your own, until you have asked permission and greeted those in them, that is better for you, in order that you may remember. And if you find no one therein, still, enter not until permission has been given. And if you are asked to go back, go back, for it is purer for you, and Allāh is All-Knower of what you do. There is no sin on you that you enter (without taking permission) houses uninhabited (i.e. not possessed by anybody), (when) you have any interest in them. And Allāh has knowledge of what you reveal and what you conceal.3053 24:61

Whenever visiting the house of relatives or companions, greet the occupants with As Salāmu ʿalaikum.

                                                                                There is no restriction on the blind, nor any restriction on the lame, nor any restriction on the sick, nor on yourselves, if you eat from your houses, or the houses of your fathers, or the houses of your mothers, or the houses of your brothers, or the houses of your sisters, or the houses of your father‟s brothers, or the houses of your father‟s sisters, or the houses of your mother‟s brothers, or the houses of your mother‟s sisters, or (from that) whereof you hold keys, or (from the house) of a friend. No sin on you whether you eat together or apart. But when you enter the houses, greet one another with a greeting from Allāh (i.e. say: As-Salāmu ʿAlaikum - peace be on you) blessed and good. Thus Allāh makes clear the Āyāt (these verses or your religious symbols and signs, etc.) to you that you may understand.3054 4:86 3053 3054

And when you are greeted with a greeting (As Salāmu ʿalaikum) it

Sūrah Al Nūr (24), āyāt 27-29. Sūrah Al Nūr (24), ayāh 61.

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is better to greet it in return with (at least the same or with) that which is better.                  When you are greeted with a greeting, greet in return with what is better than it, or (at least) return it equally. Certainly, Allāh is ever a careful account taker of all things.3055

Pay heed to sexual etiquette in the household 24:58-60 Respect privacy.                                                                                                         O you who believe! Let your legal slaves and slave-girls, and those among you who have not come to the age of puberty ask your permission (before they come to your presence) on three occasions; before Fajr (morning) prayer, and while you put off your clothes for the noonday (rest), and after the ʿIshāʾ (late-night) prayer. (These) three times are of privacy for you, other than these times there is no sin on you or on them to move about, attending (helping) you each other. Thus Allāh makes clear the Āyāt (the verses of this Qurʾān, showing proofs for the legal aspects of permission for visits, etc.) to you. And Allāh is All-Knowing, All-Wise. And when the children among you come to puberty, then let them (also) ask for permission, as those senior to them (in age). Thus Allāh makes clear His Āyāt (Commandments and legal obligations) for you. And Allāh is All-Knowing, All-Wise. And as for women past child-bearing who do not expect wed-lock, it is no sin on them if they discard their (outer) clothing in such a way as not to show their adornment. But to refrain (i.e. not to discard their outer 3055

Sūrah Al Nisāʾ (4), ayāh 86.

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clothing) is better for them. And Allāh is All-Hearer, All-Knower.3056

Pay heed to the association of men and women 24:30-31                                                                                                      Tell the believing men to lower their gaze (from looking at forbidden things), and protect their private parts (from illegal sexual acts, etc.). That is purer for them. Verily, Allāh is All-Aware of what they do. And tell the believing women to lower their gaze (from looking at forbidden things), and protect their private parts (from illegal sexual acts, etc.) and not to show off their adornment except only that which is apparent (like palms of hands or one eye or both eyes for necessity to see the way, or outer dress like veil, gloves, head-cover, apron, etc.), and to draw their veils all over Juyubihinna (i.e. their bodies, faces, necks and bosoms, etc.) and not to reveal their adornment except to their husbands, their fathers, their husband‟s fathers, their sons, their husband‟s sons, their brothers or their brother‟s sons, or their sister‟s sons, or their (Muslim) women (i.e. their sisters in Islām), or the (female) slaves whom their right hands possess, or old male servants who lack vigour, or small children who have no sense of the shame of sex. And let them not stamp their feet so as to reveal what they hide of their adornment. And all of you beg Allāh to forgive you all, O believers, that you may be successful. 3057

Mutually assist each other 9:71

3056 3057

The Muʾminūn are the helpers of other Muʾminūn.

Sūrah Al Nūr (24), āyāt 58-60. Sūrah Al Nūr (24), āyāt 30-31.

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                            The believers, men and women, are Auliyāʾ (helpers, supporters, friends, protectors) of one another, they enjoin (on the people) Al-Maʿrūf (i.e. Islāmic Monotheism and all that Islām orders one to do), and forbid (people) from Al-Munkar (i.e. polytheism and disbelief of all kinds, and all that Islām has forbidden); they perform Aṣ-Ṣalāt (Iqāmat-aṣ-Ṣalāt) and give the Zakāt, and obey Allāh and His Messenger. Allāh will have His Mercy on them. Surely Allāh is All-Mighty, All-Wise.3058 5:2

The muʾminūn assist one another in that which is righteous and not in that which is against Islām.

                                                           O you who believe! Violate not the sanctity of the symbols of Allāh, nor of the sacred month, nor of the animals brought for sacrifice, nor the garlanded people or animals, etc. [marked by the garlands on their necks made from the outer part of the tree-stems (of Makkah) for their security], nor the people coming to the sacred House (Makkah), seeking the bounty and good pleasure of their Lord. But when you finish the Iḥrām (of Ḥajj or ʿUmrah), you may hunt, and let not the hatred of some people in (once) stopping you from Al-Masjid-al-Ḥarām (at Makkah) lead you to transgression (and hostility on your part). Help you one another in Al-Birr and AtTaqwā (virtue, righteousness and piety); but do not help one another in sin and transgression. And fear Allāh. Verily, Allāh is severe in punishment. 3059 4:85                          Whosoever intercedes for a good cause will have the reward thereof, and 3058 3059

Sūrah Al Taubah (9), ayāh 71. Sūrah Al Mā„idah (5), ayāh 2.

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whosoever intercedes for an evil cause will have a share in its burden. And Allāh is ever All-Able to do (and also an All-Witness to) everything. 3060 2:85

Do not be like the Banī ʾIsrāʾīl who like to assist each other in the committance of sin and enmity.

                                                      After this, it is you who kill one another and drive out a party of you from their homes, assist (their enemies) against them, in sin and transgression. And if they come to you as captives, you ransom them, although their expulsion was forbidden to you. Then do you believe in a part of the Scripture and reject the rest? Then what is the recompense of those who do so among you, except disgrace in the life of this world, and on the Day of Resurrection they shall be consigned to the most grievous torment. And Allāh is not unaware of what you do.3061

Do not be hopeless nor lose hope 41:49-51 „Mankind‟ ignores the Mercy bestowed by Allāh yet cries in „his‟ 30:36 wretchedness when affliction besets „him‟.

                                                            Man (the disbeliever) does not get tired of asking good (things from Allāh), but if an evil touches him, then he gives up all hope and is lost in despair. And truly, if We give him a taste of mercy from Us, after some adversity (severe poverty or disease, etc.) has touched him, he is sure to say: “This is for me (due to my merit), I think not that the Hour will be established. But if 3060 3061

Sūrah Al Nisāʾ (4), ayāh 85. Sūrah Al Baqarah (2), ayāh 85.

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I am brought back to my Lord, surely, there will be for me the best (wealth, etc.) with Him. Then, We verily, will show to the disbelievers what they have done and We shall make them taste a severe torment. And when We show favour to man, ht withdraws and turns away, but when evil touches him, then he has recourse to long supplications.3062                  And when We cause mankind to taste of Mercy, they rejoice therein, but when some evil afflicts them because of (evil deeds and sins) that their (own) hands have sent forth, Lo! they are in despair! 3063 39:53 15:56

Allāh forbids „man‟ from despairing of His Mercy; because people who despair of Allāh‟s Mercy are those who deviate and are disbelievers.

                        Say: “O ʿIbādī (My slaves) who have transgressed against themselves (by committing evil deeds and sins)! Despair not of the Mercy of Allāh, Verily Allāh forgives all sins. Truly, He is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful.3064          [Ibrāhim (Abraham)] said: “And who despairs of the Mercy of his Lord except those who are astray?”3065

Maintain justice 7:29 4:135 60:8

Allāh calls „mankind‟ to uphold and maintain justice towards anyone; that is, towards themselves, parents, relatives; towards those who do not fight against Islām, and do not drive us from our residences.

                   Say (O Muḥammad ): My Lord has commanded justice and (said) that you should face Him Only (i.e. worship none but Allāh and face the Qiblah, Sūrah Fuṣṣilat (41), āyāt 49-51. Sūrah Al Rūm (30), ayāh 36. Sūrah Al Zumar (39), ayāh 53. 3065 Sūrah Al Ḥijr (15), ayāh 56. 3062 3063 3064

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i.e. the Kaʿbah at Makkah during prayers) in each and every place of worship, in prayers (and not to face other false deities and idols), and invoke Him Only making your Deen (religion) sincere to Him by not joining in worship any partner to Him and with the intention that you are doing your deeds for Allāh‟s sake only. As He brought you (into being) in the beginning, so shall you be brought into being (on the Day of Resurrection) [in two groups, one as a blessed one (believers), and the other as a wretched one (disbelievers)].3066                                           O you who believe! Stand out firmly for justice, as witnesses to Allāh, even though it be against yourselves, or your parents, or your kin, be he rich or poor, Allāh is a better protector to both (than you). So follow not the lusts (of your hearts), lest you may avoid justice, and if you distort your witness or refuse to give it, verily, Allāh is ever WellAcquainted with what you do.3067                        Allāh does not forbid you to deal justly and kindly with those who fought not against you on account of Deen (religion) and did not drive you out of your homes. Verily, Allāh loves those who deal with equity.3068 5:8

One must be a just witness.

Do not allow our personal hatred inhibit us from being just.

Sūrah Al Aʿrāf (7), ayāh 29. Sūrah Al Nisāʾ (4), ayāh 135. Sūrah Al Mumtaḥinah (60), ayāh 8. 3069 Sūrah Al Māʾidah (5), ayāh 8. 3066 3067 3068

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Upholding law must also uphold justice.

                 Surely, We have sent down to you (O Muḥammad ) the Book (this Qurʾān) in truth that you might judge between men by that which Allāh has shown you (i.e. has taught you through Divine Inspiration), so be not a pleader for the treacherous.3071 5:42

Decide upon a matter with justice, on the basis of Allāh‟s laws as sanctioned in the Qurʾān and the aḥādīth.

                               (They like to) listen to falsehood, to devour anything forbidden. So if they come to you (O Muḥammad ), either judge between them, or turn away from them. If you turn away from them, they cannot hurt you in the least. And if you judge, judge with justice between them. Verily, Allāh loves those who act justly.3072 6:152

Speak to anyone in a just manner.

                                         “And come not near to the orphan‟s property, except to improve it, until he (or she) attains the age of full strength; and give full measure and full weight with justice. We burden not any person, but that which he can bear. 3070 3071 3072

Sūrah Al Nisāʾ (4), ayāh 58. Sūrah Al Nisāʾ (4), ayāh 105. Sūrah Al Māʾidah (5), ayāh 42.

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And whenever you give your word (i.e. judge between men or give evidence, etc.), say the truth even if a near relative is concerned, and fulfill the Covenant of Allāh, this He commands you, that you may remember.3073 21:112

Pray and ask for a just decision.            

He (Muḥammad ) said: “My Lord! Judge You in truth! Our Lord is the Most Beneficent, whose help is to be sought against that which you attribute (unto Allāh that He has Offspring, and unto Muḥammad that he is a sorcerer, and unto the Qurʾān that it is poetry, etc.)!”3074

Correct ourselves 59:18-20 Come let us correct ourselves and pay attention to what we have done for the goodness of tomorrow – in order that we are successful.                           

  

         

   

O you who believe! Fear Allāh and keep your duty to Him. And let every person look to what he has sent forth for the morrow, and fear Allāh. Verily, Allāh is All-Aware of what you do. And be not like those who forgot Allāh (i.e. became disobedient to Allāh) and He caused them to forget their ownselves, (let them to forget to do righteous deeds). Those are the Fāsiqūn (rebellious, disobedient to Allāh). Not equal are the dwellers of the Fire and the dwellers of the Paradise. It is the dwellers of Paradise that will be successful.3075 16:104- Do not be negligent, forgetful, and deny that which is Allāh‟s in 109 order that we do not become of the group that suffers the loss. 103:1-3 „mankind‟ is always in doubt except those who are faithful, do righteous good deeds, and recommend one another to the truth.                

3073 3074 3075

          

Sūrah Al Anʿām (6), ayāh 152. Sūrah Al ʾAnbiyāʾ (21), āyāt 112. Sūrah Al Ḥashr (59), āyāt 18-20.

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                                                           Verily! Those who believe not in the Āyāt (proofs, evidences, verses, lessons, signs, revelations, etc.) of Allāh, Allāh will not guide them and theirs will be a painful torment. It is only those who believe not in the Āyāt (proofs, evidences, verses, lessons, signs, revelations, etc.) of Allāh, who fabricate falsehood, and it is they who are liars. Whoever disbelieved in Allāh after his belief, except him who is forced thereto and whose heart is at rest with faith but such as open their breasts to disbelief, on them is wrath from Allāh, and theirs will be a great torment. That is because they loved and preferred the life of this world over that of the Hereafter. And Allāh guides not the people who disbelieve. They are those upon whose hearts, hearing (ears) and sight (eyes) Allāh has set a seal. And they are the heedless! No doubt, in the Hereafter, they will be the losers.3076     

    

 

Distance oneself from bad utterances 4:148

Allāh forbids us from abusing a person with bad utterances.

                 Allāh does not like that the evil should be uttered in public except by him 3076 3077

Sūrah Al Naḥl (16), āyāt 104-109. Sūrah Al ʿAṣr (103), āyāt 1-3.

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who has been wronged. And Allāh is ever AllHearer, AllKnower.3078 6:54

It is hoped that we give „greetings‟ in a goodly manner.

                              When those who believe in Our Āyāt (proofs, evidences, verses, lessons, signs, revelations, etc.) come to you, say: “Salāmun ʿAlaikum” (peace be on you); Your Lord has written Mercy for Himself, so that, if any of you does evil in ignorance, and thereafter repents and does righteous good deeds (by obeying Allāh), then surely, He is OftForgiving, Most Merciful.3079 4:86

Whenever you are greeted with a greeting return it in a better manner.

                 When you are greeted with a greeting, greet in return with what is better than it, or (at least) return it equally. Certainly, Allāh is ever a Careful Account Taker of all things.3080

Be accustomed to uttering good words 16:98

Istiʿadha is to seek refuge and protection of Allāh from Shaiṭān.         

So when you want to recite the Qurʾān, seek refuge with Allāh from Shaiṭān (Satan), the outcast (the cursed one).3081 27:29-31 Bismillāh, in the Name of Allāh, in order to start good works.      

        

         She said: “O chiefs! Verily! Here is delivered to me a noble letter, Sūrah Al Nisāʾ (4), ayāh 148. Sūrah Al Anʿām (6), ayāh 54. Sūrah Al Nisāʾ (4, ayāh 86. 3081 Sūrah Al Naḥl (16), ayāh 98. 3078 3079 3080

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“Verily! It is from Sulaimān (Solomon), and verily! it (reads): In the Name of Allāh, the Most Beneficent, the Most Merciful; “Be you not exalted against me, but come to me as Muslims (true believers who submit to Allāh with full submission)‟”3082 10:10

Al Ḥamdulillāh, all praise is for Allāh, upon hearing good news.

                Their way of request therein will be Subḥānaka Allāhumma (Glory to You, O Allāh!) and Salām (peace, safe from each and every evil) will be their greetings therein (Paradise)! And the close of their request will be: Al-Ḥamdu Lillāhi Rabbil-ʿĀlamīn [All the Praises and Thanks are to Allāh, the Lord of ʿĀlamīn (mankind, jinns and all that exists)].3083 10:10

Tasbīḥ, to praise and glorify Allāh.

Ṣalawāt, blessings upon the Prophet Muḥammad .

               Allāh sends His Ṣalāt (Graces, Honours, Blessings, Mercy, etc.) on the Prophet (Muḥammad ) and also His angels too (ask Allāh to bless and forgive him). O you who believe! Send your Ṣalāt on (ask Allāh to bless) him (Muḥammad ), and (you should) greet (salute) him with the Islāmic Way of greeting (salutation i.e. AsSalāmu ʿAlaikum).3085 2:156-157 Istirjāʿ, appeal to Allāh when we hear of a calamity.              

Sūrah Al Naml (27), āyāt 29-31. Sūrah Yūnus (10), ayāh 10. Sūrah Yūnus (10), ayāh 10. 3085 Sūrah Al Aḥzāb (33), ayāh 56. 3082 3083 3084

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        Who, when afflicted with calamity, say: “Truly! To Allāh we belong and truly, to Him we shall return.” They are those on whom are the Ṣalawāt (i.e. blessings, etc.) (i.e. who are blessed and will be forgiven) from their Lord, and (they are those who) receive His Mercy, and it is they who are the guided-ones.3086 18:39

Māshāʾallāh, when we are surprised.

                     It was better for you to say, when you entered your garden: „That which Allāh wills (will come to pass)! There is no power but with Allāh‟. If you see me less than you in wealth, and children.3087 14:24-27 Kalimat Ṭaiyibah, Lā ilāha ill-Allāh "(none has the right to be 37:35-39 worshipped but Allāh), and Kalimat Tauhīd as acknowledgement of His authority and Oneness.                           



                                     See you not how Allāh sets forth a parable? - a goodly word as a goodly tree, whose root is firmly fixed, and its branches (reach) to the sky (i.e. very high). Giving its fruit at all times, by the leave of its Lord and Allāh sets forth parables for mankind in order that they may remember. And the parable of an evil word is that of an evil tree uprooted from the surface of earth having no stability. Allāh will keep firm those who believe, with the word that stands firm in this world (i.e. they will keep on worshipping Allāh alone and none else), and in the Hereafter. And Allāh will cause to go astray those who are Ẓālimūn (polytheists and wrong-doers, etc.), and Allāh does what He wills.3088               

3086 3087 3088

Sūrah Al Baqarah (2), āyāt 156-157. Sūrah Al Kahf (18), ayāh 39. Sūrah Ibrāhīm (14), āyāt 24-27.

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  

     

  

         Truly, when it was said to them: Lā ilāha ill-Allāh “(none has the right to be worshipped but Allāh),” they puffed themselves up with pride (i.e. denied it). And (they) said: “Are we going to abandon our āliha (gods) for the sake of a mad poet? Nay! He (Muḥammad ) has come with the truth (i.e. Allāh‟s Religion Islāmic Monotheism and this Qurʾān) and he confirms the Messengers (before him who brought Allāh‟s Religion - Islāmic Monotheism). Verily, you (pagans of Makkah) are going to taste the painful torment; and you will be requited nothing except for what you used to do (evil deeds, sins, and Allāh‟s disobedience which you used to do in this world);3089 18:23-24 Inshāʾallāh, when we make arrangements.        

       

Give „Salāms‟ in a goodly manner, and reply to „Salāms‟ in a better way.

Sūrah Al Ṣāffāt (37), āyāt 35-39. Sūrah Al Kahf (18), āyāt 23-24. Sūrah Al Anʿām (6), ayāh 54.

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When you are greeted with a greeting, greet in return with what is better than it, or (at least) return it equally. Certainly, Allāh is ever a Careful Account Taker of all things.3092

3092

Sūrah Al Nisāʾ (4), ayāh 86.

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CHAPTER 16 Communal Laws                                        For every nation We have ordained religious ceremonies [e.g. slaughtering of the beast of cattle during the three days of stay at Mīna (Makkah) during the Ḥajj (pilgrimage)] which they must follow; so let them (pagans) not dispute with you on the matter (i.e. to eat of the cattle which you slaughter, and not to eat of cattle which Allāh kills by its natural death), but invite them to your Lord. Verily! You (O Muḥammad ) indeed are on the (true) Straight Guidance. (i.e. the true Religion of Islāmic Monotheism). And if they argue with you (as regards the slaughtering of the sacrifices), say; “Allāh knows best of what you do. “Allāh will judge between you on the Day of Resurrection about that wherein you used to differ.” 3093

3093

Sūrah Al Ḥajj (22), āyāt 67-69.

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Marriage and its issues There is no monasticism in Islām 57:27

Islām does not apply monasticism (rahbānīya - ‫ )س٘جبٔيخ‬or the lifestyle of monks – without husband or wife and the abandonment of self in a monastery or nunnery.

                                          Then, We sent after them, Our Messengers, and We sent ʿĪsā (Jesus) - son of Maryam (Mary), and gave him the Injeel (Gospel). And We ordained in the hearts of those who followed him, compassion and mercy. But the monasticism which they invented for themselves, We did not prescribe for them, but (they sought it) only to please Allāh therewith, but that they did not observe it with the right observance. So We gave those among them who believed, their (due) reward, but many of them are Fāsiqūn (rebellious, disobedient to Allāh).3094 9:31-34

„Monkhood‟ is a teaching which was brought into being by the naṣārā – Christians.

                                                

 

                                     They (Jews and Christians) took their rabbis and their monks to be their 3094

Sūrah Al Ḥadīd (57), ayāh 27.

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lords besides Allāh (by obeying them in things which they made lawful or unlawful according to their own desires without being ordered [to do so] by Allāh), and (they also took as their Lord) Messiah, son of Maryam (Mary), while they (Jews and Christians) were commanded [in the Taurāt (Torah) and the Injeel (Gospel)) to worship none but one Ilāh (God - Allāh) L ilâha illa Huwa (none has the right to be worshipped but He). Praise and Glory be to Him, (far above is He) from having the partners they associate (with Him).” They (the disbelievers, the Jews and the Christians) want to extinguish Allāh‟s light (with which Muḥammad  has been sent - Islāmic Monotheism) with their mouths, but Allāh will not allow except that His light should be perfected even though the Kāfirūn (disbelievers) hate (it). It is He who has sent His Messenger (Muḥammad ) with guidance and the Religion of Truth (Islām), to make it superior over all religions even though the Mushrikūn (polytheists, pagans, idolaters, disbelievers in the Oneness of Allāh) hate (it). O you who believe! Verily, there are many of the (Jewish) rabbis and the (Christian) monks who devour the wealth of mankind in falsehood, and hinder (them) from the Way of Allāh (i.e. Allāh‟s Religion of Islāmic Monotheism). And those who hoard up gold and silver [Al-Kanz: the money, the Zakāt of which has not been paid], and spend it not in the Way of Allāh, - announce unto them a painful torment.3095

Recommendation to marry 25:54

„Mankind‟ was created by Allāh to have descendants.

              And it is He who has created man from water, and has appointed for him kindred by blood, and kindred by marriage. And your Lord is ever All-Powerful to do what He will.3096 13:38

The Prophets had wives and descendants.

                        And indeed We sent Messengers before you (O Muḥammad ), and made for them wives and offspring. And it was not for a Messenger to bring a sign except by Allāh‟s Leave. (For) each and every matter there is a decree (from Allāh).3097 30:21

3095 3096 3097

Wives were created in order to find repose, love, and affection.

Sūrah Al Taubah (9), āyāt 31-34. Sūrah Al Furqān (25), ayāh 54. Sūrah Al Raʿd (13), ayāh 38.

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                      And among His signs is this, that He created for you wives from among yourselves, that you may find repose in them, and He has put between you affection and mercy. Verily, in that are indeed signs for a people who reflect.3098 24:32-33 For that reason marry when one is able to.                  

       

                                               And marry those among you who are single (i.e. a man who has no wife and the woman who has no husband) and (also marry) the Ṣāliḥūn (pious, fit and capable ones) of your (male) slaves and maid-servants (female slaves). If they be poor, Allāh will enrich them out of His Bounty. And Allāh is All-Sufficent for His creatures‟ needs, All-Knowing (about the state of the people). And let those who find not the financial means for marriage keep themselves chaste, until Allāh enriches them of His Bounty. And such of your slaves as seek a writing (of emancipation), give them such writing, if you know that they are good and trustworthy. And give them something yourselves out of the wealth of Allāh which He has bestowed upon you. And force not your maids to prostitution, if they desire chastity, in order that you may make a gain in the (perishable) goods of this worldly life. But if anyone compels them (to prostitution), then after such compulsion, Allāh is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful (to those women, i.e. He will forgive them because they have been forced to do this evil action unwillingly).3099 4:3

One may marry from one up to four wives, if one is able to treat them equally (with justice); if not able to treat them equally, then one is enough.

             

3098 3099

Sūrah Al Rūm (30), ayāh 21. Sūrah Al Nūr (24), āyāt 32-33.

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                 And if you fear that you shall not be able to deal justly with the orphan-girls, then marry (other) women of your choice, two or three, or four but if you fear that you shall not be able to deal justly (with them), then only one or (the captives and the slaves) that your right hands possess. That is nearer to prevent you from doing injustice.3100 4:24

And for women it is enough to have one husband.

A wife is like a tilth, one may go to her if desired; except on a day of fasting; or when she has her menstrual cycle until she is finished; or whilst performing Ḥajj.

                    Your wives are a tilth for you, so go to your tilth (have sexual relations with your wives in any manner as long as it is in the vagina and not in the anus), when or how you will, and send (good deeds, or ask Allāh to bestow upon you pious offspring) before you for your ownselves. And fear Allāh, and know that you are to meet Him (in the Hereafter), and give good tidings to the believers (O Muḥammad ).3102

3100 3101 3102

Sūrah Al Nisāʾ (4), ayāh 3. Sūrah Al Nisāʾ (4), ayāh 24. Sūrah Al Baqarah (2), ayāh 223.

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                                                                          It is made lawful for you to have sexual relations with your wives on the night of Aṣ-Ṣaum (the fasts). They are Libās [i.e. body cover, or screen, or Sakan, (i.e. you enjoy the pleasure of living with her - as in Verse 7:189) Tafsir At-Tabarī], for you and you are the same for them. Allāh knows that you used to deceive yourselves, so He turned to you (accepted your repentance) and forgave you. So now have sexual relations with them and seek that which Allāh has ordained for you (offspring), and eat and drink until the white thread (light) of dawn appears to you distinct from the black thread (darkness of night), then complete your Ṣaum (fast) till the nightfall. And do not have sexual relations with them (your wives) while you are in Iʿtikāf (i.e. confining oneself in a mosque for prayers and invocations leaving the worldly activities) in the mosques. These are the limits (set) by Allāh, so approach them not. Thus does Allāh make clear His Āyāt (proofs, evidences, lessons, signs, revelations, verses, laws, legal and illegal things, Allāh‟s set limits, orders, etc.) to mankind that they may become Al-Muttaqūn (the pious).3103                                 They ask you concerning menstruation. Say: that is an Adha (a harmful thing for a husband to have a sexual intercourse with his wife while she is having her menses), therefore keep away from women during menses and go not unto them till they have purified (from menses and have taken a bath). And when they have purified themselves, then go in unto them as Allāh has ordained for you (go in unto them in any manner as long as it is in their vagina). Truly, Allāh loves those who turn unto Him in repentance and loves those who purify themselves (by taking a bath and cleaning and washing thoroughly their private parts, bodies, for their prayers, etc.).3104

3103 3104

Sūrah Al Baqarah (2), ayāh 187. Sūrah Al Baqarah (2), ayāh 222.

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What is allowed and disallowed in marriage 4:22-25 2:221 60:10 5:5 33:37 24:3 24:26

In a clear and specific manner it has already been stated within these particular Āyāt about who is ḥalāl and who is ḥarām for marriage. It also needs to be borne in mind that it is not ḥalāl (impermissible) to marry Mushriqūn or Kāfirūn; muslim men may marry with women of the Ahlul Kitāb, whereas muslim women (muslimah) may only marry with muslim men; one may also marry a divorcee with child; it is not allowed however to marry an adulterer; a despicable person is for a despicable person whilst a good person is for a good person.

                                                                                                                  

           

                                                               And marry not women whom your fathers married, except what has already passed; indeed it was shameful and most hateful, and an evil way. Forbidden to you (for marriage) are: your mothers, your daughters, your sisters, your father‟s sisters, your mother‟s sisters, your brother‟s daughters, your sister‟s daughters, your foster mother who gave you suck, your foster milk suckling sisters, your wives‟ mothers, your step daughters Page | 1149

under your guardianship, born of your wives to whom you have gone in but there is no sin on you if you have not gone in them (to marry their daughters), - the wives of your sons who (spring) from your own loins, and two sisters in wedlock at the same time, except for what has already passed; Verily, Allāh is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful. Also (forbidden are) women already married, except those (captives and slaves) whom yourright hands possess. Thus has Allāh ordained for you. All others are lawful, provided you seek (them in marriage) with Mahr (bridal money given by the husband to his wife at the time of marriage) from your property, desiring chastity, not committing illegal sexual intercourse, so with those of whom you have enjoyed sexual relations, give them their Mahr as prescribed; but if after a Mahr is prescribed, you agree mutually (to give more), there is no sin on you. Surely, Allāh is ever All-Knowing, All-Wise. And whoever of you have not the means wherewith to wed free, believing women, they may wed believing girls from among those (captives and slaves) whom your right hands possess, and Allāh has full knowledge about your Faith, you are one from another. Wed them with the permission of their own folk (guardians, Auliyāʾ or masters) and give them their Mahr according to what is reasonable; they (the above said captive and slave-girls) should be chaste, not adulterous, nor taking boy-friends. And after they have been taken in wedlock, if they commit illegal sexual intercourse, their punishment is half that for free (unmarried) women. This is for him among you who is afraid of being harmed in his religion or in his body; but it is better for you that you practise self-restraint, and Allāh is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful.3105                                               And do not marry Al-Mushrikāt (idolatresses, etc.) till they believe (worship Allāh Alone). And indeed a slave woman who believes is better than a (free) Mushrikah (idolatress, etc.), even though she pleases you. And give not (your daughters) in marriage to Al-Mushrikūn till they believe (in Allāh Alone) and verily, a believing slave is better than a (free) Mushrik (idolater, etc.), even though he pleases you. Those (Al-Mushrikūn) invite you to the Fire, but Allāh invites (you) to Paradise and forgiveness by His Leave, and makes His Āyāt (proofs, evidences, verses, lessons, signs, revelations, etc.) clear to mankind that they may remember.3106                           3105 3106

Sūrah Al Nisāʾ (4), āyāt 22-25. Sūrah Al Baqarah (2), ayāh 221.

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                                       O you who believe! When believing women come to you as emigrants, examine them, Allāh knows best as to their faith, then if you ascertain that they are true believers, send them not back to the disbelievers, they are not lawful (wives) for the disbelievers nor are the disbelievers lawful (husbands) for them. But give the disbelievers that (amount of money) which they have spent [as their Mahr] to them. And there will be no sin on you to marry them if you have paid their Mahr to them. Likewise hold not the disbelieving women as wives, and ask for (the return of) that which you have spent (as Mahr) and let them (the disbelievers, etc.) ask back for that which they have spent. That is the judgement of Allāh. He judges between you. And Allāh is All-Knowing, All-Wise.3107                                                Made lawful to you this Day are Aṭ-Ṭayyibāt [all kinds of Ḥalāl (lawful) foods, which Allāh has made lawful (meat of slaughtered eatable animals, etc., milk products, fats, vegetables and fruits, etc.). The food (slaughtered cattle, eatable animals, etc.) of the people of the Scripture (Jews and Christians) is lawful to you and yours is lawful to them. (Lawful to you in marriage) are chaste women from the believers and chaste women from those who were given the Scripture (Jews and Christians) before your time, when you have given their due Mahr (bridal money given by the husband to his wife at the time of marriage), desiring chastity (i.e. taking them in legal wedlock) not committing illegal sexual intercourse, nor taking them as girl-friends. And whosoever disbelieves in the Oneness of Allāh and in all the other articles of faith [i.e. His (Allāh‟s), Angels, His Holy Books, His Messengers, the Day of Resurrection and Al-Qadar (Divine Preordainments)], then fruitless is his work, and in the Hereafter he will be among the losers.3108                              

3107 3108

Sūrah Al Mumtaḥinah (60), ayāh 10. Sūrah Al Māʾidah (5), ayāh 5.

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                     And (remember) when you said to him (Zaid bin Ḥārithah the freed-slave of the Prophet ) on whom Allāh has bestowed grace (by guiding him to Islām) and you (O Muḥammad  too) have done favour (by manumitting him) “Keep your wife to yourself, and fear Allāh.” But you did hide in yourself (i.e. what Allāh has already made known to you that He will give her to you in marriage) that which Allāh will make manifest, you did fear the people (i.e., Muḥammad  married the divorced wife of his manumitted slave) whereas Allāh had a better right that you should fear Him. So when Zaid had accomplished his desire from her (i.e. divorced her), We gave her to you in marriage, so that (in future) there may be no difficulty to the believers in respect of (the marriage of) the wives of their adopted sons when the latter have no desire to keep them (i.e. they have divorced them). And Allāh‟s command must be fulfilled.3109                     The adulterer marries not but an adulteress or a Mushrikah and the adulteress none marries her except an adulterer or a Mushrik [and that means that the man who agrees to marry (have a sexual relation with) a Mushrikah (female polytheist, pagan or idolatress) or a prostitute, then surely he is either an adulterer, or a Mushrik (polytheist, pagan or idolater, etc.) and the woman who agrees to marry (have a sexual relation with) a Mushrik (polytheist, pagan or idolater) or an adulterer, then she is either a prostitute or a Mushrikah (female polytheist, pagan, or idolatress, etc.)]. Such a thing is forbidden to the believers (of Islāmic Monotheism).3110                     Bad statements are for bad people (or bad women for bad men) and bad people for bad statements (or bad men for bad women). Good statements are for good people (or good women for good men) and good people for good statements (or good men for good women), such (good people) are innocent of (each and every) bad statement which they say, for them is forgiveness, and Rizqun Karīm (generous provision i.e. Paradise).3111

The obligation of paying mahr (dowry/nuptial gift) 4:24-25 3109 3110 3111

The payment of mahr as prescribed (completely) is an obligation,

Sūrah Al Aḥzāb (33), ayāh 37. Sūrah Al Nūr (24), ayāh 3. Sūrah Al Nūr (24), ayāh 26.

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4:4

and give mahr according to what is suitable.

                                                                                                                   Also (forbidden are) women already married, except those (captives and slaves) whom yourright hands possess. Thus has Allāh ordained for you. All others are lawful, provided you seek (them in marriage) with Mahr (bridal money given by the husband to his wife at the time of marriage) from your property, desiring chastity, not committing illegal sexual intercourse, so with those of whom you have enjoyed sexual relations, give them their Mahr as prescribed; but if after a Mahr is prescribed, you agree mutually (to give more), there is no sin on you. Surely, Allāh is ever AllKnowing, AllWise. And whoever of you have not the means wherewith to wed free, believing women, they may wed believing girls from among those (captives and slaves) whom your right hands possess, and Allāh has full knowledge about your Faith, you are one from another. Wed them with the permission of their own folk (guardians, Auliyāʾ or masters) and give them their Mahr according to what is reasonable; they (the above said captive and slave-girls) should be chaste, not adulterous, nor taking boy-friends. And after they have been taken in wedlock, if they commit illegal sexual intercourse, their punishment is half that for free (unmarried) women. This is for him among you who is afraid of being harmed in his religion or in his body; but it is better for you that you practise selfrestraint, and Allāh is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful.3112                 And give to the women (whom you marry) their Mahr (obligatory bridal money given by the husband to his wife at the time of marriage) with a good heart, but if they, of their own good pleasure, remit any part of it to you, 3112

Sūrah Al Nisāʾ (4), āyāt 24-25.

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take it, and enjoy it without fear of any harm (as Allāh has made it lawful).3113 5:5

The payment of mahr means in regard to marriage and not in regard to adultery and likewise also concubines.

                                               Made lawful to you this Day are Aṭ-Ṭayyibāt [all kinds of Ḥalāl (lawful) foods, which Allāh has made lawful (meat of slaughtered eatable animals, etc., milk products, fats, vegetables and fruits, etc.). The food (slaughtered cattle, eatable animals, etc.) of the people of the Scripture (Jews and Christians) is lawful to you and yours is lawful to them. (Lawful to you in marriage) are chaste women from the believers and chaste women from those who were given the Scripture (Jews and Christians) before your time, when you have given their due Mahr (bridal money given by the husband to his wife at the time of marriage), desiring chastity (i.e. taking them in legal wedlock) not committing illegal sexual intercourse, nor taking them as girl-friends. And whosoever disbelieves in the Oneness of Allāh and in all the other articles of faith [i.e. His (Allāh‟s), Angels, His Holy Books, His Messengers, the Day of Resurrection and Al-Qadar (Divine Preordainments)], then fruitless is his work, and in the Hereafter he will be among the losers.3114 60:10

Whenever a faithful woman (muslimah) leaves her husband who is a Kāfir, then it is desirable to repay the mahr in the same amount as was given by the husband. And when a wife „runs‟ to disbelief then it is desired to request the mahr paid to them.

                                                                 O you who believe! When believing women come to you as emigrants, examine them, Allāh knows best as to their faith, then if you ascertain that 3113 3114

Sūrah Al Nisāʾ (4), ayāh 4. Sūrah Al Māʾidah (5), ayāh 5.

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they are true believers, send them not back to the disbelievers, they are not lawful (wives) for the disbelievers nor are the disbelievers lawful (husbands) for them. But give the disbelievers that (amount of money) which they have spent [as their Mahr] to them. And there will be no sin on you to marry them if you have paid their Mahr to them. Likewise hold not the disbelieving women as wives, and ask for (the return of) that which you have spent (as Mahr) and let them (the disbelievers, etc.) ask back for that which they have spent. That is the judgement of Allāh. He judges between you. And Allāh is All-Knowing, All-Wise.3115 2:236                             There is no sin on you, if you divorce women while yet you have not touched (had sexual relation with) them, nor appointed unto them their Mahr (bridal money given by the husband to his wife at the time of marriage). But bestow on them ( a suitable gift), the rich according to his means, and the poor according to his means, a gift of reasonable amount is a duty on the doers of good. 3116 2:237                                        And if you divorce them before you have touched (had a sexual relation with) them, and you have appointed unto them the Mahr (bridal money given by the husbands to his wife at the time of marriage), then pay half of that (Mahr), unless they (the women) agree to forego it, or he (the husband), in whose hands is the marriage tie, agrees to forego and give her full appointed Mahr. And to forego and give (her the full Mahr) is nearer to At-Taqwā (piety, righteousness, etc.). And do not forget liberality between yourselves. Truly, Allāh is All-Seer of what you do.3117

Examples of good wives and of bad wives 66:10

3115 3116 3117

Allāh made the wives of the Prophets Nūḥ  and Lūt  examples of disbelievers.

Sūrah Al Mumtaḥinah (60), ayāh 10. Sūrah Al Baqarah (2), ayāh 236. Sūrah Al Baqarah (2), ayāh 237.

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                             Allāh sets forth an example for those who disbelieve, the wife of Nūḥ (Noah) and the wife of Lout (Lot). They were under two of Our righteous slaves, but they both betrayed their (husbands by rejecting their doctrine) so they [Nūḥ (Noah) and Lout (Lot)] benefited them (their respective wives) not, against Allāh, and it was said: “Enter the Fire along with those who enter!”3118 66:11

Allāh made the wife of Firʿaun an example of a believer.

                         And Allāh has set forth an example for those who believe, the wife of Firʿaun (Pharaoh), when she said: “My Lord! Build for me a home with You in Paradise, and save me from Firʿaun (Pharaoh) and his work, and save me from the people who are Ẓālimūn (polytheists, wrong-doers and disbelievers in Allāh).3119 66:12

Maryam, daughter of ʿImrān, mother of the Prophet ʿĪsā , a woman who protected her self respect.

                  And Maryam (Mary), the daughter of ʿImrān who guarded her chastity; and We breathed into (the sleeve of her shirt or her garment) through Our Rūḥ [i.e. Jibrīl (Gabriel)], and she testified to the truth of the words of her Lord [i.e. believed in the Words of Allāh: “Be!” - and he was; that is ʿĪsā (Jesus) - son of Maryam (Mary); - as a Messenger of Allāh], and (also believed in) His Scriptures, and she was of the Qanitīn (i.e. obedient to Allāh).3120

Nushūz – violation of marital duties on the part of husband or wife 4:34-35

Nushūz is the abandonment of husband-wife duties and obligations.3121 Nushūz, from the aspect of the wife, is to leave the house without the husband‟s permission. The manner of

Sūrah Al Taḥrīm (66), ayāh 10. Sūrah Al Taḥrīm (66), ayāh 11. Sūrah Al Taḥrīm (66), ayāh 12. 3121 Nushūz more specifically means recalcitrance of the woman towards her husband and brutal treatment of the husband towards the wife. 3118 3119 3120

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addressing the deviation of the wife is to first, give advice and if unsuccessful, refuse to share their beds and lastly, beat them lightly. When a breach develops then appoint two arbitrators, one representative for the wife and the other representative for the husband.                                       

         

                    Men are the protectors and maintainers of women, because Allāh has made one of them to excel the other, and because they spend (to support them) from their means. Therefore the righteous women are devoutly obedient (to Allāh and to their husbands), and guard in the husband‟s absence what Allāh orders them to guard (e.g. their chastity, their husband‟s property, etc.). As to those women on whose part you see ill-conduct, admonish them (first), (next), refuse to share their beds, (and last) beat them (lightly, if it is useful), but if they return to obedience, seek not against them means (of annoyance). Surely, Allāh is ever Most High, Most Great. If you fear a breach between them twain (the man and his wife), appoint (two) arbitrators, one from his family and the other from her‟s; if they both wish for peace, Allāh will cause their reconciliation. Indeed Allāh is ever All-Knower, Well-Acquainted with all things.3122 4:128-130 Nushūz, from the aspect of the husband, is to be overly harsh towards his wife, such as cruelty, desertion, or failure to give her her due rights. The best solution is to make peace between them with divorce as a last measure when it becomes clear that reconciliation is not to be.                                   

    

                             3122

Sūrah Al Nisā0 (4), āyāt 34-35.

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  And if a woman fears cruelty or desertion on her husband‟s part, there is no sin on them both if they make terms of peace between themselves; and making peace is better. and human inner-selves are swayed by greed. But if you do good and keep away from evil, verily, Allāh is ever WellAcquainted with what you do. You will never be able to do perfect justice between wives even if it is your ardent desire, so do not incline too much to one of them (by giving her more of your time and provision) so as to leave the other hanging (i.e. neither divorced nor married). And if you do justice, and do all that is right and fear Allāh by keeping away from all that is wrong, then Allāh is ever Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful. But if they separate (by divorce), Allāh will provide abundance for everyone of them from His Bounty. And Allāh is ever AllSufficient for His creatures‟ need, AllWise.3123

Liʿān 24:6-10

A person who accuses their spouse (husband or wife) of committing adultery without presenting four witnesses (to that fact) must swear an allegation or an oath of condemnation in the Name of Allāh four times, that what they present is the truth. After that the person must make a testimony that he incurs the wrath of Allāh if he is wrong or lying. This issue within Islāmic jurisprudence is known as liʿān.

                                     

 

                      And for those who accuse their wives, but have no witnesses except themselves, let the testimony of one of them be four testimonies (i.e. testifies four times) by Allāh that he is one of those who speak the truth. And the fifth (testimony) (should be) the invoking of the Curse of Allāh on him if he be of those who tell a lie (against her). But it shall avert the punishment (of stoning to death) from her, if she bears witness four times by Allāh, that he (her husband) is telling a lie. And the fifth (testimony) should be that the Wrath of Allāh be upon her if he (her husband) speaks the truth. And had it not been for the Grace of Allāh and His Mercy on you (He would have hastened the punishment upon you)! And that Allāh is the One who 3123

Sūrah Al Nisāʾ (4), āyāt 128-130.

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accepts repentance, the All-Wise.3124

Ẓihār 33:4

Ẓihār is a statement by the husband meaning that it is ḥarām for his wife to sexually cohabit with him.

                                 Allāh has not put for any man two hearts inside his body. Neither has He made your wives whom you declare to be like your mothers‟ backs, your real mothers. [Aẓ-Ẓihār is the saying of a husband to his wife, “You are to me like the back of my mother” i.e. you are unlawful for me to approach.], nor has He made your adopted sons your real sons. That is but your saying with your mouths. But Allāh says the truth, and He guides to the (right) way.3125 58:1-2 58:3 58:4-6

Such a statement is an utterance that is an „ill word‟ and a „lie‟. When the husband desires to have sex with his wife (after having made such an utterance as ẓihār) then he must free a slave; when he is unable to do this (not possessing a slave or financially unable to do so) then he must fast for two consecutive months; when he is unable to fast consecutively for two months then he must feed sixty poor people.

                                               Indeed Allāh has heard the statement of her (Khaulah bint Tha„labah) that disputes with you (O Muḥammad ) concerning her husband (Aus bin Aṣ-Ṣāmit), and complains to Allâh. And Allāh hears the argument between you both. Verily, Allāh is All-Hearer, All-Seer. Those among you who make their wives unlawful (Aẓ-Ẓihār) to them by saying to them “You are like my mother‟s back.” they cannot be their mothers. None can be their mothers except those who gave them birth. And verily, they utter an ill word and a lie. And verily, Allāh is Oft-Pardoning, Oft-Forgiving.3126 3124 3125 3126

Sūrah Al Nūr (24), āyāt 6-10. Sūrah Al Aḥzāb (33), ayāh 4. Sūrah Al Mujādilah (58), āyāt 1-2.

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                        And those who make unlawful to them (their wives) (by Aẓ-Ẓihār) and wish to free themselves from what they uttered, (the penalty) in that case (is) the freeing of a slave before they touch each other. That is an admonition to you (so that you may not return to such an ill thing). And Allāh is All-Aware of what you do.3127                                                   

      

            And he who finds not (the money for freeing a slave) must fast two successive months before they both touch each other. And for him who is unable to do so, he should feed sixty of Miskīn (poor). That is in order that you may have perfect faith in Allāh and His Messenger. These are the limits set by Allāh. And for disbelievers, there is a painful torment. Verily, those who oppose Allāh and His Messenger (Muḥammad ) will be disgraced, as those before them (among the past nation), were disgraced. And We have sent down clear Āyāt (proofs, evidences, verses, lessons, signs, revelations, etc.). And for the disbelievers is a disgracing torment. On the Day when Allāh will resurrect them all together (i.e. the Day of Resurrection) and inform them of what they did. Allāh has kept account of it, while they have forgotten it. And Allāh is Witness over all things.3128

ʾIlyāʾ 2:226-227 To perform ʾilyāʾ upon a wife means to take an oath not to approach ones wife for a certain period of time. By means of this oath it causes the wife to suffer, because she cannot have sex with her husband nor be divorced. By the descent of these Āyāt, then after four months the husband must choose between returning to sexual relations with his wife and by payment of kaffāra for the oath or divorce her.               

3127 3128

Sūrah Al Mujādilah (58), ayāh 3. Sūrah Al Mujādilah (58), āyāt 4-6.

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        Those who take an oath not to have sexual relation with their wives must wait four months, then if they return (change their idea in this period), verily, Allāh is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful. And if they decide upon divorce, then Allāh is All-Hearer, All-Knower.3129

Ṭalāq 4:19-21

The way to have the best intercourse or association with ones wife.

                            

          

                             O you who believe! You are forbidden to inherit women against their will, and you should not treat them with harshness, that you may take away part of the Mahr you have given them, unless they commit open illegal sexual intercourse. And live with them honourably. If you dislike them, it may be that you dislike a thing and Allāh brings through it a great deal of good. But if you intend to replace a wife by another and you have given one of them a Cantar (of gold i.e. a great amount) as Mahr, take not the least bit of it back; would you take it wrongfully without a right and (with) a manifest sin? And how could you take it (back) while you have gone in unto each other, and they have taken from you a firm and strong covenant?3130 65:1

How to hand down ṭalāq and when ṭalāq is handed down.

                                               O Prophet ()! When you divorce women, divorce them at their ʿIddah 3129 3130

Sūrah Al Baqarah (2), āyāt 226-227. Sūrah Al Nisāʾ (4), āyāt 19-21.

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(prescribed periods), and count (accurately) their ʿIddah (periods ). And fear Allāh your Lord (O Muslims), and turn them not out of their (husband‟s) homes, nor shall they (themselves) leave, except in case they are guilty of some open illegal sexual intercourse. And those are the set limits of Allāh. And whosoever transgresses the set limits of Allāh, then indeed he has wronged himself. You (the one who divorces his wife) know not, it may be that Allāh will afterward bring some new thing to pass (i.e. to return her back to you if that was the first or second divorce).3131

ʿIddah 2:228-234 The time of ʿiddah for divorced women; the time of ʿiddah for women who have had their husband die;                                                          



                                                                   

        

   

                                             3131

Sūrah Al Ṭalāq (65), ayāh 1.

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                                                                                     And divorced women shall wait (as regards their marriage) for three menstrual periods, and it is not lawful for them to conceal what Allāh has created in their wombs, if they believe in Allāh and the Last Day. And their husbands have the better right to take them back in that period, if they wish for reconciliation. And they (women) have rights (over their husbands as regards living expenses, etc.) similar (to those of their husbands) over them (as regards obedience and respect, etc.) to what is reasonable, but men have a degree (of responsibility) over them. And Allāh is All-Mighty, All-Wise. The divorce is twice, after that, either you retain her on reasonable terms or release her with kindness. And it is not lawful for you (men) to take back (from your wives) any of your Mahr (bridal money given by the husband to his wife at the time of marriage) which you have given them, except when both parties fear that they would be unable to keep the limits ordained by Allāh (e.g. to deal with each other on a fair basis). Then if you fear that they would not be able to keep the limits ordained by Allāh, then there is no sin on either of them if she gives back (the Mahr or a part of it) for her Al-Khulʿ (divorce). These are the limits ordained by Allāh, so do not transgress them. And whoever transgresses the limits ordained by Allāh, then such are the Ẓālimūn (wrong-doers, etc.). And if he has divorced her (the third time), then she is not lawful unto him thereafter until she has married another husband. Then, if the other husband divorces her, it is no sin on both of them that they reunite, provided they feel that they can keep the limits ordained by Allāh. These are the limits of Allāh, which He makes plain for the people who have knowledge. And when you have divorced women and they have fulfilled the term of their prescribed period, either take them back on reasonable basis or set them free on reasonable basis. But do not take them back to hurt them, and whoever does that, then he has wronged himself. And treat not the Verses (Laws) of Allāh as a jest, but remember Allāh‟s Favours on you (i.e. Islām), and that which He has sent down to you of the Book (i.e. the Qurʾān) and Al-Ḥikmah (the Prophet‟s Sunnah - legal ways - Islāmic jurisprudence, etc.) whereby He instructs you. And fear Allāh, and know that Allāh is All-Aware of everything. And when you have divorced women and they have fulfilled the term of their prescribed period, do not prevent them from marrying their (former) husbands, if they mutually agree on reasonable basis. This (instruction) is an admonition for him among you who believes in Allāh and the Last Day. That is more virtuous and purer for you. Allāh knows and you know not. Page | 1163

The mothers shall give suck to their children for two whole years, (that is) for those (parents) who desire to complete the term of suckling, but the father of the child shall bear the cost of the mother‟s food and clothing on a reasonable basis. No person shall have a burden laid on him greater than he can bear. No mother shall be treated unfairly on account of her child, nor father on account of his child. And on the (father‟s) heir is incumbent the like of that (which was incumbent on the father). If they both decide on weaning, by mutual consent, and after due consultation, there is no sin on them. And if you decide on a foster suckling-mother for your children, there is no sin on you, provided you pay (the mother) what you agreed (to give her) on reasonable basis. And fear Allāh and know that Allāh is All-Seer of what you do. And those of you who die and leave wives behind them, they (the wives) shall wait (as regards their marriage) for four months and ten days, then when they have fulfilled their term, there is no sin on you if they (the wives) dispose of themselves in a just and honourable manner (i.e. they can marry). And Allāh is Well-Acquainted with what you do.3132 33:49 65:4-5

For women who are divorced before sexual intercourse has taken place within their marriage then there is no ʿiddah for them and they must be paid mutʿah (compensation paid to a divorced woman) for the time of ʿiddah for the woman who has already finished three menstrual periods, and for women who are pregnant.

                        O you who believe! When you marry believing women, and then divorce them before you have sexual intercourse with them, no ʿIddah [divorce prescribed period, see (V.65:4)] have you to count in respect of them. So give them a present, and set them free i.e. divorce, in a handsome manner.3133                                           

   

And those of your women as have passed the age of monthly courses, for them the ʿIddah (prescribed period), if you have doubts (about their periods), is three months, and for those who have no courses [(i.e. they are still immature) their ʿIddah (prescribed period) is three months likewise, except in case of death]. And for those who are pregnant (whether they are 3132 3133

Sūrah Al Baqarah (2), āyāt 228-234. Sūrah Al Aḥzāb (33), ayāh 49.

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divorced or their husbands are dead), their ʿIddah (prescribed period) is until they deliver (their burdens), and whosoever fears Allāh and keeps his duty to Him, He will make his matter easy for him. That is the command of Allāh, which He has sent down to you, and whosoever fears Allāh and keeps his duty to Him, He will remit his sins from him, and will enlarge his reward.3134 65:6-7

A woman in a state of ʿiddah has obligations and whatever rights are proper from her husband.

                                                                  Lodge them (the divorced women) where you dwell, according to your means, and do not treat them in such a harmful way that they be obliged to leave. And if they are pregnant, then spend on them till they deliver. Then if they give suck to the children for you, give them their due payment, and let each of you accept the advice of the other in a just way. But if you make difficulties for one another, then some other woman may give suck for him (the father of the child). Let the rich man spend according to his means, and the man whose resources are restricted, let him spend according to what Allāh has given him. Allāh puts no burden on any person beyond what He has given him. Allāh will grant after hardship, ease.3135

Rujūʿ 2:228-231 There are various kinds of rujūʿ and what is meant by rujūʿ is rujūʿ in a good way (truthfully).                                                          

3134 3135



Sūrah Al Ṭalāq (65), āyāt 4-5. Sūrah Al Ṭalāq (65), āyāt 6-7.

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        

                                              And divorced women shall wait (as regards their marriage) for three menstrual periods, and it is not lawful for them to conceal what Allāh has created in their wombs, if they believe in Allāh and the Last Day. And their husbands have the better right to take them back in that period, if they wish for reconciliation. And they (women) have rights (over their husbands as regards living expenses, etc.) similar (to those of their husbands) over them (as regards obedience and respect, etc.) to what is reasonable, but men have a degree (of responsibility) over them. And Allāh is All-Mighty, All-Wise. The divorce is twice, after that, either you retain her on reasonable terms or release her with kindness. And it is not lawful for you (men) to take back (from your wives) any of your Mahr (bridal money given by the husband to his wife at the time of marriage) which you have given them, except when both parties fear that they would be unable to keep the limits ordained by Allāh (e.g. to deal with each other on a fair basis). Then if you fear that they would not be able to keep the limits ordained by Allāh, then there is no sin on either of them if she gives back (the Mahr or a part of it) for her Al-Khulʿ (divorce). These are the limits ordained by Allāh, so do not transgress them. And whoever transgresses the limits ordained by Allāh, then such are the Ẓālimūn (wrong-doers, etc.). And if he has divorced her (the third time), then she is not lawful unto him thereafter until she has married another husband. Then, if the other husband divorces her, it is no sin on both of them that they reunite, provided they feel that they can keep the limits ordained by Allāh. These are the limits of Allāh, which He makes plain for the people who have knowledge. And when you have divorced women and they have fulfilled the term of their prescribed period, either take them back on reasonable basis or set them free on reasonable basis. But do not take them back to hurt them, and whoever does that, then he has wronged himself. And treat not the Verses (Laws) of Allāh as a jest, but remember Allāh‟s Favours on you (i.e. Islām), and that which He has sent down to you of the Book (i.e. the Qurʾān) and Page | 1166

Al-Ḥikmah (the Prophet‟s Sunnah - legal ways - Islāmic jurisprudence, etc.) whereby He instructs you. And fear Allāh, and know that Allāh is All-Aware of everything.3136 65:2

Rujūʿ is the return by the husband to the wife of that which (is revocable) a divorced wife had before the time of ʿiddah has elapsed.

                                 Then when they are about to fulfil their term appointed, either take them back in a good manner or part with them in a good manner. And take for witness two just persons from among you (Muslims). And establish the witness for Allāh. That will be an admonition given to him who believes in Allāh and the Last Day. And whosoever fears Allāh and keeps his duty to Him, He will make a way for him to get out (from every difficulty).3137

Matāʿu 2:240-242 Matāʿu is the compensation (besides maintenance [but also a form 2:236 of maintenance]) from the husband to the divorced wife as a consolatory support.                                  

   

        And those of you who die and leave behind wives should bequeath for their wives a year‟s maintenance and residence without turning them out, but if they (wives) leave, there is no sin on you for that which they do of themselves, provided it is honourable (e.g. lawful marriage). And Allāh is All-Mighty, All-Wise. [the order of this Verse has been cancelled (abrogated) by Verse 4:12]. And for divorced women, maintenance (should be provided) on reasonable (scale). This is a duty on Al-Muttaqūn (the pious). Thus Allāh makes clear His Āyāt (Laws) to you, in order that you may understand.3138

3136 3137 3138

Sūrah Al Baqarah (2), āyāt 228-231. Sūrah Al Ṭalāq (65), ayāh 2. Sūrah Al Baqarah (2), āyāt 240-242.

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                            There is no sin on you, if you divorce women while yet you have not touched (had sexual relation with) them, nor appointed unto them their Mahr (bridal money given by the husband to his wife at the time of marriage). But bestow on them ( a suitable gift), the rich according to his means, and the poor according to his means, a gift of reasonable amount is a duty on the doers of good.3139 33:49

The amount of matāʿu is in accordance with ones capabilities.

The rights of the wife after divorce and at the finish of the period of ʿiddah 2:229-232 A woman who has been divorced from her husband (ṭalāq) and her period of ʿiddah is completed may remarry with another man.                                                                                                                         

3139 3140

Sūrah Al Baqarah (2), ayāh 236. Sūrah Al Aḥzāb (33), ayāh 49.

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                                                    The divorce is twice, after that, either you retain her on reasonable terms or release her with kindness. And it is not lawful for you (men) to take back (from your wives) any of your Mahr (bridal money given by the husband to his wife at the time of marriage) which you have given them, except when both parties fear that they would be unable to keep the limits ordained by Allāh (e.g. to deal with each other on a fair basis). Then if you fear that they would not be able to keep the limits ordained by Allāh, then there is no sin on either of them if she gives back (the Mahr or a part of it) for her Al-Khulʿ (divorce). These are the limits ordained by Allāh, so do not transgress them. And whoever transgresses the limits ordained by Allāh, then such are the Ẓālimūn (wrong-doers, etc.). And if he has divorced her (the third time), then she is not lawful unto him thereafter until she has married another husband. Then, if the other husband divorces her, it is no sin on both of them that they reunite, provided they feel that they can keep the limits ordained by Allāh. These are the limits of Allāh, which He makes plain for the people who have knowledge. And when you have divorced women and they have fulfilled the term of their prescribed period, either take them back on reasonable basis or set them free on reasonable basis. But do not take them back to hurt them, and whoever does that, then he has wronged himself. And treat not the Verses (Laws) of Allāh as a jest, but remember Allāh‟s Favours on you (i.e. Islām), and that which He has sent down to you of the Book (i.e. the Qurʾān) and Al-Ḥikmah (the Prophet‟s Sunnah - legal ways - Islāmic jurisprudence, etc.) whereby He instructs you. And fear Allāh, and know that Allāh is All-Aware of everything. And when you have divorced women and they have fulfilled the term of their prescribed period, do not prevent them from marrying their (former) husbands, if they mutually agree on reasonable basis. This (instruction) is an admonition for him among you who believes in Allāh and the Last Day. That is more virtuous and purer for you. Allāh knows and you know not. 3141 2:234

A woman whose husband has died (a widower) may also choose for herself (another husband) according to her wishes.

                           

3141

Sūrah Al Baqarah (2), āyāt 229-232.

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And those of you who die and leave wives behind them, they (the wives) shall wait (as regards their marriage) for four months and ten days, then when they have fulfilled their term, there is no sin on you if they (the wives) dispose of themselves in a just and honourable manner (i.e. they can marry). And Allāh is Well-Acquainted with what you do.3142 2:235

This ayāh explains a manner of proposing to a woman whose husband has died.

                                                    And there is no sin on you if you make a hint of betrothal or conceal it in yourself, Allāh knows that you will remember them, but do not make a Promise of contract with them in secret except that you speak an honourable saying according to the Islāmic Law (e.g. you can say to her, “If one finds a wife like you, he will be happy”). And do not consummate the marriage until the term prescribed is fulfilled. And know that Allāh knows what is in your minds, so fear Him. And know that Allāh is Oft-Forgiving, Most Forbearing.3143

Do not approach that which is despicable 6:151 7:28

Do not do that which is despicable, whether concealed or openly. Allāh  never called for the committance of that which is despicable, and moreover it is forbidden (ḥarām).

                                                   Say (O Muḥammad ): “Come, I will recite what your Lord has prohibited you from: join not anything in worship with Him; be good and dutiful to your parents; kill not your children because of poverty - We provide sustenance for you and for them; come not near to Al-Fawāḥish (shameful sins, illegal sexual intercourse, etc.) whether committed openly or secretly, and kill not anyone whom Allāh has forbidden, except for a just cause 3142 3143

Sūrah Al Baqarah (2), ayāh 234. Sūrah Al Baqarah (2), ayāh 235.

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(according to Islāmic law). This He has commanded you that you may understand.3144                          And when they commit a Fāḥisha (evil deed, going round the Kaʿbah in naked state, every kind of unlawful sexual intercourse, etc.), they say: “We found our fathers doing it, and Allāh has commanded us of it.” Say: “Nay, Allāh never commands of Fāḥisha. Do you say of Allāh what you know not?3145 16:90 The performance of that which is despicable and munkar (that 24:21 which is detestable and rejected) is the call and order of Shaiṭān. 27:54-55 Remember the destruction of the community of the Prophet Lūt  which performed that which is despicable between men.                    Verily, Allāh enjoins Al-ʿAdl (i.e. justice and worshipping none but Allāh alone - Islāmic Monotheism) and Al-Iḥsān [i.e. to be patient in performing your duties to Allāh, totally for Allāh‟s sake and in accordance with the Sunnah (legal ways) of the Prophet in a perfect manner], and giving (help) to kith and kin (i.e. all that Allāh has ordered you to give them e.g., wealth, visiting, looking after them, or any other kind of help, etc.): and forbids Al-Faḥshāʾ (i.e all evil deeds, e.g. illegal sexual acts, disobedience of parents, polytheism, to tell lies, to give false witness, to kill a life without right, etc.), and Al-Munkar (i.e all that is prohibited by Islāmic law: polytheism of every kind, disbelief and every kind of evil deeds, etc.), and Al-Baghy (i.e. all kinds of oppression), He admonishes you, that you may take heed.3146                                        O you who believe! Follow not the footsteps of Shaiṭān (Satan). And whosoever follows the footsteps of Shaiṭān (Satan), then, verily he commands Al-Faḥshāʾ [i.e. to commit indecency (illegal sexual intercourse, etc.)], and Al-Munkar [disbelief and polytheism (i.e. to do evil and wicked deeds; to speak or to do what is forbidden in Islām, etc.)]. And 3144 3145 3146

Sūrah Al Anʿām (6), ayāh 151. Sūrah Al Aʿrāf (7), ayāh 28. Sūrah Al Naḥl (16), ayāh 90.

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had it not been for the Grace of Allāh and His Mercy on you, not one of you would ever have been pure from sins. But Allāh purifies (guides to Islām) whom He wills, and Allāh is All-Hearer, All-Knower.3147  

                   

And (remember) Lout (Lot)! When he said to his people, “Do you commit AlFāḥishah (evil, great sin, every kind of unlawful sexual intercourse, sodomy, etc.) while you see (one another doing evil without any screen, etc.)?” “Do you approach men in your lusts rather than women? Nay, but you are a people who behave senselessly.”3148 4:15-16 24:2

Whoever commits that which is despicable, then it is obligatory that „he‟ be punished, like for instance the punishment of 100 lashes or stoning with the participation of enough witnesses.

                                         And those of your women who commit illegal sexual intercourse, take the evidence of four witnesses from amongst you against them; and if they testify, confine them (i.e. women) to houses until death comes to them or Allāh ordains for them some (other) way. And the two persons (man and woman) among you who commit illegal sexual intercourse, punish them both. And if they repent (promise Allāh that they will never repeat, i.e. commit illegal sexual intercourse and other similar sins) and do righteous good deeds, leave them alone. Surely, Allāh is ever the one who accepts repentance, (and He is) Most Merciful.3149                              The woman and the man guilty of illegal sexual intercourse, flog each of them with a hundred stripes. Let not pity withhold you in their case, in a punishment prescribed by Allāh, if you believe in Allāh and the Last Day. And let a party of the believers witness their punishment. (This punishment is for unmarried persons guilty of the above crime but if married persons 3147 3148 3149

Sūrah Al Nūr (24), ayāh 21. Sūrah Al Naml (27), āyāt 54-55. Sūrah Al Nisāʾ (4), āyāt 15-16.

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commit it, the punishment is to stone them to death, according to Allāh‟s law).3150 3:135-136 When it is already too late to do so then the sincere asking of forgiveness.             

           

                And those who, when they have committed Fāḥishah (illegal sexual intercourse etc.) or wronged themselves with evil, remember Allāh and ask forgiveness for their sins; - and none can forgive sins but Allāh - and do not persist in what (wrong) they have done, while they know. For such, the reward is forgiveness from their Lord, and Gardens with rivers flowing underneath (Paradise), wherein they shall abide forever. How excellent is this reward for the doers (who do righteous deeds according to Allāh‟s Orders).3151 24:19

As for the person who spreads despicable acts throughout a community then for „him‟ there is punishment both in this world (various forms of sickness, disasters, or the loss of self respect) and in the Hereafter a bitter torture (refer: zinā, page 280).

                      Verily, those who like that (the crime of) illegal sexual intercourse should be propagated among those who believe, they will have a painful torment in this world and in the Hereafter. And Allāh knows and you know not.3152

Children and their issues Duʿāʾ (invocation) in order that one is blessed with a pious child 25:74

3150 3151 3152

A duʿāʾ in order that one is bestowed with offspring who have soothing, peaceful hearts.

Sūrah Al Nūr (24), ayāh 2. Sūrah Āl ʿImrān (3), āyāt 135-136. Sūrah Al Nūr (24), ayāh 19.

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              And those who say: “Our Lord! Bestow on us from our wives and our offspring who will be the comfort of our eyes, and make us leaders for the Muttaqūn (pious)”.3153 3:38 19:4-6

The duʿāʾ of the Prophet Zakariyā  who invoked and pleaded for a goodly child at the time his wife was barren and his age was advanced; such a duʿāʾ as this was also undertaken by the Prophet „Ibrāhīm .

                  At that time Zakariyā (Zachariya) invoked his Lord, saying: “O my Lord! Grant me from You, a good offspring. You are indeed the All-Hearer of invocation.”3154                                        Saying: “My Lord! Indeed my bones have grown feeble, and grey hair has spread on my head, and I have never been unblest in my invocation to You, O my Lord! “And Verily! I fear my relatives after me, since my wife is barren. So give me from yourself an heir, “Who shall inherit me, and inherit (also) the posterity of Yaʿqūb (Jacob) (inheritance of the religious knowledge and Prophethood, not the wealth, etc.). And make him, my Lord, one with whom You are Well-pleased!”.3155 14:40

All the adʿiya3156 of the prophets are lessons for us.           

“O my Lord! Make me one who performs Aṣ-Ṣalāt (Iqāmat-aṣ-Ṣalāt), and (also) from my offspring, our Lord! And accept my invocation.3157

Sūrah Al Furqān (25), ayāh 74. Sūrah Āl ʿImrān (3), ayāh 38. Sūrah Maryam (19), āyāt 4-6. 3156 Plural of duʿāʾ. 3157 Sūrah Ibrāhīm (14), ayāh 40. 3153 3154 3155

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The position of children 8:28

Wealth and children are trials.

Wealth and children are an adornment of the life of this world.

Both of them (amount wise) do not necessarily bring one closer to Allāh.

                        And it is not your wealth, nor your children that bring you nearer to Us (i.e. pleases Allāh), but only he (will please Us) who believes (in the Islāmic Monotheism), and does righteous deeds; as for such, there will be twofold reward for what they did, and they will reside in the high dwellings (Paradise) in peace and security.3160 63:9

Do not allow wealth and children to make oneself negligent of the remembrance of Allāh.

                   O you who believe! Let not your properties or your children divert you from the remembrance of Allāh. And whosoever does that, then they are the

3158 3159 3160

Sūrah Al Anfāl (8), ayāh 28. Sūrah Al Kahf (18), ayāh 46. Sūrah Sabaʾ (34), ayāh 37.

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losers.3161 3:10

The wealth and children of a disbeliever will not avail them of anything of the torture to come.

Children must be maintained with good 64:14

Do not allow your children and wives to become enemies.

                    O you who believe! Verily, among your wives and your children there are enemies for you (i.e. may stop you from the obedience of Allāh), therefore beware of them! But if you pardon (them) and overlook, and forgive (their faults), then verily, Allāh is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful.3163 42:49-50 Allāh bestows upon whom He wills male and female children.                                 To Allāh belongs the Kingdom of the heavens and the earth. He creates what He wills. He bestows female (offspring) upon whom He wills, and bestows male (offspring) upon whom He wills. Or He bestows both males and females, and He renders barren whom He wills. Verily, He is the All-Knower and is Able to do all things.3164 6:140

Those who kill their children are truly lost.

                     

Sūrah Al Munāfiqūn (63), ayāh 9. Sūrah Āl ʿImrān (3), ayāh 10. Sūrah Al Taghābun (64), ayāh 14. 3164 Sūrah Al Shūra (42), āyāt 49-50. 3161 3162 3163

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Indeed lost are they who have killed their children, from folly, without knowledge, and have forbidden that which Allāh has provided for them, inventing a lie against Allāh. They have indeed gone astray and were not guided.3165 6:151

Do not kill children for fear of poverty.

                                                   Say (O Muḥammad ): “Come, I will recite what your Lord has prohibited you from: join not anything in worship with Him; be good and dutiful to your parents; kill not your children because of poverty - We provide sustenance for you and for them; come not near to Al-Fawāḥish (shameful sins, illegal sexual intercourse, etc.) whether committed openly or secretly, and kill not anyone whom Allāh has forbidden, except for a just cause (according to Islāmic law). This He has commanded you that you may understand.3166 17:31

Indeed, it is Allāh who distributes fortune.

                And kill not your children for fear of poverty. We provide for them and for you. Surely, the killing of them is a great sin.3167 60:12

A person with faith will not kill „his‟ children.

                                         O Prophet! When believing women come to you to give you the Baiʿā (pledge), that they will not associate anything in worship with Allāh, that they will not steal, that they will not commit illegal sexual intercourse, that they will not kill their children, that they will not utter slander, intentionally forging falsehood (i.e. by making illegal children belonging to their 3165 3166 3167

Sūrah Al Anʿām (6), ayāh 140. Sūrah Al Anʿām (6), ayāh 151. Sūrah Al Isrāʾ (17), ayāh 31.

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husbands), and that they will not disobey you in any Maʿrūf (Islāmic Monotheism and all that which Islām ordains) then accept their Baiʿā (pledge), and ask Allāh to forgive them, verily, Allāh is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful.3168

Suckling a child/children 46:15 2:233 31:14

A mother bearing and weaning a child lasts for thirty months; suckling a child to completion lasts for two years.

                                                  And We have enjoined on man to be dutiful and kind to his parents. His mother bears him with hardship and she brings him forth with hardship, and the bearing of him, and the weaning of him is thirty (30) months, till when he attains full strength and reaches forty years, he says: “My Lord! Grant me the power and ability that I may be grateful for Your Favour which You have bestowed upon me and upon my parents, and that I may do righteous good deeds, such as please You, and make my off-spring good. Truly, I have turned to You in repentance, and truly, I am one of the Muslims (submitting to Your Will).”3169                                                                           The mothers shall give suck to their children for two whole years, (that is) for those (parents) who desire to complete the term of suckling, but the father of the child shall bear the cost of the mother‟s food and clothing on a reasonable basis. No person shall have a burden laid on him greater than he can bear. No mother shall be treated unfairly on account of her child, nor father on account of his child. And on the (father‟s) heir is incumbent the like of that (which was incumbent on the father). If they both decide on 3168 3169

Sūrah Al Mumtaḥinah (60), ayāh 12. Srah Al Aḥqāf (46), ayāh 15.

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weaning, by mutual consent, and after due consultation, there is no sin on them. And if you decide on a foster suckling-mother for your children, there is no sin on you, provided you pay (the mother) what you agreed (to give her) on reasonable basis. And fear Allāh and know that Allāh is All-Seer of what you do.3170                   And We have enjoined on man (to be dutiful and good) to his parents. His mother bore him in weakness and hardship upon weakness and hardship, and his weaning is in two years - give thanks to Me and to your parents, unto Me is the final destination.3171 65:6

One may also lodge a suckling child with another woman.

‘Adopted’ children 33:4

The stature of laws pertaining to an adopted child or children are not the same as for one‟s own child or children.

Sūrah Al Baqarah (2), ayāh 233. Sūrah Luqmān (31), ayāh 14. Sūrah Al Ṭalāq (65), ayāh 6.

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me like the back of my mother” i.e. you are unlawful for me to approach.], nor has He made your adopted sons your real sons. That is but your saying with your mouths. But Allāh says the truth, and He guides to the (right) way.3173 33:5

The manner of naming adopted children is a case of the custom and manners of good manners.

                                Call them (adopted sons) by (the names of) their fathers, that is more just with Allāh. But if you know not their father‟s (names, call them) your brothers in faith and Mawālīkum (your freed slaves). And there is no sin on you if you make a mistake therein, except in regard to what your hearts deliberately intend. And Allāh is ever OftForgiving, Most Merciful.3174 33:37

A divorced wife with child is permissible to marry.

                                                   And (remember) when you said to him (Zaid bin Ḥārithah  the freed-slave of the Prophet ) on whom Allāh has bestowed grace (by guiding him to Islām) and you (O Muḥammad  too) have done favour (by manumitting him) “Keep your wife to yourself, and fear Allāh.” But you did hide in yourself (i.e. what Allāh has already made known to you that He will give her to you in marriage) that which Allāh will make manifest, you did fear the people (i.e., Muḥammad  married the divorced wife of his manumitted slave) whereas Allāh had a better Right that you should fear Him. So when Zaid had accomplished his desire from her (i.e. divorced her), we gave her to you in marriage, so that (in future) there may be no difficulty to the believers in respect of (the marriage of) the wives of their adopted sons when the latter have no desire to keep them (i.e. they have divorced them). And Allāh's command must be fulfilled.3175

3173 3174 3175

Sūrah Al Aḥzāb (33), ayāh 4. Sūrah Al Aḥzāb (33), ayāh 5. Sūrah Al Aḥzāb (33), ayāh 37.

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Orphans 2:220 2:83 4:36

The command of Allāh to maintain orphans; the obligation to do good towards family and orphans.

                                 In (to) this worldly life and in the Hereafter. And they ask you concerning orphans. Say: “The best thing is to work honestly in their property, and if you mix your affairs with theirs, then they are your brothers. And Allāh knows him who means mischief (e.g. to swallow their property) from him who means good (e.g. to save their property). And if Allāh had wished, He could have put you into difficulties. Truly, Allāh is All-Mighty, All-Wise.”3176                               And (remember) when We took a covenant from the Children of Isrāʾīl, (saying): Worship none but Allāh (Alone) and be dutiful and good to parents, and to kindred, and to orphans and Al-Masākīn (the poor), [Tafsir At-Tabarī, Vol. 10, Page 158 (Verse 9:60)] and speak good to people [i.e. enjoin righteousness and forbid evil, and say the truth about Muḥammad ], and perform Aṣ-Ṣalāt (Iqāmat-aṣ-Ṣalāt), and give Zakāt. Then you slid back, except a few of you, while you are backsliders. (Tafsir Al-Qurtubī, Vol. 2, Page 392).3177                                     Worship Allāh and join none with Him in worship, and do good to parents, kinsfolk, orphans, Al-Masākīn (the poor), the neighbour who is near of kin, the neighbour who is a stranger, the companion by your side, the wayfarer (you meet), and those (slaves) whom your right hands possess. Verily, Allāh

3176 3177

Sūrah Al Baqarah (2), ayāh 220. Sūrah Al Baqarah (2), ayāh 83.

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does not like such as are proud and boastful;3178 4:2-10

Justly give unto orphans their wealth and maintain the wealth of orphans.

                                                                                                                         

        

                  

    

                                      And give unto orphans their property and do not exchange (your) bad things for (their) good ones; and devour not their substance (by adding it) to your substance. Surely, this is a great sin. And if you fear that you shall not be able to deal justly with the orphan-girls, then marry (other) women of your choice, two or three, or four but if you fear that you shall not be able to deal justly (with them), then only one or (the captives and the slaves) that your right hands possess. That is nearer to prevent you from doing injustice. And give to the women (whom you marry) their Mahr (obligatory bridal money given by the husband to his wife at the time of marriage) with a good heart, but if they, of their own good pleasure, remit any part of it to you, take it, and enjoy it without fear of any harm (as Allāh has made it lawful). And give not unto the foolish your property which Allāh has made a means of support for you, but feed and clothe them therewith, and speak to them 3178

Sūrah Al Nisāʾ (4), ayāh 36.

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words of kindness and justice. And try orphans (as regards their intelligence) until they reach the age of marriage; if then you find sound judgement in them, release their property to them, but consume it not wastefully, and hastily fearing that they should grow up, and whoever amongst guardians is rich, he should take no wages, but if he is poor, let him have for himself what is just and reasonable (according to his work). And when you release their property to them, take witness in their presence; and Allāh is AllSufficient in taking account. There is a share for men and a share for women from what is left by parents and those nearest related, whether, the property be small or large - a legal share. And when the relatives and the orphans and AlMasākīn (the poor) are present at the time of division, give them out of the property, and speak to them words of kindness and justice. And let those (executors and guardians) have the same fear in their minds as they would have for their own, if they had left weak offspring behind. So let them fear Allāh and speak right words. Verily, those who unjustly eat up the property of orphans, they eat up only a fire into their bellies, and they will be burnt in the blazing Fire!3179 4:127

A religious edict from Allāh concerning female orphans.

                                           They ask your legal instruction concerning women, say: Allāh instructs you about them, and about what is recited unto you in the Book concerning the orphan girls whom you give not the prescribed portions (as regards Mahr and inheritance) and yet whom you desire to marry, and (concerning) the children who are weak and oppressed, and that you stand firm for justice to orphans. And whatever good you do, Allāh is ever AllAware of it.3180 17:34 89:17

Do not approach the wealth of an orphan except with an approach that is better for and nobler than that of the orphan.

Sūrah Al Nisāʾ (4), āyāt 2-10 Sūrah Al Nisāʾ (4), ayāh 127. Sūrah Al Isrāʾ (17), ayāh 34.

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       Nay! But you treat not the orphans with kindness and generosity (i.e. you neither treat them well, nor give them their exact right of inheritance)!3182 93:1-9

Do not undertake anything arbitrarily towards orphans.

                   

    

  

             By the forenoon (after sun-rise); and by the night when it is still (or darkens); Your Lord (O Muḥammad ()) has neither forsaken you nor hated you. And indeed the Hereafter is better for you than the present (life of this world). And verily, your Lord will give you (all i.e. good) so that you shall be well-pleased. Did He not find you (O Muḥammad ()) an orphan and gave you a refuge? And He found you unaware (of the Qurʾān, its legal laws, and Prophethood, etc.) and guided you? And He found you poor, and made you rich (self-sufficient with self-contentment, etc.)? Therefore, treat not the orphan with oppression,3183 107:1-2

A person who repulses an orphan means „he‟ denounces Allāh .

          Have you seen him who denies the recompense? That is he who repulses the orphan (harshly),3184

The loyalty of a child and children towards parents 6:151 Do not join anything in partnership with Allāh and do good 17:23-25 towards ones parents; do not say or utter anything that would make 12:100 their hearts sick, nor rebuke them; and make du„ā‟ for them.                              

3182 3183 3184

Sūrah Al Fajr (89), ayāh 17. Sūrah Al Ḍuḥa (93), āyāt 1-9. Sūrah Al Māʾūn (107), āyāt 1-2.

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                     Say (O Muḥammad ): “Come, I will recite what your Lord has prohibited you from: join not anything in worship with Him; be good and dutiful to your parents; kill not your children because of poverty - We provide sustenance for you and for them; come not near to Al-Fawāḥish (shameful sins, illegal sexual intercourse, etc.) whether committed openly or secretly, and kill not anyone whom Allāh has forbidden, except for a just cause (according to Islāmic law). This He has commanded you that you may understand.3185                                                        And your Lord has decreed that you worship none but Him. And that you be dutiful to your parents. If one of them or both of them attain old age in your life, say not to them a word of disrespect, nor shout at them but address them in terms of honour. And lower unto them the wing of submission and humility through mercy, and say: “My Lord! Bestow on them Your Mercy as they did bring me up when I was small.” Your Lord knows best what is in your inner-selves. If you are righteous, then, verily, He is ever Most Forgiving to those who turn unto Him again and again in obedience, and in repentance.3186                                                    And he raised his parents to the throne and they fell down before him prostrate. And he said: “O my father! This is the interpretation of my dream aforetime! My Lord has made it come true! He was indeed good to me, when He took me out of the prison, and brought you (all here) out of the bedouin-life, after Shaiṭān (Satan) had sown enmity between me and my brothers. Certainly, my Lord is the Most Courteous and kind unto whom He

3185 3186

Sūrah Al Anʿām (6), ayāh 151. Sūrah Al Isrāʾ (17), āyāt 23-25.

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will. Truly He! Only He is the All-Knowing, the All-Wise.3187 46:15-18 Misfortune for those who are insubordinate to their parents; mothers have already cared for us since the time we were in the womb.                                                                                                                       And We have enjoined on man to be dutiful and kind to his parents. His mother bears him with hardship and she brings him forth with hardship, and the bearing of him, and the weaning of him is thirty (30) months, till when he attains full strength and reaches forty years, he says: “My Lord! Grant me the power and ability that I may be grateful for Your Favour which You have bestowed upon me and upon my parents, and that I may do righteous good deeds, such as please You, and make my off-spring good. Truly, I have turned to You in repentance, and truly, I am one of the Muslims (submitting to Your Will).” They are those from whom We shall accept the best of their deeds and overlook their evil deeds. (They shall be) among the dwellers of Paradise, a promise of truth, which they have been promised. But he who says to his parents: “Fie upon you both! Do you hold out the promise to me that I shall be raised up (again) when generations before me have passed away (without rising)?” While they (father and mother) invoke Allāh for help (and rebuke their son): “Woe to you! Believe! Verily, the Promise of Allāh is true.” But he says: “This is nothing but the tales of the ancient.” They are those against whom the word (of torment) is justified among the previous generations of jinns and mankind that have passed away. Verily! they are ever the losers.3188 29:8-9 3187 3188

Do not follow or obey the commands of parents who are faulty in

Sūrah Yūsuf (12), ayāh 100. Sūrah Al Aḥqāf (46), āyāt 15-18.

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31:14-15 2:215 19:14 37:100 24:59

regards to the laws of religion (Islām); however, it is still obligatory for us to have good relations with our parents; spend of your wealth on parents, family, orphans, the poor, and the wayfarer.

                 

             

And We have enjoined on man to be good and dutiful to his parents, but if they strive to make you join with Me (in worship) anything (as a partner) of which you have no knowledge, then obey them not. Unto Me is your return, and I shall tell you what you used to do. And for those who believe (in the Oneness of Allāh and other items of faith) and do righteous good deeds, surely, We shall make them enter in (the enterance of) the righteous (i.e. in Paradise).3189                                                    And We have enjoined on man (to be dutiful and good) to his parents. His mother bore him in weakness and hardship upon weakness and hardship, and his weaning is in two years - give thanks to Me and to your parents, unto Me is the final destination. But if they (both) strive with you to make you join in worship with Me others that of which you have no knowledge, then obey them not, but behave with them in the world kindly, and follow the path of him who turns to Me in repentance and in obedience. Then to Me will be your return, and I shall tell you what you used to do.3190                          They ask you (O Muḥammad ) what they should spend. Say: Whatever you spend of good must be for parents and kindred and orphans and AlMasākīn (the poor) and the wayfarers, and whatever you do of good deeds, truly, Allāh knows it well.3191 3189 3190 3191

Sūrah Al ʿAnkabūt (29), āyāt 8-9. Sūrah Luqmān (31), āyāt 14-15. Sūrah Al Baqarah (2), ayāh 215.

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       And dutiful towards his parents, and he was neither an arrogant nor disobedient (to Allāh or to his parents).3192       “My Lord! Grant me (offspring) from the righteous.”3193                       And when the children among you come to puberty, then let them (also) ask for permission, as those senior to them (in age). Thus Allāh makes clear His Āyāt (commandments and legal obligations) for you. And Allāh is All-Knowing, All-Wise.3194

Various relationships between ‘mankind’ The family which is happy in this world and in the Hereafter 30:21

Wives were created with a tendency to calm and to bring about the emergence of love and affection.

Wealth, children, and wives are, in the view of „mankind‟, beautiful, but all of them are trials.

                      

Sūrah Maryam (19), ayāh 14. Sūrah Al Ṣāffāt (37), ayāh 100. Sūrah Al Nūr (24), ayāh 59. 3195 Sūrah Al Rūm (30), ayāh 21. 3192 3193 3194

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    Beautified for men is the love of things they covet; women, children, much of gold and silver (wealth), branded beautiful horses, cattle and well-tilled land. This is the pleasure of the present world‟s life; but Allāh has the excellent return (Paradise with flowing rivers, etc.) with Him.3196                     O you who believe! Verily, among your wives and your children there are enemies for you (i.e. may stop you from the obedience of Allāh), therefore beware of them! But if you pardon (them) and overlook, and forgive (their faults), then verily, Allāh is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful.3197 52:21 Whenever all members of a family are faithful and righteous in 13:22-24 the world, then they will enter Paradise ʿAdn together.                      And those who believe and whose offspring follow them in faith, to them shall We join their offspring, and We shall not decrease the reward of their deeds in anything. Every person is a pledge for that which he has earned.3198               

       

                       And those who remain patient, seeking their Lord‟s Countenance, perform Aṣ-Ṣalāt (Iqāmat-aṣ-Ṣalāt), and spend out of that which We have bestowed on them, secretly and openly, and defend evil with good, for such there is a good end; ʿAdn (Eden) Paradise (everlasting gardens), which they shall enter and (also) those who acted righteously from among their fathers, and their wives, and their offspring. and angels shall enter unto them from every gate (saying): :Salāmun ʿAlaikum (peace be upon you) for that you persevered in patience! Excellent indeed is the final home!” 3199 Sūrah Āl ʿImrān (3), ayāh 14. Sūrah Al Taghābun (64), ayāh 14. Sūrah Al Ṭūr (52), ayāh 21. 3199 Sūrah Al Raʿd (13), āyāt 22-24. 3196 3197 3198

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66:6

Protect family from the Fire of Hell.

                       O you who believe! Ward off from yourselves and your families a Fire (Hell) whose fuel is men and stones, over which are (appointed) angels stern (and) severe, who disobey not, (from executing) the commands they receive from Allāh, but do that which they are commanded.3200

Good relations of kinship 4:36

Hopefully one does good to ones parents, close family, orphans, the poor, neighbours - near and far, colleagues, the wayfarer, and slaves.

                                    Worship Allāh and join none with Him in worship, and do good to parents, kinsfolk, orphans, Al-Masākīn (the poor), the neighbour who is near of kin, the neighbour who is a stranger, the companion by your side, the wayfarer (you meet), and those (slaves) whom your right hands possess. Verily, Allāh does not like such as are proud and boastful;3201 2:177 2:215

And it is hoped that one bestows or spends some of ones wealth upon them.

Sūrah Al Taḥrīm (66), ayāh 6. Sūrah Al Nisāʾ (4), ayāh 36.

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Last Day, the Angels, the Book, the Prophets and gives his wealth, in spite of love for it, to the kinsfolk, to the orphans, and to Al-Masākīn (the poor), and to the wayfarer, and to those who ask, and to set slaves free, performs Aṣ-Ṣalāt (Iqāmat-aṣ-Ṣalāt), and gives the Zakāt, and who fulfill their covenant when they make it, and who are Aṣ-Ṣābirīn (the patient ones, etc.) in extreme poverty and ailment (disease) and at the time of fighting (during the battles). such are the people of the truth and they are AlMuttaqūn (pious).3202                          They ask you (O Muḥammad ) what they should spend. Say: Whatever you spend of good must be for parents and kindred and orphans and AlMasākīn (the poor) and the wayfarers, and whatever you do of good deeds, truly, Allāh knows it well.3203 24:22 30:38

They are capable of spending on their families and bestowing to them their rights.

                              And let not those among you who are blessed with graces and wealth swear not to give (any sort of help) to their kinsmen, Al-Masākīn (the poor), and those who left their homes for Allāh‟s Cause. Let them pardon and forgive. Do you not love that Allāh should forgive you? And Allāh is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful.3204                    So give to the kindred his due, and to AlMiskīn (the poor) and to the wayfarer. That is best for those who seek Allāh‟s Countenance, and it is they who will be successful.3205 4:135 5:8

Every soul must be just towards „itself‟ and also towards members of „its‟ family.

Sūrah Al Baqarah (2), ayāh 177. Sūrah Al Baqarah (2), ayāh 215. Sūrah Al Nūr (24), ayāh 22. 3205 Sūrah Al Rūm (30), ayāh 38. 3202 3203 3204

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                                          O you who believe! Stand out firmly for justice, as witnesses to Allāh, even though it be against yourselves, or your parents, or your kin, be he rich or poor, Allāh is a better protector to both (than you). So follow not the lusts (of your hearts), lest you may avoid justice, and if you distort your witness or refuse to give it, verily, Allāh is ever WellAcquainted with what you do.3206                                O you who believe! Stand out firmly for Allāh and be just witnesses and let not the enmity and hatred of others make you avoid justice. Be just: that is nearer to piety, and fear Allāh. Verily, Allāh is WellAcquainted with what you do.3207

Limits of kinship relations 16:90 Do good and be just towards ones family; and it is obligatory 26:213- that we remember close family. 214                    Verily, Allāh enjoins Al-ʿAdl (i.e. justice and worshipping none but Allāh alone - Islāmic Monotheism) and Al-Iḥsān [i.e. to be patient in performing your duties to Allāh, totally for Allāh‟s sake and in accordance with the Sunnah (legal ways) of the Prophet in a perfect manner], and giving (help) to kith and kin (i.e. all that Allāh has ordered you to give them e.g., wealth, visiting, looking after them, or any other kind of help, etc.): and forbids Al-Faḥshāʾ (i.e all evil deeds, e.g. illegal sexual acts, disobedience of parents, polytheism, to tell lies, to give false witness, to kill a life without right, etc.), and Al-Munkar (i.e all that is prohibited by Islāmic law: polytheism of every kind, disbelief and every kind of evil deeds, etc.), and Al-Baghy (i.e. all kinds of oppression), He admonishes you, that you may

3206 3207

Sūrah Al Nisāʾ (4), ayāh 135. Sūrah Al Māʾidah (5), ayāh 8.

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take heed.3208  

           

So invoke not with Allāh another Ilāh (God) lest you be among those who receive punishment. And warn your tribe (O Muḥammad ) of near kindred.3209 58:22

It is not permissible to be close to those (even family) who oppose Allāh.

                                                         You (O Muḥammad ) will not find any people who believe in Allāh and the Last Day, making friendship with those who oppose Allāh and His Messenger (Muḥammad ), even though they were their fathers, or their sons, or their brothers, or their kindred (people). For such He has written faith in their hearts, and strengthened them with Rūḥ (proofs, light and true guidance) from Himself. And We will admit them to Gardens (Paradise) under which rivers flow, to dwell therein (forever). Allāh is pleased with them, and they with Him. They are the party of Allāh. Verily, it is the party of Allāh that will be the successful.3210 31:21

Do not follow family members who call towards that which is sinful.

                       And when it is said to them: “Follow that which Allāh has sent down”, they say: “Nay, we shall follow that which we found our fathers (following).” (Would they do so) even if Shaiṭān (Satan) invites them to the torment of the Fire.3211 35:18

A family member cannot bear (shoulder/carry) the sins undertaken by „his‟ brother.

Sūrah Al Naḥl (16), ayāh 90. Sūrah Al Shuʿarā (26), āyāt 213-214. Sūrah Al Mujādilah (58), ayāh 22. 3211 Sūrah Luqmān (31), ayāh 21. 3208 3209 3210

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                                       And no bearer of burdens shall bear another‟s burden, and if one heavily laden calls another to (bear) his load, nothing of it will be lifted even though he be near of kin. You (O Muḥammad ) can warn only those who fear their Lord unseen, and perform Aṣ-Ṣalāt (Iqāmataṣ-Ṣalāt). And he who purifies himself (from all kinds of sins), then he purifies only for the benefit of his ownself. And to Allāh is the (final) return (of all).3212 9:23

Disbelieving family members cannot be our Auliyāʾ.

                     O you who believe! Take not for Auliyāʾ (supporters and helpers) your fathers and your brothers if they prefer disbelief to belief. And whoever of you does so, then he is one of the Ẓālimūn (wrong-doers, etc.).3213 9:113-114 Do not ask forgiveness of family who are mushriqūn because the sin of shirk is unforgivable.                

        

                    It is not (proper) for the Prophet and those who believe to ask Allāh‟s forgiveness for the Mushrikūn (polytheists, idolaters, pagans, disbelievers in the Oneness of Allāh) even though they be of kin, after it has become clear to them that they are the dwellers of the Fire (because they died in a state of disbelief). And [„Ibrāhīm‟s (Abraham)] invoking (of Allāh) for his father‟s forgiveness was only because of a promise he [„Ibrāhīm (Abraham)] had made to him (his father). But when it became clear to him [„Ibrāhīm (Abraham)] that he (his father) is an enemy to Allāh, he dissociated himself from him. Verily „Ibrāhīm (Abraham) was Al-Awwāh (has fifteen different meanings but the correct one seems to be that he used to invoke Allāh with humility, glorify

3212 3213

Sūrah Fāṭir [or Al Malāʾikah] (35), ayāh 18. Sūrah Al Taubah (9), ayāh 23.

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Him and remember Him much), and was forbearing. (Tafsir Al-Qurtubī).3214

Relations between nations and tribes 2:83-86 30:22

These Āyāt exemplify the results (consequences) of not following or submitting to the commands of Allāh; Allāh created „mankind‟ on this earth in varying colours and languages.

                                    

          

                                                          

  

     And (remember) when We took a covenant from the Children of Isrāʾīl, (saying): Worship none but Allāh (Alone) and be dutiful and good to parents, and to kindred, and to orphans and Al-Masākīn (the poor), [Tafsir At-Tabarī, Vol. 10, Page 158 (Verse 9:60)] and speak good to people [i.e. enjoin righteousness and forbid evil, and say the truth about Muḥammad ], and perform Aṣ-Ṣalāt (Iqāmat-aṣ-Ṣalāt), and give Zakāt. Then you slid back, except a few of you, while you are backsliders. (Tafsir Al-Qurtubī, Vol. 2, Page 392). And (remember) when We took your covenant (saying): Shed not the blood of your people, nor turn out your own people from their dwellings. Then, (this) you ratified and (to this) you bear witness. After this, it is you who kill one another and drive out a party of you from their homes, assist (their enemies) against them, in sin and transgression. And if they come to you as captives, you ransom them, although their expulsion was forbidden to you. Then do you believe in a part of the Scripture and reject the rest? Then what is the recompense of those who do so among you, except disgrace in the life of this world, and on the Day of Resurrection they shall be consigned to the most grievous torment. And Allāh is not unaware of what you do. 3214

Sūrah Al taubah (9), āyāt 113-114.

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Those are they who have bought the life of this world at the price of the Hereafter. Their torment shall not be lightened nor shall they be helped.3215                And among His signs is the creation of the heavens and the earth, and the difference of your languages and colours. Verily, in that are indeed signs for men of sound knowledge.3216 35:28

From amongst the different forms of the servants of Allāh, it is only those who have knowledge who fear Allāh.

                    And of men and AdDawāb (moving living creatures, beasts, etc.), and cattle, in like manner of various colours. It is only those who have knowledge among His slaves that fear Allāh. Verily, Allāh is AllMighty, Oft-Forgiving.3217 49:13

„Mankind‟ was created into nations and tribes in order that they may know each other. And the most honourable people amongst „mankind‟ in the sight of Allāh are those who have piety.

                       O mankind! We have created you from a male and a female, and made you into nations and tribes, that you may know one another. Verily, the most honourable of you with Allāh is that (believer) who has At-Taqwā [i.e. one of the Muttaqūn (pious). Verily, Allāh is All-Knowing, All-Aware.3218

Wealth, Proprietary inheritance

rights,

and

Laws

All of the world belongs absolutely to Allāh, for ‘mankind’ 10:55

All that is in the heavens and on the earth belongs to Allāh.

Sūrah Al Baqarah (2), āyāt 83-86. Sūrah Al Rūm (30), ayāh 22. Sūrah Fāṭir [or Al Malāʾikah] (35), ayāh 28. 3218 Sūrah Al Ḥujurāt (49), ayāh 13. 3215 3216 3217

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10:66                   No doubt, surely, all that is in the heavens and the earth belongs to Allāh. No doubt, surely, Allāh‟s Promise is true. But most of them know not. 3219                             No doubt! Verily, to Allāh belongs whosoever is in the heavens and whosoever is in the earth. And those who worship and invoke others besides Allāh, in fact they follow not the (Allāh‟s so-called) partners, they follow only a conjecture and they only invent lies.3220 2:29 45:13 2:188 4:29

Allāh created the heavens and the earth for „mankind‟ and for that reason do not allow it to be that a group of people consume the wealth of another group of people in an invalid, ḥarām manner.

                     He it is who created for you all that is on earth. Then He Istawā (rose over) towards the heaven and made them seven heavens and He is the All-Knower of everything.3221                   And has subjected to you all that is in the heavens and all that is in the earth; it is all as a favour and kindness from Him. Verily, in it are signs for a people who think deeply.3222                   And eat up not one another‟s property unjustly (in any illegal way e.g. stealing, robbing, deceiving, etc.), nor give bribery to the rulers (judges Sūrah Yūnus (10), ayāh 55. Sūrah Yūnus (10), ayāh 66. Sūrah Al Baqarah (2), ayāh 29. 3222 Sūrah Al Jāthiyah (45), ayāh 13. 3219 3220 3221

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before presenting your cases) that you may knowingly eat up a part of the property of others sinfully.3223                           O you who believe! Eat not up your property among yourselves unjustly except it be a trade amongst you, by mutual consent. And do not kill yourselves (nor kill one another). Surely, Allāh is Most Merciful to you.3224

Status of wealth for ‘mankind’ 57:7

Wealth is a trust from Allāh.

It is an ornament of this world.

               Wealth and children are the adornment of the life of this world. But the good righteous deeds (five compulsory prayers, deeds of Allāh‟s obedience, good and nice talk, remembrance of Allāh with glorification, praises and thanks, etc.), that last, are better with your Lord for rewards and better in respect of hope.3226                            Beautified for men is the love of things they covet; women, children, much of gold and silver (wealth), branded beautiful horses, cattle and well-tilled Sūrah Al Baqarah (2), ayāh 188. Sūrah Al Nisāʾ (4), ayāh 29. Sūrah Al Ḥadīd (57), ayāh 7. 3226 Sūrah Al Kahf (18), ayāh 46. 3223 3224 3225

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land. This is the pleasure of the present world‟s life; but Allāh has the excellent return (Paradise with flowing rivers, etc.) with Him.3227 8:28

It is a trial of faith.

It is a provision for worship.

                 March forth, whether you are light (being healthy, young and wealthy) or heavy (being ill, old and poor), strive hard with your wealth and your lives in the Cause of Allāh. This is better for you, if you but knew.3229 9:111

It is for us a blessing necessary for thanks and not for disbelief.

                                             Verily, Allāh has purchased of the believers their lives and their properties; for the price that theirs shall be the Paradise. They fight in Allāh‟s Cause, so they kill (others) and are killed. It is a promise in truth which is binding on him in the Taurāt (Torah) and the Injeel (Gospel) and the Qurʾān. And who is truer to his covenant than Allāh? Then rejoice in the bargain which you have concluded. That is the supreme success.3230

‘Mankind’ instinctively loves wealth 89:20 100:6-8 96:6-7

The love of „mankind‟ for excessive wealth causes „him‟ to be ungrateful, unthankful, and proud.

Sūrah Āl ʿImrān (3), ayāh 14. Sūrah Al Anfāl (8), ayāh 28. Sūrah Al Taubah (9), ayāh 41. 3230 Sūrah Al Taubah (9), ayāh 111. 3227 3228 3229

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     And you love wealth with much love!

3231

               Verily! Man (disbeliever) is ungrateful to his Lord; and to that fact he bears witness (by his deeds); and verily, he is violent in the love of wealth.3232          Nay! Verily, man does transgress all bounds (in disbelief and evil deed, etc.). Because he considers himself self-sufficient.3233 42:27 63:9 24:37 102:1-8

„mankind‟ exceeds the bounds on earth (is greedy); forgets to remember Allāh; forgets ṣalāt and zakāt; until „he‟ forgets about death, up to entering the grave.

                    And if Allāh were to enlarge the provision for His slaves, they would surely rebel in the earth, but He sends down by measure as He wills. Verily! He is in respect of His slaves, the Well-Aware, the All-Seer (of things that benefit them).3234                    O you who believe! Let not your properties or your children divert you from the remembrance of Allāh. And whosoever does that, then they are the losers.3235                      Sūrah Al Fajr (89), ayāh 20. Sūrah Al ʿĀdiyāt (100), āyāt 6-8. Sūrah Al ʿAlaq (96), āyāt 6-7. 3234 Sūrah Al Shūra (42), ayāh 27. 3235 Sūrah Al Munāfiqūn (63), ayāh 9. 3231 3232 3233

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Men whom neither trade nor sale diverts them from the remembrance of Allāh (with heart and tongue), nor from performing Aṣ-Ṣalāt (Iqāmat-aṣ-Ṣalāt), nor from giving the Zakāt. They fear a Day when hearts and eyes will be overturned (from the horror of the torment of the Day of Resurrection).3236                

  

     

 

         The mutual rivalry for piling up of worldly things diverts you, until you visit the graves (i.e. till you die). Nay! You shall come to know! Again, Nay! You shall come to know! Nay! If you knew with a sure knowledge (the end result of piling up, you would not have occupied yourselves in worldly things) Verily, you shall see the blazing Fire (Hell)! And again, you shall see it with certainty of sight! Then, on that Day, you shall be asked about the delight (you indulged in, in this world)!3237

Tax and ṣadaqah 6:141

The crop yield above niṣāb (minimum amount of property liable to payment of zakāt) must be taxed. Likewise also other wealth (refer to the study of wealth subject to zakāt).

                                    And it is He who produces gardens trellised and untrellised, and date-palms, and crops of different shape and taste (its fruits and its seeds) and olives, and pomegranates, similar (in kind) and different (in taste). Eat of their fruit when they ripen, but pay the due thereof (its Zakāt, according to Allāh‟s orders 1/10th or 1/20th) on the day of its harvest, and waste not by extravagance . Verily, He likes not Al-Musrifūn (those who waste by extravagance),3238 9:29

3236 3237 3238

Jizyah is a tax levied from the people of the Scriptures who are under the protection of a Muslim government.

Sūrah Al Nūr (24), ayāh 37. Sūrah Al Takāthur (102), āyāt 1-8. Sūrah Al Anʿām (6), ayāh 141.

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                              Fight against those who (1) believe not in Allāh, (2) nor in the Last Day, (3) nor forbid that which has been forbidden by Allāh and His Messenger (4) and those who acknowledge not the Religion of Truth (i.e. Islām) among the people of the Scripture (Jews and Christians), until they pay the Jizyah with willing submission, and feel themselves subdued.3239 3:92                  By no means shall you attain Al-Birr (piety, righteousness, etc., it means here Allāh‟s Reward, i.e. Paradise), unless you spend (in Allāh‟s Cause) of that which you love; and whatever of good you spend, Allāh knows it well. 3240

Wills (waṣīyat) 2:132

The testament and will of „Ibrāhīm  to his children.

                 And this (submission to Allāh, Islām) was enjoined by „Ibrāhīm (Abraham) upon his sons and by Yaʿqūb (Jacob), (saying), “O my sons! Allāh has chosen for you the (true) religion, then die not except in the faith of Islām (as Muslims - Islāmic Monotheism).”3241 42:12

Bequeath to the religion of truth – Islām.

                To Him belong the keys of the heavens and the earth, He enlarges provision for whom He wills, and straitens (it for whom He wills). Verily! He is the All-Knower of everything.3242

Sūrah Al Taubah (9), ayāh 29. Sūrah Āl ʿImrān (3), ayāh 92. Sūrah Al Baqarah (2), ayāh 132. 3242 Sūrah Al Shūra (42), ayāh 12. 3239 3240 3241

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2:180-182 When a person arrives close to death, then it is desired that he bequeaths to his parents and next of kin in a reasonable manner.                                                    It is prescribed for you, when death approaches any of you, if he leaves wealth, that he make a bequest to parents and next of kin, according to reasonable manners. (This is) a duty upon Al-Muttaqūn (the pious). Then whoever changes the bequest after hearing it, the sin shall be on those who make the change. Truly, Allāh is All-Hearer, All-Knower. But he who fears from a testator some unjust act or wrong-doing, and thereupon he makes peace between the parties concerned, there shall be no sin on him. Certainly, Allāh is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful.3243 5:106-108 Whosoever alters „his‟ (the one dying or dead) will, it is a sin. It is therefore desired that the one who bequeaths does so justly and it is also witnessed by two just people.                                                                                                           O you who believe! When death approaches any of you, and you make a bequest, then take the testimony of two just men of your own folk or two others from outside, if you are travelling through the land and the calamity of death befalls you. Detain them both after Aṣ-Ṣalāt (the prayer), (then) if you are in doubt (about their truthfulness), let them both swear by Allāh (saying): “We wish not for any worldly gain in this, even though he (the beneficiary) be our near relative. We shall not hide testimony of Allāh, for 3243

Sūrah Al Baqarah (2), āyāt 180-182.

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then indeed we should be of the sinful.” If then it gets known that these two had been guilty of sin, let two others stand forth in their places, nearest in kin from among those who claim a lawful right. Let them swear by Allāh (saying): “We affirm that our testimony is truer than that of both of them, and that we have not trespassed (the truth), for then indeed we should be of the wrongdoers.” That should make it closer (to the fact) that their testimony would be in its true nature and shape (and thus accepted), or else they would fear that (other) oaths would be admitted after their oaths. And fear Allāh and listen (with obedience to Him). And Allāh guides not the people who are Al-Fāsiqūn (the rebellious and disobedient).3244 4:5-6

Allāh explains the manner in which to administer and manage the inherited wealth of orphans.

                                                            And give not unto the foolish your property which Allāh has made a means of support for you, but feed and clothe them therewith, and speak to them words of kindness and justice. And try orphans (as regards their intelligence) until they reach the age of marriage; if then you find sound judgement in them, release their property to them, but consume it not wastefully, and hastily fearing that they should grow up, and whoever amongst guardians is rich, he should take no wages, but if he is poor, let him have for himself what is just and reasonable (according to his work). And when you release their property to them, take witness in their presence; and Allāh is AllSufficient in taking account.3245

Laws of inheritance (farāʾiḍ)

3246

2:233

Do not allow a mother or a father to be treated unfairly because of a child and vice versa.

                              

3244 3245 3246

Sūrah Al Māʾidah (5), āyāt 106-108. Sūrah Al Nisāʾ (4), āyāt 5-6. Regarding the laws of inheritance, much is explained in Al Qurʾān, and further explained within the aḥādīth.

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                                           The mothers shall give suck to their children for two whole years, (that is) for those (parents) who desire to complete the term of suckling, but the father of the child shall bear the cost of the mother‟s food and clothing on a reasonable basis. No person shall have a burden laid on him greater than he can bear. No mother shall be treated unfairly on account of her child, nor father on account of his child. And on the (father‟s) heir is incumbent the like of that (which was incumbent on the father). If they both decide on weaning, by mutual consent, and after due consultation, there is no sin on them. And if you decide on a foster suckling-mother for your children, there is no sin on you, provided you pay (the mother) what you agreed (to give her) on reasonable basis. And fear Allāh and know that Allāh is All-Seer of what you do.3247 4:33 8:75 33:6 4:7-14 4:34 4:176

Inheritance is for heirs, those having familial relations; and ties of blood are more rightful.

                      And to everyone, We have appointed heirs of that (property) left by parents and relatives. To those also with whom you have made a pledge (brotherhood), give them their due portion (by Waṣīya - wills, etc.). Truly, Allāh is ever a witness over all things.3248                          And those who believed afterwards, and emigrated and strove hard along with you, (in the Cause of Allāh) they are of you. But kindred by blood are nearer to one another regarding inheritance in the decree ordained by Allāh. Verily, Allāh is the All-Knower of everything.3249            

3247 3248 3249

Sūrah Al Baqarah (2), ayāh 233. Sūrah Al Nisāʾ (4), ayāh 33. Sūrah Al Anfāl (8), ayāh 75.

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                     The Prophet is closer to the believers than their ownselves, and his wives are their (believers‟) mothers (as regards respect and marriage). And blood relations among each other have closer personal ties in the decree of Allāh (regarding inheritance) than (the brotherhood of) the believers and the Muhajirūn (emigrants from Makkah, etc.), except that you do kindness to those brothers (when the Prophet  joined them in brotherhood ties). This has been written in the (Allāh‟s Book of Divine) decrees (AlLauḥ Al-Maḥfūẓ).”3250               

         

                                              

   

                                                                                                                                                                  

3250

Sūrah Al Aḥzāb (33), ayāh 6.

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                                       



   There is a share for men and a share for women from what is left by parents and those nearest related, whether, the property be small or large - a legal share. And when the relatives and the orphans and AlMasākīn (the poor) are present at the time of division, give them out of the property, and speak to them words of kindness and justice. And let those (executors and guardians) have the same fear in their minds as they would have for their own, if they had left weak offspring behind. So let them fear Allāh and speak right words. Verily, those who unjustly eat up the property of orphans, they eat up only a fire into their bellies, and they will be burnt in the blazing Fire! Allāh commands you as regards your children‟s (inheritance); to the male, a portion equal to that of two females; if (there are) only daughters, two or more, their share is two thirds of the inheritance; if only one, her share is half. For parents, a sixth share of inheritance to each if the deceased left children; if no children, and the parents are the (only) heirs, the mother has a third; if the deceased left brothers or (sisters), the mother has a sixth. (The distribution in all cases is) after the payment of legacies he may have bequeathed or debts. You know not which of them, whether your parents or your children, are nearest to you in benefit, (these fixed shares) are ordained by Allāh. And Allāh is ever AllKnower, AllWise. In that which your wives leave, your share is a half if they have no child; but if they leave a child, you get a fourth of that which they leave after payment of legacies that they may have bequeathed or debts. In that which you Leave, their (your wives) share is a fourth if you leave no child; but if you leave a child, they get an eighth of that which you leave after payment of legacies that you may have bequeathed or debts. Iif the man or woman whose inheritance is in question has left neither ascendants nor descendants, but has left a brother or a sister, each one of the two gets a sixth; but if more than two, they share in a third; after payment of legacies he (or she) may have bequeathed or debts, so that no loss is caused (to anyone). This is a Commandment from Allāh; and Allāh is ever All-Knowing, Most-Forbearing. These are the limits (set by) Allāh (or ordainments as regards laws of inheritance), and whosoever obeys Allāh and His Messenger (Muḥammad ) will be admitted to gardens under which rivers flow (in Paradise), to abide therein, and that will be the great success. And whosoever disobeys Allāh and His Messenger (Muḥammad ), and transgresses His limits, He will cast him into the Fire, to abide therein; and he shall have a disgraceful torment.3251

3251

Sūrah Al Nisāʾ (4), āyāt 7-14.

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                                             Men are the protectors and maintainers of women, because Allāh has made one of them to excel the other, and because they spend (to support them) from their means. Therefore the righteous women are devoutly obedient (to Allāh and to their husbands), and guard I‟ the husband's absence what Allāh orders them to guard (e.g. their chastity, their husband‟s property, etc.). As to those women on whose part you see ill-conduct, admonish them (first), (next), refuse to share their beds, (and last) beat them (lightly, if it is useful), but if they return to obedience, seek not against them means (of annoyance). Surely, Allāh is ever Most High, Most Great.3252                                                          They ask you for a legal verdict. Say: “Allāh directs (thus) about AlKalālah (those who leave neither descendants nor ascendants as heirs). If it is a man that dies, leaving a sister, but no child, she shall have half the inheritance. If (such a deceased was) a woman, who left no child, her brother takes her inheritance. If there are two sisters, they shall have two-thirds of the inheritance; if there are brothers and sisters, the male will have twice the share of the female. (Thus) does Allāh makes clear to you (His Law) lest you go astray. And Allāh is the All-Knower of everything.”3253

Khilāfah: Group, Nation, and State The existence of a state dependent on its inhabitants 7:96

Allāh showers blessings from the heavens and the earth, when its inhabitants are faithful and pious.

            

3252 3253

Sūrah Al Nisāʾ (4), ayāh 34. Sūrah Al Nisāʾ (4), ayāh 176.

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      And if the people of the towns had believed and had the Taqwā (piety), certainly, We should have opened for them blessings from the heaven and the earth, but they belied (the Messengers). So We took them (with punishment) for what they used to earn (polytheism and crimes, etc.).3254 10:98

Remember the faith of the community of Yunūs  which brought happiness and removed from them a disbraceful punishment.

                      Was there any town (community) that believed (after seeing the punishment), and its faith (at that moment) saved it (from the punishment)? (The answer is none,) - except the people of Yūnus (Jonah); when they believed, We removed from them the torment of disgrace in the life of the (present) world, and permitted them to enjoy for a while.3255 11:117

Allāh will not destroy a nation by means of tyranny if its inhabitants do good.         

And your Lord would never destroy the towns wrongfully, while their people were right-doers.3256 13:11

Allāh will not alter the condition of a community unless they change it themselves.

                                       For each (person), there are angels in succession, before and behind him. They guard him by the command of Allāh. Verily! Allāh will not change the good condition of a people as long as they do not change their state of goodness themselves (by committing sins and by being ungrateful and disobedient to Allāh). But when Allāh wills a people‟s punishment, there can be no turning back of it, and they will find besides Him no protector.3257 14:28-30 The characteristics of a leader is also determined by the state of the Sūrah Al Aʿrāf (7), ayāh 96. Sūrah Yūnus (10), ayāh 98. Sūrah Hūd (11), ayāh 117. 3257 Sūrah Al Raʿd (13), ayāh 11. 3254 3255 3256

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community. What if the leader is a disbeliever?! 

             

                   Have you not seen those who have changed the Blessings of Allāh into disbelief (by denying Prophet Muḥammad  and his message of Islām), and caused their people to dwell in the house of destruction? Hell, in which they will burn, - and what an evil place to settle in! And they set up rivals to Allāh, to mislead (men) from His Path! Say: “Enjoy (your brief life)! But certainly, your destination is the (Hell) Fire!”3258 16:25

Remember the punishment of Allāh will befall all people, not only those who are ẓālim alone.

                  They will bear their own burdens in full on the Day of Resurrection, and also of the burdens of those whom they misled without knowledge. Evil indeed is that which they shall bear!3259 16:112

When the inhabitants of a certain state are ungrateful then disaster will befall them.

                         And Allāh puts forward the example of a township (Makkah), that dwelt secure and well content; its provision coming to it in abundance from every place, but it (its people) denied the Favours of Allāh (with ungratefulness). So Allāh made it taste the extreme of hunger (famine) and fear, because of that (evil, i.e. denying Prophet Muḥammad ) which they (its people) used to do.3260 30:36

3258 3259 3260

Such disaster is the consequence of the damage inflicted at the hands of ignorant people, those without faith.

Sūrah Ibrāhīm (14), āyāt 28-30. Sūrah Al Naḥl (16), ayāh 25. Sūrah Al Naḥl (16), ayāh 112.

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                 And when We cause mankind to taste of mercy, they rejoice therein, but when some evil afflicts them because of (evil deeds and sins) that their (own) hands have sent forth, Lo! They are in despair!3261 30:41

Such disaster and calamity is possibly there as a reminder to „mankind‟ in order that they desire to return to the way of truth.

                Evil (sins and disobedience of Allāh, etc.) has appeared on land and sea because of what the hands of men have earned (by oppression and evil deeds, etc.), that Allāh may make them taste a part of that which they have done, in order that they may return (by repenting to Allāh, and begging His Pardon).3262 34:15-16 Remember the destruction of the nation of Sabaʾ famous for being...a fair land and an Oft-Forgiving Lord...3263 before that.                     

       

            Indeed there was for Sabaʾ (Sheba) a sign in their dwelling place, - two gardens on the right hand and on the left (and it was said to them) “Eat of the provision of your Lord, and be grateful to Him, a fair land and an Oft-Forgiving Lord. But they turned away (from the obedience of Allāh), so We sent against them sail AlʿArim (flood released from the dam), and We converted their two gardens into gardens producing bitter bad fruit, and tamarisks, and some few lote-trees.3264

Various features desired to be part of the practice in place within the Islāmic community ‫ديذ هللا‬ٛ‫ر‬

- Tauḥīdullāh – „Oneness of Allāh‟

Sūrah Al Rūm (30), ayāh 36. Sūrah Al Rūm (30), ayāh 41. Sūrah Saba‟ (34), ayāh 15. 3264 Sūrah Sabaʾ (34), āyāt 15-16. 3261 3262 3263

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112:1-4 3:31 2:25 2:21 47:19                    Say (O Muḥammad ()): “He is Allāh, (the) One. “Allāh-uṣ-Ṣamad (the Self-Sufficient master, whom all creatures need, He neither eats nor drinks). “He begets not, nor was He begotten; “And there is none co-equal or comparable unto Him.”3265                 Say (O Muḥammad to mankind): “If you (really) love Allāh then follow me (i.e. accept Islāmic Monotheism, follow the Qurʾān and the Sunnah), Allāh will love you and forgive you of your sins. And Allāh is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful.”3266                                         And give glad tidings to those who believe and do righteous good deeds, that for them will be gardens under which rivers flow (Paradise). Every time they will be provided with a fruit therefrom, they will say: “This is what we were provided with before,” and they will be given things in resemblance (i.e. in the same form but different in taste) and they shall have therein Azwājun Muṭahharatun (purified mates or wives), (having no menses, stools, urine, etc.) and they will abide therein forever.3267             O mankind! Worship your Lord (Allāh), who created you and those who were before you so that you may become Al-Muttaqūn (the pious).3268

Sūrah Al Ikhlās [or Al Tauḥīd] (112), āyāt 1-4. Sūrah Āl ʿImrān (3), ayāh 31. Sūrah Al Baqarah (2), ayāh 25. 3268 Sūrah Al Baqarah (2), ayāh 21. 3265 3266 3267

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                So know (O Muḥammad ) that Lā ilāha ill-Allāh (none has the right to be worshipped but Allāh), and ask forgiveness for your sin, and also for (the sin of) believing men and believing women. And Allāh knows well your moving about, and your place of rest (in your homes).3269

‫ح‬ٛ‫اخ‬

- Ukhūwah – „Brotherhood‟

49:10 59:8-9 23:52 9:71 43:67             The believers are nothing else than brothers (in Islāmic religion). So make reconciliation between your brothers, and fear Allāh, that you may receive mercy.3270                                                      (And there is also a share in this booty) for the poor emigrants, who were expelled from their homes and their property, seeking bounties from Allāh and to please Him. And helping Allāh (i.e. helping His religion) and His Messenger (Muḥammad ). Such are indeed the truthful (to what they say);And those who, before them, had homes (in Al-Madinah) and had adopted the faith, love those who emigrate to them, and have no jealousy in their breasts for that which they have been given (from the booty of Banī An-Naḍīr), and give them (emigrants) preference over themselves, even though they were in need of that. And whosoever is saved from his own covetousness, such are they who will be the successful.3271

3269 3270 3271

Sūrah Muḥammad (47), ayāh 19. Sūrah Al Ḥujurāt (49), ayāh 10. Sūrah Al Ḥashr (59), āyāt 8-9.

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         And verily! This your religion (of Islāmic Monotheism) is one religion, and I am your Lord, so keep your duty to Me.3272                             The believers, men and women, are Auliyāʾ (helpers, supporters, friends, protectors) of one another, they enjoin (on the people) Al-Maʿrūf (i.e. Islāmic Monotheism and all that Islām orders one to do), and forbid (people) from Al-Munkar (i.e. polytheism and disbelief of all kinds, and all that Islām has forbidden); they perform Aṣ-Ṣalāt (Iqāmat-aṣ-Ṣalāt) and give the Zakāt, and obey Allāh and His Messenger. Allāh will have His Mercy on them. Surely Allāh is All-Mighty, All-Wise.3273         Friends on that Day will be foes one to another except Al-Muttaqūn (pious).3274

‫اح‬ٚ‫ِغب‬

- Musāwāh – „Equality‟

49:13                        O mankind! We have created you from a male and a female, and made you into nations and tribes, that you may know one another. Verily, the most honourable of you with Allāh is that (believer) who has At-Taqwā [i.e. one of the Muttaqūn (pious). Verily, Allāh is All-Knowing, All-Aware.3275

ْ ‫اثذجً ْٗل‬ّٛ‫ٗػزق‬ٚ

- Wa ʿtaṣimū biḥablillāh – „Hold fast all together to the

Rope of Allāh‟ 3:103 9:165 8:46 2:259

Sūrah Al Muʾminūn (23), ayāh 52. Sūrah Al taubah (9), ayāh 71. Sūrah Al Zukhruf (43), ayāh 67. 3275 Sūrah Al Ḥujurāt (49), ayāh 13. 3272 3273 3274

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                                     And hold fast, all of you together, to the Rope of Allāh (i.e. this Qurʾān), and be not divided among yourselves, and remember Allāh‟s Favour on you, for you were enemies one to another but He joined your hearts together, so that, by His Grace, you became brethren (in Islāmic faith), and you were on the brink of a pit of Fire, and He saved you from it. Thus Allāh makes His Āyāt (proofs, evidences, verses, lessons, signs, revelations, etc.,) clear to you, that you may be guided.3276                 And obey Allāh and His Messenger, and do not dispute (with one another) lest you lose courage and your strength depart, and be patient. Surely, Allāh is with those who are Aṣ-Ṣābirīn (the patient ones, etc.).3277                                                                            Or like the one who passed by a town and it had tumbled over its roofs. He said: “Oh! How will Allāh ever bring it to life after its death?” So Allāh caused him to die for a hundred years, then raised him up (again). He said: “How long did you remain (dead)?” He (the man) said: "(Perhaps) I remained (dead) a day or part of a day.” He said: “Nay, You have remained (dead) for a hundred years, look at your food and your drink, they show no change; and look at your donkey! And thus We have made of you a sign for the people. Look at the bones, how We bring them together and clothe them with flesh.” When this was clearly shown to him, he said, “I know (now) that Allāh is Able to do all things.”3278

ْٚ‫رؼب‬

3276 3277 3278

- Taʿāwun – „Mutual assistance‟

Sūrah Āl ʿImrān (3), ayāh 103. Sūrah Al Anfāl (8), ayāh 46. Sūrah Al Baqarah (2), ayāh 259.

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5:2 6:152 9:71                                                            O you who believe! Violate not the sanctity of the Symbols of Allāh, nor of the sacred month, nor of the animals brought for sacrifice, nor the garlanded people or animals, etc. [Marked by the garlands on their necks made from the outer part of the tree-stems (of Makkah) for their security], nor the people coming to the sacred House (Makkah), seeking the bounty and good pleasure of their Lord. But when you finish the Iḥrām (of Ḥajj or ʿUmrah), you may hunt, and let not the hatred of some people in (once) stopping you from Al-Masjid-al-Ḥarām (at Makkah) lead you to transgression (and hostility on your part). Help you one another in Al-Birr and AtTaqwā (virtue, righteousness and piety); but do not help one another in sin and transgression. And fear Allāh. Verily, Allāh is severe in punishment.3279                                          “And come not near to the orphan‟s property, except to improve it, until he (or she) attains the age of full strength; and give full measure and full weight with justice. We burden not any person, but that which he can bear. And whenever you give your word (i.e. judge between men or give evidence, etc.), say the truth even if a near relative is concerned, and fulfill the Covenant of Allāh, this He commands you, that you may remember.3280                             The believers, men and women, are Auliyāʾ (helpers, supporters, friends, 3279 3280

Sūrah Al Māʾidah (5), ayāh 2. Sūrah Al Anʿām (6), ayāh 152.

Page | 1216

protectors) of one another, they enjoin (on the people) Al-Maʿrūf (i.e. Islāmic Monotheism and all that Islām orders one to do), and forbid (people) from Al-Munkar (i.e. polytheism and disbelief of all kinds, and all that Islām has forbidden); they perform Aṣ-Ṣalāt (Iqāmat-aṣ-Ṣalāt) and give the Zakāt, and obey Allāh and is Messenger. Allāh will have His Mercy on them. Surely Allāh is All-Mighty, All-Wise.3281

‫ػذاٌخ‬

- ʿAdālah – „Justice‟

5:8 6:152                                O you who believe! Stand out firmly for Allāh and be just witnesses and let not the enmity and hatred of others make you avoid justice. Be just: that is nearer to piety, and fear Allāh. Verily, Allāh is WellAcquainted with what you do.3282                                          “And come not near to the orphan‟s property, except to improve it, until he (or she) attains the age of full strength; and give full measure and full weight with justice. We burden not any person, but that which he can bear. And whenever you give your word (i.e. judge between men or give evidence, etc.), say the truth even if a near relative is concerned, and fulfill the Covenant of Allāh, this He commands you, that you may remember.3283

‫سح‬ٚ‫ِؾب‬

- Mushāwarah – „Mutual consultation‟

42:38 3:159             And those who answer the call of their Lord [i.e. to believe that He is the 3281 3282 3283

Sūrah Al Taubah (9), ayāh 71. Sūrah Al Māʾidah (5), ayāh 8. Sūrah Al Anʿām (6), ayāh 152.

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Only One Lord (Allāh), and to worship none but Him Alone], and perform Aṣ-Ṣalāt (Iqāmat-aṣ-Ṣalāt), and who (conduct) their affairs by mutual consultation, and who spend of what We have bestowed on them;3284                                    And by the Mercy of Allāh, you dealt with them gently. And had you been severe and harsh-hearted, they would have broken away from about you; so pass over (their faults), and ask (Allāh‟s) Forgiveness for them; and consult them in the affairs. Then when you have taken a decision, put your trust in Allāh, Certainly, Allāh loves those who put their trust (in Him).3285

‫رىبفً اإلجزّبع‬

- Takāfulul ijtimāʿ - „Communal responsibility‟

3:104 3:110 107:1-3                 Let there arise out of you a group of people inviting to all that is good (Islām), enjoining Al-Maʿrūf (i.e. Islāmic Monotheism and all that Islām orders one to do) and forbidding Al-Munkar (polytheism and disbelief and all that Islām has forbidden). And it is they who are the successful.3286                           You [true believers in Islāmic Monotheism, and real followers of Prophet Muḥammad and his Sunnah (legal ways, etc.)] are the best of peoples ever raised up for mankind; You enjoin Al-Maʿrūf (i.e. Islāmic Monotheism and all that Islām has ordained) and forbid Al-Munkar (polytheism, disbelief and all that Islām has forbidden), and you believe in Allāh. And had the people of the Scripture (Jews and Christians) believed, it would have been better for them; among them are some who have faith, but most of them are Al-Fāsiqūn (disobedient to Allāh - and rebellious against Allāh‟s

3284 3285 3286

Sūrah Al Shūra (42), ayāh 38. Sūrah Āl ʿImrān (3), ayāh 159. Sūrah Āl ʿImrān (3), ayāh 104.

Page | 1218

Command).3287  

    

        

Have you seen him who denies the Recompense? That is he who repulses the orphan (harshly), and urges not the feeding of Al-Miskīn (the poor),3288

ً ‫عطب‬ٚ ً‫ا ُ ِّخ‬

- ʾUmmatan wasaṭān – „Just nation‟

2:143 4:58                                                   Thus We have made you [true Muslims - real believers of Islāmic Monotheism, true followers of Prophet Muḥammad and his Sunnah (legal ways)], a Wasaṭ (just) (and the best) nation, that you be witnesses over mankind and the Messenger (Muḥammad ) be a witness over you. And We made the Qiblah (prayer direction towards Jerusalem) which you used to face, only to test those who followed the Messenger (Muḥammad ) from those who would turn on their heels (i.e. disobey the Messenger). Indeed it was great (heavy) except for those whom Allāh guided. And Allāh would never make your faith (prayers) to be lost (i.e. your prayers offered towards Jerusalem). Truly, Allāh is full of kindness, the Most Merciful towards mankind.3289                              Verily! Allāh commands that you should render back the trusts to those, to whom they are due; and that when you judge between men, you judge with justice. Verily, how excellent is the teaching which He (Allāh) gives you! Truly, Allāh is ever AllHearer, AllSeer.3290

ٖ ‫ٌٗخيشد‬ ‫أ‬ٛ‫ف٘عزجم‬

- Fastabiqūl khairāt – „Race in good deeds‟

Sūrah Āl ʿImrān (3), ayāh 110. Sūrah Al Māʿūn (107), āyāt 1-3. Sūrah Al Baqarah (2), ayāh 143. 3290 Sūrah Al Nisāʾ (4), ayāh 58. 3287 3288 3289

Page | 1219

5:48 2:148                                                           And We have sent down to you (O Muḥammad ) the Book (this Qurʾān) in truth, confirming the Scripture that came before it and Muhayminan (trustworthy in highness and a witness) over it (old Scriptures). So judge between them by what Allāh has revealed, and follow not their vain desires, diverging away from the truth that has come to you. To each among you, We have prescribed a law and a clear way. If Allāh willed, He would have made you one nation, but that (He) may test you in what He has given you; so strive as in a race in good deeds. The return of you (all) is to Allāh; Then He will inform you about that in which you used to differ.3291                        For every nation there is a direction to which they face (in their prayers). So hasten towards all that is good. Wheresoever you may be, Allāh will bring you together (on the Day of Resurrection). Truly, Allāh is Able to do all things.3292

‫رغبِخ‬

- Tasāmuḥ - „Tolerance‟

109:1-6                                 Say (O Muḥammad ()to these Mushrikūn and Kāfirūn): “O Al-Kāfirūn (disbelievers in Allāh, in His Oneness, in His Angels, in His Books, in His Messengers, in the Day of Resurrection, and in Al-Qadar, etc.)! “I worship not that which you worship, 3291 3292

Sūrah Al Māʾidah (5), ayāh 48. Sūrah Al Baqarah (2), ayāh 148.

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“Nor will you worship that which I worship. “And I shall not worship that which you are worshipping. “Nor will you worship that which I worship. “To you be your Deen (religion), and to me my Deen (religion (Islāmic Monotheism)).”3293

‫دشيخ‬

- Ḥurriyah – „Liberty‟

2:256 18:29 109:1-6                             There is no compulsion in the Deen (religion). Verily, the right path has become distinct from the wrong path. Whoever disbelieves in Ṭāghūt and believes in Allâh, then he has grasped the most trustworthy handhold that will never break. And Allāh is All-Hearer, All-Knower.3294                                  And say: “The truth is from your Lord.” Then whosoever wills, let him believe, and whosoever wills, let him disbelieve. Verily, We have prepared for the Ẓālimūn (polytheists and wrong-doers, etc.), a Fire whose walls will be surrounding them (disbelievers in the Oneness of Allāh). And if they ask for help (relief, water, etc.) they will be granted water like boiling oil, that will scald their faces. Terrible the drink, and an evil Murtafaqā (dwelling, resting place, etc.)!3295                                 Say (O Muḥammad ()to these Mushrikūn and Kāfirūn): “O Al-Kāfirūn (disbelievers in Allāh, in His Oneness, in His Angels, in His Books, in His Messengers, in the Day of Resurrection, and in Al-Qadar, etc.)! “I worship not that which you worship, “Nor will you worship that which I worship. 3293 3294 3295

Sūrah Al Kāfirūn (109), āyāt 1-6. Sūrah Al Baqarah (2), ayāh 256. Sūrah Al Kahf (18), ayāh 29.

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“And I shall not worship that which you are worshipping. “Nor will you worship that which I worship. “To you be your Deen (religion), and to me my Deen (religion (Islāmic Monotheism)).”3296

‫اعزمبِخ‬

- Istiqāmah – „Uprightedness‟

41:30 49:15 11:112                     Verily, those who say: “Our Lord is Allāh (Alone),” and then they Istaqāmū, on them the angels will descend (at the time of their death) (saying): “Fear not, nor grieve! But receive the glad tidings of Paradise which you have been promised!3297                     Only those are the believers who have believed in Allāh and His Messenger, and afterward doubt not but strive with their wealth and their lives for the Cause of Allāh. Those! They are the truthful.3298               So stand (ask Allāh to make) you (Muḥammad ) firm and straight (on the Religion of Islāmic Monotheism) as you are commanded and those (your companions) who turn in repentance (unto Allāh) with you, and transgress not (Allāh‟s legal limits). Verily, He is All-Seer of what you do.3299

‫بد‬ٙ‫ج‬

- Jihād – „Struggle to uphold and maintain truth‟

5:35 61:10-11 49:15 4:58            

Sūrah Al Kāfirūn (109), āyāt 1-6. Sūrah Fuṣṣilat (41), ayāh 30. Sūrah Al Ḥujurāt (49), ayāh 15. 3299 Sūrah Hūd (11), ayāh 112. 3296 3297 3298

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  O you who believe! Do your duty to Allāh and fear Him. Seek the means of approach to Him, and strive hard in His Cause as much as you can. So that you may be successful.3300                              O you who believe! Shall I guide you to a commerce that will save you from a painful torment. That you believe in Allāh and His Messenger (Muḥammad ), and that you strive hard and fight in the Cause of Allāh with your wealth and your lives, that will be better for you, if you but know!3301                     Only those are the believers who have believed in Allāh and His Messenger, and afterward doubt not but strive with their wealth and their lives for the Cause of Allāh. Those! They are the truthful.3302                              Verily! Allāh commands that you should render back the trusts to those, to whom they are due; and that when you judge between men, you judge with justice. Verily, how excellent is the teaching which He (Allāh) gives you! Truly, Allâh is ever All-Hearer, All-Seer.3303

‫بد‬ٙ‫اجز‬

- Ijtihād – „Developmental thought‟

2:219 2:265 3:90-91                            Sūrah Al Māʾidah (5), ayāh 35. Sūrah Al Ṣaff (61), āyāt 10-11. Sūrah Al Ḥujurāt (49), ayāh 15. 3303 Sūrah Al Nisāʾ (4), ayāh 58. 3300 3301 3302

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    They ask you (O Muḥammad ) concerning alcoholic drink and gambling. Say: “In them is a great sin, and (some) benefit for men, but the sin of them is greater than their benefit.” And they ask you what they ought to spend. Say: “That which is beyond your needs.” Thus Allāh makes clear to you His laws in order that you may give thought.”3304                              And the likeness of those who spend their wealth seeking Allāh‟s pleasure while they in their ownselves are sure and certain that Allāh will reward them (for their spending in His Cause), is the likeness of a garden on a height; heavy rain falls on it and it doubles its yield of harvest. And if it does not receive heavy rain, light rain suffices it. And Allāh is All-Seer of (knows well) what you do.3305                        

 

               Verily, those who disbelieved after their belief and then went on increasing in their disbelief (i.e. disbelief in the Qurʾān and in Prophet Muḥammad ) - never will their repentance be accepted [because they repent only by their tongues and not from their hearts]. And they are those who are astray. Verily, those who disbelieved, and died while they were disbelievers, the (whole) earth full of gold will not be accepted from anyone of them even if they offered it as a ransom. For them is a painful torment and they will have no helpers.3306

The duties of ‘mankind’ as khalīfah 6:116

Differences in rank (rank, function, authority) as khalīfah are trials from Allāh.

                    3304 3305 3306

Sūrah Al Baqarah (2), ayāh 219. Sūrah Al Baqarah (2), ayāh 265. Sūrah Āl ʿImrān (3), āyāt 90-91.

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And if you obey most of those on earth, they will mislead you far away from Allāh‟s Path. They follow nothing but conjectures, and they do nothing but lie.3307 Good khalīfah‟s are those who are faithful, perform righteous deeds, submit to Allāh, and do not associate partners with Him.

24:55

                                         Allāh has promised those among you who believe, and do righteous good deeds, that He will certainly grant them succession to (the present rulers) in the earth, as He granted it to those before them, and that He will grant them the authority to practise their religion, that which He has chosen for them (i.e. Islām). And He will surely give them in exchange a safe security after their fear (provided) they (believers) worship Me and do not associate anything (in worship) with Me. But whoever disbelieved after this, they are the Fāsiqūn (rebellious, disobedient to Allāh).3308 38:26

Uphold law with justice and do not follow the desires of their lusts.

                                O Dāwūd (David)! Verily! We have placed you as a khalīfah (successor) on earth, so judge you between men in truth (and justice) and follow not your desire for it will mislead you from the Path of Allāh. Verily! Those who wander astray from the Path of Allāh (shall) have a severe torment, because they forgot the Day of Reckoning.3309 35:34 68:8-16

One in authority who is disbelieving and rebellious will be denounced by Allāh who will be angry towards „him‟; do not follow a person who denounces the Āyāt of Allāh.

             And they will say: “All the praises and thanks be to Allāh, who has removed from us (all) grief. Verily, our Lord is indeed Oft-Forgiving, most ready to 3307 3308 3309

Sūrah Al Anʿām (6), ayāh 116. Sūrah Al Nūr (24), ayāh 55. Sūrah Ṣāḍ (38), ayāh 26.

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appreciate (good deeds and to recompense).3310    

    

   

                                  So (O Muḥammad ) obey not the deniers [(of Islāmic Monotheism those who belie the Verses of Allāh), the Oneness of Allāh, and the Messenger of Allāh (Muḥammad ), etc.] They wish that you should compromise (in religion out of courtesy) with them, so they (too) would compromise with you. And obey not everyone who swears much, and is considered worthless, a slanderer, going about with calumnies, hinderer of the good, transgressor, sinful, cruel, after all that base-born (of illegitimate birth), (he was so) because he had wealth and children. When Our Verses (of the Qurʾān) are recited to him, he says: “Tales of the men of old!” We shall brand him over the nose!3311

The authority of a leader 10:65

All authority in truth belongs to Allāh, the Lord of the worlds.             

And let not their speech grieve you (O Muḥammad ), for all power and honour belong to Allāh. He is the All-Hearer, the All-Knower.3312 3:26 2:247

Allāh is the sole possessor and controller of His kingdom.

                            Say (O Muḥammad ): “O Allāh! Possessor of the kingdom, You give the kingdom to whom You will, and You take the kingdom from whom You will, and You endue with honour whom You will, and You humiliate whom You will. In Your Hand is the good. Verily, You are Able to do all things. 3313

Sūrah Fāṭir [or Al Malāʾikah] (35), ayāh 34. Sūrah Al Qalam [or Nūn] (68), āyāt 8-16. Sūrah Yūnus (10), ayāh 65. 3313 Sūrah Āl ʿImrān (3), ayāh 26. 3310 3311 3312

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                                                And their Prophet (Samuel) said to them, “Indeed Allāh has appointed Ṭālūt (Saul) as a king over you.” They said, “How can he be a king over us when we are better fitted than him for the kingdom, and he has not been given enough wealth.” He said: “Verily, Allāh has chosen him above you and has increased him abundantly in knowledge and stature. And Allāh grants His Kingdom to whom He wills. And Allāh is All-Sufficient for His creatures‟ needs, All-Knower.”3314 21:73 32:24

A good leader as in accordance with the guidelines of Islām is one who performs programmes of goodness and goodly thinking, in accordance with the commands of Allāh.

                 And We made them leaders, guiding (mankind) by Our Command, and We inspired in them the doing of good deeds, performing Ṣalāt (Iqāmat-aṣ-Ṣalāt), and the giving of Zakāt and of Us (Alone) they were worshippers.3315             And We made from among them (Children of Isrāʾīl), leaders, giving guidance under Our Command, when they were patient and used to believe with certainty in Our Āyāt (proofs, evidences, verses, lessons, signs, revelations, etc.).3316 4:59-70 4:83

It is obligatory to obey the leader as long as he upholds the laws of Allāh and His Messenger .

                                           

3314 3315 3316

Sūrah Al Baqarah (2), ayāh 247. Sūrah Al Anbiyā‟ (21), ayāh 73. Sūrah Al Sajdah (32), ayāh 24.

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                                  

    

                                                                                                                             



              

O you who believe! Obey Allāh and obey the Messenger (Muḥammad ), and those of you (Muslims) who are in authority. (And) if you differ in anything amongst yourselves, refer it to Allāh and His Messenger ( ), if you believe in Allāh and in the Last Day. That is better and more suitable for final determination. Have you seen those (hyprocrites) who claim that they believe in that which has been sent down to you, and that which was sent down before you, and they wish to go for judgement (in their disputes) to the Ṭāghūt (false judges, etc.) while they have been ordered to reject them. But Shaiṭān (Satan) wishes to lead them far astray. And when it is said to them: “Come to what Allāh has sent down and to the Messenger (Muḥammad ),” you (Muḥammad ) see the hypocrites turn away from you (Muḥammad ) with aversion. How then, when a catastrophe befalls them because of what their hands have sent forth, they come to you swearing by Allāh, “We meant no more than goodwill and conciliation!” They (hypocrites) are those of whom Allāh knows what is in their hearts; so turn aside from them (do not punish them) but admonish them, and speak to them an effective word (i.e. to believe in Allāh, worship Him, obey Him, and be afraid of Him) to reach their innerselves. We sent no Messenger, but to be obeyed by Allāh‟s Leave. If they Page | 1228

(hypocrites), when they had been unjust to themselves, had come to you (Muḥammad ) and begged Allāh‟s Forgiveness, and the Messenger had begged forgiveness for them: indeed, they would have found Allāh All-Forgiving (one who accepts repentance), Most Merciful. But no, by your Lord, they can have no faith, until they make you (O Muḥammad ) judge in all disputes between them, and find in themselves no resistance against your decisions, and accept (them) with full submission. And if We had ordered them (saying), “Kill yourselves (i.e. the innnocent ones kill the guilty ones) or leave your homes,” very few of them would have done it; but if they had done what they were told, it would have been better for them, and would have strengthened their (faith); And indeed We should then have bestowed upon them a great reward from Ourselves. And indeed We should have guided them to a straight way. And whoso obeys Allāh and the Messenger (Muḥammad ), then they will be in the company of those on whom Allāh has bestowed His Grace, of the Prophets, the Ṣiddīqūn (those followers of the Prophets who were first and foremost to believe in them, like Abu Bakr Aṣ-Ṣiddiq ), the martyrs, and the righteous. And how excellent these companions are! Such is the Bounty from Allāh, and Allāh is Sufficient as AllKnower.3317                                  When there comes to them some matter touching (public) safety or fear, they make it known (among the people), if only they had referred it to the Messenger or to those charged with authority among them, the proper investigators would have understood it from them (directly). Had it not been for the Grace and Mercy of Allāh upon you, you would have followed Shaiṭān (Satan), save a few of you.3318

Mushāwarah as the means of remedying differences of opinion 4:59-60

When there are differences of opinion regarding some issue, then it is necessary to return and refer said differences of opinion to Allāh and His Messenger , that is to Al Qurʾān and the aḥādīth.

3317 3318

Sūrah Al Nisāʾ (4), āyāt 59-70. Sūrah Al Nisāʾ (4), ayāh 83.

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                                 O you who believe! Obey Allāh and obey the Messenger (Muḥammad ), and those of you (Muslims) who are in authority. (And) if you differ in anything amongst yourselves, refer it to Allāh and His Messenger ( ), if you believe in Allāh and in the Last Day. That is better and more suitable for final determination. Have you seen those (hyprocrites) who claim that they believe in that which has been sent down to you, and that which was sent down before you, and they wish to go for judgement (in their disputes) to the Ṭāghūt (false judges, etc.) while they have been ordered to reject them. But Shaiṭān (Satan) wishes to lead them far astray.3319 42:38

Do not follow ṭāghūt (such as ordained by those people who establish laws based upon the desires of their lusts).

            And those who answer the call of their Lord [i.e. to believe that He is the Only One Lord (Allāh), and to worship none but Him Alone], and perform Aṣ-Ṣalāt (Iqāmat-aṣ-Ṣalāt), and who (conduct) their affairs by mutual consultation, and who spend of what We have bestowed on them;3320 3:159

The command of Allāh is to consult in affairs of the world.

                                   And by the Mercy of Allāh, you dealt with them gently. And had you been severe and harsh-hearted, they would have broken away from about you; so pass over (their faults), and ask (Allāh‟s) Forgiveness for them; and consult them in the affairs. Then when you have taken a decision, put your trust in Allāh, certainly, Allāh loves those who put their trust (in Him).3321 4:58 5:42 4:105 3319 3320 3321

It is the obligation of „mankind‟ to establish and maintain laws between „mankind‟ in a just way based on the laws of Allāh, and to decide upon issues in a just way based on the laws of Allāh.

Sūrah Al Nisāʾ (4), āyāt 59-60. Sūrah Al Shūra (42), ayāh 38. Sūrah Āl ʿImrān (3), ayāh 159.

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                             Verily! Allāh commands that you should render back the trusts to those, to whom they are due; and that when you judge between men, you judge with justice. Verily, how excellent is the teaching which He (Allāh) gives you! Truly, Allāh is ever AllHearer, AllSeer.3322                                (They like to) listen to falsehood, to devour anything forbidden. So if they come to you (O Muḥammad ), either judge between them, or turn away from them. If you turn away from them, they cannot hurt you in the least. And if you judge, judge with justice between them. Verily, Allāh loves those who act justly.3323                  Surely, We have sent down to you (O Muḥammad ) the Book (this Qurʾān) in truth that you might judge between men by that which Allāh has shown you (i.e. has taught you through Divine Inspiration), so be not a pleader for the treacherous.3324 5:43-50

Whoever decides upon issues not based upon the laws of Allāh then they are amongst the Kāfirūn, Ẓālimūn, and Fāsiqūn.

                                                       

3322 3323 3324

         

Sūrah Al Nisāʾ (4), ayāh 58. Sūrah Al Māʾidah (5), ayāh 42. Sūrah Al Nisāʾ (4), ayāh 105.

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                                                                     

        

                                                                                                       But how do they come to you for decision while they have the Taurāt (Torah), in which is the (plain) decision of Allāh; yet even after that, they turn away. for they are not (really) believers. Verily, We did send down the Taurāt (Torah) [to Mūsā (Moses)], therein was guidance and light, by which the Prophets, who submitted themselves to Allāh‟s will, judged the Jews. And the rabbis and the priests [too judged the Jews by the Taurāt (Torah) after those Prophets] for to them was entrusted the protection of Allāh‟s Book, and they were witnesses thereto. Therefore fear not men but fear Me (O Jews) and sell not My Verses for a miserable price. And whosoever does not judge by what Allāh has revealed, such are the Kāfirūn (i.e. disbelievers - of a lesser degree as they do not act on Allāh‟s laws ). And We ordained therein for them: “Life for life , eye for eye, nose for nose, ear for ear, tooth for tooth, and wounds equal for equal.” But if anyone remits the retaliation by way of charity, it shall be for him an expiation. And whosoever does not judge by that which Allāh has revealed, such are the Ẓālimūn (polytheists and wrong-doers - of a lesser degree). And in their footsteps, We sent ʿĪsāʾ (Jesus), son of Maryam (Mary), confirming the Taurāt (Torah) that had come before him, and We gave him the Injeel (Gospel), in which was guidance and light and confirmation of the Taurāt (Torah) that had come before it, a guidance and an admonition Page | 1232

for Al-Muttaqūn (the pious). Let the people of the Injeel (Gospel) judge by what Allāh has revealed therein. And whosoever does not judge by what Allāh has revealed (then) such (people) are the Fāsiqūn (the rebellious i.e. disobedient (of a lesser degree) to Allāh. And We have sent down to you (O Muḥammad ) the Book (this Qurʾān) in truth, confirming the Scripture that came before it and Muhayminan (trustworthy in highness and a witness) over it (old Scriptures). So judge between them by what Allāh has revealed, and follow not their vain desires, diverging away from the truth that has come to you. To each among you, We have prescribed a law and a clear way. If Allāh willed, He would have made you one nation, but that (He) may test you in what He has given you; so strive as in a race in good deeds. The return of you (all) is to Allāh; Then He will inform you about that in which you used to differ. And so judge (you O Muḥammad ) between them by what Allāh has revealed and follow not their vain desires, but beware of them lest they turn you (O Muḥammad ) far away from some of that which Allāh has sent down to you. And if they turn away, then know that Allāh‟s will is to punish them for some sins of theirs. And truly, most of men are Fāsiqūn (rebellious and disobedient to Allāh). Do they then seek the judgement of (the days of) Ignorance? And who is better in judgement than Allāh for a people who have firm faith.3325

Who is fit and proper to be (act as) a Walīy It is not a disbeliever 14:28-30 Be careful of the type of person (leader) who calls towards destroying the community. 

                   Have you not seen those who have changed the Blessings of Allāh into disbelief (by denying Prophet Muḥammad and his message of Islām), and caused their people to dwell in the house of destruction? Hell, in which they will burn, - and what an evil place to settle in! And they set up rivals to Allāh, to mislead (men) from His Path! Say: “Enjoy (your brief life)! But certainly, your destination is the (Hell) Fire!”3326 3:28 4:144 3325 3326

Do not make a disbeliever leader, including parents and brothers who are disbelievers, so as to receive Allāh‟s help; unless as a

Sūrah Al Māʾidah (5), āyāt 43-50. Sūrah Ibrāhīm (14), āyāt 28-30.

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9:23 58:22

strategy to protect oneself from something feared from them.

                               Let not the believers take the disbelievers as Auliyāʾ (supporters, helpers, etc.) instead of the believers, and whoever does that will never be helped by Allāh in any way, except if you indeed fear a danger from them. And Allāh warns you against Himself (His punishment), and to Allāh is the final return.3327                    O you who believe! Take not for Auliyāʾ (protectors or helpers or friends) disbelievers instead of believers. Do you wish to offer Allāh a manifest proof against yourselves?3328                      O you who believe! Take not for Auliyāʾ (supporters and helpers) your fathers and your brothers if they prefer disbelief to belief. And whoever of you does so, then he is one of the Ẓālimūn (wrong-doers, etc.).3329                                                          You (O Muḥammad ) will not find any people who believe in Allāh and the Last Day, making friendship with those who oppose Allāh and His Messenger (Muḥammad ), even though they were their fathers, or their sons, or their brothers, or their kindred (people). For such He has written faith in their hearts, and strengthened them with Rūḥ (proofs, light and true guidance) from Himself. And We will admit them to Gardens (Paradise) under which rivers flow, to dwell therein (forever). Allāh is pleased with 3327 3328 3329

Sūrah Āl ʿImrān (3), ayāh 28. Sūrah Al Nisāʾ (4), ayāh 144. Sūrah Al Taubah (9), ayāh 23.

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them, and they with Him. They are the party of Allāh. Verily, it is the party of Allāh that will be the successful.3330

It is not a Yahūdi nor a Naṣrānī 5:51 4:49-54 5:57 2:120

Do not have as a walīy a yahūdi or a naṣrānī because they will not bestow any good deeds whatsoever; they will create ridicule and mocking towards the religion of Allāh (Islām); they will not be satisfied until we (Muslims) follow their religion.

                           O you who believe! Take not the Jews and the Christians as Auliyāʾ (friends, protectors, helpers, etc.), they are but Auliyāʾ to one another. And if any amongst you takes them as Auliyāʾ, then surely he is one of them. Verily, Allāh guides not those people who are the Ẓālimūn (polytheists and wrong-doers and unjust).3331                                                            

          

  

                   Have you not seen those who claim sanctity for themselves. Nay - but Allāh sanctifies whom He pleases, and they will not be dealt with injustice even equal to the extent of a Fatilâ (a scalish thread in the long slit of a date-stone). Look, how they invent a lie against Allāh, and enough is that as a manifest sin. Have you not seen those who were given a portion of the Scripture? They believe in Jibt and Ṭāghūt and say to the disbelievers that they are better guided as regards the way than the believers (Muslims). They are those whom Allāh has cursed, and he whom Allāh curses, you will not find for him (any) helper, Or have they a share in the dominion? Then in that case they would not give 3330 3331

Sūrah Al Mujādilah (58), ayāh 22. Sūrah Al Māʾidah (5), ayāh 51.

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mankind even a Naqīra (speck on the back of a date-stone). Or do they envy men (Muḥammad and his followers) for what Allāh has given them of His Bounty? Then We had already given the family of „Ibrāhīm (Abraham) the Book and Al-Ḥikmah (As-Sunnah - Divine Inspiration to those Prophets not written in the form of a book), and conferred upon them a great kingdom.3332                          O you who believe! Take not for Auliyʾ (protectors and helpers) those who take your Deen (religion) for a mockery and fun from among those who received the Scripture (Jews and Christians) before you, nor from among the disbelievers; and fear Allāh if you indeed are true believers.3333                                    Never will the Jews nor the Christians be pleased with you (O Muḥammad ) till you follow their religion. Say: “Verily, the guidance of Allāh (i.e. Islāmic Monotheism) that is the (only) guidance. And if you (O Muḥammad ) were to follow their (Jews and Christians) desires after what you have received of knowledge (i.e. the Qurʾān), then you would have against Allāh neither any Walīy (protector or guardian) nor any helper.3334

It is not an enemy or enemies of Islām 58:14-17 60:1 60:8-9 9:16

Do not take as friends people who are enemies of Islām, because they will always deny the truth and they expel people who are faithful; all of this constitutes a trial of faith for us to choose and find friends.

                                                              3332 3333 3334

Sūrah Al Nisāʾ (4), āyāt 49-54. Sūrah Al Māʾidah (5), ayāh 57. Sūrah Al Baqarah (2), ayāh 120.

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Have you (O Muḥammad ) not seen those (hypocrites) who take for friends a people upon whom is the Wrath of Allāh (i.e. Jews)? They are neither of you (Muslims) nor of them (Jews), and they swear to a lie while they know. Allāh has prepared for them a severe torment. Evil indeed is that which they used to do. They have made their oaths a screen (for their evil actions). Thus they hinder (men) from the Path of Allāh, so they shall have a humiliating torment. Their children and their wealth will avail them nothing against Allāh. They will be (the) dwellers of the Fire, to dwell therein forever.3335                                                     O you who believe! Take not My enemies and your enemies (i.e. disbelievers and polytheists, etc.) as friends, showing affection towards them, while they have disbelieved in what has come to you of the truth (i.e. Islāmic Monotheism, this Qurʾān, and Muḥammad ), and have driven out the Messenger (Muḥammad ) and yourselves (from your homeland) because you believe in Allāh your Lord! If you have come forth to strive in My Cause and to seek My good pleasure, (then take not these disbelievers and polytheists, etc., as your friends). You show friendship to them in secret, while I am All-Aware of what you conceal and what you reveal. And whosoever of you (Muslims) does that, then indeed he has gone (far) astray, (away) from the Straight Path.3336                                               Allāh does not forbid you to deal justly and kindly with those who fought not against you on account of (the) Deen (religion) and did not drive you out of your homes. Verily, Allāh loves those who deal with equity. It is only as regards those who fought against you on account of (the) Deen (religion), and have driven you out of your homes, and helped to drive you out, that Allāh forbids you to befriend them. And whosoever will befriend

3335 3336

Sūrah Al Mujādilah (58), āyāt 14-17. Sūrah Al Mumtaḥinah (60), ayāh 1.

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them, then such are the Ẓālimūn (wrong-doers those who disobey Allāh).3337                           Do you think that you shall be left alone while Allāh has not yet tested those among you who have striven hard and fought and have not taken Walījah [(Baṭanah - helpers, advisors and consultants from disbelievers, pagans, etc.) giving openly to them their secrets] besides Allāh and His Messenger, and the believers. Allāh is Well-Acquainted with what you do.3338

Choose a walīy who is faithful and pious from amongst the Muslims 3:118-119 Whenever we choose a walīy do not abandon ones faithful 4:138-139 friends, the muslimūn.                                                                O you who believe! Take not as (your) Biṭānah (advisors, consultants, protectors, helpers, friends, etc.) those outside your Deen (religion) (pagans, Jews, Christians, and hypocrites) since they will not fail to do their best to corrupt you. They desire to harm you severely. Hatred has already appeared from their mouths, but what their breasts conceal is far worse. Indeed We have made plain to you the Āyāt (proofs, evidences, verses) if you understand. Lo! You are the ones who love them but they love you not, and you believe in all the Scriptures [i.e. you believe in the Taurāt (Torah) and the Injeel (Gospel), while they disbelieve in your Book, the Qurʾān]. And when they meet you, they say, “We believe”. But when they are alone, they bite the tips of their fingers at you in rage. Say: “Perish in your rage. Certainly, Allāh knows what is in the breasts (all the secrets).”3339             

3337 3338 3339

Sūrah Al Mumtaḥinah (60), āyāt 8-9. Sūrah Al Taubah (9), ayāh 16. Sūrah Āl ʿImrān (3), āyāt 118-119.

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          Give to the hypocrites the tidings that there is for them a painful torment. Those who take disbelievers for Auliyāʾ (protectors or helpers or friends) instead of believers, do they seek honour, power and glory with them? Verily, then to Allāh belongs all honour, power and glory.3340 5:55-56 2:257

Indeed it is only Allāh, His Messengers, and those with faith who must be ones helpers.

                          Verily, your Walīy (protector or helper) is Allāh, His Messenger, and the believers, - those who perform Aṣ-Ṣalāt (Iqāmat-aṣ-Ṣalāt), and give Zakāt, and they bow down (submit themselves with obedience to Allāh in prayer). And whosoever takes Allāh, His Messenger, and those who have believed, as protectors, then the party of Allāh will be the victorious.3341                             Allāh is the Walīy (protector or guardian) of those who believe. He brings them out from darkness into light. But as for those who disbelieve, their Auliyāʾ (supporters and helpers) are Ṭāghūt [false deities and false leaders, etc.], they bring them out from light into darkness. Those are the dwellers of the Fire, and they will abide therein forever.3342 10:62-63 Indeed the auliyāʾ of Allāh are the faithful who are always pious.                                                They said: “O Ṣāliḥ (Saleh)! You have been among us as a figure of good hope (and we wished for you to be our chief), till this [new thing which you have brought; that we leave our gods and worship your God (Allāh) Alone]! Do you (now) forbid us the worship of what our fathers have 3340 3341 3342

Sūrah Al Nisāʾ (4), āyāt 138-139. Sūrah Al Māʾidah (5), āyāt 55-56. Sūrah Al Baqarah (2), ayāh 257.

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worshipped? But we are really in grave doubt as to that which you invite us to (monotheism).” He said: “O my people! Tell me, if I have a clear proof from my Lord, and there has come to me a mercy (Prophethood, etc.) from Him, who then can help me against Allâh, if I were to disobey him? Then you increase me not but in loss.3343

Be on guard and wary of the disbelievers in the nation and their deliberations of hostility towards Islām 58:7-10 Reproach the hostile deliberations and discussions towards Islām. 86:15-17 The disbelievers make evil plans; Allāh also makes in truth plans, which will not fail.                                                                                                                                     Have you not seen that Allāh knows whatsoever is in the heavens and whatsoever is on the earth? There is no Najwā (secret counsel) of three, but He is their fourth (with His knowledge, while He himself is over the Throne, over the seventh heaven), nor of five but He is their sixth (with His Knowledge), not of less than that or more, but He is with them (with His knowledge) wheresoever they may be; and afterwards on the Day of Resurrection, He will inform them of what they did. Verily, Allāh is the All-Knower of everything. Have you not seen those who were forbidden to hold secret counsels, and afterwards returned to that which they had been forbidden, and conspired together for sin and wrong doing and disobedience to the Messenger (Muḥammad ). And when they come to you, they greet you with a greeting wherewith Allāh greets you not, and say within themselves: “Why should Allāh punish us not for what we say?” Hell will be sufficient for them, they will burn therein, and worst indeed is that destination! 3343

Sūrah Yūnus (10), āyāt 62-63.

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O you who believe! When you hold secret counsel, do it not for sin and wrong-doing, and disobedience towards the Messenger (Muḥammad ) but do it for Al-Birr (righteousness) and Taqwā (virtues and piety); and fear Allāh unto whom you shall be gathered. Secret counsels (conspiracies) are only from Shaiṭān (Satan), in order that he may cause grief to the believers. But he cannot harm them in the least, except as Allāh permits, and in Allāh let the believers put their trust.3344             Verily, they are but plotting a plot (against you O Muḥammad ()). And I (too) am planning a plan. So give a respite to the disbelievers. Deal you gently with them for a while.3345 35:10

Punishment is for the plotters of evil plans.

                            Whosoever desires honour, power and glory then to Allāh belong all honour, power and glory [and one can get honour, power and glory only by obeying and worshipping Allāh (Alone)]. To Him ascend (all) the goodly words, and the righteous deeds exalt it (the goodly words i.e. the goodly words are not accepted by Allāh unless and until they are followed by good deeds), but those who plot evils, theirs will be severe torment. And the plotting of such will perish.3346 35:43

Evil plans will surely collapse and be destroyed and befall their planners.

                               (They took to flight because of their) arrogance in the land and their plotting of evil. But the evil plot encompasses only him who makes it. Then, can they expect anything (else), but the Sunnah (way of dealing) of the peoples of old? So no change will you find in Allāh‟s Sunnah (way of dealing), and no turning off will you find in Allāh‟s Sunnah (way of dealing).3347 3:149-157 Come let us be more wary of the challenges of the disbelievers; do Sūrah Al Mujādilah (58), āyāt 7-10. Sūrah Al Ṭāriq (86), āyāt 15-17. Sūrah Fāṭir [or Al Malāʾikah] (35), ayāh 10. 3347 Sūrah Fāṭir [or Al Malāʾikah] (35), ayāh 43. 3344 3345 3346

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3:196 3:200

not be taken in by the challenges of the disbelievers and the liberty of the disbelievers throughout the land; be ready and alert within ones territory.

                     O you who believe! If you obey those who disbelieve, they will send you back on your heels, and you will turn back (from faith) as losers. Nay, Allāh is your Maulā (Patron, Lord, Helper and Protector, etc.), and He is the best of helpers. 3348         Let not the free disposal (and affluence) of the disbelievers throughout the land deceive you.3349            O you who believe! Endure and be more patient (than your enemy), and guard your territory by stationing army units permanently at the places from where the enemy can attack you, and fear Allāh, so that you may be successful.3350

Jināyat Jināyat encompasses various laws regarding the killing of a person, injury, amputation, the loss of the benefit of a body member, such as the loss of one of one‟s five senses.

The right to life 17:21 17:33 4:93 2:195 5:32              See how We prefer one above another (in this world) and verily, the Hereafter will be greater in degrees and greater in preference.3351

Sūrah Āl ʿImrān (3), āyāt 149-151. Sūrah Āl ʿImrān (3), ayāh 196. Sūrah Āl ʿImrān (3), ayāh 200. 3351 Sūrah Al Isrāʾ (17), ayāh 21. 3348 3349 3350

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                         And do not kill anyone which Allāh has forbidden, except for a just cause. And whoever is killed (intentionally with hostility and oppression and not by mistake), We have given his heir the authority [(to demand Qiṣāṣ, Law of Equality in punishment or to forgive, or to take Diya (blood money)]. But let him not exceed limits in the matter of taking life (i.e he should not kill except the killer only). Verily, he is helped (by the Islāmic law).3352                  And whoever kills a believer intentionally, his recompense is Hell to abide therein, and the Wrath and the Curse of Allāh are upon him, and a great punishment is prepared for him.3353                  And spend in the Cause of Allāh (i.e. Jihād of all kinds, etc.) and do not throw yourselves into destruction (by not spending your wealth in the Cause of Allāh), and do good. Truly, Allāh loves Al-Muḥsinūn (the good-doers).3354                                           Because of that We ordained for the Children of Isrāʾīl that if anyone killed a person not in retaliation of murder, or (and) to spread mischief in the land - it would be as if he killed all mankind, and if anyone saved a life, it would be as if he saved the life of all mankind. And indeed, there came to them Our Messengers with clear proofs, evidences, and signs, even then after that many of them continued to exceed the limits (e.g. by doing oppression unjustly and exceeding beyond the limits set by Allāh by committing the major sins) in the land!.3355

Sūrah Al Isrāʾ (17), ayāh 33. Sūrah Al Nisāʾ (4), ayāh 93. Sūrah Al Baqarah (2), ayāh 195. 3355 Sūrah Al Māʾidah (5), ayāh 32. 3352 3353 3354

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Qiṣāṣ - Law of equality in punishment Qiṣāṣ is to take commensurate legal measures, that is, a kind of law which allows the same as has befallen on a person who has had something perpetrated against „him‟.3356 2:194

Qiṣāṣ takes place in warfare, even whilst in the month of Ḥarām.

Qiṣāṣ takes place for hostile killing.

A life for a life, an eye for an eye, a nose for a nose, an ear for an ear, a tooth for a tooth, a wound for a wound. In order to compensate the sin of a person, one must discharge qiṣāṣ - do not be ẓālim.

                                  And We ordained therein for them: “Life for life , eye for eye, nose for nose, ear for ear, tooth for tooth, and wounds equal for equal.” But if anyone remits the retaliation by way of charity, it shall be for him an expiation. And whosoever does not judge by that which Allāh has revealed, such are the 3356

Sulaiman Rasjid, H., Fiqh Islam (Islamic jurisprudence). Hukum fiqh lengkap (Complete Jurisprudential Laws), p. 405; Drs Shodiq SE, Kamus Istilah Agama (Technical Dictionary of Religion), p. 265. 3357 Sūrah Al Baqarah (2), ayāh 194. 3358 Sūrah Al Isrāʾ (17), ayāh 33.

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Ẓālimūn (polytheists and wrong-doers - of a lesser degree).3359 16:126

When punishing, punish with a punishment the like of that which was afflicted; but it is better to be patient.

              And if you punish (your enemy, O you believers in the Oneness of Allāh), then punish them with the like of that with which you were afflicted. But if you endure patiently, verily, it is better for Aṣ-Ṣābirīn (the patient ones, etc.).3360

Diyyat – blood money Diyyat is the payment of a sum of money as compensation for a criminal act against a life or bodily part. 2:178-179                                                    O you who believe! Al-Qiṣāṣ (the Law of Equality in punishment) is prescribed for you in case of murder: the free for the free, the slave for the slave, and the female for the female. But if the killer is forgiven by the brother (or the relatives, etc.) of the killed against blood money, then adhering to it with fairness and payment of the blood money, to the heir should be made in fairness. This is an alleviation and a mercy from your Lord. So after this whoever transgresses the limits (i.e. kills the killer after taking the blood money), he shall have a painful torment. And there is (a saving of) life for you in Al-Qiṣāṣ (the Law of Equality in punishment), O men of understanding, that you may become Al-Muttaqūn (the pious). 3361 4:92                               

3359 3360 3361

Sūrah Al Māʾidah (5), ayāh 45. Sūrah Al Naḥl (16), ayāh 126. Sūrah Al Baqarah (2), āyāt 178-179.

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                                   It is not for a believer to kill a believer except (that it be) by mistake, and whosoever kills a believer by mistake, (it is ordained that) he must set free a believing slave and a compensation (blood money, i.e Diya) be given to the deceased‟s family, unless they remit it. If the deceased belonged to a people at war with you and he was a believer; the freeing of a believing slave (is prescribed), and if he belonged to a people with whom you have a treaty of mutual alliance, compensation (blood money - Diya) must be paid to his family, and a believing slave must be freed. And whoso finds this (the penance of freeing a slave) beyond his means, he must fast for two consecutive months in order to seek repentance from Allāh. And Allāh is ever All-Knowing, All-Wise. 3362 6:164

There is no inherited sin – one cannot be the bearer of the sin(s) of another.

                                 Say: “Shall I seek a Lord other than Allāh, while He is the Lord of all things? No person earns any (sin) except against himself (only), and no bearer of burdens shall bear the burden of another. Then unto your Lord is your return, so He will tell you that wherein you have been differing.”3363 4:93                  And whoever kills a believer intentionally, his recompense is Hell to abide therein, and the Wrath and the Curse of Allāh are upon him, and a great punishment is prepared for him. 3364 4:94

Be cautious and careful with these measures.

3362 3363 3364

Sūrah Al Nisāʾ (4), ayāh 92. Sūrah Al Anʿām (6), ayāh 164. Sūrah Al Nisāʾ (4), ayāh 93.

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                O you who believe! When you go (to fight) in the Cause of Allāh, verify (the truth), and say not to anyone who greets you (by embracing Islām): “You are not a believer”; seeking the perishable goods of the worldly life. There are much more profits and booties with Allāh. Even as he is now, so were you yourselves before till Allāh conferred on you His Favours (i.e. guided you to Islām), therefore, be cautious in discrimination. Allāh is ever Well-Aware of what you do.3365

Ḥudūd Ḥudūd is specific laws, which are obligatory for a person who has contravened or violated fixed prohibitions; such as zinā‟ (adultery), accusation of zinā‟, drinking of alcohol, theft, stealing.

Zināʾ 17:32

Zināʾ is a despicable and shameful act and an evil path, so do not approach it.          

And come not near to the unlawful sexual intercourse. Verily, it is a Fāḥishah [i.e. anything that transgresses its limits (a great sin)], and an evil way (that leads one to Hell unless Allāh forgives him).3366 25:68-70 Whoever performs zināʾ will receive reprisal for that act.                    

        

                      And those who invoke not any other Ilāh (God) along with Allāh, nor kill such life as Allāh has forbidden, except for just cause, nor commit illegal sexual intercourse and whoever does this shall receive the punishment. The torment will be doubled to him on the Day of Resurrection, and he will abide therein in disgrace; Except those who repent and believe (in Islāmic Monotheism), and do 3365 3366

Sūrah Al Nisāʾ (4), ayāh 94. Sūrah Al Isrāʾ (17), ayāh 32.

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righteous deeds, for those, Allāh will change their sins into good deeds, and Allāh is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful.3367 24:33

Do not call upon a woman to enter prostitution looking for worldly profit.

                                                     And let those who find not the financial means for marriage keep themselves chaste, until Allāh enriches them of His Bounty. And such of your slaves as seek a writing (of emancipation), give them such writing, if you know that they are good and trustworthy. And give them something yourselves out of the wealth of Allāh which He has bestowed upon you. And force not your maids to prostitution, if they desire chastity, in order that you may make a gain in the (perishable) goods of this worldly life. But if anyone compels them (to prostitution), then after such compulsion, Allāh is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful (to those women, i.e. He will forgive them because they have been forced to do this evil action unwillingly).3368 24:1-2

Free people (virgins and single) who commit zināʾ are sentenced to 100 lashes, witnessed by a gathering of believers.

                                       (This is) a Sūrah (chapter of the Qurʾān) which We have sent down and which We have enjoined, (ordained its legal laws) and in it We have revealed manifest Āyāt (proofs, evidences, verses, lessons, signs, revelations lawful and unlawful things, and set boundries of Islāmic Religion), that you may remember. The woman and the man guilty of illegal sexual intercourse, flog each of them with a hundred stripes. Let not pity withhold you in their case, in a punishment prescribed by Allāh, if you believe in Allāh and the Last Day. And let a party of the believers witness their punishment. (This punishment is for unmarried persons guilty of the above crime but if married persons commit it, the punishment is to stone them to death, according to Allāh‟s law).3369

3367 3368 3369

Sūrah Al Furqān (25), āyāt 68-70. Sūrah Al Nūr (24), ayāh 33. Sūrah Al Nūr (24), āyāt 1-2.

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24:25

When the zināʾ is with a slave or servant, then the sentence is half that of a free person (50 lashes).            

On that Day Allāh will pay them the recompense of their deeds in full, and they will know that Allāh, He is the manifest truth.

Accusation of zināʾ 24:4-5

The sentence for an accusation of zinā; against another person is 80 lashes if they cannot produce 4 witnesses to the act; or in the way of li„ān (page. 286).

                                 And those who accuse chaste women, and produce not four witnesses, flog them with eighty stripes, and reject their testimony forever, they indeed are the Fāsiqūn (liars, rebellious, disobedient to Allāh). Except those who repent thereafter and do righteous deeds, (for such) verily, Allāh is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful.3370 24:11-26 The narrative of a false accusation against ʿĀʾishah

, mother of

the muʾminūn, wife of the Prophet Muḥammad . When the accuser is a slave then the punishment for „him‟ is half that of a free person – 40 lashes.                                                                       

 

                            3370

Sūrah Al Nūr (24), āyāt 4-5.

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                                                                                                                                                    

  

           



                    Verily! Those who brought forth the slander (against ʿĀʾishah ( ) the wife of the Prophet ) are a group among you. Consider it not a bad thing for you. Nay, it is good for you. Unto every man among them will be paid that which he had earned of the sin, and as for him among them who had the greater share therein, his will be a great torment. Why then, did not the believers, men and women, when you heard it (the slander) think good of their own people and say: “This (charge) is an obvious lie?” Why did they not produce four witnesses? Since they (the slanderers) have not produced witnesses! Then with Allāh they are the liars. Had it not been for the Grace of Allāh and His Mercy unto you in this world and in the Hereafter, a great torment would have touched you for that whereof you had spoken. When you were propagating it with your tongues, and uttering with your mouths that whereof you had no knowledge, you counted it a little thing, while with Allāh it was very great. And why did you not, when you heard it, say? “It is not right for us to speak of this. Glory be to You (O Allāh) this is a great lie.” Allāh forbids you from it and warns you not to repeat the like of it forever, if you are believers. And Allāh makes the Āyāt (proofs, evidences, verses, lessons, signs, Page | 1250

revelations, etc.) plain to you, and Allāh is All-Knowing, All-Wise. Verily, those who like that (the crime of) illegal sexual intercourse should be propagated among those who believe, they will have a painful torment in this world and in the Hereafter. And Allāh knows and you know not. And had it not been for the Grace of Allāh and His Mercy on you, (Allāh would have hastened the punishment upon you). And that Allāh is full of kindness, Most Merciful. O you who believe! Follow not the footsteps of Shaiṭān (Satan). And whosoever follows the footsteps of Shaiṭān (Satan), then, verily he commands Al-Faḥshāʾ [i.e. to commit indecency (illegal sexual intercourse, etc.)], and Al-Munkar [disbelief and polytheism (i.e. to do evil and wicked deeds; to speak or to do what is forbidden in Islām, etc.)]. And had it not been for the Grace of Allāh and His Mercy on you, not one of you would ever have been pure from sins. But Allāh purifies (guides to Islām) whom He wills, and Allâh is All-Hearer, All-Knower. And let not those among you who are blessed with graces and wealth swear not to give (any sort of help) to their kinsmen, Al-Masākīn (the poor), and those who left their homes for Allāh‟s Cause. Let them pardon and forgive. Do you not love that Allāh should forgive you? And Allāh is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful. Verily, those who accuse chaste women, who never even think of anything touching their chastity and are good believers, are cursed in this life and in the Hereafter, and for them will be a great torment, On the Day when their tongues, their hands, and their legs or feet will bear witness against them as to what they used to do. On that Day Allāh will pay them the Recompense of their deeds in full, and they will know that Allāh, He is the manifest truth. Bad statements are for bad people (or bad women for bad men) and bad people for bad statements (or bad men for bad women). good statements are for good people (or good women for good men) and good people for good statements (or good men for good women), such (good people) are innocent of (each and every) bad statement which they say, for them is forgiveness, and Rizqun Karīm (generous provision i.e. Paradise).3371 65:2

The witness or witnesses must be just.

Sūrah Al Nūr (24), āyāt 11-26. Sūrah Al Ṭalāq (65), ayāh 2.

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Stealing and theft 5:33-34                                                     The recompense of those who wage war against Allāh and His Messenger and do mischief in the land is only that they shall be killed or crucified or their hands and their feet be cut off on the opposite sides, or be exiled from the land. That is their disgrace in this world, and a great torment is theirs in the Hereafter. Except for those who (having fled away and then) came back (as Muslims) with repentance before they fall into your power; In that case, know that Allāh is OftForgiving, Most Merciful.3373 5:38-39                          

 

   Cut off (from the wrist joint) the (right) Hand of the thief, male or female, as a recompense for that which they committed, a punishment by way of example from Allāh. And Allāh is AllPowerful, AllWise. But whosoever repents after his crime and does righteous good deeds (by obeying Allāh), then Verily, Allāh will pardon him (accept his repentance). Verily, Allāh is OftForgiving, Most Merciful. 3374

Drinking alcohol – imbibing intoxicants Refer to page 273 (Desist from intoxicants and gambling). The existence of the issue of punishment bestowed upon a person who has consumed khamr, alcohol, intoxicants is found in the aḥādīth. As an explanation of this there is the following ḥādīth: “That the messenger of Allāh  once lashed a person who drunk alcohol with 2 stems (midribs) of a palm tree, 40 times.”3375 3373 3374 3375

Sūrah Al Māʾidah (5), āyāt 33-34. Sūrah Al Mā„idah (5), āyāt 38-39. Narrated by Muslim.

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Jihād and Qitāl Jihād means to sincerely exert oneself in order to uphold the laws of Islām; whilst qitāl means to wage war (fight) – a part of jihad.

The life of jihād 2:218                   Verily, those who have believed, and those who have emigrated (for Allāh‟s religion) and have striven hard in the Way of Allāh, all these hope for Allāh‟s Mercy. And Allāh is Oft-Forgiving, Most-Merciful. 3376 2:244

Qitāl (fighting) in the Way of Allāh.          

And fight in the Way of Allāh and know that Allāh is All-Hearer, All-Knower.3377 5:35 9:24

Strive hard in His Cause.

              O you who believe! Do your duty to Allāh and fear Him. Seek the means of approach to Him, and strive hard in His Cause as much as you can. So that you may be successful.3378                                    Say: If your fathers, your sons, your brothers, your wives, your kindred, the wealth that you have gained, the commerce in which you fear a decline, and 3376 3377 3378

Sūrah Al Baqarah (2), ayāh 218. Sūrah Al Baqarah (2). Sūrah Al Māʾidah (5), ayāh 35.

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the dwellings in which you delight ... are dearer to you than Allāh and His Messenger, and striving hard and fighting in His Cause, then wait until Allāh brings about His decision (torment). And Allāh guides not the people who are Al-Fāsiqūn (the rebellious, disobedient to Allāh).3379 9:87-89 Be sincere and true. 61:10-13 

           

                               They are content to be with those (the women) who sit behind (at home). their hearts are sealed up (from all kinds of goodness and right guidance), so they understand not. But the Messenger (Muḥammad ) and those who believed with him (in Islāmic Monotheism) strove hard and fought with their wealth and their lives (in Allāh‟s Cause). Such are they for whom are the good things, and it is they who will be successful. For them Allāh has got ready Gardens (Paradise) under which rivers flow, to dwell therein forever. That is the supreme success. 3380                                        



                   O you who believe! Shall I guide you to a commerce that will save you from a painful torment. That you believe in Allāh and His Messenger (Muḥammad ), and that you strive hard and fight in the Cause of Allāh with your wealth and your lives, that will be better for you, if you but know! (If you do so) He will forgive you your sins, and admit you into gardens under which rivers flow, and pleasant dwelling in Gardens of ʿAdn Eternity [ʿAdn (Eden) Paradise], that is indeed the great success. And also (He will give you) another (blessing) which you love, help from Allāh (against your enemies) and a near victory. And give glad tidings (O

3379 3380

Sūrah Al Taubah (9), ayāh 24. Sūrah Al Taubah (9), āyāt 87-89.

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Muḥammad ) to the believers.3381

The spirit of jihad 9:38-43 2:216 4:84 8:65-66

O Prophet! Urge the believers to fight. If there are twenty steadfast persons amongst you, they will overcome two hundred, and if there be a hundred steadfast persons they will overcome a thousand of those who disbelieve, because they are people who do not understand.3382

                                                 

      

                            

           

                      

 

 

   O you who believe! What is the matter with you, that when you are asked to march forth in the Cause of Allāh (i.e. Jihād) you cling heavily to the earth? Are you pleased with the life of this world rather than the Hereafter? But little is the enjoyment of the life of this world as compared with the Hereafter. If you march not forth, He will punish you with a painful torment and will replace you by another people, and you cannot harm Him at all, and Allāh is Able to do all things. If you help him (Muḥammad ) not (it does not matter), for Allāh did indeed help him when the disbelievers drove him out, the second of two, when they (Muḥammad  and Abu Bakr ) were in the cave, and he () said to his companion (Abu Bakr ): “Be not sad (or afraid), surely Allāh 3381 3382

Sūrah Al Ṣaff (61), āyāt 10-13. Sūrah Al Anfāl (8), ayāh 65.

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is with us.” Then Allāh sent down his Sakīnah (calmness, tranquillity, peace, etc.) upon him, and strengthened him with forces (angels) which you saw not, and made the word of those who disbelieved the lowermost, while it was the word of Allāh that became the uppermost, and Allāh is All-Mighty, All-Wise. March forth, whether you are light (being healthy, young and wealthy) or heavy (being ill, old and poor), strive hard with your wealth and your lives in the Cause of Allāh. This is better for you, if you but knew. Had it been a near gain (booty in front of them) and an easy journey, they would have followed you, but the distance (Tabūk expedition) was long for them, and they would swear by Allāh, “If we only could, we would certainly have come forth with you.” They destroy their ownselves, and Allāh knows that they are liars. May Allāh forgive you (O Muhammad ). Why did you grant them leave (for remaining behind, you should have persisted as regards your order to them to proceed on Jihād), until those who told the truth were seen by you in a clear light, and you had known the liars?3383                              Jihād (holy fighting in Allāh‟s Cause) is ordained for you (Muslims) though you dislike it, and it may be that you dislike a thing which is good for you and that you like a thing which is bad for you. Allāh knows but you do not know.3384                           Then fight (O Muḥammad ) in the Cause of Allāh, you are not tasked (held responsible) except for yourself, and incite the believers (to fight along with you), it may be that Allāh will restrain the evil might of the disbelievers. And Allāh is stronger in might and stronger in punishing.3385                                                           

3383 3384 3385

Sūrah Al Taubah (9), āyāt 38-43. Sūrah Al Baqarah (2), ayāh 216. Sūrah Al Nisāʾ (4), ayāh 84.

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O Prophet (Muḥammad )! Urge the believers to fight. If there are twenty steadfast persons amongst you, they will overcome two hundred, and if there be a hundred steadfast persons they will overcome a thousand of those who disbelieve, because they (the disbelievers) are people who do not understand. Now Allāh has lightened your (task), for He knows that there is weakness in you. So if there are of you a hundred steadfast persons, they shall overcome two hundred, and if there are a thousand of you, they shall overcome two thousand with the leave of Allāh. And Allāh is with Aṣ-Ṣābirīn (the patient ones, etc.).3386 29:6             And whosoever strives, he strives only for himself. Verily, Allāh is free of all wants from the ʿĀlamīn (mankind, jinns, and all that exists). 3387

The laws of jihad 8:15 8:45 9:38 8:30-39 2:191-193

The performance of jihad is by law farḍu ʿaīn (individual duty) when meeting with and being faced by enemy troops; when the ʾImām commands one to go to war; and or when the disbelievers have already arrived in an Islāmic state for the purpose of spreading fitnah that is dangerous to the inhabitants of that Islāmic state.

            O you who believe! When you meet those who disbelieve, in a battle-field, never turn your backs to them.3388              O you who believe! When you meet (an enemy) force, take a firm stand against them and remember the Name of Allāh much (both with tongue and mind), so that you may be successful.3389                              

Sūrah Al Anfāl (8), āyāt 65-66. Sūrah Al ʿAnkabūt (29), ayāh 6. Sūrah Al Anfāl (8), ayāh 15. 3389 Sūrah Al Anfāl (8), ayāh 45. 3386 3387 3388

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 O you who believe! What is the matter with you, that when you are asked to march forth in the Cause of Allāh (i.e. Jihād) you cling heavily to the earth? Are you pleased with the life of this world rather than the Hereafter? But little is the enjoyment of the life of this world as compared with the Hereafter.3390                                              

            

                                                                                                       

   

       

              And (remember) when the disbelievers plotted against you (O Muḥammad ) to imprison you, or to kill you, or to get you out (from your home, i.e. Makkah); they were plotting and Allāh too was planning, and Allāh is the best of the planners. And when Our Verses (of the Qurʾān) are recited to them, they say: “We have heard this (the Qurʾān); if we wish we can say the like of this. This is nothing but the tales of the ancients.”" And (remember) when they said: “O Allāh! If this (the Qurʾān) is indeed the truth (revealed) from you, then rain down stones on us from the sky or bring on us a painful torment.” And Allāh would not punish them while you (Muḥammad ) are amongst 3390

Sūrah Al Taubah (9), ayāh 38.

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them, nor will He punish them while they seek (Allāh‟s) Forgiveness. And why should not Allāh punish them while they stop (men) from Al-Masjid-al-Ḥarām, and they are not its guardians? None can be its guardian except Al-Muttaqūn (the pious), but most of them know not. Their Ṣalāt (prayer) at the House (of Allāh, i.e. the Kaʿbah at Makkah) was nothing but whistling and clapping of hands. Therefore taste the punishment because you used to disbelieve. Verily, those who disbelieve spend their wealth to hinder (men) from the Path of Allāh, and so will they continue to spend it; but in the end it will become an anguish for them. Then they will be overcomed. And those who disbelieve will be gathered unto Hell. In order that Allāh may distinguish the wicked (disbelievers, polytheists and doers of evil deeds) from the good (believers of Islāmic Monotheism and doers of righteous deeds), and put the wicked (disbelievers, polytheists and doers of evil deeds) one on another, heap them together and cast them into Hell.Those! It is they who are the losers. Say to those who have disbelieved, if they cease (from disbelief) their past will be forgiven. But if they return (thereto), then the examples of those (punished) before them have already preceded (as a warning). And fight them until there is no more Fitnah (disbelief and polytheism: i.e. worshipping others besides Allāh) and the Deen (religion (worship)) will all be for Allāh alone [in the whole of the world]. But if they cease (worshipping others besides Allāh), then certainly, Allāh is All-Seer of what they do.3391                                                       And kill them wherever you find them, and turn them out from where they have turned you out. And Al-Fitnah is worse than killing. And fight not with them at Al-Masjid-al-Ḥarām (the sanctuary at Makkah), unless they (first) fight you there. But if they attack you, then kill them. Such is the recompense of the disbelievers. But if they cease, then Allāh is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful. And fight them until there is no more Fitnah (disbelief and worshipping of others along with Allāh) and (all and every kind of) worship is for Allāh (Alone). But if they cease, let there be no transgression except against Aẓ-Ẓālimūn (the polytheists, and wrong-doers, etc.)3392

ʿUdhr (pl. Aʿdhār) – ‘Excuses’ for not participating in jihad 9:90-96 3391 3392

Various aʿdhār (excuses) are validated by law for not

Sūrah Al Anfāl (8), āyāt 30-39. Sūrah Al Baqarah (2), āyāt 191-193.

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48:17

going to or participating in jihad are included in a number of āyāt.

                

      

             

           

                 

        

                      

   

             

         

                                     And those who made excuses from the bedouins came (to you, O Prophet ) asking your permission to exempt them (from the battle), and those who had lied to Allāh and His Messenger sat at home (without asking the permission for it); a painful torment will seize those of them who disbelieve. There is no blame on those who are weak or ill or who find no resources to spend [in Holy fighting (Jihād)], if they are sincere and true (in duty) to Allāh and His Messenger. No ground (of complaint) can there be against the Muḥsinūn (good-doers3393). And Allāh is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful. Nor (is there blame) on those who came to you to be provided with mounts, and when you said: “I can find no mounts for you,” they turned back, while their eyes overflowing with tears of grief that they could not find anything to spend (for Jihād). The ground (of complaint) is only against those who are rich, and yet ask exemption. They are content to be with (the women) who sit behind (at home) and Allāh has sealed up their hearts (from all kinds of goodness and right guidance) so that they know not (what they are losing). They (the hypocrites) will present their excuses to you (Muslims), when you return to them. Say (O Muḥammad ) “Present no excuses, we shall not Muḥsinūn: Doers of good, i.e. those who perform good deeds totally for Allāh‟s sake only without any show-off or to gain praise or fame, etc, and they do them in accordance with the Sunnah (legal ways) of Allāh‟s Messenger, Muḥammad . 3393

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believe you. Allāh has already informed us of the news concerning you. Allāh and His Messenger will observe your deeds. In the end you will be brought back to the All-Knower of the unseen and the seen, then He (Allāh) will inform you of what you used to do.” [Tafsir At-Tabarī] They will swear by Allāh to you (Muslims) when you return to them, that you may turn away from them. So turn away from them. Surely, they are Rijsun [i.e. Najasun (impure) because of their evil deeds], and Hell is their dwelling place, - a recompense for that which they used to earn. They (the hypocrites) swear to you (Muslims) that you may be pleased with them, but if you are pleased with them, certainly Allāh is not pleased with the people who are Al-Fāsiqūn (rebellious, disobedient to Allāh).3394                               No blame or sin is there upon the blind, nor is there blame or sin upon the lame, nor is there blame or sin upon the sick (that they go not forth to war). And whosoever obeys Allāh and His Messenger (Muḥammad ), He will admit him to gardens beneath which rivers flow (Paradise); and whosoever turns back, He will punish him with a painful torment.3395 9:122-123                                            And it is not (proper) for the believers to go out to fight (Jihād) all together. Of every troop of them, a party only should go forth, that they (who are left behind) may get instructions in (Islāmic) religion, and that they may warn their people when they return to them, so that they may beware (of evil). O you who believe! Fight those of the disbelievers who are close to you, and let them find harshness in you, and know that Allāh is with those who are the Al-Muttaqūn (the pious).3396 These last two Āyāt do not refer directly to aʿdhār for not being willing to participate in war, but indeed there must be amongst the faithful those who do not take part (directly) in war in order to instruct those who remain in knowledge of the Deen; and also to perform daʿwah (itself „oral‟ jihād) amongst the community of the muʾminūn (who remain). 3394 3395 3396

Sūrah Al Taubah (9), āyāt 90-96. Sūrah Al Fatḥ (48), ayāh 17. Sūrah Al Taubah (9), āyāt 122-123.

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Be wary of the enemy 3:196-200 Do not be deceived nor taken in by the (apparent) independence of 9:29 the disbelievers within a state; and hope that one is always in a 8:60 state of preparation to fight the disbelievers with all ones capabilities.       

       

                                             

                      

Let not the free disposal (and affluence) of the disbelievers throughout the land deceive you. A brief enjoyment; then, their ultimate abode is Hell; and worst indeed is that place for rest. But, for those who fear their Lord, are gardens under which rivers flow (in Paradise); therein are they to dwell (for ever), an entertainment from Allāh; and that which is with Allāh is the best for AlAbrār (those who are obedient to Allāh and follow strictly His Orders). And there are, certainly, among the people of the Scripture (Jews and Christians), those who believe in Allāh and in that which has been revealed to you, and in that which has been revealed to them, humbling themselves before Allāh. They do not sell the Verses of Allāh for a little price, for them is a reward with their Lord. Surely, Allāh is Swift in account. O you who believe! Endure and be more patient (than your enemy), and guard your territory by stationing army units permanently at the places from where the enemy can attack you, and fear Allāh, so that you may be successful.3397                               Fight against those who (1) believe not in Allāh, (2) nor in the Last Day, (3) nor forbid that which has been forbidden by Allāh and His Messenger (4) and those who acknowledge not the Religion of Truth (i.e. Islām) among the 3397

Sūrah Āl ʿImrān (3), āyāt 196-200.

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people of the Scripture (Jews and Christians), until they pay the Jizyah with willing submission, and feel themselves subdued.3398                                    And make ready against them all you can of power, including steeds of war (tanks, planes, missiles, artillery, etc.) to threaten the enemy of Allāh and your enemy, and others besides whom, you may not know but whom Allāh does know. And whatever you shall spend in the Cause of Allāh shall be repaid unto you, and you shall not be treated unjustly.3399 2:190-193 They must be fought if they fight (attack) and be extremely wary of their endeavours.                        



                    

     

                 And fight in the Way of Allāh those who fight you, but transgress not the limits. Truly, Allāh likes not the transgressors. [This Verse is the first one that was revealed in connection with Jihād, but it was supplemented by another (V.9:36)]. And kill them wherever you find them, and turn them out from where they have turned you out. And Al-Fitnah is worse than killing. And fight not with them at Al-Masjid-al-Ḥarām (the sanctuary at Makkah), unless they (first) fight you there. But if they attack you, then kill them. Such is the recompense of the disbelievers. But if they cease, then Allāh is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful. And fight them until there is no more Fitnah (disbelief and worshipping of others along with Allāh) and (all and every kind of) worship is for Allāh (Alone). But if they cease, let there be no transgression except against Aẓ-Ẓālimūn (the polytheists, and wrong-doers, etc.)3400

3398 3399 3400

Sūrah Al Taubah (9), ayāh 29. Sūrah Al Anfāl (8), ayāh 60. Sūrah Al Baqarah (2), āyāt 190-193.

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Rules of war 22:39

We may fight if we are fought against (attacked).            

Permission to fight is given to those (i.e. believers against disbelievers), who are fighting them, (and) because they (believers) have been wronged, and surely, Allāh is Able to give them (believers) victory3401 60:7-9

Be just towards those who do not attack.

Be prepared to advance in a group, within orderly ranks, like a solid structure.           

O you who believe! Take your precautions, and either go forth (on an expedition) in parties, or go forth all together.3403             Verily, Allāh loves those who fight in His Cause in rows (ranks) as if they were a solid structure.3404 Sūrah Al Ḥajj (22), ayāh 39. Sūrah Al Mumtaḥinah (60), āyāt 7-9. Sūrah Al Nisāʾ (4), ayāh 71. 3404 Sūrah Al Ṣaff (61), ayāh 4. 3401 3402 3403

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4:94

Be careful in regards to those who are to be killed (verify their status).

                                          O you who believe! When you go (to fight) in the Cause of Allāh, verify (the truth), and say not to anyone who greets you (by embracing Islām): “You are not a believer”; seeking the perishable goods of the worldly life. There are much more profits and booties with Allāh. Even as he is now, so were you yourselves before till Allāh conferred on you His Favours (i.e. guided you to Islām), therefore, be cautious in discrimination. Allāh is ever Well-Aware of what you do.3405 4:104

Do not kill those who are faithful.

                          And don‟t be weak in the pursuit of the enemy; if you are suffering (hardships) then surely, they (too) are suffering (hardships) as you are suffering, but you have a hope from Allāh (for the Reward, i.e. Paradise) that for which they hope not, and Allāh is ever All-Knowing, All-Wise.3406 8:45-47

Do not be weak of heart; it is hoped that one is firm of heart and do not boast amongst ones friends as this may cause dissension.

                   

 

                          O you who believe! When you meet (an enemy) force, take a firm stand against them and remember the Name of Allāh much (both with tongue and mind), so that you may be successful. And obey Allāh and His Messenger, and do not dispute (with one another) lest you lose courage and your strength depart, and be patient. Surely, 3405 3406

Sūrah Al Nisāʾ (4), ayāh 94. Sūrah Al Nisāʾ (4), ayāh 104.

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Allāh is with those who are Aṣ-Ṣābirīn (the patient ones, etc.). And be not like those who come out of their homes boastfully and to be seen of men, and hinder (men) from the Path of Allāh. And Allāh is Muḥīṭun (encircling and thoroughly comprehending) all that they do.3407 8:15-19



Do not retreat except in the case of a strategic manoeuvre; do not flee from the field of battle.

                    

      

                                                    O you who believe! When you meet those who disbelieve, in a battle-field, never turn your backs to them. And whoever turns his back to them on such a day - unless it be a stratagem of war, or to retreat to a troop (of his own), - he indeed has drawn upon himself Wrath from Allāh. And his abode is Hell, and worst indeed is that destination! You killed them not, but Allāh killed them. And you (Muḥammad ) threw not when you did throw but Allāh threw, that He might test the believers by a fair trial from Him. Verily, Allāh is All-Hearer, All-Knower. This (is the fact) and surely, Allāh weakens the deceitful plots of the disbelievers. (O disbelievers) if you ask for a judgement, now has the judgement come unto you and if you cease (to do wrong), it will be better for you, and if you return (to the attack), so shall We return, and your forces will be of no avail to you, however numerous it be, and verily, Allāh is with the believers.3408 8:67

Firstly, incapacitate the strength of the enemy; after that subdue the remainder of the enemy.

                       It is not for a Prophet that he should have prisoners of war (and free them with ransom) until he had made a great slaughter (among his enemies) in 3407 3408

Sūrah Al Anfāl (8), āyāt 45-47. Sūrah Al Anfāl (8), āyāt 15-19.

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the land. You desire the good of this world (i.e. the money of ransom for freeing the captives), but Allāh desires (for you) the Hereafter. And Allāh is All-Mighty, All-Wise.3409

Love (incline) towards peace 47:31-35 Within warfare it is prohibited for the mu‟minūn to invite towards peace aforehand.                                                                         And surely, We shall try you till we test those who strive hard (for the Cause of Allāh) and the patient ones, and We shall test your facts (i.e. the one who is a liar, and the one who is truthful). Verily, those who disbelieve, and hinder (men) from the Path of Allāh (i.e. Islām), and oppose the Messenger () (by standing against him and hurting him), after the guidance has been clearly shown to them, they will not hurt Allāh in the least, but He will make their deeds fruitless, O you who believe! Obey Allāh, and obey the Messenger (Muḥammad ) and render not vain your deeds. Verily, those who disbelieve, and hinder (men) from the Path of Allāh (i.e. Islām); Then die while they are disbelievers, Allāh will not forgive them. So be not weak and ask not for peace (from the enemies of Islām), while you are having the upper hand. Allāh is with you, and will never decrease the reward of your good deeds.3410 8:61-64

If the enemy inclines towards peace it is hoped that one also incline thereto (agree to that peace).

                                          

3409 3410

Sūrah Al Anfāl (8), ayāh 67. Sūrah Muḥammad (47), āyāt 31-35.

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    

            

But if they incline to peace, you also incline to it, and (put your) trust in Allāh. Verily, He is the All-Hearer, the All-Knower. And if they intend to deceive you, then verily, Allāh is All-Sufficient for you. He it is who has supported you with His help and with the believers. And He has united their (i.e. believers‟) hearts. If you had spent all that is in the earth, you could not have united their hearts, but Allāh has united them. Certainly He is All-Mighty, All-Wise. O Prophet (Muḥammad )! Allāh is sufficient for you and for the believers who follow you.3411 4:88-91

We are forbidden to fight against a community with whom we already have a peace agreement.

                                                

          

                                                                        Then what is the matter with you that you are divided into two parties about the hypocrites? Allāh has cast them back (to disbelief) because of what they have earned. Do you want to guide him whom Allāh has made to go astray? And he whom Allāh has made to go astray, you will never find for him any way (of guidance). They wish that you reject faith, as they have rejected (faith), and thus that you all become equal (like one another). So take not Auliyāʾ (protectors or friends) from them, till they emigrate in the Way of Allāh (to Muḥammad ). But if they turn back (from Islām), take (hold) of them and kill them wherever you find them, and take neither Auliyāʾ (protectors or friends) nor 3411

Sūrah Al Anfāl (8), āyāt 61-64.

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helpers from them. Except those who join a group, between you and whom there is a treaty (of peace), or those who approach you with their breasts restraining from fighting you as well as fighting their own people. Had Allāh willed, indeed He would have given them power over you, and they would have fought you. So if they withdraw from you, and fight not against you, and offer you peace, then Allāh has opened no way for you against them. You will find others that wish to have security from you and security from their people. Every time they are sent back to temptation, they yield thereto. If they withdraw not from you, nor offer you peace, nor restrain their hands, take (hold) of them and kill them wherever you find them. In their case, We have provided you with a clear warrant against them.3412 8:58-60

If a certain community betrays their agreement, it is hoped that they return to it is a good manner.

                                                             If you (O Muḥammad ) fear treachery from any people throw back (their covenant) to them (so as to be) on equal terms (that there will be no more covenant between you and them). Certainly Allāh likes not the treacherous. And let not those who disbelieve think that they can outstrip (escape from the punishment). Verily, they will never be able to save themselves (from Allāh‟s punishment). And make ready against them all you can of power, including steeds of war (tanks, planes, missiles, artillery, etc.) to threaten the enemy of Allāh and your enemy, and others besides whom, you may not know but whom Allāh does know. And whatever you shall spend in the Cause of Allāh shall be repaid unto you, and you shall not be treated unjustly.3413 9:1-6

The muslimūn are free of responsibility towards agreements with the mushriqūn.

  

         

                             

3412 3413

Sūrah Al Nisāʾ (4), āyāt 88-91. Sūrah Al Anfāl (8), āyāt 58-60.

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                                                   



                

       

               Freedom from (all) obligations (is declared) from Allāh and His Messenger () to those of the Mushrikūn (polytheists, pagans, idolaters, disbelievers in the Oneness of Allāh), with whom you made a treaty. So travel freely (O Mushrikūn) for four months (as you will) throughout the land, but know that you cannot escape (from the punishment of) Allāh, and Allāh will disgrace the disbelievers. And a declaration from Allāh and His Messenger to mankind on the greatest day (the 10th of Dhūl-Ḥijjah - the 12th month of Islāmic calendar) that Allāh is free from (all) obligations to the Mushrikūn and so is His Messenger. So if you (Mushrikūn) repent, it is better for you, but if you turn away, then know that you cannot escape (from the punishment of) Allāh. And give tidings (O Muḥammad ) of a painful torment to those who disbelieve. Except those of the Mushrikūn with whom you have a treaty, and who have not subsequently failed you in aught, nor have supported anyone against you. So fulfill their treaty to them to the end of their term. Surely Allāh loves Al- Muttaqūn (the pious). Then when the sacred months (the Ist, 7th, 11th, and 12th months of the Islāmic calendar) have passed, then kill the Mushrikūn wherever you find them, and capture them and besiege them, and prepare for them each and every ambush. But if they repent and perform Aṣ-Ṣalāt (Iqāmat-aṣ-Ṣalāt), and give Zakāt, then leave their way free. Verily, Allāh is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful. And if anyone of the Mushrikūn (polytheists, idolaters, pagans, disbelievers in the Oneness of Allāh) seeks your protection then grant him protection, so that he may hear the word of Allāh (the Qurʾān), and then escort him to where he can be secure, that is because they are men who know not.3414 9:7-15

Whenever a mushriq does not hold to his peace agreement, this is reason for invalidation of the agreement.

           

3414

Sūrah Al Taubah (9), āyāt 1-6.

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                                          

   

       

     

   

                                   

 

                                        How can there be a covenant with Allāh and with His Messenger for the Mushrikūn (polytheists, idolaters, pagans, disbelievers in the Oneness of Allāh) except those with whom you made a covenant near Al-Masjid-al-Ḥarām (at Makkah)? So long, as they are true to you, stand you true to them. Verily, Allāh loves Al-Muttaqūn (the pious). How (can there be such a covenant with them) that when you are overpowered by them, they regard not the ties, either of kinship or of covenant with you? With (good words from) their mouths they please you, but their hearts are averse to you, and most of them are Fāsiqūn (rebellious, disobedient to Allāh). They have purchased with the Āyāt (proofs, evidences, verses, lessons, signs, revelations, etc.) of Allāh a little gain, and they hindered men from His Way; evil indeed is that which they used to do. With regard to a believer, they respect not the ties, either of kinship or of covenant! It is they who are the transgressors. But if they repent, perform Aṣ-Ṣalāt (Iqāmat-aṣ-Ṣalāt) and give Zakāt, then they are your brethren in the Deen (religion). (In this way) We explain the Āyāt (proofs, evidences, verses, lessons, signs, revelations, etc.) in detail for a people who know. But if they violate their oaths after their covenant, and attack your Deen (religion) with disapproval and criticism then fight (you) the leaders of disbelief (chiefs of Quraish - pagans of Makkah) - for surely their oaths are nothing to them - so that they may stop (evil actions). Will you not fight a people who have violated their oaths (pagans of Makkah) and intended to expel the Messenger, while they did attack you Page | 1271

first? Do you fear them? Allāh has more right that you should fear him, if you are believers. Fight against them so that Allāh will punish them by your hands and disgrace them and give you victory over them and heal the breasts of a believing people, And remove the anger of their (believers') hearts. Allāh accepts the repentance of whom He wills. Allāh is All-Knowing, All-Wise.3415

The months of Ḥarām 9:36

Allāh forbids fighting in the months of Ḥarām, that is the four months of Muḥarram, Rajab, Dhūl Ḥijjah, and Dhūl Qaʿdah.

                                         Verily, the number of months with Allāh is twelve months (in a year), so was it ordained by Allāh on the Day when He created the heavens and the earth; of them four are sacred, (i.e. the 1st, the 7th, the 11th and the 12th months of the Islāmic calendar). That is the right Deen (religion), so wrong not yourselves therein, and fight against the Mushrikūn (polytheists, pagans, idolaters, disbelievers in the Oneness of Allāh) collectively, as they fight against you collectively. But know that Allāh is with those who are Al-Muttaqūn (the pious).3416 2:217 5:2 9:37

Fighting in these months is a great sin, so do not contravene the sanctity of those months. To keep postponing the months of Ḥarām is also by law ḥarām.

                                                                 They ask you concerning fighting in the sacred months (i.e. 1st, 7th, 11th and 12th months of the Islāmic calendar). Say, “Fighting therein is a great 3415 3416

Sūrah Al Taubah (9), āyāt 7-15. Sūrah Al Taubah (9), ayāh 36.

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(transgression) but a greater (transgression) with Allāh is to prevent mankind from following the Way of Allāh, to disbelieve in Him, to prevent access to Al-Masjid-al-Ḥarām (at Makkah), and to drive out its inhabitants, and Al-Fitnah is worse than killing. And they will never cease fighting you until they turn you back from your Deen (religion) (Islāmic Monotheism) if they can. And whosoever of you turns back from his Deen (religion) and dies as a disbeliever, then his deeds will be lost in this life and in the Hereafter, and they will be the dwellers of the Fire. They will abide therein forever.”3417                                                            O you who believe! Violate not the sanctity of the Symbols of Allāh, nor of the sacred month, nor of the animals brought for sacrifice, nor the garlanded people or animals, etc. [marked by the garlands on their necks made from the outer part of the tree-stems (of Makkah) for their security], nor the people coming to the sacred House (Makkah), seeking the bounty and good pleasure of their Lord. But when you finish the Iḥrām (of Ḥajj or ʿUmrah), you may hunt, and let not the hatred of some people in (once) stopping you from Al-Masjid-al-Ḥarām (at Makkah) lead you to transgression (and hostility on your part). Help you one another in Al-Birr and AtTaqwā (virtue, righteousness and piety); but do not help one another in sin and transgression. And fear Allāh. Verily, Allāh is severe in punishment.3418                                    The postponing (of a sacred month) is indeed an addition to disbelief: thereby the disbelievers are led astray, for they make it lawful one year and forbid it another year in order to adjust the number of months forbidden by Allāh, and make such forbidden ones lawful. The evil of their deeds seems pleasing to them. And Allāh guides not the people, who disbelieve.3419 2:194 3417 3418 3419

However, when attacked in those months it is obligatory to return

Sūrah Al Baqarah (2), ayāh 217. Sūrah Al Māʾidah (5), ayāh 2. Sūrah Al Taubah (9), ayāh 37.

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5:97

that attack since qiṣāṣ occurs. It is Allāh who created those months of Ḥarām.

                         The sacred month is for the sacred month, and for the prohibited things, there is the Law of Equality (Qiṣāṣ). Then whoever transgresses the prohibition against you, you transgress likewise against him. And fear Allāh, and know that Allāh is with Al-Muttaqūn (the pious).3420                               Allāh has made the Kaʿbah, the sacred House, an asylum of security and Ḥajj and ʿUmrah (pilgrimage) for mankind, and also the sacred month and the animals of offerings and the garlanded (people or animals, etc. marked with the garlands on their necks made from the outer part of the stem of the Makkah trees for their security), that you may know that Allāh has knowledge of all that is in the heavens and all that is in the earth, and that Allāh is the AllKnower of each and everything.3421

The equipment of war 100:1-5

Allāh swears by that which runs speedily into battle (horses or other items of warfare with the potential at the time).

                 By the (steeds) that run, with panting (breath), striking sparks of fire (by their hooves), and scouring to the raid at dawn and raise the dust in clouds the while, penetrating forthwith as one into the midst (of the foe);3422 57:25 21:80

3420 3421 3422

Iron (weapons and items of war)- remember the Prophet Dawūd  who made a chain metal jacket from iron (now tanks are available).

Sūrah Al Baqarah (2), ayāh 194. Sūrah Al Māʾidah (5), ayāh 97. Sūrah Al ʿĀdiyāt (100), āyāt 1-5.

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                               Indeed We have sent Our Messengers with clear proofs, and revealed with them the Scripture and the balance (justice) that mankind may keep up justice. And We brought forth iron wherein is mighty power (in matters of war), as well as many benefits for mankind, that Allāh may test who it is that will help Him (His Religion), and His Messengers in the unseen. Verily, Allāh is All-Strong, All-Mighty.3423             And We taught him the making of metal coats of mail (for battles), to protect you in your fighting. Are you then grateful?3424 8:60

And make ready all you can of power and ask for the help of Allāh against the enemy, which „mankind‟ does not know of but Allāh knows of.

                                   And make ready against them all you can of power, including steeds of war (tanks, planes, missiles, artillery, etc.) to threaten the enemy of Allāh and your enemy, and others besides whom, you may not know but whom Allāh does know. And whatever you shall spend in the Cause of Allāh shall be repaid unto you, and you shall not be treated unjustly.3425

Ghanīmah and Fāʾi (Faiʾ) Ghanīmah is the spoils of war (war booty – the spoils of war) that has been acquired from the disbelievers during the course of battle.3426 Fāʾi is war booty obtained and acquired without engaging in combat.3427 Sūrah Al Ḥadīd (57), ayāh 25. Sūrah Al Anbiyā‟ (21), ayāh 80. Sūrah Al Anfāl (8), ayāh 60. 3426 Ghanīmah...what is obtained from the believers in a plurality of gods, by force, during war... Lane, Edward William, An Arabic-English Lexicon, Librairie du Liban, Beirut, 1968, p. 2301. http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume6/00000085.pdf 3427 Fāʾi...such as Allāh has restored [as though it were theirs of right] to the people of His religion, of the possessions of those who have opposed them, without fighting, either by the latter's quitting their home and leaving them vacant to the Muslims, or by their making peace on the condition of paying a poll-tax or other money or property to save themselves from slaughter... Lane, Edward William, An Arabic-English Lexicon, Librairie du Liban, Beirut, 1968, p. 2468. http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume6/00000252.pdf 3423 3424 3425

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8:1 8:41

The division of ghanīmah has already been commanded by Allāh and His messenger , as sanctioned in various Āyāt.

                      They ask you (O Muḥammad ) about the spoils of war. Say: “The spoils are for Allāh and the Messenger.” So fear Allāh and adjust all matters of difference among you, and obey Allāh and His Messenger (Muḥammad ), if you are believers.3428                                     And know that whatever of war-booty that you may gain, verily one-fifth (1/5th) of it is assigned to Allāh, and to the Messenger, and to the near relatives [of the Messenger (Muḥammad )], (and also) the orphans, Al-Masākīn (the poor) and the wayfarer, if you have believed in Allāh and in that which We sent down to Our slave (Muḥammad ) on the Day of Criterion (between right and wrong), the Day when the two forces met (the battle of Badr) - and Allāh is Able to do all things.3429 8:69

Ghanīmah is inclusive of ḥalāl food.              

So enjoy what you have gotten of booty in war, lawful and good, and be afraid of Allāh. Certainly, Allāh is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful.3430 59:6-8

These Āyāt explain the way to divide fāʾi and its benefits.

                                                                3428 3429 3430

        

Sūrah Al Anfāl (8), ayāh 1. Sūrah Al Anfāl (8), ayāh 41. Sūrah Al Anfāl (8), ayāh 69.

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               And what Allāh gave as booty (Fai'ʾ to His Messenger (Muḥammad ) from them, for which you made no expedition with either cavalry or camelry. But Allāh gives power to His Messengers over whomsoever He wills. And Allāh is Able to do all things. What Allāh gave as booty (Faiʾ) to His Messenger (Muḥammad ) from the people of the townships, - it is for Allāh, His Messenger (Muḥammad ), the kindred (of Messenger Muḥammad ), the orphans, AlMasākīn (the poor), and the wayfarer, in order that it may not become a fortune used by the rich among you. And whatsoever the Messenger (Muḥammad ) gives you, take it, and whatsoever he forbids you, abstain (from it), and fear Allāh. Verily, Allāh is Severe in punishment. (And there is also a share in this booty) for the poor emigrants, who were expelled from their homes and their property, seeking bounties from Allāh and to please Him. And helping Allāh (i.e. helping His religion) and His Messenger (Muḥammad ). Such are indeed the truthful (to what they say);-3431

Prisoners of war 47:1-4 8:67-69 8:70-71

Captured prisoners after having been defeated may be freed or receive ransom from them until the war ends; do not capture them them before having incapacitated their strength since that would only be in order to seek worldly profits; give daʿwah to the captured.

                                          

         

                                     Those who disbelieve [in the Oneness of Allāh, and in the message of Prophet Muḥammad ], and hinder (men) from the Path of Allāh (Islāmic Monotheism), He will render their deeds vain . But those who believe and do righteous good deeds, and believe in that 3431

Sūrah Al Ḥashr (59), āyāt 6-8.

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which is sent down to Muḥammad (), for it is the truth from their Lord, He will expiate from them their sins, and will make good their state. That is because those who disbelieve follow falsehood, while those who believe follow the truth from their Lord. Thus does Allāh set forth their parables for mankind. So, when you meet (in fight - Jihād in Allāh‟s Cause), those who disbelieve smite at their necks till when you have killed and wounded many of them, then bind a bond firmly (on them, i.e. take them as captives). Thereafter (is the time) either for generosity (i.e. free them without ransom), or ransom (according to what benefits Islām), until the war lays down its burden. Thus [you are ordered by Allāh to continue in carrying out Jihād against the disbelievers till they embrace Islām (i.e. are saved from the punishment in the Hell-fire) or at least come under your protection], but if it had been Allāh‟s will, He himself could certainly have punished them (without you). But (He lets you fight), in order to test you, some with others. But those who are killed in the Way of Allāh, He will never let their deeds be lost,3432                                                 It is not for a Prophet that he should have prisoners of war (and free them with ransom) until he had made a great slaughter (among his enemies) in the land. You desire the good of this world (i.e. the money of ransom for freeing the captives), but Allāh desires (for you) the Hereafter. And Allāh is All-Mighty, All-Wise. Were it not a previous ordainment from Allāh, a severe torment would have touched you for what you took. So enjoy what you have gotten of booty in war, lawful and good, and be afraid of Allāh. Certainly, Allāh is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful.3433                  

                      

O Prophet! Say to the captives that are in your hands: “If Allāh knows any good in your hearts, He will give you something better than what has been taken from you, and He will forgive you, and Allāh is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful.” But if they intend to betray you (O Muḥammad ), they have already betrayed Allāh before. So He gave (you) power over them. And Allāh is 3432 3433

Sūrah Muḥammad (47), āyāt 1-4. Sūrah Al Anfāl (8), āyāt 67-69.

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All-Knower, All-Wise.3434

Shuhadāʾ – martyrs 9:111

Allāh recompenses the wealth of people who fight in His way with Paradise.

                                             Verily, Allāh has purchased of the believers their lives and their properties; for the price that theirs shall be the Paradise. They fight in Allāh‟s Cause, so they kill (others) and are killed. It is a promise in truth which is binding on Him in the Taurāt (Torah) and the Injeel (Gospel) and the Qurʾān. And who is truer to His Covenant than Allāh? Then rejoice in the bargain which you have concluded. That is the supreme success.3435 33:23 4:74 2:154 3:169-172 4:69

Huge rewards are for those people who take part in fighting; whether they lose or win, whether they be kill or are killed; those people who fall (die) liev in a different world with full blessings to gladden their hearts; and they are included within the group which is favoured with the blessings of Allāh.

                     Among the believers are men who have been true to their covenant with Allāh [i.e. they have gone out for Jihād (holy fighting), and showed not their backs to the disbelievers], of them some have fulfilled their obligations (i.e. have been martyred), and some of them are still waiting, but they have never changed [i.e.they never proved treacherous to their covenant which they concluded with Allāh] in the least.3436                         Let those (believers) who sell the life of this world for the Hereafter fight in the Cause of Allāh, and whoso fights in the Cause of Allāh, and is killed or 3434 3435 3436

Sūrah Al Anfāl (8), āyāt 70-71. Sūrah Al Taubah (9), ayāh 111. Sūrah Al Aḥzāb (33), ayāh 23.

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gets victory, We shall bestow on him a great reward.3437                And say not of those who are killed in the Way of Allāh, “They are dead.” Nay, they are living, but you perceive (it) not.3438                                                   

    

         Think not of those who are killed in the Way of Allāh as dead. Nay, they are alive, with their Lord, and they have provision. They rejoice in what Allāh has bestowed upon them of His Bounty, rejoicing for the sake of those who have not yet joined them, but are left behind (not yet martyred) that on them no fear shall come, nor shall they grieve. They rejoice in a grace and a bounty from Allāh, and that Allāh will not waste the reward of the believers. Those who answered (the call of) Allāh and the Messenger (Muḥammad ) after being wounded; for those of them who did good deeds and feared Allāh, there is a great reward.3439                     And whoso obeys Allāh and the Messenger (Muḥammad ), then they will be in the company of those on whom Allāh has bestowed His Grace, of the Prophets, the Ṣiddīqūn (those followers of the Prophets who were first and foremost to believe in them, like Abu Bakr Aṣ-Ṣiddiq ), the martyrs, and the righteous. And how excellent these companions are!3440

Ṣalāt within battle 4:101-104 Within whatever state it is obligatory for „mankind‟ to perform ṣalāt; there is a manner of performing ṣalāt at the time of war as classified in these Āyāt.

Sūrah Al Nisāʾ (4), ayāh 74. Sūrah Al Baqarah (2), ayāh 154. Sūrah Āl ʿImrān (3), āyāt 169-172. 3440 Sūrah Al Nisāʾ (4), ayāh 69. 3437 3438 3439

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                                                                               

            

                                                And when you (Muslims) travel in the land, there is no sin on you if you shorten your Ṣalāt (prayer) if you fear that the disbelievers may attack you, verily, the disbelievers are ever unto you open enemies. When you (O Messenger Muḥammad ) are among them, and lead them in Aṣ-Ṣalāt (the prayer), let one party of them stand up [in Ṣalāt (prayer)] with you taking their arms with them; when they finish their prostrations, let them take their positions in the rear and let the other party come up which has not yet prayed, and let them pray with you taking all the precautions and bearing arms. Those who disbelieve wish, if you were negligent of your arms and your baggage, to attack you in a single rush, but there is no sin on you if you put away your arms because of the inconvenience of rain or because you are ill, but take every precaution for yourselves. Verily, Allāh has prepared a humiliating torment for the disbelievers. When you have finished Aṣ-Ṣalāt (the prayer - congregational), remember Allāh standing, sitting down, and lying down on your sides, but when you are free from danger, perform Aṣ-Ṣalāt (Iqāmataṣ-Ṣalāt). Verily, the prayer is enjoined on the believers at fixed hours. And don‟t be weak in the pursuit of the enemy; if you are suffering (hardships) then surely, they (too) are suffering (hardships) as you are suffering, but you have a hope from Allāh (for the Reward, i.e. Paradise) that for which they hope not, and Allāh is ever AllKnowing, AllWise.3441

Dislike of war There are some people who whenever commanded to perform jihād feel 3441

Sūrah Al Nisāʾ (4), āyāt 101-104.

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dislike (of it) and do not want to go (take part in it). If (when) a party of the muʾminūn win they (those just mentioned) are jealous and state that had they gone then it would have been a great victory. Furthermore, whenever a party of the muʾminūn suffers a loss they (those mentioned) are content (pleased) and do not feel at all saddened by it. 4:72-76 9:38-52 9:56-57 9:81-83 9:86-87 33:13-20 48:11-16                            

 

                                                                                      There is certainly among you he who would linger behind (from fighting in Allāh‟s Cause). If a misfortune befalls you, he says, “Indeed Allāh has favoured me in that I was not present among them.” But if a bounty (victory and booty) comes to you from Allāh, he would surely say - as if there had never been ties of affection between you and him – “Oh! I wish I had been with them; Then I would have achieved a great success ( a good share of booty).” Let those (believers) who sell the life of this world for the Hereafter fight in the Cause of Allāh, and whoso fights in the Cause of Allāh, and is killed or gets victory, We shall bestow on him a great reward. And what is wrong with you that you fight not in the Cause of Allāh, and for those weak, ill-treated and oppressed among men, women, and children, whose cry is: “Our Lord! Rescue us from this town whose people are oppressors; and raise for us from You one who will protect, and raise for us from You one who will help.” Those who believe, fight in the Cause of Allāh, and those who disbelieve, fight in the Cause of Ṭāghūt (Satan, etc.). So fight you against the friends of

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Shaiṭān (Satan); ever feeble indeed is the plot of Shaiṭān (Satan).3442                                                  

      

 

                                   

 

  

       

                                   

  

         

                                    



  

              

3442

Sūrah Al Nisāʾ (4), āyāt 72-76.

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 

          

                       O you who believe! What is the matter with you, that when you are asked to march forth in the Cause of Allāh (i.e. Jihād) you cling heavily to the earth? Are you pleased with the life of this world rather than the Hereafter? But little is the enjoyment of the life of this world as compared with the Hereafter. If you march not forth, He will punish you with a painful torment and will replace you by another people, and you cannot harm Him at all, and Allāh is Able to do all things. If you help him (Muḥammad ) not (it does not matter), for Allāh did indeed help him when the disbelievers drove him out, the second of two, when they (Muḥammad  and Abu Bakr ) were in the cave, and he () said to his companion (Abu Bakr ): “Be not sad (or afraid), surely Allāh is with us.” Then Allāh sent down His Sakīnah (calmness, tranquillity, peace, etc.) upon him, and strengthened him with forces (angels) which you saw not, and made the word of those who disbelieved the lowermost, while it was the word of Allāh that became the uppermost, and Allāh is All-Mighty, All-Wise. March forth, whether you are light (being healthy, young and wealthy) or heavy (being ill, old and poor), strive hard with your wealth and your lives in the Cause of Allāh. This is better for you, if you but knew. Had it been a near gain (booty in front of them) and an easy journey, they would have followed you, but the distance (Tabūk expedition) was long for them, and they would swear by Allāh, “If we only could, we would certainly have come forth with you.” They destroy their ownselves, and Allāh knows that they are liars. May Allāh forgive you (O Muḥammad ). Why did you grant them leave (for remaining behind, you should have persisted as regards your order to them to proceed on Jihād), until those who told the truth were seen by you in a clear light, and you had known the liars? Those who believe in Allāh and the Last Day would not ask your leave to be exempted from fighting with their properties and their lives, and Allāh is the All-Knower of Al-Muttaqūn (the pious). It is only those who believe not in Allāh and the Last Day and whose hearts are in doubt that ask your leave (to be exempted from Jihād). So in their doubts they waver. And if they had intended to march out, certainly, they would have made some preparation for it, but Allāh was averse to their being sent forth, so He made them lag behind, and it was said (to them), “Sit you among those who sit (at home).” Had they marched out with you, they would have added to you nothing except disorder, and they would have hurried about in your midst (spreading corruption) and sowing sedition among you, and there are some among you who would have listened to them. And Allāh is the All-Knower of the Ẓālimūn (polytheists and wrong-doers, etc.). Verily, they had plotted sedition before, and had upset matters for you, Page | 1284

until the truth (victory) came and the decree of Allāh (His religion, Islām) became manifest though they hated it. And among them is he who says:”Grant me leave (to be exempted from Jihād) and put me not into trial.” Surely, they have fallen into trial. And verily, Hell is surrounding the disbelievers. If good befalls you (O Muḥammad ), it grieves them, but if a calamity overtakes you, they say: “We took our precaution beforehand,” and they turn away rejoicing. Say: “Nothing shall ever happen to us except what Allāh has ordained for us. He is our Maulā (Lord, Helper and Protector).” And in Allāh let the believers put their trust. Say: “Do you wait for Us (anything) except one of the two best things (martyrdom or victory); while We Await for you either that Allāh will afflict you with a punishment from Himself or at Our hands. So wait, We too are waiting with you.”3443 

                     

They swear by Allāh that they are truly of you while they are not of you, but they are a people (hypocrites) who are afraid (that you may kill them). Should they find a refuge, or caves, or a place of concealment, they would turn straightway thereto with a swift rush.3444                             

        

 

                          Those who stayed away (from Tabūk expedition) rejoiced in their staying behind the Messenger of Allāh; they hated to strive and fight with their properties and their lives in the Cause of Allāh, and they said: “March not forth in the heat.” Say: “The Fire of Hell is more intense in heat”, if only they could understand! So let them laugh a little and (they will) cry much as a recompense of what they used to earn (by committing sins). If Allāh brings you back to a party of them (the hypocrites), and they ask your permission to go out (to fight), say: “Never shall you go out with me, nor fight an enemy with me; You agreed to sit inactive on the first occasion, then you sit (now) with those who lag behind.”3445

3443 3444 3445

Sūrah Al Taubah (9), āyāt 38-52. Sūrah Al Taubah (9), āyāt 56-57. Sūrah Al Taubah (9), āyāt 81-83.

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                   

          

And when a Sūrah (chapter from the Qurʾān) is revealed, enjoining them to believe in Allāh and to strive hard and fight along with His Messenger, the wealthy among them ask your leave to exempt them (from Jihād) and say, “Leave us (behind), we would be with those who sit (at home).” They are content to be with those (the women) who sit behind (at home). Their hearts are sealed up (from all kinds of goodness and right guidance), so they understand not.3446                                                                                                                    

       

                                                           And when a party of them said: “O people of Yathrib (Al-Madinah)! There is no stand (possible) for you (against the enemy attack!) Therefore go back!” And a band of them ask for permission of the Prophet () saying: “Truly, our homes lie open (to the enemy).” And they lay not open. They but wished to flee. 3446

Sūrah Al Taubah (9), āyāt 86-86.

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And if the enemy had entered from all sides (of the city), and they had been exhorted to Al-Fitnah (i.e. to renegade from Islām to polytheism) they would surely have committed it and would have hesitated thereupon but little. And indeed they had already made a covenant with Allāh not to turn their backs, and a covenant with Allāh must be answered for. Say (O Muḥammad  to these hypocrites who ask your permission to run away from you): “Flight will not avail you if you flee from death or killing, and then you will enjoy no more than a little while!” Say: “Who is he who can protect you from Allāh if He intends to harm you, or intends Mercy on you?” And they will not find, besides Allāh, for themselves any Walīy (Protector, Supporter, etc.) or any helper. Allāh already knows those among you who keep back (men) from fighting in Allāh‟s Cause, and those who say to their brethren “Come here towards us,” while they (themselves) come not to the battle except a little. Being miserly towards you (as regards help and aid in Allāh‟s Cause). Then when fear comes, you will see them looking to you, their eyes revolving like (those of) one over whom hovers death, but when the fear departs, they will smite you with sharp tongues, miserly towards (spending anything in any) good (and only covetous of booty and wealth). Such have not believed. Therefore Allāh makes their deeds fruitless, and that is ever easy for Allāh. They think that Al-Aḥzāb (the Confederates) have not yet withdrawn, and if Al-Aḥzāb (the Confederates) should come (again), they would wish they were in the deserts (wandering) among the bedouins, seeking news about you (from a far place); and if they (happen) to be among you, they would not fight but little.3447                               

             

                 

     

                                                                    

3447

Sūrah Al Aḥzāb (33), āyāt 13-20.

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                  Those of the bedouins who lagged behind will say to you: “Our possessions and our families occupied us, so ask forgiveness for us.” They say with their tongues what is not in their hearts. Say: “Who then has any power at all (to intervene) on your behalf with Allāh, if He intends you hurt or intends you benefit? Nay, but Allāh is ever All-Aware of what you do. “Nay, but you thought that the Messenger () and the believers would never return to their families; and that was made fair-seeming in their hearts, and you did think an evil thought and you became a useless people going for destruction.” And whosoever does not believe in Allāh and His Messenger (Muḥammad ), then verily, We have prepared for the disbelievers a blazing Fire . And to Allāh belongs the sovereignty of the heavens and the earth, He forgives whom He wills, and punishes whom He wills. And Allāh is ever Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful. Those who lagged behind will say, when you set forth to take the spoils, “Allow us to follow you,” they want to change Allāh‟s words. Say: “You shall not follow us; Thus Allāh has said beforehand.” Then they will say: “Nay, you envy us.” Nay, but they understand not except a little. Say (O Muḥammad ) to the bedouins who lagged behind: “You shall be called to fight against a people given to great warfare, then you shall fight them, or they shall surrender. Then if you obey, Allāh will give you a fair reward, but if you turn away as you did turn away before, He will punish you with a painful torment.”3448

The time of glory and the destruction of the community 3:140-141                                   If a wound (and killing) has touched you, be sure a similar wound (and killing) has touched the others. And so are the days (good and not so good), We give to men by turns, that Allāh may test those who believe, and that He may take martyrs from among you. And Allāh likes not the Ẓālimūn (polytheists and wrong-doers). And that Allāh may test (or purify) the believers (from sins) and destroy the disbelievers. 3449

3448 3449

Sūrah Al Fatḥ (48), āyāt 11-16. Sūrah Āl ʿImrān (3), āyāt 140-141.

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Narratives of war and peace Battle of Badr – 2H 8:5-6

The muslimūn received the command to fight against the disbelievers.

                         As your Lord caused you (O Muḥammad ) to go out from your home with the truth, and verily, a party among the believers disliked it; Disputing with you concerning the truth after it was made manifest, as if they were being driven to death, while they were looking (at it).3450 8:42-44 3:13

Allāh showers His mercy upon the muslimūn; and weakens (makes benign) the deceit of the disbelievers.

                        

              

                 

        

                (And remember) when you (the Muslim army) were on the near side of the valley, and they on the farther side, and the caravan on the ground lower than you. Even if you had made a mutual appointment to meet, you would certainly have failed in the appointment, but (you met) that Allāh might accomplish a matter already ordained (in His Knowledge); so that those who were to be destroyed (for their rejecting the faith) might be destroyed after a clear evidence, and those who were to live (i.e. believers) might live after a clear evidence. And surely, Allāh is All-Hearer, All-Knower. (And remember) when Allāh showed them to you as few in your (i.e. Muḥammad‟s ) dream, if He had shown them to you as many, you would surely have been discouraged, and you would surely have disputed in making a decision. But Allāh saved (you). Certainly, He is the All-Knower of what is in the breasts. 3450

Sūrah Al Anfāl (8), āyāt 5-6.

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And (remember) when you met (the army of the disbelievers on the day of the Battle of Badr), He showed them to you as few in your eyes and He made you appear as few in their eyes, so that Allāh might accomplish a matter already ordained (in His Knowledge), and to Allāh return all matters (for decision).3451                                  There has already been a sign for you (O Jews) in the two armies that met (in combat i.e. the Battle of Badr): one was fighting in the Cause of Allāh, and as for the other (they) were disbelievers. They (the believers) saw them (the disbelievers) with their own eyes twice their number (although they were thrice their number). And Allāh supports with His victory whom He pleases. Verily, in this is a lesson for those who understand. (See Verse 8:44). (Tafsir At-Tabarī)3452 8:7-14

Allāh bestows help towards the muslimūn in the form of rain, a feeling of slumber (security), and angels to strengthen the stance 3:123-129 of the muslimūn. Consequently this war was won by a contingent of the muslimūn.             

           

        

      

       

                                                                   

3451 3452

           

Sūrah Al Anfāl (8), āyāt 42-44. Sūrah Āl ʿImrān (3), ayāh 13.

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      And (remember) when Allāh promised you (Muslims) one of the two parties (of the enemy i.e. either the army or the caravan) that it should be yours, you wished that the one not armed (the caravan) should be yours, but Allāh willed to justify the truth by His Words and to cut off the roots of the disbelievers (i.e. in the Battle of Badr). That He might cause the truth to triumph and bring falsehood to nothing, even though the Mujrimūn (disbelievers, polytheists, sinners, criminals, etc.) hate it. (Remember) when you sought help of your Lord and He answered you (saying): “I will help you with a thousand of the angels each behind the other (following one another) in succession.” Allāh made it only as glad tidings, and that your hearts be at rest therewith. And there is no victory except from Allāh. Verily, Allāh is All-Mighty, All-Wise. (Remember) when He covered you with a slumber as a security from Him, and He caused water (rain) to descend on you from the sky, to clean you thereby and to remove from you the Rijz (whispering, evil-suggestions, etc.) of Shaiṭān (Satan), and to strengthen your hearts, and make your feet firm thereby. (Remember) when your Lord inspired the angels, “Verily, I am with you, so keep firm those who have believed. I will cast terror into the hearts of those who have disbelieved, so strike them over the necks, and smite over all their fingers and toes.” This is because they defied and disobeyed Allāh and His Messenger. And whoever defies and disobeys Allāh and His Messenger, then verily, Allāh is severe in punishment. This is the torment, so taste it, and surely for the disbelievers is the torment of the Fire.  

           

                                    

  

                                                  And Allāh has already made you victorious at Badr, when you were a weak little force. So fear Allāh much [abstain from all kinds of sins and evil deeds which He has forbidden and love Allāh much, perform all kinds of good Page | 1291

deeds which He has ordained] that you may be grateful. (Remember) when you (Muḥammad ) said to the believers, “Is it not enough for you that your Lord (Allāh) should help you with three thousand angels; sent down?” “Yes, if you hold on to patience and piety, and the enemy comes rushing at you; Your Lord will help you with five thousand angels having marks (of distinction).” Allāh made it not but as a message of good news for you and as an assurance to your hearts. And there is no victory except from Allāh, the All-Mighty, the All-Wise. That He might cut off a part of those who disbelieve, or expose them to infamy, so that they retire frustrated. Not for you (O Muḥammad , but for Allāh) is the decision; whether He turns in mercy to (pardons) them or punishes them; Verily, they are the Ẓālimūn (polytheists, disobedients, and wrong-doers, etc.). And to Allāh belongs all that is in the heavens and all that is in the earth. He forgives whom He wills, and punishes whom He wills. And Allāh is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful.3453

Battle of Uḥud – 3H 3:121-129 Allāh reminded the muslimūn at the time of the Battle of Uḥud of the help He bestowed to them at the time of the Battle of Badr; it is therefore hoped that the muslimūn will be patient. 

            

              

  

                                                  And (remember) when you (Muḥammad ) left your household in the morning to post the believers at their stations for the battle (of Uḥud). And 3453

Sūrah Āl ʿImrān (3), āyāt 123-129.

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Allāh is All-Hearer, All-Knower. When two parties from among you were about to lose heart, but Allāh was their Walīy (Supporter and Protector). And in Allāh should the believers put their trust. And Allāh has already made you victorious at Badr, when you were a weak little force. So fear Allāh much [abstain from all kinds of sins and evil deeds which He has forbidden and love Allāh much, perform all kinds of good deeds which He has ordained] that you may be grateful. (Remember) when you (Muḥammad ) said to the believers, “Is it not enough for you that your Lord (Allāh) should help you with three thousand angels; sent down?” “Yes, if you hold on to patience and piety, and the enemy comes rushing at you; Your Lord will help you with five thousand angels having marks (of distinction).” Allāh made it not but as a message of good news for you and as an assurance to your hearts. And there is no victory except from Allāh, the All-Mighty, the All-Wise. That He might cut off a part of those who disbelieve, or expose them to infamy, so that they retire frustrated. Not for you (O Muḥammad , but for Allāh) is the decision; whether He turns in mercy to (pardons) them or punishes them; Verily, they are the Ẓālimūn (polytheists, disobedients, and wrong-doers, etc.). And to Allāh belongs all that is in the heavens and all that is in the earth. He forgives whom He wills, and punishes whom He wills. And Allāh is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful.3454 3:137-148 Allāh reminded the Muslimūn not to denounce His Messenger .                   

      

                             

      

  

             

            

                

             

               3454

Sūrah Āl ʿImrān (3), āyāt 121-129.

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  

          

                                 

                 

Many similar ways (and mishaps of life) were faced by nations (believers and disbelievers) that have passed away before you (as you have faced in the battle of Uḥud), so travel through the earth, and see what was the end of those who disbelieved (in the Oneness of Allāh, and disobeyed Him and His Messengers). This (the Qurʾān) is a plain statement for mankind, a guidance and instruction to those who are Al-Muttaqūn (the pious). So do not become weak (against your enemy), nor be sad, and you will be superior (in victory) if you are indeed (true) believers. If a wound (and killing) has touched you, be sure a similar wound (and killing) has touched the others. And so are the days (good and not so good), We give to men by turns, that Allāh may test those who believe, and that He may take martyrs from among you. And Allāh likes not the Ẓālimūn (polytheists and wrong-doers). And that Allāh may test (or purify) the believers (from sins) and destroy the disbelievers. Do you think that you will enter Paradise before Allāh tests those of you who fought (in His Cause) and (also) tests those who are Aṣ-Ṣābirīn (the patient ones, etc.)? You did indeed wish for death (Ash-Shahḥdah - martyrdom) before you met it. Now you have seen it openly with your own eyes. Muḥammad () is no more than a Messenger, and indeed (many) Messengers have passed away before him. If he dies or is killed, will you then turn back on your heels (as disbelievers)? And he who turns back on his heels, not the least harm will he do to Allāh, and Allāh will give reward to those who are grateful. And no person can ever die except by Allāh‟s leave and at an appointed term. And whoever desires a reward in (this) world, We shall give him of it; and whoever desires a reward in the Hereafter, We shall give him thereof. And We shall reward the grateful. And many a Prophet (i.e. many from amongst the Prophets) fought (in Allāh‟s Cause) and along with Him (fought) large bands of religious learned men. But they never lost heart for that which did befall them in Allāh‟s way, nor did they weaken nor degrade themselves. And Allāh loves Aṣ-Ṣābirīn (the patient ones, etc.). And they said nothing but: “Our Lord! Forgive us our sins and our transgressions (in keeping our duties to You), establish our feet firmly, and give us victory over the disbelieving folk.” So Allāh gave them the reward of this world, and the excellent reward of the

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Hereafter. And Allāh loves Al-Muḥsinūn (the gooddoers).3455 3:149-151 Allāh commanded the Muslimūn to always be wary of the disbelievers.                                            O you who believe! If you obey those who disbelieve, they will send you back on your heels, and you will turn back (from faith) as losers. Nay, Allāh is your Maulā (Patron, Lord, Helper and Protector, etc.), and He is the best of helpers. We shall cast terror into the hearts of those who disbelieve, because they joined others in Worship with Allāh, for which He had sent no authority; their abode will be the Fire and how evil is the abode of the Ẓālimūn (polytheists and wrong-doers).3456 3:152-155 Since the Muslimūn disagreed over the judgement to engage in that battle and did not want to follow the command of the Prophet , as well as there being some who only desired the booty, Allāh did not allow the Muslimūn to win this battle.                                                   

  

                                                                             

3455 3456

Sūrah Āl ʿImrān (3), āyāt 137-148. Sūrah Āl ʿImrān (3), āyāt 149-151.

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                

          

                      And Allāh did indeed fulfil His Promise to you when you were killing them (your enemy) with His Permission; until (the moment) you lost your courage and fell to disputing about the order, and disobeyed after He showed you (of the booty) which you love. Among you are some that desire this world and some that desire the Hereafter. Then He made you flee from them (your enemy), that He might test you. But surely, He forgave you, and Allāh is Most Gracious to the believers. (And remember) when you ran away (dreadfully) without even casting a side glance at anyone, and the Messenger (Muḥammad ) was in your rear calling you back. There did Allāh give you one distress after another by way of requital to teach you not to grieve for that which had escaped you, nor for that which had befallen you. And Allāh is WellAware of all that you do. Then after the distress, He sent down security for you. Slumber overtook a party of you, while another party was thinking about themselves (as how to save their ownselves, ignoring the others and the Prophet ) and thought wrongly of Allāh - the thought of ignorance. They said, “Have we any part in the affair?” Say you (O Muḥammad ): “Indeed the affair belongs wholly to Allāh.” They hide within themselves what they dare not reveal to you, saying: “If we had anything to do with the affair, none of us would have been killed here.” Say: “Even if you had remained in your homes, those for whom death was decreed would certainly have gone forth to the place of their death,” but that Allāh might test what is in your breasts; and to Maḥiṣ that which was in your hearts (sins), and Allāh is AllKnower of what is in (your) breasts. Those of you who turned back on the day the two hosts met (i.e. the Battle of Uḥud), it was Shaiṭān (Satan) who caused them to backslide (run away from the battlefield) because of some (sins) they had earned. But Allāh, indeed, has forgiven them. Surely, Allāh is Oft-Forgiving, Most Forbearing.3457 3:159-164 Allāh reminded the Prophet  to forgive the Muslimūn and ask for their forgiveness; and to consult them in the affairs of that battle.                                               

3457

Sūrah Āl ʿImrān (3), āyāt 152-155.

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                                                                                    And by the Mercy of Allāh, you dealt with them gently. And had you been severe and harsh-hearted, they would have broken away from about you; so pass over (their faults), and ask (Allāh‟s) forgiveness for them; and consult them in the affairs. Then when you have taken a decision, put your trust in Allāh, certainly, Allāh loves those who put their trust (in Him). If Allāh helps you, none can overcome you; and if He forsakes you, who is there after Him that can help you? And in Allāh (Alone) let believers put their trust. It is not for any Prophet to take illegally a part of booty (Ghulūl), and whosoever deceives his companions as regards the booty, he shall bring forth on the Day of Resurrection that which he took (illegally). Then every person shall be paid in full what he has earned, - and they shall not be dealt with unjustly. Is then one who follows (seeks) the good pleasure of Allāh (by not taking illegally a part of the booty) like the one who draws on himself the Wrath of Allāh (by taking a part of the booty illegally - Ghulūl)? - his abode is Hell, and worst, indeed is that destination! They are in varying grades with Allāh, and Allāh is AllSeer of what they do. Indeed Allāh conferred a great favour on the believers when He sent among them a Messenger (Muḥammad ) from among themselves, reciting unto them His Verses (the Qurʾān), and purifying them (from sins by their following Him), and instructing them (in) the Book (the Qurʾān) and Al-Ḥikmah [the wisdom and the Sunnah of the Prophet (i.e. his legal ways, statements, acts of worship, etc.)], while before that they had been in manifest error.3458 3:169-175 Allāh bestowed rewards upon the Muslimūn who fought in the Battle of „Little Badr‟, which took place after the Battle of Uḥud, around 4H.                             

3458

Sūrah Āl ʿImrān (3), āyāt 159-164.

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                     

    

                                                   

   

Think not of those who are killed in the Way of Allāh as dead. Nay, they are alive, with their Lord, and they have provision. They rejoice in what Allāh has bestowed upon them of His Bounty, rejoicing for the sake of those who have not yet joined them, but are left behind (not yet martyred) that on them no fear shall come, nor shall they grieve. They rejoice in a grace and a bounty from Allāh, and that Allāh will not waste the reward of the believers. Those who answered (the call of) Allāh and the Messenger (Muḥammad ) after being wounded; for those of them who did good deeds and feared Allāh, there is a great reward. Those (i.e. believers) unto whom the people (hypocrites) said, “Verily, the people (pagans) have gathered against you (a great army), therefore, fear them.” But it (only) increased them in faith, and they said: “Allāh (Alone) is sufficient for us, and He is the best Disposer of Affairs (for us).” So they returned with grace and bounty from Allāh. No harm touched them; and they followed the good pleasure of Allāh. And Allāh is the Owner of Great Bounty. It is only Shaiṭān (Satan) that suggests to you the fear of his Auliyāʾ [supporters and friends (polytheists, disbelievers in the Oneness of Allāh and in His Messenger, Muḥammad )], so fear them not, but fear Me, if you are (true) believers.3459

The expulsion of the Yahūdī from Banī an Naḍīr and Banī al Qainuqāʿ 2:109 5:11

The objective of the yahūdī3460 was a desire to have the Muʾminūn return to disbelief (state of); the yahūdī of the Banī an Naḍīr wanted to kill the Prophet Muḥammad  but were found out.

             

3459 3460

Sūrah Āl ʿImrān (3), āyāt 169-175. Yahūdī, sing. Yahūd, Jews, Jew.

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                      Many of the people of the Scripture (Jews and Christians) wish that if they could turn you away as disbelievers after you have believed, out of envy from their ownselves, even, after the truth (that Muḥammad  is Allāh‟s Messenger) has become manifest unto them. But forgive and overlook, till Allāh brings His Command. Verily, Allāh is Able to do all things.3461                           O you who believe! Remember the Favour of Allāh unto you when some people desired (made a plan) to stretch out their hands against you, but (Allāh) withheld their hands from you. So fear Allāh. And in Allāh let believers put their trust.3462 59:11-14 The Munafiqūn did not fulfil their promise, that is they did not go together with the Banī an Naḍīr after they were expelled from Madinah.                                           

       

                                     Have you (O Muḥammad ) not observed the hypocrites who say to their friends among the People of the Scripture who disbelieve: “(By Allāh) if you are expelled, we (too) indeed will go out with you, and we shall never obey any one against you, and if you are attacked (in fight), we shall indeed help you.” But Allāh is witness, that they verily, are liars. Surely, if they (the Jews) are expelled, never will they (hypocrites) go out with them, and if they are attacked, they will never help them. And if they do help them, they (hypocrites) will turn their backs, so they will not be victorious. Verily, you (believers in the Oneness of Allāh - Islāmic Monotheism) are 3461 3462

Sūrah Al Baqarah (2), ayāh 109. Sūrah Al Māʾidah (5), ayāh 11.

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more awful as a fear in their (Jews of Banī An-Naḍīr) breasts than Allāh. That is because they are a people who comprehend not (the Majesty and Power of Allāh). They fight not against you even together, except in fortified townships, or from behind walls. Their enmity among themselves is very great. You would think they were united, but their hearts are divided, that is because they are a people who understand not.3463 59:15-17 The expulsion of the Banī an Naḍīr (4H) was like the expulsion that occurred to the Banī al Qainuqāʿ (2H). 

            

                             They are like their immediate predecessors (the Jews of Banī Qainuqūʿ, who suffered), they tasted the evil result of their conduct, and (in the Hereafter, there is) for them a painful torment;(Their allies deceived them) like Shaiṭān (Satan), when he says to man: “Disbelieve in Allāh.” But when (man) disbelieves in Allāh, Shaiṭān (Satan) says: “I am free of you, I fear Allāh, the Lord of the ʿĀlamīn (mankind, jinns and all that exists)!” So the end of both will be that they will be in the Fire, abiding therein. Such is the recompense of the Ẓālimūn (i.e. polytheists, wrong-doers, disbelievers in Allāh and in His Oneness, etc.).3464

The Battle of Al Aḥzāb (Battle of Confederates)/Battle of the Khandaq - Trench) - 5H 33:9-12

The help of Allāh for the Muslimūn at the time of the Battle of Al Aḥzāb came in the form of wind and an army of angels.

                                                             O you who believe! Remember Allāh‟s Favour to you, when there came against you hosts, and We sent against them a wind and forces that you saw 3463 3464

Sūrah Al Ḥashr (59), āyāt 11-14. Sūrah Al Ḥashr (59), āyāt 15-17.

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not [i.e. troops of angels during the battle of Al-Aḥzāb (the Confederates)]. and Allāh is ever AllSeer of what you do. When they came upon you from above you and from below you, and when the eyes grew wild and the hearts reached to the throats, and you were harbouring doubts about Allāh. There, the believers were tried and shaken with a mighty shaking. And when the hypocrites and those in whose hearts is a disease (of doubts) said: “Allāh and His Messenger () promised us nothing but delusions!”3465 33:13-21 At the time of the Battle of Al Aḥzāb many of the Munafiqūn were averse to going forward to the battlefield.                                                                                                                    

       

                                                                             And when a party of them said: “O people of Yathrib (Al-Madinah)! There is no stand (possible) for you (against the enemy attack!) Therefore go back!” And a band of them ask for permission of the Prophet () saying: “Truly, our homes lie open (to the enemy).” And they lay not open. They but wished to flee. And if the enemy had entered from all sides (of the city), and they had been exhorted to AlFitnah (i.e. to renegade from Islām to polytheism) they 3465

Sūrah Al Aḥzāb (33), āyāt 9-12.

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would surely have committed it and would have hesitated thereupon but little. And indeed they had already made a covenant with Allāh not to turn their backs, and a covenant with Allāh must be answered for. Say (O Muḥammad  to these hypocrites who ask your permission to run away from you): “Flight will not avail you if you flee from death or killing, and then you will enjoy no more than a little while!” Say: “Who is he who can protect you from Allāh if He intends to harm you, or intends mercy on you?” And they will not find, besides Allāh, for themselves any Walīy (Protector, Supporter, etc.) or any helper. Allāh already knows those among you who keep back (men) from fighting in Allāh‟s Cause, and those who say to their brethren “Come here towards us,” while they (themselves) come not to the battle except a little. Being miserly towards you (as regards help and aid in Allāh‟s Cause). Then when fear comes, you will see them looking to you, their eyes revolving like (those of) one over whom hovers death, but when the fear departs, they will smite you with sharp tongues, miserly towards (spending anything in any) good (and only covetous of booty and wealth). Such have not believed. Therefore Allāh makes their deeds fruitless, and that is ever easy for Allāh. They think that Al-Aḥzāb (the Confederates) have not yet withdrawn, and if Al-Aḥzāb (the Confederates) should come (again), they would wish they were in the deserts (wandering) among the bedouins, seeking news about you (from a far place); and if they (happen) to be among you, they would not fight but little. Indeed in the Messenger of Allāh (Muḥammad ) you have a good example to follow for him who hopes in (the Meeting with) Allāh and the Last Day and remembers Allāh much.3466 33:22-25 At the time of this battle the Muʾminūn witnessed the signs of victory promised to them by Allāh.                    

      

                                       

  

        And when the believers saw Al-Aḥzāb (the Confederates), they said: “This is what Allāh and His Messenger (Muḥammad ) had promised us, and Allāh and His Messenger (Muḥammad ) had spoken the truth, and it only added to their faith and to their submissiveness (to Allāh). Among the believers are men who have been true to their covenant with Allāh [i.e. they have gone out for Jihād (holy fighting), and showed not their 3466

Sūrah Al Aḥzāb (33), āyāt 13-21.

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backs to the disbelievers], of them some have fulfilled their obligations (i.e. have been martyred), and some of them are still waiting, but they have never changed [i.e.they never proved treacherous to their covenant which they concluded with Allāh] in the least. That Allāh may reward the men of truth for their truth (i.e. for their patience at the accomplishment of that which they covenanted with Allāh), and punish the hypocrites if He will or accept their repentance by turning to them in mercy. Verily, Allāh is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful. And Allāh drove back those who disbelieved In their rage, they gained no advantage (booty, etc.). Allāh sufficed for the believers in the fighting (by sending against the disbelievers a severe wind and troops of angels). And Allāh is ever All-Strong, All-Mighty.3467

The Battle with the Banī Quraiẓah – 5H 33:26

Allāh commanded the mu‟minūn to destroy the Banī Quraiẓah and expel them from their fortress; afterwards all males who joined in the battle were killed and the women and children captured.

                 And those of the people of the Scripture who backed them (the disbelievers) Allāāh brought them down from their forts and cast terror into their hearts, (so that) a group (of them) you killed, and a group (of them) you made captives.3468 33:27

Allāh bequeathed what was left of them (possessions, etc) to the Muslimūn.

               And He caused you to inherit their lands, and their houses, and their riches, and a land which you had not trodden (before). And Allāh is Able to do all things.3469

The Baiʿāt ur Riḍwān and the Agreement of Ḥudaiybiyah – 6H 48:1-7

3467 3468 3469

Glad tidings for the Prophet  and the Muslimūn for the peace (reconciliation) of Ḥudaiybiyah, which was for the Muslimūn a great victory, forgiveness, help, strengthening of imān, as well as

Sūrah Al Aḥzāb (33), āyāt 22-25. Sūrah Al Aḥzāb (33), ayāh 26. Sūrah Al Aḥzāb (33), ayāh 27.

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Paradise.                 

    

     

               

       

                  

   

                     

       

Verily, We have given you (O Muḥammad ) a manifest victory. That Allāh may forgive you your sins of the past and the future, and complete His Favour on you, and guide you on the straight path; And that Allāh may help you with strong help. He it is who sent down As-Sakīnah (calmness and tranquillity) into the hearts of the believers, that they may grow more in faith along with their (present) faith. And to Allāh belong the hosts of the heavens and the earth, and Allāh is ever All-Knower, All-Wise. That He may admit the believing men and the believing women to gardens under which rivers flow (i.e. Paradise), to abide therein forever, and to expiate from them their sins, and that is with Allāh, a supreme success, And that He may punish the Munāfiqūn (hypocrites), men and women, and also the Mushrikūn men and women, who think evil thoughts about Allāh, for them is a disgraceful torment, and the Anger of Allāh is upon them, and He has cursed them and prepared Hell for them, and worst indeed is that destination. And to Allāh belong the hosts of the heavens and the earth. And Allāh is ever All-Knower, All-Wise.3470 48:8-10

3470

The occurrence of the Baiʿāt ur Riḍwān for the Muʾminūn towards the Prophet Muḥammad  was in order to attack the Quraish after hearing the news that Uthmān  (sent by the Prophet  to convey news of the coming of the Muslimūn to Makkah for ʿUmrah) had been captured and news was spread that he had been killed. The Baiʿāt ur Riḍwān caused the Mushriqūn of the Quraish to tremble with fear so much so that they released Uthmān  and agreed to a peace agreement known by the name of Ṣulḥul ḥudaibiyah – Peace (Reconciliation) of Ḥudaibiyah.

Sūrah Al Fatḥ (48), āyāt 1-7.

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    

     

       

   

                    Verily, We have sent you (O Muḥammad ) as a witness, as a bearer of glad tidings, and as a warner. In order that you (O mankind) may believe in Allāh and His Messenger (), and that you assist and honour him (), and (that you) glorify (Allāh‟s) praises morning and afternoon. Verily, those who give Baiʿā (pledge) to you (O Muḥammad ) they are giving Baiʿā (pledge) to Allāh. the Hand of Allāh is over their hands. Then whosoever breaks his pledge, breaks only to his own harm, and whosoever fulfills what he has covenanted with Allāh, He will bestow on him a great reward.3471 48:11-17 Those Munafiqūn who did not go to Ḥudaibiyah were put to great shame.                               

     

Sūrah Al Fatḥ (48), āyāt 8-10.

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                  Those of the bedouins who lagged behind will say to you: “Our possessions and our families occupied us, so ask forgiveness for us.” They say with their tongues what is not in their hearts. Say: “Who then has any power at all (to intervene) on your behalf with Allāh, if He intends you hurt or intends you benefit? Nay, but Allāh is ever All-Aware of what you do. “Nay, but you thought that the Messenger () and the believers would never return to their families; and that was made fair-seeming in their hearts, and you did think an evil thought and you became a useless people going for destruction.” And whosoever does not believe in Allāh and His Messenger (Muḥammad ), then verily, We have prepared for the disbelievers a blazing Fire. And to Allāh belongs the sovereignty of the heavens and the earth, He forgives whom He wills, and punishes whom He wills. And Allāh is ever Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful. Those who lagged behind will say, when you set forth to take the spoils, “Allow us to follow you,” they want to change Allāh‟s words. Say: “You shall not follow us; Thus Allāh has said beforehand.” Then they will say: “Nay, you envy us.” Nay, but they understand not except a little. Say (O Muḥammad ) to the bedouins who lagged behind: “You shall be called to fight against a people given to great warfare, then you shall fight them, or they shall surrender. Then if you obey, Allāh will give you a fair reward, but if you turn away as you did turn away before, He will punish you with a painful torment.” No blame or sin is there upon the blind, nor is there blame or sin upon the lame, nor is there blame or sin upon the sick (that they go not forth to war). And whosoever obeys Allāh and His Messenger (Muḥammad ), He will admit him to gardens beneath which rivers flow (Paradise); and whosoever turns back, He will punish him with a painful torment.3472 48:18-26 Allāh blessed the Baiʿāt ur Riḍwān of the Mu‟minūn and gave victory to the Muslimūn.                    

      

                                                     

3472

Sūrah Al Fatḥ (48), āyāt 11-17.

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                                        



                                    

    

                      Indeed, Allāh was pleased with the believers when they gave their Baiʿā (pledge) to you (O Muḥammad ) under the tree, He knew what was in their hearts, and He sent down As-Sakīnah (calmness and tranquillity) upon them, and He rewarded them with a near victory, And abundant spoils that they will capture. And Allāh is ever All-Mighty, All-Wise. Allāh has promised you abundant spoils that you will capture, and He has hastened for you this, and He has restrained the hands of men from you, that it may be a sign for the believers, and that He may guide you to a straight path. And other (victories and much booty there are, He promises you) which are not yet within your power, indeed Allāh compasses them, and Allāh is ever Able to do all things. And if those who disbelieve fight against you, they certainly would have turned their backs, then they would have found neither a Walīy (protector) nor a helper. That has been the Way of Allāh already with those who passed away before. And you will not find any change in the Way of Allāh. And He it is who has withheld their hands from you and your hands from them in the midst of Makkah, after He had made you victors over them. And Allāh is ever the All-Seer of what you do. They are the ones who disbelieved (in the Oneness of Allāh - Islāmic Monotheism), and hindered you from Al-Masjid-al-Ḥarām (the sacred mosque of Makkah) and the sacrificial animals, detained from reaching their place of sacrifice. Had there not been believing men and believing women whom you did not know, that you may kill them, and on whose account a sin would have been committed by you without (your) knowledge, that Allāh might bring into His Mercy whom He will, if they (the believers and the disbelievers) should have been apart, We verily had punished those of them who disbelieved, with painful torment. When those who disbelieve had put in their hearts pride and haughtiness the pride and haughtiness of the time of ignorance, then Allāh sent down His Sakīnah (calmness and tranquillity) upon His Messenger () and upon the believers, and made them stick to the word of piety (i.e. none has the Page | 1307

right to be worshipped but Allāh), and they were well entitled to it and worthy of it. And Allāh is the All-Knower of everything.3473 48:27

The truth of the Prophet‟s  dream of entering the city of Makkah in safety was proven.

                               Indeed Allāh shall fulfil the true vision which He showed to His Messenger () [i.e. the Prophet  saw a dream that he has entered Makkah along with his companions, having their (head) hair shaved and cut short] in very truth. Certainly, you shall enter Al-Masjid-al-Ḥarām; if Allāh wills, secure, (some) having your heads shaved, and (some) having your head hair cut short, having no fear. He knew what you knew not, and He granted besides that a near victory.3474

The Battle of Ḥunain – 8H 9:25-29

Allāh bestowed help upon the Muslimūn and caused disaster to befall the disbelievers. A party of the Muslimūn won the battle.

                                                        

       

                                                      

3473 3474

Sūrah Al Fatḥ (48), āyāt 18-26. Sūrah Al Fatḥ (48), ayāh 27.

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Truly Allāh has given you victory on many battle fields, and on the Day of Ḥunain (battle) when you rejoiced at your great number but it availed you naught and the earth, vast as it is, was straitened for you, then you turned back in flight. Then Allāh did send down His Sakīnah (calmness, tranquillity and reassurance, etc.) on the Messenger (Muḥammad ), and on the believers, and sent down forces (angels) which you saw not, and punished the disbelievers. such is the recompense of disbelievers. Then after that Allāh will accept the repentance of whom He will. And Allāh is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful. O you who believe (in Allāh‟s Oneness and in His Messenger (Muḥammad )! Verily, the Mushrikūn (polytheists, pagans, idolaters, disbelievers in the Oneness of Allāh, and in the message of Muḥammad ) are Najasun (impure). So let them not come near Al-Masjid-al-Ḥarām (at Makkah) after this year, and if you fear poverty, Allāh will enrich you if He will, out of His Bounty. Surely, Allāh is All-Knowing, All-Wise. Fight against those who (1) believe not in Allāh, (2) nor in the Last Day, (3) nor forbid that which has been forbidden by Allāh and His Messenger (4) and those who acknowledge not the Religion of Truth (i.e. Islām) among the people of the Scripture (Jews and Christians), until they pay the Jizyah with willing submission, and feel themselves subdued.3475

The Battle of Tabūk – 9H 9:38-41

The command of Allāh to perform jihād in the Battle of Tabūk to those people with faith.

      

               O you who believe! What is the matter with you, that when you are asked to march forth in the Cause of Allāh (i.e. Jihād) you cling heavily to the earth? 3475

Sūrah Al Taubah (9), āyāt 25-29.

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Are you pleased with the life of this world rather than the Hereafter? But little is the enjoyment of the life of this world as compared with the Hereafter. If you march not forth, He will punish you with a painful torment and will replace you by another people, and you cannot harm Him at all, and Allāh is Able to do all things. If you help him (Muḥammad ) not (it does not matter), for Allāh did indeed help him when the disbelievers drove him out, the second of two, when they (Muḥammad  and Abu Bakr ) were in the cave, and he () said to his companion (Abu Bakr ): “Be not sad (or afraid), surely Allāh is with us.” Then Allāh sent down His Sakīnah (calmness, tranquillity, peace, etc.) upon him, and strengthened him with forces (angels) which you saw not, and made the word of those who disbelieved the lowermost, while it was the word of Allāh that became the uppermost, and Allāh is All-Mighty, All-Wise. March forth, whether you are light (being healthy, young and wealthy) or heavy (being ill, old and poor), strive hard with your wealth and your lives in the Cause of Allāh. This is better for you, if you but knew.3476 9:42-47 9:48-52

However, many of the Munafiqūn were reluctant to go to fight; giving various reasons in order to lie to the messenger  and thereby weaken the faith of the Muslimūn.

                                             

 

  

  

          Had it been a near gain (booty in front of them) and an easy journey, they would have followed you, but the distance (Tabūk expedition) was long for them, and they would swear by Allāh, “If we only could, we would certainly have come forth with you.” They destroy their ownselves, and Allāh knows that they are liars. May Allāh forgive you (O Muḥammad ). Why did you grant them leave (for remaining behind, you should have persisted as regards your order to 3476

Sūrah Al Taubah (9), āyāt 38-41.

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them to proceed on Jihād), until those who told the truth were seen by you in a clear light, and you had known the liars? Those who believe in Allāh and the Last Day would not ask your leave to be exempted from fighting with their properties and their lives, and Allāh is the All-Knower of Al-Muttaqūn (the pious). It is only those who believe not in Allāh and the Last Day and whose hearts are in doubt that ask your leave (to be exempted from Jihād). So in their doubts they waver. And if they had intended to march out, certainly, they would have made some preparation for it, but Allāh was averse to their being sent forth, so He made them lag behind, and it was said (to them), “Sit you among those who sit (at home).” Had they marched out with you, they would have added to you nothing except disorder, and they would have hurried about in your midst (spreading corruption) and sowing sedition among you, and there are some among you who would have listened to them. And Allāh is the All-Knower of the Ẓālimūn (polytheists and wrong-doers, etc.).3477                                  

 

    

                                                     Verily, they had plotted sedition before, and had upset matters for you, until the truth (victory) came and the decree of Allāh (His religion, Islām) became manifest though they hated it. And among them is he who says:”Grant me leave (to be exempted from Jihād) and put me not into trial.” Surely, they have fallen into trial. and verily, Hell is surrounding the disbelievers. If good befalls you (O Muḥammad ), it grieves them, but if a calamity overtakes you, they say: “We took our precaution beforehand,” and they turn away rejoicing. Say: “Nothing shall ever happen to us except what Allāh has ordained for us. He is our Maulā (Lord, Helper and Protector).” And in Allāh let the believers put their trust. Say: “Do you wait for us (anything) except one of the two best things (martyrdom or victory); while we await for you either that Allāh will afflict you with a punishment from himself or at our hands. So wait, we too are waiting with you.”3478 3477 3478

Sūrah Al Taubah (9), āyāt 42-47. Sūrah Al Taubah (9), āyāt 48-52.

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9:53-61



Avarice, an attitude and characteristic of the Munafiqūn were visible in the division of ṣadaqah and zakāt.

             

                

        

                        



                                        



                                                              Say: “Spend (in Allāh‟s Cause) willingly or unwillingly, it will not be accepted from you. Verily, you are ever a people who are Fāsiqūn (rebellious, disobedient to Allāh).” And nothing prevents their contributions from being accepted from them except that they disbelieved in Allāh and in His Messenger (Muḥammad ); and that they came not to Aṣ-Ṣalāt (the prayer) except in a lazy state ; and that they offer not contributions but unwillingly. So let not their wealth or their children amaze you (O Muḥammad ); in reality Allāh‟s Plan is to punish them with these things in the life of the this world, and that their souls shall depart (die) while they are disbelievers. They swear by Allāh that they are truly of you while they are not of you, but they are a people (hypocrites) who are afraid (that you may kill them). Should they find a refuge, or caves, or a place of concealment, they would turn straightway thereto with a swift rush. And of them are some who accuse you (O Muḥammad ) in the matter of (the distribution of) the alms. If they are given part thereof, they are pleased, but if they are not given thereof, behold! They are enraged! Would that they were contented with what Allāh and His Messenger () gave them and had said: “Allāh is sufficient for us. Allāh will give us of His Page | 1312

Bounty, and (also) His Messenger (from alms, etc.). We implore Allāh (to enrich us).” Aṣ-Ṣadaqāt (here it means Zakāt) are only for the Fuqarāʾ (poor), and Al-Masākīn (the poor) and those employed to collect (the funds); and for to attract the hearts of those who have been inclined (towards Islām); and to free the captives; and for those in debt; and for Allāh‟s Cause (i.e. for Mujāhidūn - those fighting in the Holy wars), and for the wayfarer (a traveller who is cut off from everything); a duty imposed by Allāh. And Allāh is All-Knower, All-Wise. And among them are men who hurt the Prophet (Muḥammad ) and say: “He is (lending his) ear (to every news).” Say: “He listens to what is best for you; He believes in Allāh; has faith in the believers; and is a mercy to those of you who believe.” But those who hurt Allāh‟s Messenger (Muḥammad ) will have a painful torment.3479 9:62-70

Various forms of ridicule and complaints towards the Prophet  forthcoming from the Munafiqūn, and they are threatened by Allāh with His punishment.

                                       

           

                                

   

              

     

                                                               3479

Sūrah Al Taubah (9), āyāt 53-61.

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                 They swear by Allāh to you (Muslims) in order to please you, but it is more fitting that they should please Allāh and His Messenger (Muḥammad ), if they are believers. Know they not that whoever opposes and shows hostility to Allāh () and His Messenger (), certainly for him will be the Fire of Hell to abide therein. That is extreme disgrace. The hypocrites fear lest a Sūrah (chapter of the Qurʾān) should be revealed about them, showing them what is in their hearts. Say: “(Go ahead and) mock! But certainly Allāh will bring to light all that you fear.” If you ask them (about this), they declare: “We were only talking idly and joking.” Say: “Was it at Allāh (), and His Āyāt (proofs, evidences, verses, lessons, signs, revelations, etc.) and His Messenger () that you were mocking?” Make no excuse; you have disbelieved after you had believed. If We pardon some of you, We will punish others amongst you because they were Mujrimūn (disbelievers, polytheists, sinners, criminals, etc.). The hypocrites, men and women, are from one another, they enjoin (on the people) Al-Munkar (i.e. disbelief and polytheism of all kinds and all that Islām has forbidden), and forbid (people) from Al-Maʿrūf (i.e. Islāmic Monotheism and all that Islām orders one to do), and they close their hands [from giving (spending in Allāh‟s Cause) alms, etc.]. They have forgotten Allāh, so He has forgotten them. Verily, the hypocrites are the Fāsiqūn (rebellious, disobedient to Allāh). Allāh has promised the hypocrites; men and women, and the disbelievers, the Fire of Hell, therein shall they abide. It will suffice them. Allāh has cursed them and for them is the lasting torment. Like those before you, they were mightier than you in power, and more abundant in wealth and children. They had enjoyed their portion awhile, so enjoy your portion awhile as those before you enjoyed their portion awhile; and you indulged in play and pastime (and in telling lies against Allāh and His Messenger Muḥammad ) as they indulged in play and pastime. Such are they whose deeds are in vain in this world and in the Hereafter. Such are they who are the losers. Has not the story reached them of those before them? - the people of Nūḥ (Noah), ʿĀd, and Thamūd, the people of „Ibrāhīm (Abraham), the dwellers of Madyan (Midian) and the cities overthrown [i.e. the people to whom Lout (Lot) preached], to them came their Messengers with clear proofs. So it was not Allāh who wronged them, but they used to wrong themselves.3480 9:71-72

Allāh recommends the Muʾminūn to become helpers between others of the Muʾminūn, and the recompense for them is Paradise ʿAdn.

         

3480

Sūrah Al Taubah (9), āyāt 62-70.

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              

       

                      The believers, men and women, are Auliyāʾ (helpers, supporters, friends, protectors) of one another, they enjoin (on the people) Al-Maʿrūf (i.e. Islāmic Monotheism and all that Islām orders one to do), and forbid (people) from Al-Munkar (i.e. polytheism and disbelief of all kinds, and all that Islām has forbidden); they perform Aṣ-Ṣalāt (Iqāmat-aṣ-Ṣalāt) and give the Zakāt, and obey Allāh and His Messenger. Allâh will have His Mercy on them. Surely Allāh is All-Mighty, All-Wise. Allāh has promised to the believers - men and women, - gardens under which rivers flow to dwell therein forever, and beautiful mansions in Gardens of ʿAdn (Eden Paradise). But the greatest bliss is the good pleasure of Allāh. That is the supreme success.3481 9:73-74

The command of Allāh in order that the Islāmic community is resolute against the Kāfirūn and the Munafiqūn.

                     

 

                                         O Prophet (Muḥammad ! strive hard against the disbelievers and the hypocrites, and be harsh against them, their abode is Hell, - and worst indeed is that destination. They swear by Allāh that they said nothing (bad), but really they said the word of disbelief, and they disbelieved after accepting Islām, and they resolved that (plot to murder Prophet Muḥammad ) which they were unable to carry out, and they could not find any cause to do so except that Allāh and His Messenger had enriched them of His Bounty. If then they repent, it will be better for them, but if they turn away, Allāh will punish them with a painful torment in this worldly life and in the Hereafter. And there is none for them on earth as a Walīy (supporter, protector) or a helper.3482 9:75-78 3481 3482

The contract of the Munafiqūn cannot be believed in any form –

Sūrah Al Taubah (9), āyāt 71-72. Sūrah Al Taubah (9), āyāt 73-74.

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we must remember this.              

         



                           And of them are some who made a covenant with Allāh (saying): “If He bestowed on us of His Bounty, we will verily, give Ṣadaqāh (Zakāt and voluntary charity in Allāh‟s Cause) and will be certainly among those who are righteous.” Then when He gave them of His Bounty, they became niggardly [refused to pay the Ṣadaqāh (Zakāt or voluntary charity)], and turned away, averse. So He punished them by putting hypocrisy into their hearts till the Day whereon they shall meet Him, because they broke that (covenant with Allāh) which they had promised Him and because they used to tell lies. Know they not that Allāh knows their secret ideas, and their Najwa (secret counsels), and that Allāh is the All-Knower of the unseen.3483 9:79-80

The sin of hypocrisy will not be forgiven, and it is worthless to ask forgiveness (for that).

                                                  Those who defame such of the believers who give charity (in Allāh‟s Cause) voluntarily, and those who could not find to give charity (in Allāh‟s Cause) except what is available to them, so they mock at them (believers), Allāh will throw back their mockery on them, and they shall have a painful torment. Whether you (O Muḥammad ) ask forgiveness for them (hypocrites) or ask not forgiveness for them ... (and even) if you ask seventy times for their forgiveness ... Allāh will not forgive them, because they have disbelieved in Allāh and His Messenger (Muḥammad ). And Allāh guides not those people who are Fāsiqūn (rebellious, disobedient to Allāh).3484 9:81-84

3483 3484

The situation whereby the Munafiqūn did not involve themselves in battle, and the prohibition of attending their funeral prayers are explained within these Āyāt.

Sūrah Al Taubah (9), āyāt 75-78. Sūrah Al Taubah (9), āyāt 79-80.

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                            

 

             

            

                   Those who stayed away (from Tabūk expedition) rejoiced in their staying behind the Messenger of Allāh; they hated to strive and fight with their properties and their lives in the Cause of Allāh, and they said: “March not forth in the heat.” Say: “The Fire of Hell is more intense in heat”, if only they could understand! So let them laugh a little and (they will) cry much as a recompense of what they used to earn (by committing sins). If Allāh brings you back to a party of them (the hypocrites), and they ask your permission to go out (to fight), say: “Never shall you go out with me, nor fight an enemy with me; you agreed to sit inactive on the first occasion, then you sit (now) with those who lag behind.” And never (O Muḥammad ) pray (funeral prayer) for any of them (hypocrites) who dies, nor stand at his grave. Certainly they disbelieved in Allāh and His Messenger, and died while they were Fāsiqūn (rebellious, disobedient to Allāh and His Messenger).3485

3485

Sūrah Al Taubah (9), āyāt 81-84.

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