91 One word, many meanings

A

B Polysemy

A great many words in English have more than one meaning. Linguists call this aspect of vocabulary polysemy. Look at these sentences and think about how you would translate the words in italics into your own language. fair It’s only fair that we should share the housework. The Frankfurt Book Fair is a very important event for most publishers. The forecast is for the weather to stay fair for the next week. I’ve got fair skin and burn easily in the sun. His marks in his final exams ranged from excellent to fair. flat The firefighters managed to save the children from the burning third-floor flat. The countryside round here is terribly flat and boring. To join the Fitness Club, you pay a flat fee of £500. The sonata is in B flat minor. She finished the exercise in five minutes flat. capital Fill in the form in capital letters. Wellington is the capital of New Zealand. You need plenty of capital to open a restaurant. Capital punishment has been abolished in many countries. mean What does ‘coagulate’ mean? I didn’t mean to hurt you. He’s far too mean to buy her flowers. The mean temperature for July is 25oC. You shouldn’t be so mean to your little sister. You probably need a different word to translate fair, flat, capital and mean in each sentence. Sometimes the meanings are clearly related – flat as in countryside has a connection with flat as in apartment in that they both include an idea of being on one level. Sometimes, however, there is no connection at all. For example, the meaning of fair as in Book Fair has no obvious connection with any of the other meanings of fair. Words like this can be called homographs (words with the same spellings but different meanings).

Being aware of polysemy

It is useful to be aware of polysemy in English for several reasons. • You need to remember that the meaning you first learnt for a word may not be the one that it has in a new context. • You need to be aware that in English, words can sometimes be used as different parts of speech.

Flat with its apartment meaning, for instance, can become an adjective, e.g. a set of flat keys. • Learning about the range of meanings that a word can have can help you to learn several meanings for the price of one. • It will also help you to understand jokes in English, as these are often based on polysemous words.

Language help

The context of a word with multiple meanings will usually make it absolutely clear which of the word’s possible meanings is intended. So you can understand what, for example, the noun drill probably means in (a) a dental context, (b) an army context, (c) a road-building context, or (d) a languagelearning context.

91.1

91.2

91.3

91.4

91.5

91.6

Find the example sentence in A opposite in which fair, flat, capital or mean has the

following meaning.

1 intend 2 exactly 3 proper, just 4 city with the seat of government 5 light in colour 6 unkind 7 fixed 8 neither very good nor very bad 9 money 10 unwilling to spend money

What part of speech is the italicised word in each of the example sentences in A? Write a synonym or explanation for each of the examples not used in 91.1.

Here are some more examples of polysemous words in English. Which word can fill all the gaps in each group of sentences?

1 He struck a and we slowly began to look around the dark cave.

The teenage cooks in the competition were a for any of the adults.

Their marriage has been called a made in heaven. 2 That bird has an unusually long .

Don’t forget to keep the receipt when you pay your hotel .

Parliament is currently discussing a proposing changes to copyright legislation. 3 Hannah gave us a lovely of glasses as a wedding present.

Let’s now try and a date for our meeting next week.

My father has very opinions about how people should behave. 4 I’ve applied for a in our company’s Paris office.

The end of the race is indicated by a with a flag on it.

Why not your query on an online forum? You’re bound to get a quick response. 5 I didn’t get my assignment back because the teacher hadn’t had time to it.

Sales have already passed the million .

You’ve got a red on your cheek. It looks like lipstick. 6 You need to be a special kind of person to a successful business.

Do you fancy going for a this evening?

Thanks to the hot weather, our shop has had a on ice cream. Look at the Language help box. What does drill mean in each of the four contexts suggested?

What would the given word be most likely to mean in each of the contexts suggested? Use a dictionary if necessary.

1 register: a a primary school b a post office 2 interest: a people planning a festival b a bank 3 dice: a a kitchen b people playing a board game 4 service: a people playing tennis b in a restaurant 5 case: a in a lawyer’s office b at an airport 6 cue: a people playing snooker b in the theatre

Explain these one-line jokes. They are all based on polysemy.

1 I wondered why the tennis ball was getting bigger. Then it hit me! 2 Smaller babies may be delivered by a stork but the heavier ones need a crane. 3 Time flies like an arrow. Fruit flies like a banana. 4 You know prices are rising when you buy a winter jacket and even down is up.