WOOD
k a r l h e i n z
z a n k l
tastic
c o m p a n i o n - p a s s i o n - d e s i r e
W o o d ta s t i c
the Book
Wood - a variable material There are books about trees, forests, wood and architecture but there has never been a book about wood in all its appearances and faces - so it had to be written! Owing to an incredible fund of photos it was possible to create an informative and appealing composure for the reader. Wood is so much more than trees and forests watch and find out!
WOOD k a r l h e i n z
z a n k l
tastic
companion-passion-desire
Copyright © 2015 by Karlheinz Zankl All rights reserved. This book or any portion thereof may not be reproduced or used in any manner whatsoever without the express written permission of the publisher except for the use of brief quotations in a book review. Printed in the Netherlands updated 4/2015
Karlheinz Zankl foto • gafik • design A–5431 Kuchl • Jadorf 108 • Austria www.blickstrich.at • khzankl@gmail.com
contents
wood a word – four letters
wood – the answer
wood the soul of its origin
wood – a phantom
4
10
20
34
wood origin of creativity
wood – a term
wood – burns
wood – preserves us
66
90
112
124
wood – is music
wood for the senses
wood my companion
wood – quo vadis?
170
182
208
228
WOOD
A Word – four letters. What's behind all this? What could have been so fascinating about a material that has always been known? Wood, that's nothing special. A perfectly human trait – or should we rather say peculiarity – that we don't appreciate the things that are familiar to us. Everyday matters seem rarely fascinating – they lose the charm of novelty. Even with our beloved ones this could happen. Wood is close to us. We have already explored this substance in childhood. We have sucked on it, smelt it, we have tried to understand it. With our first teeth we chewed on it. Our parents told us the name of this material: wood. This material accompanied us through our development. We went to school and learnt how to hold a pencil. Even the paper, on which we wrote, as we found out later, was made of wood. We learnt foreign languages and quickly we realized that many terms have similarities. Not so with the term »wood«. Only very closely related languages show similarities. We can probably only guess the reasons why: Did our ancestors, when developing languages, start with elementary things? Did they use as few letters as possible, because these words would be used very often? In fact in most languages only three or four letters are used for the naming of wood. Even the Chinese (mandarin) character has only four strokes. Did they, to keep things simple, use one word for many terms? In fact, wood is our companion. This substance sticks by us through thick and thin – from the beginning to the end. Wood is our music, our sport and our hobby. We eat, drink and enjoy wood.
6
10
resists weather & sea briccole from Italy
7 woodwaves on a larch board
WOOD – the answer For most of us wood plays a major role in our existence and ability to earn. We've never asked the simple question: »A world without wood – how would it look?« Life without wood – inconceivable! The evolution of mankind seems to be based on this material. Trees, and thus wood were »invented« over 200 million years ago – long before the emergence of the first human being (200,000 years ago). Wood was waiting for us. In fact, with its growth it made it possible for us to exist– next to water, oxygen forms the basis of life. From the beginning, our ancestors have used wood, for making tools, for hunting equipment, as a transport assistance and especially as a building material. The discovery of fire together with the burning characteristics of wood was the onset of a new era. Many new materials were discovered and invented. Mankind remained loyal to this material – until today. Wood was used in the construction of the pyramids as well as in the construction of the marvels of today. No bridge and no skyscraper gets by without wood. Christopher Columbus explored the oceans with a wooden ship – modern wooden materials are now being used in space flight. Leonardo da Vinci's sketchbooks were full of inventions revolving around wood. Today, it seems, we urgently need an invention to shift the balance on our planet. Our lifestyle requires low energy products and resources in production and products which create little or no waste. Recyclable products with low transport, manufacture and disposal costs. Climate neutral and renewable products, which don't require waste storage solutions. We should be on the search for an eco–social concept. A concept that does not only distinguish between winners and losers–but looks at us as humanity in its entirety. We don't need to invent something really new. This concept already exists – we only have to copy and adapt it. Throughout the ages the forest has operated like clockwork a highly efficient recycling economy with its products. Determined, connected and flexible at the same time, this concept only knows winners. The »Wood factory« forest is a prime example of proactive solidarity and sustainability. Let us learn a lesson from it. 12
14
boatbuilding in Murter / Croatia
8 Gate in Melbourne / Australia
18
bark of the old Scanderbeg olive tree in Kruja / Albania
8 wayside shrine in Kuchl / Austria Christ crucified
wood
A b o u t t h e S o u l o f i t s o r igi N You cannot write a book on wood without raving about trees and loving the forest.
On a hike along the Kelpler tracks on the South Island of New Zealand, I came upon a tree after several hours. Someone had scratched a heart upon a point of the tree trunk covered with lichens. An anonymous confession of love to the enchanting natural scenery along the Waiau River. I realized that this little sign was a silent gesture. A sincere gesture of solidarity, respect and longing. A small heart on a tree bark. It reminded me that all life on earth is linked together, that we all – consist of the same basic building blocks – animals, plants, and humans. Just as the blood is pulsing through our veins, as our breath raises and lowers our chest or belly, so everything around us has a rhythm. The trees, the forest floor and the life above and beneath play in the same grand orchestra. There are many rhythms which resonate in this silent symphony. The seasons, the lunar cycle, the change between day and night all vibrate with the same quality as the wings of an eagle, the quick heartbeat of a tiny mouse or the hum of a bee swarm. The flow of sap in a tree trunk, the breaking up of the forest floor by a growing fungus, the unfurling of young leaves in spring, happen just as silently as the falling of leaves in autumn. This magical sound contrives, to raise a single seed (usually only a few millimetres in size) into a giant tree. A silent giant that protects and guards everything under its canopy. In order that this beautiful symphony will not be forgotten, someone writes down every note meticulously. The annual rings of trees are like the score of the piece – they provide information on wind and weather, drought and cold, even on conditions in the neighbourhood of the trees themselves. The concert always takes place – and admission is free! 22
24
Kepler Track Te Anau / New Zealand
8 a yew's ending caused by a flooding in 2004
28
wooden history
8 map? work of art? island? cross section of a yew
worm's message on an Australian eucalyptus tree
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bark beetle's nursery
34
jack o’ lantern wood illuminated by a fungus
wood
a p h an t o m The forestry and wood industries have a common problem. Misinformation and selective perceptions lead to the impression that this industry appears somewhat »criminal« to the population. In kindergarten little Gaby must admit: »My dad's a butcher, he works in a slaughterhouse.« She is not really proud about that. The same goes for little Mike. His dad is a forestry worker. All children in kindergarten love schnitzel and prefer to play with colourful wooden blocks, they like to run around in the woods – they find small calves are »sweet«. So why must Gaby and Mike be ashamed of their dad's jobs? That's simple: because killing calves and felling trees is outside of our perception of daily life. Scientists call this »slaughter-house-paradox« – and they declare, that does not only concern the children in kindergarten. We adults too perceive only what we want to perceive. A survey with the simple question: »How is a tree converted into boards?« would show, that knowledge about the core process of the wood industry is very poor. Even professional woodworkers have no idea what a chipper and canter are, or what a twin edger or a moulder could be used for. This lack of information means that everyone agrees: »Don't touch our forests – timber harvesting is murder on brother tree!« The truth is quite different. Forestry is an industry (at least in Europe) that is interested in an environmentally sound and sustainable management of our native forests. When you have watched a tree growing, you will treat it with respect at the harvest. In former times, lumber jacks left with their axes' cross–marks on the stump of a felled tree – as a gesture of gratitude. The saw milling industry is doing its best when cutting out the finest boards from a log. They endeavour to keep the amount of wood by-products as low as possible. And please: forget about the term »wood waste«, there is no waste in wood processing, and there never has been! 36
3 Schwarzbach sawmill, Lammertal / Salzburg
39
lumber jack a dangerous job
3 from round to squared ...
41
... the main principle of converting timber.
3 corner joint at a log house – tradition meets high tech
43
no waste – resource for further production
44
handmade clapboards for roofing or wall窶田overing
for a special flavour – oak barrels
Cobbler, stick to thy lasts
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4
3 long lasting – wooden wheels
49
hay day – even the tree top is used
3 fences show individuality
51
lichen, moss and wood – everlasting love?
boxes with apples from South Tyrol / Italy
Grim Reaper's favourite tool
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4
3 tools as well as arms – the hay fork
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retired but decorative
57
milking stool – design meets work – less is more
59
the easiest way to capture sunlight stacking fire wood
8 »golden gate bridge« – Tepelene / Albania
62
traditional colourful boats Lake Plav / Montenegro
7 boardwalk eco–tourism in Cape Hauy /Tasmania
3 windy
65
former weather stations – sunny–cloudy–rainy
3 be patient – little girl! – ludo as a sparing partner
67
a little helper – to keep things in memory
wood
O r igin o f C r e a t ivi t y No one understands the spirit of wood better than an artist. The desire to shape and design wood according to one's own ideas is ancient and widespread.
With carving knives, chisels and axes they shape it, then they file, grind and brush it, twist and turn it until the work is done. No other material is easier and more efficient to use than wood. On the other hand it doesn't withstand everything. It tears, splinters and warps. The true art of the sculptor lies in understanding the characteristics and irregularities of this material. This knowledge has been passed on and refined over centuries by generations of craftsmen. Each of us has probably already gained his or her own experience. A slate of larch inserted into the skin, unfolds in a short time its toxins – painful for the affected, mostly purulent place. As every child is taught early on, we use tools using movements »away from the body«. But in the Far East people are concerned about losing valuable Chi (vital energy) if they do so. For that reason they move all tools »towards the body«. No matter which way wood is being processed, a wisdom encountered in the artistic exploration of this material in any case:«no one is born a master«. In central Europe sculptors prefer the soft wood of Swiss pine or basswood which is often called »lignum sacrum«–which means »sacred wood«, because of the many saints' figures made from basswood. To gain experience and knowledge about this unique material, everyone should try to do something artistic with a piece of wood. We would learn a lot about ourselves and about our relationship with wood. »Everyone is an artist« claimed Joseph Beuys. Maybe he was right. Maybe that was his idea in 1953, when he took the »burnt door« into his exhibition. 68
69
school bench – you were there too
70
chip – carving geometric masterpieces
73
precision, sensitiveness and the perfect edge
75
artful wood-craft at home in many cultures
ÂťTa mokoÂŤ Maori sculpture Wellington / New Zealand
scary alpine krampus masks made of swiss pine
76
4 8
durable oak – scallop Graz /Austria
stylish rough – turned bowl / walnut
80
4
82
magnificent two-headed eagle royal-bakery Graz / Austria
3 delicate fragments on a room divider
85
sacral detail in a church Salem / Germany
swiss pine crib Kuchl / Salzburg
crucified!
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4
89
bowl made of ply wood
3 grandfather's know–how – a special plane for furniture makers
91
decorative wall plate
wood a term
Strictly speaking wood must be understood as an umbrella term. It is simply too diverse in appearance, properties and usage to be considered one material. In Europe, some 50 species of wood are traded – there are about a thousand different types of wood with partially different trade names, which are used worldwide. A thousand different types of wood with different characteristics and properties – who could remember all that? An accurate count of the different types of wood can only be presumed valid: a collection of 55,000 different types of wood in Madison, Wisconsin / USA is considered the most extensive in the world. Turning now to the fact that individual types of wood belonging to the same species, colour, weight and texture may vary significantly (page 95), we may recognize the immense wealth which was placed in our hands. Wood enjoys a worthy role in Chinese philosophy. There it is said to be the 5th element beneath water, fire, earth and metal. Common applications for the 5–element–doctrine accompany people in all walks of life – from medicine and food to relationships and music. The foundation of this doctrine is based on a very precise observation of nature. Thus, the individual elements in their constant interaction and change are considered parts of a process. Other cultures and indigenous people consider wood (or trees) as a fundamental part of their world view. In Norse mythology it is for instance Yggdrasil, the World Tree, which embodies the entire cosmos. In the Christian faith there was the »tree of knowledge« in the middle of paradise. In Maori mythology in New Zealand Tāne Mahuta (Agathis) created the first man called Tiki. These few examples clearly illustrate that people saw trees and the associated wood as a living part of their lives and respected them deeply. Can this idea be exemplary for our lives in the 3rd millennium? 92
very rare – curled wood feneer
cross sectition from elm wood (10x) »ring porous«
94
4
3 54 wood species – your choice
97
different faces of oak wood
100
driftwood a play of lights and colours
7 selection of veneers every single piece is unique
102
mystic appearance on a board surface (spruce) weather as an artist
105
eroded year rings create a new face
106
looks nice, smells lovely and casts out insects (pinus cembra)
109
voyeurism ...
3 a loose knot – a black hole?
111
an overgrown branch – a donut?
112
desert landscape? pancakes? no! alpine larch more than 50 years old
wood burns Of course, wood burns – you'd say – that's the problem. This is precisely the real blessing of this wonderful material. The circle is complete. There would be a massive problem for 14% of the world's population if they would not burn wood. After all, wood represents for one billion people the only available energy source. Wood follows its destiny. On target, and independent of the (divine) plan the perfect circular economy is maintained. One part in this cycle is the renaturation of the resources to allow a new beginning of the cycle. By burning some of the carbon (which has been stored for decades) the carbon is again released. If you like, we can say, that the captured sunlight is released in the form of heat energy. All that remains is wood ash (fertilizer) and carbon dioxide – the basis for new growth. No »over–production« and no bottleneck for disposal. An unimaginable catastrophe would occur, if all the biomass of our planet were not disposed of naturally. Thus wood burns in a controlled manner. Just think of the process of making fire: first use thin wood with a large surface area and air supply, then use only the thick pieces of wood and less oxygen. Even for fire fighting this principle is used. Thin, dry timber is removed from the fire source, larger planes of wood can stay– they don't burn or only very slowly. Continuously, a protective carbon layer (page 116f) is formed around the core. Because of its low thermal conductivity the burning process is delayed or just stops. In case of burning buildings, this fact seems very positive. Unlike steel and concrete structures, the load carrying capacity of timber structures maintains much longer. Fire fighters appreciate this because the temperature of the opposite side of the fire remains relatively low. It is also interesting that some tree species (some pines, eucalyptus and redwood trees) need fire to be able to reproduce. The cones of these – pyrophilic – trees can only be opened after a fire and thereby release the seeds. 114
116
useless old shed?
no! a practicing object for the fire brigade.
117
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blaze of glory the beauty of destruction
7 black is black carbon protection layer
childhood memories – tasty marshmallows
balm for the soul – bonfire on the beach
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4
125
the rest is blowin' in the wind
wood
p r e s e rv e s u s To »touch wood« or »knock on wood« will ward off evil spirits, we use these terms as a wish for good luck. We are »out of the woods« when we are free from difficulty or perils. It is nice that we have rediscovered wood as a building material. The experts talk about a renaissance of timber construction – and the fact, that the future of construction is attributed to wood. Compared to the long tradition of living with wood, the last one hundred years where we had increasingly turned to other building materials appear as a relatively short interruption. What was it, that turned us away from this wonderful building material? It may have been due to the increasing technical and scientific vision of construction. Engineers, designers and structural engineers searched for predictable sizes and guaranteed securities – concrete, glass and steel could meet these requirements. Although wood still scored highly in terms of ambience, aesthetics and ecology, the predictable aspects were crucial. It took until the end of the twentieth century, until scientists came up with the idea of providing proof of security in terms of carrying capacity and fire behaviour. New methods of strength grading delivered the necessary know-how to convince the responsible decision makers – and thus the desired security. Since then, wood has been back in the game – and now demands are placed on the competing products, which was not an issue until then. Those building houses today, think of insulation, durability and flexibility. They want to know how this building material was produced and about the related disposal of waste. Health issues are as important as the issues of ecology and sustainability. If this building material also needs radiation and seismic protective features, the first choice is wood. The possible creates the necessary. And so today wooden structures rise in unimaginable shapes and sizes – within the shortest construction time space. Guess, we are out of the woods – again! 126
128
treetop hotel Kopfing / Austria
hard to conquer – fortress in the crown of a tree
final hour for a tool shed?
130
4
3 800 years old farm house – built with 500 years old wood. This is history in the making.
Will this once be history too?
133
municipal office hall in Kuchl / Austria
3 veranda Dunedin / New Zealand
135
alpine balcony dated 1913 a.d.
new block house – warm and cosy
old timbered house Meersburg / Germany
136
4
3 top-class hotel St.Moritz / Switzerland
139
alpine shrine – Val Gardena / Italy
140
applied geometry silhouette of roofs Salzburg / Austria
carpenter's work on highest level
fancy balcony on an ancient farmhouse
142
4
3 trust in their skills – the carpenter
145
no glue, no nail – strong nevertheless
148
shingle and clapboard everywhere north side covered with moss
7 new roof shingles old wall shingles
aging in dignity
150
peeking through the keyhole
152
153
authentic lifestyle Schnalstal / Italy
8
3 timber works on the southern hemisphere Tasmania / Australia
157
government building Wellington / New Zealand
colourful harmony
chopped beams
158
4
close the door, please!
160
christus mansionem benedicat Âťgod bless thee who live thereÂŤ
detail on a front door
162
4
corner details in past and present times
to keep up with the times
164
4
166
front door a challenge for every carpenter
168
new challenge for architects ...
north face of the Kuchl Campus / Austria
... modern timber constructions
169
8
wood
i s M u s ic If you look at it matter-of-factly, music is the interplay of sounds and noises. The vibrations are in the range of human hearing. That's it – really? On a closer look, the sound of music affects our emotions, music makes us happy or sad. Music affects us and treats us to vibrations. A shaman once told me that she tried to give her therapy harp a soul during its construction. Didgeridoo artists describe the trance-like state they find themselves in after hours of playing. Famous guitarists give nick names to their favourite instruments. Why? The sound of music penetrates deeply within us and stimulates us to the finest body structure. Panta Rhei – everything is flowing. In the photo on the right this flow, this rhythm is made visible to us. It shows hazel spruce – also called sound wood. This growth property has been studied scientifically and is considered very rare – especially for instrument makers. It has not yet been adequately documented whether it is a local-phenomenon or a genetic malformation of tree rings.. The fact is, that many violin makers go in search of these trees – and rarely find one. The diversity of the manifestations of wood is impressive. The starting point of the phonetic development in some cultures was the connection with their gods. The most primitive form of music, the knocking of two wooden rods together, was followed over time by countless other sound producing objects: bush drum, pan flute, marimba, guitar, flute, harp, lute, viola, lyre, organ, grand piano – this list of wooden instruments could go on endlessly. One instrument was even named after its source material: the xylophone.
172
3 pipes, horns, flutes in every size and shape
175
176 same design – different purpose:
ancient brine pipeline
177
a didgeridoo
3 vibrating string on an acoustic guitar
179
the welcome sound of a door harp
3 still a miracle – the Stradivari violin
181
182
original African now popular everywhere the Djembe
wood
For the senses
We like to be surrounded by wood. We like its smell. It is balsam for our eyes and we can understand it well. The sound of wood is familiar to us, but how does wood taste? The flavour of wood can be perceived only indirectly – unless you are chewing on a toothpick. Oak wood, for example, can be perceived gustatory with a good wine or whiskey. A smoked bacon or ham gets its special touch from fir or beech wood. Rumours about wood chips in strawberry yogurt or hamburgers, however, have been found to be untrue. But we can trust our eyes when we surround ourselves with beautiful, natural wooden furniture. The earthy tones of wood are calming and balancing – they warm and ground us. The lowering of the heart rate caused by a wooden environment was confirmed by the Research Institute Johanneum in Graz. Presumably, this effect is attributable to our sense of smell. In experiments with Swiss pine in a sleep laboratory, the subjects achieved an average of 3600 heartbeats less than normal. They felt even more well-rested than the subjects in the comparison group. The representatives of aromatherapy are aware of the positive effects of essential oils (and there are plenty in wood) for a long time. We react very sensitively when we touch materials with our bare skin. We don't find every material pleasant. The open-porous and smooth surface of untreated wood is consistent with our haptic perception. Its thermodynamic properties enhance our assessment as a friendly material, not only but especially in the sauna.
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bedroom in an open air museum 18th century
simple dining table
188
189
rest room
3 well being
191
well shaped
for office printing
for textile printing
192
4
lemon squeezer made of olive wood
194
195
antiseptic kitchen gadgets
3 finger jointed wooden boxes for thousands of purposes
197
fungal decay on a beech bowl
smelly place: the pit toilet
building date and initials on a door lintel
198
4
200
Wharenui (meeting hall) literal Âťthe carved houseÂŤ in Maori language
wood welcomes you ...
202
203
... everywhere
3 projection of sunlight on a wooden floor
205
tiny windows keep the climate balanced
3 weird! a tree-house-door Berlin / Germany
207
step up to the top – Jauerling Tower / Austria
208
form follows function wall built furniture
wood
m y c o mpani o n
From the cradle to the grave, wood accompanies us through all life situations. And as you would expect from a faithful companion, wood goes through many changes with us. Otherwise, we would look very old. We have already discussed wood as one of the five elements in this book. For the purposes of the Far Eastern philosophies, the basic elements are to be regarded as transformational phases. We are born, grow up and multiply until we reduce eventually or stop our growth to say goodbye and then we make room for the new. Although, we do not want to admit it, we are aging. Our skin loses its power, it becomes limp and we get wrinkles. Our complexion is not as fresh. With the aging of wood it is exactly the same thing. The cellulose is degraded by weathering and UV radiation – the hard, lignin-late-wood-cells remain. The surface looks wrinkled. This process can indeed be slowed down (by paint), but you cannot stop it. The shades that still shine with freshly planed wood, fade to a grey – as in our hair. Finally, fungi and micro-organisms work on the wood and it rots. Ashes to ashes – dust to dust. The following consideration still shows how similar we are to the living material wood. A relatively high correlation can be seen by comparing the skin colour of the various people around the world with the colour of native woods of the different regions. The light birch and spruce of the North reflect the colour of inhabitants of those areas. In the tropical regions most residents are dark-skinned – tropical woods are almost entirely dark brown to black. Fascinating. We are obviously still cut from the same wood.
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3 give her a kiss for luck as you go Geeveston / Tasmania /Australia
213
every dream has an end – a wooden end
216
The journey is the reward summit cross Abano Pass / Georgia
8 will be amber in thousand years resin gall on a floor board
220
postbark yourofbills the please! old Scanderbeg tacks on a barn’s olive wall tree in Kruja / Albania
8 wood disappears it comes – silent wayside shrine inas Kuchl / Austria Christ crucified
3 steep staircase in an old farmhouse
225
ÂťVenetian FramesawÂŤ invented by Leonardo da Vinci
3 woodworms at work
227
screw from a joiner's bench
228
everbody's darling folding shutter
w o o d q u o va d i s ? Just now– we write in 2013 – I survived my fourth predicted apocalypse (21.12.2012) – and again I ask myself the question: What is this world coming to? It's not that I am a hopeless pessimist. No! I ask myself the question purely out of interest and curiosity. Terror and wars, climate change and nuclear disasters, television and mobile madness, financial crisis and corruption, sometimes you doubt the intelligent, talented human species. But, this is probably the gist of the matter. As the pride of creation, we should keep in mind where our so-called intelligence brought us. To the brink of the abyss. We are poised to rob ourselves of our own livelihood. How should wood help us out of this misery? Instead of understanding and conceiving, we should try to listen to our inner voice again – to lay our preference on feeling again. We should follow proven examples instead of constantly reversing outdated concepts. The example of the perfect circular economy of our forests, is producing one cubic meter of wood every second – in a small country like Austria! Our forests are living sustainability – we should think in terms of generations, not in periods of governances. The climate doesn't know any boundaries – we should start to act as one global society. Recently, we recognized that »money does not work« – we would rather invest in values than chasing dividends. And until that happens: let's plant trees. Nothing is impossible: The Kenyan Peace Nobel Prize winner Wangari Maathai planted 30 million trees in 30 years. A German primary schoolchild, the nine-year-old Felix Finkbeiner founded the Plant-forthe-Planet movement with the goal to plant one million trees in every country in the world. After only five years, 14 billion trees have already been planted all over our planet! The motto for the current campaign is: »Stop talking. Start planting.« 230
global problems?
9:11 twin towers assembled with matador
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4
234
It is not because things are difficult that we do not dare, it is because we do not dare that they are difficult.
Lucius Annaeus Seneca
236
Will wood lead us out of the woods?
Copyright Š 2015 by Karlheinz Zankl
W o o d mad(e) the Autor
born in 1967 in Salzburg. Claims himself to be a „blockhead“! After graduating as a carpenter, he passed his final examination as a technical engineer on a higher technical institute for wood economics. Different jobs as a joiner, carpenter, constructional engineer, sawyer, forester and in the paper industry lead him to his today´s livelihood as a vocational teacher for woodworkers. He is married to his wife Claudia and lives together with his four children in a wooden house in Kuchl / Salzburg / Austria. His heart beats for photography which is his second professional standing leg. Wonderful books like this results from that passion.
wood
tastic
companion passion desire Š2015
karlheinz zankl