DIY MEDIATION THE CRITICAL ‘MAKING’ Kian Min, T.
*** (Abstract in front page)***
For more than two decades, Poland has demonstrated representative democracy as the main political movement since the abolishment of communist regime in the 1980s. Through significant narrative historical events, Polish government has been undergoing series of political transformation to find the right form of democracy to enhance metropolitan development and distribution of task. Through dissolution of the central government system towards local government initiatives (voivodeships, gmina and powiat), the question puts forth whether is the formal top-down governance is the right choice of democracy? Subsequently, informal movement of bottomup initiatives, led by the local governments are seemingly appearing across regions in Poland. The economic conditions in Słupsk however, showed stark differences between polarisation, terrestrial distribution and the level of deprivation in terms of the economy and architecture.
In Do-It-Yourself (DIY) Mediation, I examine how citizen participation can be demonstrated through the process of critical ‘making’ (creative collectivism through DIY co-creation and ‘condition-making’ process) as the main socialpolitical driver to empower the local community to take ownership in the process of statebuilding and decision-making with the kinship of government initiatives. This literature composes examples of how might we construct conditions and environments that provide a ‘shared agenda’ for both conflicting polarities (top-down and bottom-up movement), resulting series of explorative DIY ‘in-between’ spaces and leaving through a political debate that can impact a broader discussion on the participation of Słupsk.
CONTENTS
PROLOGUE
8 - 9
THEOREM
Masterplan Model - The Wider Picture
10
The ‘New Normal’
Series of ‘Condition-making’ Process
11
The
Integrative DIY Mediation
13
Governance
SITE
14
Change
31
for
32 a
New
Political
32 - 37
Introducing the Participants Involved in
38 - 39
DIY Mediation The Role of Participants Involved in DIY
40 - 41
The Formal
16
Mediation
Social-political Situation in Poland
16
Social Dialogues from different Actors
Political Resistance in Poland
17
with different Demands/Opinions on
Failure of Top Down Governance
18 - 19
Słupsk
Słupsk
20
Introducing City of Słupsk
20
Current Economic Condition Słupsk
21
Mediators
46
Analysis of Degraded Areas in Social,
22
The Role of Mediators
46 - 47
Proposing the new Integrative DIY
48 - 49
Conflicts
Environmental and Spatial Aspect Summary of degraded areas in Słupsk
23
Forces of Deprivation
24 - 25
between
Top-down
and
42 - 43
44 - 45
Bottom-up Movement
Mediation process
Analyzing Open Space Typology
26
DIY Mediation
50 - 53
Open
27 - 29
Public Participation: The Notion of
54 - 55
Space
Context
Typology
in
Spatial
Participatory Democracy Degree of Participation
56
The Grid
57
The Grid as Conditions for Urban
57
Variety Characters of the Grid System
58
Principle of ‘Condition-making’
59
Condition 3: Through Participatory Co-
60 - 63
creation
CONDITIONS
65
Conditions 3
84
Deisgn & Regulating
84
Precondition
66
Development of Elevational Studies
85
Development of Spatial Studies
86 - 87
Urban Morphological Study of Site
88 - 95
Exploring Open Adaptive System in
96 - 105
Analysing
Contextual
Liability
and 66 - 67
Advantages
68 - 73
Site Analysis Diagram Condition 1 Consistency, Rules, Standards
74
Winter Garden
74
Introducing Key Spaces of Micro-
75
Industry
106
Spatial DIstribution Diagram
107
Floor Plans
108 - 112
76
Section A - A
113
Networks & Co-creation
76 - 77
Visual Perspectives
115 - 119
Tea Production in Poland
78
Precedent Study: ‘Nest we Grow’
120
Tea Culture in Słupsk
78
Precedent Study: Christ Pavilion, Expo
122
Process of Tea Production
79
2000
Analysing the Grid System Condition 2
Microgeneration through Biomass CHP 80
Precedent Study: ‘The Playing Field’
123
Process of Torrefaction and BIomass 81
Precedent Study: Off-Grid Office
124
CHP
Meeting Safety Requirements and Fire
125 - 128
Material Flow Process of Torrefaction
82
The Circular Economy
83
6
CONTENTS
Regulations
TECHNOLOGY
130
Environmental Strategy
153
Heat Transmission
153
Timber Joint
131
Precedent Study: Eden Project
154
Timber as Primary Structural Material
131
Environmental Strategy
155 - 158
Precedent Study: Chidori System
132
Plan View: Typical Wall Detail
159
Series of Prototype Joints
133 - 138
U - Value Calculation: Typical Wall
160
Detail 139 - 148
Plan View: Ground Floor Wall Detail
161
Typical Ground-to-Wall Section Detail
149
U - Value Calculation: Ground Floor
162
Typical Wall-to-Ceiling Section Detail
150
Wall Detail
Typical Wall-to-Roof Section Detail
151
Construction Sequence
Typical Winter Garden Roof Section 152 Detail
EPILOGUE
164
REFERENCES
165-169
CONTENTS
7
PROLOGUE
Since the late 1980s, centralised government system was formed in Poland after the collapsed of the communist party, subjecting to representative democracy, given voting rights and decision-making authority towards hightier governance on metropolitan development. For more than twenty years, Poland (as well as Słupsk) has undergone a radical shift in changing administration system as not much statutory regulations and actions were taken at national level and metropolitan planning were unclear (Mikula, L., 2013). Local governments gradually gained administrative autonomy in significant areas to reorganised the political structure for better community engagement (Kaczmarek, T. & Ryder, A., 2015, p.23). Local community themselves had also taken initiative gathering informal social groups and open discussion with the local government to elaborate future planning decisions in Poland. Both political movements mentioned earlier (top-down and bottom-up initiatives) have been examined, leaving a broader debate whether both political systems are enough to solve the welfare and economic issues. Given that top-down governance are always the normative system in most countries of Europe, the vertical system are normally criticised for its bureaucratic process of failing to promote transparency among individual organisations (Ryan, N., Williams, T., et. al., 2008). Whereas, bottom-up approach can be consuming in terms of time, effort and resources in order to proliferate transformation throughout the cities.
8
PROLOGUE
What is certain is that the role of government should be expanded and restructured for new levels of transparency to meet future demands of economy as McKinsey coined the term ‘the new normal’ (Davis, I., 2009). Pressure lies on the hands of the local governments and citizens to decide future cities of Słupsk as enormous expenditure of social services on local council budget would foresee a rapid escalation, causing a deficit on allowance for other communal purposes as indicated by the ‘Barnet’s Graph of Doom’ (Hannen, J., 2012). In general, suburbanisation is evidently becoming more intense across regions of Slusk, losing much population in the city center, and putting more pressure onto the responsibility of local government to challenge the burgeoning economic demands and the booming urban sprawl population. The current economic conditions in Słupsk have led to significant unequal terrestrial distribution, polarisation and lacking of proper green spaces; alongside with certain areas have undergone economic deprivation and energy poverty. With the effect of globalisation and technological advance, societies has now moved from the ‘age of deference’ to the ‘age of reference’ where the information society are more subversive on what works and what does not, improving the will to customise and personalise as they believed that it would to make an impact on their lives (Bohl, E. & Wynn, M., 2015, p.5).
Considering society has the capacity to know what is right and wrong, they are motivated to explore and take action upon themselves. This driving force of the DIY culture is as McKay, G. would quote: the ‘culture of immediacy’ (1998, p. 13). This research examines the how participatory innovations can reshape the city of Słupsk through DIY Mediation, proposing a new social-political process where top-down meets bottom-up movements. The discussion will leave a broader debate on how can we create ‘conditions’ where both conflicting polarities can collaborate and co-create the future sustainable city of Słupsk? DIY Mediation, the theme of the booklet, explores the ‘in-between’ mediation process between government and local community interventions; the ethos of DIY culture and it’s intrinsic relationship with citizen participations act as the main driver to empower the local community to take part in the tokenistic process of decision-making, state-building and budgetary discourses.
This architectural booklet is structured into four main components titled: SITE, THEOREM, CONDITION and TECHNOLOGY. The first chapter provides historical relevance towards the democratic conditions Poland and the economic situations in Słupsk. Social issues and opportunity were identified, providing the necessary basis to introduce the theory behind DIY Mediation. Chapter two, provides critical discussion regarding DIY politics and the answer towards ‘in-between’ mediation system; followed by a narrative spatial ‘conditions’ set up by grid system and citizen participation theory. In chapter three, sets of spatial ‘conditions’ are experimented within the context of Słupsk as an exemplar towards the DIY Mediation approach. The last chapter described how grid systems provide ‘conditions’ for technological transformation that supports urban variety, modularity, adaptive, continuity and open hierarchy.
PROLOGUE
9
Masterplan Model - The Wider Picture Proposed masterplan strategy showing the bigger picture in for DIY projects taking place in proposed degraded areas in Wojska Polskiego, Nowe Muzeum and DĹ‚uga. Open space typology was identified and proposals were made to improve pocket and public spaces. vw
ZONE 2: Nowe Muzeum ZONE 8: Wojska Polskiego ZONE 6: DĹ‚uga
10
Overlay key development proposals
PROLOGUE
Open Space Typology study
Series of ‘Condition-making’ Process This research booklet demonstrates Campbell’s (2011) notion of ‘condition - making’ process as an examplar of how can we construct ‘conditions’ that allow both top-down meets bottom-up. By understanding the characteristics of top-down and bottom-up political movements, three conditions were determine that has singularity of common formats, allow adaptive heterogenous designs in shared conditions, respect co-creation decision making be enabling.
Programs
Policymaking
Networks
Co-funding
Co-design
CONDITION 1:
CONDITION 2:
CONDITION 3:
Consistency, Rules, Standards
Networks & Co-creation
Design & Regulating
Integrative DIY Mediation Using ethos of DIY and public participation theory as catalyst to mediate the process between topdown and bottom-up. The masterplan proposal represent participatory co-creation by the community exploring alternative energy and allotment solutions with the main intention of improving the economy, participation and networking.
Future Cultural Hub - celebrative, informative and participatory
Proposed DIY Micro-Industry Explore new prototypes regarding micro-generation
Slupsk City Hall as administrative and DIY Initiative hub The start of DIY Initiation
Research Development
Design Studio
Micro-food industry, microgeneration Proposed Green Energy Lab
Collaborative involvement with community in the production process Celebrative space
Co-production
Testing DIY microbial fuel cell
Test beds Collaboration of social forces
The start of DIY Initiation
Private/ Non-private Institution
DIY solar panels Mixed-used area
Participate, discover and innovate
DIY wind farms
Improve and develop more workshop spaces with enhanced technology DIY Allotment Spaces
SITE The first chapter described the history of top-down governance and the emergence of bottom-up local government initiatives in Poland. In general, there are significance of failure in top-down governance which led to the agglomerations of voivodeships territory. This distinct event showed the initiative of bottomup approach are deem favourable for new governance across Poland. At the moment, existing conditions of Słupsk is undergoing a deficit on local funds with emerging economic issues of social migration, long term unemployment and energy poverty. Economic issues and political governance are intrinsically linked to one another. The historical narratives presented reflect the need for a radical solution. A solution in which the next chapter ‘Theorem’ will describe how socialpolitical movement can benefit both ways and improve the resilience on the development of Słupsk.
THE FORMAL Social-political Situation in Poland
There are mainly two types of metropolitan cooperation found in Poland which are topdown and bottom-up administrative decisions. In general, Poland has long been using topdown centralised governance since before the 1990s (Mikula, L., 2013). It has been the normative social system since then until recently after 1990s, Polish cities have been constantly expanding and forming agglomerations of metropolitan in decentralised locations, forming administrative reorganisation into voivodeships, powiat and gmnia to create new local governments for better management of the city (Kaczmarek, T. & Ryder, A., 2015, p.19). For over 15 years, strategic documents have been created under the influence of top-down management.
16
THE FORMAL
Through historical narrations, there are evidence suggested that Polish governance increasingly prefer bottom-up initiatives to propose new urban policy and metropolitan development. Bottomup cooperation involves authority from the local governments to propose decisions, solutions and policies up to the central government. There are many reasons behind the decentralisation of administrative governance. The development of larger voivodeships and powiat had resulted in complication on the management system of metropolitan regions, increasing not just local government powers but also complexity (Mikula, L., 2013). Government initiatives such as proposals of new urban policy does not response to immediate solutions to the development of the city, ignoring the fact of the rapid development of metropolitan zones and inter-metropolitan cooperation, delaying any legal solutions to regulate metropolitan cooperation (Czepczyński, M., 2014). Metropolitan reform was called in 1998, similarly Spatial Planning and Development Act was recognised into metropolitan areas (Mikula, L., 2013). However, not much legal actions were taken at national level and statutory regulations were made unclear for delimitation of metropolitan areas (Mikula, L., 2013).Some smaller government units fear of core city’s domination and matters regarding negative financial benefits, creating barriers among cooperation for centralised metropolitan system (Kaczmarek, T. & Ryder, A., 2015, p.36).
Political Resistance in Poland
Through indications from historical protest, citizen pressure and public opinions, Poland has the potential to perform a new democratic system that allows more transparency in the social-political systems. Based on observations in Poland, citizens tend to engaged in various forms of direct activity to challenge the high echelons in general public because the trust towards traditional democratic system has been declined (Siemienska, R., 2014, p. 145).
54%
“Poles admitted that they have no influence on the situations of their local community”.
48%
“Respondents believed that city councils are vital and responsible to the growth of the town in which the local community live in”.
75%
“Respondents believed that city councils are vital and responsible to the growth of the town in which the local community live in”.
81%
“Respondents agreed that decision making (for instance extension of investment program) should be conducted through public consultation”.
THE FORMAL
17
FAILURE OF TOP-DOWN GOVERNANCE
1945
1980
1989
1990
Poland was conquered by Soviet Union which created Polish People’s Republic.
First trade union of Warsaw Pact country was formed and does not belong to any communist party. Słupsk was one of them shortly after Gdańsk and Gdynia. There are still signs of deep political, moral and economic crisis that limits civic freedoms of the Polish society. Evidence of new (mostly illegal) social movements was formed by oppositions such as the committee of Defence of Workers.
After the collapsed of People’s Republic of Poland, local governments gradually gained autonomy and broader powers to manage limited finances and budgetary. Centralised system of public governance was formed. However, the government does not have taxation power and relied mainly on central governance for all funding.
Self-government was reintroduced among decentralised locations only at municipal level in cities and communes, providing local government more power and moral legitimacy. Political structures of selfgovernment was referred from formal administrative structure of country existed since 1975. Słupsk was an official selfgovernment unit to date.
Source: Historical timeline developed from Kaczmarek, T. & Ryder, A., 2015, Mikula, L., 2013, Wdowicka, M. & Tolle, A., 2016, Siemienska, R., 2014, Salto-Youth, 2016)
18
THE FORMAL
SŁUPSK
1999
2003
2004
2008
Administrative system was restructured into new tiers of local and regional self-government – voivodeships, powiat (secondary local government units) and gmina (commune) with the intention of better communal engagement and self-organisation. So-called ‘new’ administrative system was a reflection from a three level system, existed until 1939.
Spatial Planning and Spatial Management Act - first attempt of metropolitan management was developed to allocate decisive roles in spatial planning to the communes. However, statutory regulations were unclear on the delimitation of metropolitan areas that includes restricted planning delivery services, consequently failure to address region-wide issues and delays on decisions to regional planners from the higher-tier governance.
Poland formerly joined in the European Union (EU), providing investment “boom” among cities. New major developments were proposed and it changes spatial organisation of cities. In some cases, inhabitants might be affected by the developed spaces that they once used before. Urban social movement were undertaken by different groups of v in various cities as oppose to the mass development of the new initiative.
National government proposals were not created even till 2014. Only evidence of recent government draft projects of national planning documents were indicated such as National Spatial Development Conception 2030, National Urban Policy 2020 and Green Paper on Metropolitan Areas.
THE FORMAL
19
SŁUPSK Introducing City of Słupsk
Słupsk is a city located in the north-western region of Pomerania voivodeship. The city lies in Bay of Pomerania of the Baltic Sea, on both sides of the river Słupia. It is an important hub of communication and transport in the region of Central Pomerania. The city meets railway lines from Szczecin to Gdańsk, and road connection to Poznań via Miastko and Piła, and to Bydgoszcz and Toruń via Bytów and Chojnice. The distance between Słupsk and Baltic Sea coast lies approximately 18 km away. The city of Słupsk is an independent local self - government unit formulated in 1990, caters to gather collective needs from the community pertaining matters to education, culture and tourism (Salto-Youth, 2016). The Municipality representing outside the city of Słupsk are ran by the Mayor, Robert Biedroń.
20
SŁUPSK
Current Economic Condition in Słupsk
“Słupsk has enormous financial problems, which are the results of irresponsible management of previous teams and those in power of the city”. (Polska Newsweek., 2015) The sentence above clearly describe the economic situations in Słupsk due to poor governance and cooperations. Robert Biedroń, as the new mayor of Słupsk, requested aid from the Polish Prime Minister, Ewa Kopacz, to assist in the bad financial situation, which the city is currently carrying a total of 275 million zł in debt due to a number of liabilities of terminated development projects in Słupsk (Polska Newsweek., 2015). The closure of the discussion resulting a total of 4.4 million zł are given to the city as budget reserve, 3.36 million zł will be dedicated for public house renovation projects (Baliszewski, T., 2015). Słupsk has began renovating 105 social housing with average repair for one apartment would cost around 30 thousands zł (Marecki, Z., 2015).
SŁUPSK
21
Selected Important Degrade Area Analysis
79.5 - 100 benefits/1 000 persons Highest number of social benefits per 1 000 persons Indicating areas that needed more welfare services.
17.16 - 22.88 % Highest general unemployment rate
47.88 - 61.84% Highest percentage of buildings demanding repairs Most housings suffering energy poverty with poor heat insulation
Analysis of Degraded Areas in Social, Economical and Spatial Aspect The following diagrams above showed a summary on the deprivations areas of Słupsk based on the report of ‘Delimitation of degraded areas in the City of Słupsk’ obtained from planning faculty.
ZONE 8: Wojska Polskiego
ZONE 2: Nowe Muzeum
ZONE 6: Długa
Summary of Degraded Areas in Słupsk Series of overlaps on the analysis of degraded areas in Słupsk, which indicated most of the social challenges reside in the city center. The DIY Initiative project will show examples of spatial interventions on these locations.
ZONE 2
Nowe Muzeum • Biggest inhabitants population • Highest number of domestic violence cases • Highest unemployment rate • Highest percentage of long term unemployed • Highest percentage of buildings polluting the air
ZONE 6
ZONE 8
Długa
• Highest number benefits granted
Wojska Polskiego of
social
• Highest number of domestic violence cases • Highest percentage of buildings in bad condition • Highest percentage buildings polluting the air
• Highest population density • Highest number of criminal offences • Highest unemployment rate • Highest economic growth
of
SŁUPSK
23
Forces of Deprivation Based on site observations and research.
Polarisation
Słupsk urban planning system are managed through marginalised zonnings - locations for special economic zones, social housings and privatised allotment spaces. Not only there are income gaps between rich and poor households, this gap shows different urban communities that house the rich and poor.
24
SŁUPSK
Unequal terrestrial distribution
Mismatch between skillsets
Communities living in segregation based on demographics and opportunities present in unequal locations of Słupsk.
Employers are gradually believing that new graduates are inadequately prepared for work as education institutions are not keeping in touch with the needs of corporate recruiters.
Signs of gentrification of housing and chain stores emerges in Słupsk, providing cleaner environment but expensive accouterments of life. (food, education, coffee shops and houses)
As local industries are gradually advancing, educational facilities still teach students based on conventional teaching model.
Social Migration
Long Term Unemployment
In 2013, a total of 1213 people migrate outside of the city while 898 people moving in, resulting a net worth of -401 migrations in Słupsk (Polskawliczbach, 2016). Due to suburbanisation rapidly increasing, the city center will face lesser population in the future.
Słupsk used to be an important for its industry back in the postwar period (including shoemaking, shipbuilding, wood and machinery industry). For over 10 years, agriculture and industry represent dominant sectors in Słupsk.
Based on Work Service survey (Work Service, 2014), 78% respondents migrate outside due to higher wages and better economic positions; while 37% suggested the jobs doesn’t meet towards their demands.
Słupsk faces deindustralisation due to its economic turn due to its development of services employment. Overall, Słupsk suffers an employment rate of 11.8% in 2013 (SzmielińskaPietraszek,P. & Szymańska, W., 2015). Issues of unemployment are due to the formal poor administrative performance and structure of education system does not respond to needs of market .
Energy Poverty
Some residence still favours the use of coal heating devices in their homes. In general, they prefer the use of coal over natural gas as a cheap reliable source for heating. Besides that, a lot of buildings still require repair maintenance. Major refurbishment are mostly accentuate on insulating the building as traditional houses in Słupsk are not build with proper insulations.
SŁUPSK
25
Typology Space A
Pocket spaces.
Typology Space B
Social activity courtyards.
Typology Space C
Public institutions and derelict, historic buildings, social spaces.
Analysing Open Space Typology As suburbanisation rapidly increases across the region, population in city center decreases, alongside some open spaces are seen undeveloped or underdeveloped. Many of these sites were still remains of historical significance, comprising dilapidated buildings, poor maintained social spaces and gated housing. Due to Słupsk current economic conditions, retrofit buildings would carry a large amount of cost as compared to new development. Urban infill becomes strategic for the role of this project as open spaces can be revitalised to allow more programs, functions and quality public spaces for the local community at the same time provide jobs, welfare and social security. The intention would eventually lead towards a more sustainable ‘Compact City’ as Jane Jacobs (2011, p. 288) would agreed that the need for human concentrations of the city showed an essential source of ‘immense vitality’ and diversity.
26
SŁUPSK
Typology A Public/ privatised pocket spaces & parks
Typology B Social spaces, squares, parks & courtyards
Typology C Public institution & government owned open space
Open Space Typology in Spatial Context
Typology A Existing pockat spaces formed by adjoining retail, residential and storage spaces. Most of these spaces are privatised by the local community as pocket gardens and for personal use.
Typology B Existing coutyard spaces allocated as recreational grounds, social spaces, community allotments and car parks. Most of these spaces are poorly maintained and there is lack of green facilitated spaces for general public use.
Typology C Public institution, small businesses & government buildings owned these open spaces. Majority of the space are gated and provided as private car parks.
SĹ UPSK
27
Typology A
Typology B
Typology A
Typology C
28
Pictures showing Open Space Typology around Site
�The historical changes relevant in this case are not only an immense increase in the size of great cities, but also the immensely increased responsibilities - for housing, for welfare, for health, for education, for regulatory planning - which have been taken on by the governments of great municipalities (...) The trouble is, they are trying to deal with the intimate details of great metropolis with an organizational structure to back them up, advise them, inform them, guide them and pressure them, that has become anachronistic�. ( Jacobs, J., 2011, pg. 530)
THEOREM Top-down and bottom-up political movement are deemed ineffective to solve the demanding issues of Słupsk. Both conflicting polarities has its’advantages and disadvantages. The theorem disucsses the possibility of a new social-political movement in Słupsk, whereby top-down meets bottom-up approach. Using the ethos of DIY and public engagement concepts as catalyst to the in-between mediation process, both top-down and bottom-up can have a shared agenda on the process of ‘condition - making’. The project can be taken through different levels of tokenism to inspire the local community to take up ownership among themselves to develope the city of Słupsk through co-creation, networking and decision-making process. Three sets of conditions - rules, networking and cocreation design are demonstrated as an initiative of in-between mediation. Design can take its progressive transformation within the sets of conditions and grid system.
THE ‘NEW NORMAL’ The Change for a New Political Governance “The critical distinction in terms of participation is that which occurs through the opening-up of existing government structures to greater public involvement [top-down]; and the creation of new empowered social groups [bottom up]” (Involve, 2005, p.17). There is a fundamental shift in the economies of Poland in general which influences social and cultural change of urban life. As noted previously about the socio-political conditions of Poland, cities are radically increasing in size and population with the effect of technological innovation. Societies has now moved from the ‘age of deference’ to the ‘age of reference’ where the culture of people are influenced by technology, convinced on what works and what does not, increasing the tendency to personalised, customise and wanting to be in charge of the interventions that would make a difference in their lives (Bohl, E. & Wynn, M., 2015, p.5). Each of these factors requires a challenge for new radical approach – a new political imperative to the way communication, architecture and living can be conducted in the cities of the 21st century to meet a more sustainable future. McKinsey coined the term ‘the new normal’, suggesting the role of government should be expanded and restructured for new levels of transparency and disclosure to meet the future demands of economy (Davis, I., 2009).
32
THE ‘NEW NORMAL’
Top-down vs Bottom-up What draws the line between the management of top-down and bottom-up debate is essentially the dialogue between managerialism and professionalism (Bohl, E. & Wynn, M., 2015, p.4). A notable quote mentioned above by Stephen Coleman, Oxford University, suggested that political process has to change in accordance to greater citizen involvement. Often the general preference indicated that developers and urban planners are more capable of developing large masterplan projects from the top whereas local communities generally performed place-making role in smallscale projects from the bottom. Both top-down and bottom-up strategy addresses advantages and limitations when it comes to developing the city.
Territorial enforcer and policy makers
Top-down Movement
Encourage community
> development in governance, planning and action
State > Intervention
Integrative
DIY
Mediation
Bottom-up Movement Social groups in common, collective and uncommodified movement
Local > Community
>
Steer people to collaborate across boundaries and tackles divisions of socialeconomic issues
The ‘New Normal’: Integrative DIY Mediation
“Top-down change strategies have been criticised for assuming that organisational transformation is a linear and uniform process, for ignoring the processual and ongoing nature of large-scale change, and for failing to acknowledge the uniqueness of individual organisations”. (Ryan, N., Williams, T., et. al., 2008)
Top-down Movement State government has been commonly subjected to the role as the territorial enforcer and policy makers of the situation. The distribution of tasks, decisions and participation are directed at representatives of local administration. Essentially, top-down management can deliver visions developed by higher tier government efficiently through high levels of support by stakeholders and funding divisions. This form of democratic systems is based on the tools of representative democracy, which has been narrated has the main political movement in Poland for more than two decades (Szczudlińska-Kanoś, A., 2015). The involvement of top-down movement is subjected to rules, standards and policies decided by electoral parties. The behaviour of the political movement resembles from the experiences of corporate strategy and managerial profession. It can be seen that most of the strategies imposed are belonged to the elite political discourse. The vertical system has been commonly criticised to be a bureaucratic process, failing to recognise potential changes and uniqueness of individual organisations (Ryan, N., Williams, T., et. al., 2008). The problem with using corporate or managerial strategy is the linear closed system that constrains decisions to a set of choices, limiting the opportunity to engage with public for a second opinion (Bohl, E. & Wynn, M., 2015, p. 5).
34
THE ‘NEW NORMAL’
Other issue of central governance in metropolitan development is the scale; larger scale projects are often implemented through top-down management whereas smaller projects are done through bottom-up (Kampelmann, S. et. al., 2015, p.3). Each local government share different form of interests when it comes to governing the city and not all citizens may agree with the decisions made by the government, particularly when it comes to matters pertaining to the community or themselves personally. However, regional integration can be successful with the support of public, private and non-profit organisations through sets of knowledge exchange program such as public discussions, awareness campaign and forums, detailing long-term benefits and reason behind the changes. Some governments relies only in the attempt to improve interactions across different scale and heterogeneous actors but rather not paying attention on what is the appropriate system for metropolitan development, as a result there is a disconnection between top-down and bottomup development. (Kampelmann, S. et. al., 2015, p.3). As for the metropolitan development in Poland, scale is one of the key issues faced till now as the governments had been trying to find the suitable political system in decision making across large subdivided voivodeships and Powiat. Despite the number of arguments of the top-down management, is it generally the right way towards demonstrating efficiency in future delivery of public service?
Researchers and governments have now aware on ‘Barnet’s Graph of Doom’, suggesting that future social services will create a huge amount of expenditure on local council budget which resulted very little allowance left for communal leisure such as libraries, parks and sport centers (Hannen, J., 2012).
Bottom-up Movement Over the past two decades, collaborations efforts between lower-tier local governments have been typical in Poland. As they gained administrative independence, multiple attempts had been made to reorganise the formal political structure for better communal engagement (Kaczmarek, T. & Ryder, A., 2015, p.23). The similar case can be witnessed from the bottom-up local government approach in the metropolitan planning of Poznan. In May 2007, Poznan Agglomeration Council was formed under 17 suburban municipalities, Poviat and city of Poznan as the non-statutory institution, leading to a series of public forums to gather common opinions on the draft proposals by regional government and prepare common standards for planning documents (Mikula, L., 2013).
Bottom-up strategies respect collective decisions made by civic members, social groups and non-governmental organisations (NGOs), giving more authority to people in developing new alternative condition, policy-making and budgetary. Its effectiveness can be potential in state building agenda on the importance of indicating strengths and weaknesses from deprived cities as a starting point for planning and development (Wennmann, A., 2010, p.4). This form of collective behaviour reflects a heterogeneous approach, comprised from diverse culture of local community with different self-interest and local priorities. Social movement are performed in a non-hierarchical manner through self-organising initiatives that can be the driver for effective local transformation.
THE ‘NEW NORMAL’
35
The problem with bottom-up initiative is that time, effort and resources are needed more in order to steer participants to propagate transformation throughout the organisation (especially those in the top-tier management). Most community-based organisations (CBO) lack the necessary skills, attitudes and high level supports to operate substantial projects and businesses; especially when financing is concern, CBO simply can’t compete with private or governmental institutions (Porter, M., 1995, p. 326). Due to its diverse characters for each individual community, merit systems (hierarchical) and managerialism are incompatible to them (Arnstein, S., 1969, p.292). Citizens might not be aware on the complexity of state building for instances finances, policies and regulations. In some cases, providing more citizen control over microfinance programs can produce miraculous results, but on the other hand, corruption, loss and failure tend to happen too (Arnstein, S., 1969, p.280). There’s a threshold to within depending how much power should be delegated to citizen’s control upon decision making. Many bottom-up projects are often instrumentalised by the politics of real estate agency, investors or governors to serve external, top-down interest or other hidden vested agendas (Kampelmann, S. et. al., 2015, p.14). As such, the government plays a vital role in making sure the citizen is in the right path towards development.
36
THE ‘NEW NORMAL’
Top-down Meets Bottom-up Top-down and bottom-up approaches have the capacity to improve social-ecological systems to adapt structural changes that involved across different levels of scales, actors and information. Top-down governance can advise community development on the role of city planning and development as the state has the experiences and economic capacity to do so, whereas local community has the capacity to steer people to collaborate across boundaries and tackles specific divisions of social-economic issues. However, both top-down and bottomup approaches are inadequately sufficient to achieve a successful transformation. This has led to the inquiry on whether is there a way where the new social-political condition can benefit from both top-down and bottom-up strategy? How might we construct situations and environments that provide common ground for both conflicting polarities?
�There is increasing evidence that globalism and localism‌ may be intimately linked, opposite sides of the same coin. The more that corporation globalises and lose touch with the concerns of ordinary people, the more that the seeds of grass-roots revolt are sown; equally, the more that governments hand responsibility to remote supranational powers the more they lose their democratic legitimacy and alienate people�. ( McKay, G., 1998, pg. 3)
Introducing the Participants Involved in DIY Mediation
Mayor
City Planners
Stakeholders
Robert Bierdron is officially the city Mayor of Słupsk in 2014. He strongly believes on equal human rights, freedom of thinking and the development of the economy.. The role of the mayor represents the local government of The City of Słupsk.
City planners study conditions and directions of spatial development of City of Słupsk. They are incharged of issued zonnings and location of public investment. Recently, they developed ‘The Study for City Development’ model, featuring plans for different functions in development areas.
Stakeholders are independent party that have interest or concern in an organisation. Some stakeholders such as shareholders and investors can affect or be affected by organisation’s actions, objectives and policies.
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THE ‘NEW NORMAL’
Precariats
NGOs
Precariats is a social class living under existing poor conditions of houses that requires maintenances, social benefits and economic support.
There are more than 100 listed non-governmental organisations (NGOs) available in Słupsk. Among of them are chategorised as Public Benefit Organisation (PBO) whereby 90% of efforts are focus on the benefit of general good.
General Public We defined the rest of the ‘commons’ such as the local residence as the ordinary people in society who are not involved in any particular political agenda and interest.
THE ‘NEW NORMAL’
39
The Role of Participants Involved in DIY Mediation
Mayor
City Planners
Stakeholders
Represent the City of Słupsk to empower the people and their organisations to influence and transform public policies and services and all factors affecting the conditions of their lives.
Adopt strategic approach to community development within their region, linking with other suitable bodies and departments within the City of Słupsk and considering community development when developing regional strategies, including sustainable economic strategies.
Recognise community development as an integral component in the delivery of good public services and local governance.
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THE ‘NEW NORMAL’
Prekariats
NGOs
Drives younger generations too and develop independent groups and projects across the community sector within an ethical framework, and increase networking between groups.
Advise and inform public authorities on community perspectives and assist them to strengthen communities and work in genuine partnership with them.
General Public Support and develop independent groups and projects across the community sector within an ethical framework, and increase networking between groups.
THE ‘NEW NORMAL’
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Social Dialogues from different Actors with different Demands/Opinions on Słupsk
“... city needs small businesses, not most profitable, but those that attract people...” “... need for better engagement of local NGO’s and coworkers...”
Mayor
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THE ‘NEW NORMAL’
“... no facilities for families, no playgrounds...” “... some residents still using coal for heating...”
City Planners
“... we need more playground...” “... I’m working under hourly paid contract of promoting political party in upcoming elections...” “... if the parliament got the seat, I’ll get 2000 Zloty...” “... after the election I’ll be unemployed again...”
Prekariats
“... city dispone 2mln zl per year, allocated for participatory budget, where residents can vote for most wanted projects...” “... only 10% of residents votes in participatory budget program...” “... problems happen when voted projects exceed the costs estimated in their brief...”
NGOs
“... Dluga bad reputation for gipsy and travellers that used to live there...” “... young people going abroad..” “... a pensioner has to survive with their money from pay day to pay day, and still squeeze the expenses for it to last...”
General Public
THE ‘NEW NORMAL’
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BOTTOM-UP
TOP-DOWN
State Intervention
Identity
Behaviour
Operation
Rules, standards & policies
Elite political discourse
Corporate strategy
Heterogeneous
Local priorities
Self-organising
Identity
Behaviour
Operation
Local Community
Conflicts between top-down and bottom-up movement Diagram drawn references by Campbell, K. (2011) and ‘Urban Enactment’ (Archdaily, 2014), showing characteristics of top-down and bottom-up movement as conflicting polarities.
“History itself becomes a degrading monolith that swallows up all distinctions, mediations, phases of development, and social specificies. (…) What stands out most compellingly in today’s lifestyle anarchism is its appetite for immediacy rather than reflection… ”. ( McKay, G., 1998, pg. 14)
MEDIATORS The Role of Mediators “Smart Urbanism moves away from the same old ‘place making’ agenda to that of ‘ condition - making’ – a new way of planning, designing and delivering sustainable urbanism and social innovation in our districts, neighbourhoods and quarters. It is how urban design must change in this new world” . (Campbell, K., 2011, p.2) Mediators are often described their role in the notions of neutrality; as facilitators, moderators and bridging organisations; formulated by different actors from different backgrounds, be it from top government or local community. They have the capacity of create horizontal linkages and information flows across two different polarities at different scales, allowing coordination of task to be conducted and the relief of tension between public administrators and communitybased actors. (Kampelmann, S. et. al., 2015, p.3). Aldo van Eyck described: “the process of inbetween is where rationality and institution come together”, relatively it advocates the notion of openness and inclusiveness (Lammers, H., 2012, p.88). Bruno Latour (2005, p.39) stressed the meaning of mediation in a much broader sense: a mediation of action as assemblages between social and nature (or assemblages of artifacts) that can be ‘transform, translate, distort and modify the elements’ inhibit in it. What can be extracted from Latour’s description of mediators suggested social linkages do not just relate among themselves but they are inextricably linked towards everyday objects they possess as he claimed that artifacts have the capacity to construct social order (Shove, E., et. Al., 2007, p. 148). Thus, the ethos of DIY (which would be described in the next topic) played significant role in formulating this assemblages that can create new alternative spaces.
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MEDIATORS
Other radical theories suggested that the key principle of the new in-between mediation system should consider local community as the authority in decision making process while state governance is the regulators to enable the decision to be processed. After all, the right to the city as David Harvey (2013, p.4) discussed, should rightfully belong to the urban commons in the means of the ‘right to change and reinvent the city’. Such authority includes the collaboration between the state and the local community to determine how information is shared, goals and planning policies are made, tax resources are allocated, funding proposals are created, programs are operated and contractual benefits that are distributed (Arnstein, S., 1969, p.282). This new way of planning, designing and delivery, supports Campbell’s (2011, p.2) definition of ‘condition - making’ whereby conditions of a building or a city is determined by the importance of competence between distributed actors and networks. Thus, architecture is not defined as a form of physical state but the continual political process of co-creation by the people that determine the conditions of a building. The ongoing in-between mediation process activated by collective individuals could eventually build an architecture manifested with heterogeneous identity (from the notion of ‘Urban Enactments’), as local community, government and technology are confronted with by a sense of ‘shared agenda’ (Archdaily, 2014).
There are many case studies already ongoing to pursue participatory approach between local community and the government. London Borough of Sutton has committed to involve local community groups and partners in the process of commissioning (Bohl, E. & Wynn, M., 2015, p.22). Similarly, in June 2010, a project organised by American Speaks titled: ‘Our Budget, Our Economy’, had gathered together more than 3,500 American citizens across 57 sites across the country to discuss about economic and policy views through open discussion (newDemocracy, 2016). Building a bond between citizen and state can provide the chance for community to express their needs and opinions, in which in return it can greatly affect ‘marginal efficiency of public and social services’ (Szczudlińska-Kanoś, A., 2015, p.4).
Although giving full authority to the general public on decision-making does not encourage participation (Szczudlińska-Kanoś, A., 2015, p.4), the mediation system requires the government (as service provider) to collaborate and initiate for a common agenda in essence of planning, design and delivery. Mediators are thus expected to be entrepreneurial, flexible and self-managing with the reduced assistance from the state. Can members of the local communities help in solving problems with particular emphasis on the co-governance and policy-making decisions? How can we motivate the local community into participating the process of DIY mediation?
MEDIATORS
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BOTTOM-UP
TOP-DOWN
State Intervention
Identity
Behaviour
Operation DIY MEDIATION
Common formats, simple rules
‘Conditionmaking’
Enabling, Mediation
The System
Heterogeneous in shared conditions
Adaptive
Co-creation, decision making
The Control
Identity
Behaviour
Operation
Local Community
Proposing the new integrative DIY mediation process By understanding the characteristics of top-down and bottom-up political movements, DIY Mediation should resembles the identity of common standards, allow adaptive heterogenous designs in shared conditions, respect co-creation decision making be enabling; essentially the government act as the role of ‘the system’ while the local community is ‘the control’ of the decision-making process.
“Smart Urbanism moves away from the same old ‘place making’ agenda to that of ‘ condition - making’ – a new way of planning, designing and delivering sustainable urbanism and social innovation in our districts, neighbourhoods and quarters. It is how urban design must change in this new world” . (Campbell, K., 2011, p.2)
DIY MEDIATION
Do-It-Yourself (DIY) can be defined as the process of making something through learning and training the necessary skills without the full assistance of professionals, governments and corporations. Through stewardships of growing your own food, repairing cars, brew beers, making arts and crafts, filming, media and narrative performances, DIY is the political foundation for a ‘fully participatory and non-hierarchical society’ (Chidgey, R., 2014, p.104). That foundation could be the cornerstone towards empowering the local community for developing the city – a city that is rightfully theirs. By instilling the culture of DIY to aid in the process of state-building, decision-making and co-creation with the collaborations of the state, the city of Słupsk can be directed towards a more sustainable future. In this chapter, the essence of DIY can be identified as empowerment, participatory and process-oriented that highlights the basis/driver of rebuilding the new social-political system through mediation between top-down and bottom-up.
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DIY MEDIATION
DIY culture in the contemporary society has been commonly witnessed as an image of home improvements (the ones people often watch on commercial television and Internet). Historically, consumerists have promoted the essence of DIY through the ease of advanced tools as commodity markets. Consequently, it fails to impart meaningful knowledge and skills required by practitioners to tackle different kind of situations (Shove, E., et. Al., 2007, p.46). According to Chidgey, R. (2014, p. 107), this form of DIY political movement is deemed to be a ‘selfmanagerial branding’. The urban fabric has been widely driven by consumerism (also known as ‘surpluses’), extracted from diverse location and the people (David Harvey,2013, p.5). Consumer goods are basically carriers of identity and cultural capital; similarly there is a possibility that these objects can influence the way consumers live and performed. (Shove, E., et. Al., 2007, p.23). There is a different between procession a product and making it as there is a relation between the product, people and the process of ownership/ making. Through the process of doing, consuming and using, DIY entails the dynamic competence between tools, materials and practitioners themselves, leading towards the reconstruction of space and identity (Shove, E., et. al., 2007, p.55). Similarly, the involvement of a self-build home project can create a distinct self-identity and a sense of belonging by users themselves on the contrary to a newly bought house that resembles the alienation effect of mass production of the contemporary society.
The culture of DIY are closely associated with the practice of anarchism (McKay, G., 1998, p. 46). What can be digested from the attitudes of DIY activist are the great aspect of selfempowerment, participatory, direct action and immediacy. McKay, G. (1998, p. 13) explained that the ‘culture of immediacy’ is the factor towards the driving force of DIY culture. The term ‘immediacy’ has deeply rooted through the history of Poland that has constantly demanded for political changes and better metropolitan development. The culture of ‘immediacy’ can be achieved great results and stability when social processes are undertaken through a democratic process – also widely known as participatory democracy. There has been a dynamic shift where DIY activist favours the culture of participatory politics than the practice of anarchism. Decisions made by opposing parties can be taken through voting and open discussions. Participatory democracy in Poland is still unprecedented due to reasons of organisational, communication and control substances (Szczudlińska-Kanoś, A., 2015, p.2).
Contemporary politicians still could not accept public engagement in policy-making as it may contribute ignorance, prejudice and narrow interest that could distort their political agenda (Coleman, S. & Gotze, J., 2001, p.10) However, informal participatory movements have been gradually mobilising across Poland for improved community engagement because they believed that representative democracy is not sufficient to correspond to future demands and challenges faced by the ongoing Information Society (Szczudlińska-Kanoś, A., 2015, p.2). Overall, the fundamental principle behind the in-between mediation process is the emphasis of DIY culture as enabling mechanism through participatory democracy.
DIY MEDIATION
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Essence of DIY Mediation
“DIY means learning and practicing the skills necessary to create the things we want to see, rather than relying on governments, corporations, and the media to provide for us. When we do things like grow food, sew and repair our own clothes, brew beer, build bikes, create art, films, and music, write zines, and squat buildings, we’re empowering ourselves, while simultaneously taking power away from the forces that attempt to control us. Because of this, DIY is inherently political – it’s the foundation on which a fully participatory and nonhierarchical society can exist”. (Chidgey, R., 2014, p.104)
Public Participation: The Notion of Participatory Democracy “To claim the right to the city in the sense I mean it here is to claim some kind of shaping power over the processes of urbanization, over the ways in which our cities are made and remade, and to do so in a fundamental and radical way.” (David Harvey, 2013, p.5)
As David Harbey mentioned above, the new political process requires a new kind redistribution of power among parties involved in rebuilding the city. In general, citizen participation is defined as the redistribution of power that provide opportunity for the ‘have-not’ citizens to be involved in the political and economic processes (Arnstein, S., 1969, p.282). Public participation shared an intrinsic value to ‘deliberative democracy’ - the kind of civic engagement that holds decision making power by majority rule. Wide range of methods and theories of public participation had been developed by social entrepreneurs on how to gather public input into solving contemporary problems and public policy-making. This new social-political process thus emphasize a shift in the authority of decision-making power towards priorities of political equality, facilitating active interaction and learning culture across diverse participants (Lee,C.W., 2015, p.3). Overall, public engagement can mobilise individuals to contribute and be part of the political system which represent the ethos of DIY culture. As Lee, C.W. (2015, p. 172) would describe the form of deliberative behavior empowered by the local community themselves may provide authenticity in civic engagement as well as reducing cultural tensions with one another. When citizens are allowed to make their own decisions freely based on a similar shared agenda on the priorities of a project and commitment, it changes the attitudes and the role of individuals as well which is essential towards peace-building between conflicting parties.
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DIY MEDIATION
“Spectrum of Public Participation” model developed by International Association for Public Participation (iAP2) was drawn as an example to drive the local community of Słupsk into making decisions, policy and co-create programs, processes and spatial requirements. The nature of citizen’s involvement can be divided into five levels of public participation that includes: informing, consulting, involving, collaborating and empowering. Each degree of participation tells us on the role of participations and the level of distribution of citizen power. By understanding how citizen participation works, programs and spatial requirements can be developed through a series of transformation process under a tokenistic turn to empower the local community to take ownership on decision-making process with the help from government initiatives. In general, there is no absolution solution towards how community engage in the process of policy-making. This essay holds an exemplar towards achieving an alternative solution of competency between top-down and bottom-up governance. Below described objectivity with each of these forms of participation (Karsten, A., 2012, p.25):
“Deliberative participation is virtuous not on its own merits but because it changes the attitudes of individuals, regarding their own role in change; instead of “let peace begin with me”, this discourse focuses on “let action begin with me, through a shift in my own thinking about who is responsible for what”. (Lee,C.W., 2015)
Inform
To provide public with balanced and objective information to assist them in understanding the problems, alternatives, opportunities and solutions.
Consult
To obtain public feedback on analysis, alternatives and/or decisions.
Involve
To work directly with the public throughout the process to ensure that public concerns and aspirations are consistently understood and considered.
Collaborate
To partner with the public in each aspect of the decision including the development of alternatives and the identification of the preferred solution.
Empower
To place final decision-making in the hands of the public.
DIY MEDIATION
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Inform Local community are informed & assisted in understanding the problem & solutions
Consult Local community are discussed & v to obtain feedback on decisions
Involve Local government initiated projects & shared decisions with local community
Collaborate Local community initiated projects & directed by government to partner with public & private sectors
Empower Local community initiated & shared decisions with government
Open House
‘Brew-yourTea’
Microbrewery
Co-creation
Informing DIY initiatives & it’s objectives
Process of making new flavours of tea
Tea and compote production
Produce new micro-food industry
Waste Collection
Waste Treatment
Co-creation
Agricultural waste as resources
Filtering waste for energy production
Research new materials through waste
Focus Group
DIY Biomass Briquette
Microgeneration
Co-creation
Open discuss concerns regarding socialpolitical issues
Dedicated public workshops on the production of bio-fuel
Produce electricity and heat through bio-mass CHP
Research microgeneration production
Surveys
DIY Self-Build Initiatives
Self-build
Co-creation
Gain feedback on decision, policy and funding proposals
Join wood workshop and construction process
Managing selfbuild project and spatial planning
Produce new efficient modular design and technology
DIY Compote
Winter Garden
Co-creation
Fruit preservation techniques
Keep temperate house plant for food and tourism
Produce new growing and harvesting techniques
‘Pluck-GrowSell’
Community Allotment
Community grow and sell back to industry
Community grow microgreens and tea plantation
Media Publication Promote information on DIY initiatives
Degree of Participation Distribution of citizen power through DIY mediation; drawing participatory frameworks reference from IAP2 Spectrum of Public Participation (Karsten, A., 2012)
THE GRID The Grid as Conditions for Urban Variety “Architecture has to deal with this ‘constant and constantly changing’ human reality, i.e. not only with what is different from the past, but also with what has remained the same”. (Lammers, H., 2012, p.42)
Previously, Campbell (2011, p.63) mentioned that sustainable urban design is undertaking on the agenda of ‘condition making’ as he believed that there is a need of open and hierarchical design for handling urban complexities. The process co-creation with urban society represents assemblages of social content and complex behaviours. How we can harness that collective power of small individuals’ ideas into spatial manifestation (or as theorem of ‘Urban Enactment’ would suggest ‘shared agenda’) that are adaptive and at the same time supports urban variety (Archdaily, 2014)? Traditional grid system of the city has always performed as a framework for the evolution of architecture as the perfect choice for future sustainable cities. It is the ‘versatile mechanism’ that allows progressive transformation in the function of spaces through its on-going awareness from the demands, of changing social lifestyles and technological advances (Busquets, J., 2012, p.77). Cities of Barcelona, Manhattan, Berlin and Milan have showed distinct examples on the re-appropriation of grid system that allows generation of standard plot size and modular construction.
From the quote mentioned previously, the grid delivers the framework for innovation, allowing compact sustainable cities to emerge, and supports emerging changing urban society. Operating within the grid requires generation of standards but at the same time allows more flexibility when it comes to spatial design or details of the space (Hertzberger, H., 1991, p. 125). Although generation of organic structure are limited, the great thing about the adoption of the grid system is the opportunity to ‘create conditions that give rise to organic transformation’ (Campbell, K., 2011, p.63). In spite of its distinct flexibility and adaptation, open grid system does not respond on its own but advocated through considerations of spatial hierarchy and contextual factors (Campbell, K., 2011, p.63). Hertzberger, H. (1991, p. 34) coined the term ‘in-between’ space as spatial notion for social dialogue to be engaged between ‘areas of different orders’. Aldo van Eyck suggested that the ‘in-between’ spaces ‘induced simultaneous awareness of what is significant on either side’ (Lammers, H., 2012, p.64). As such, the grid could be the agglomeration of ‘in-between’ spaces that are inclusive, hierarchical and contextual; allowing the adaptation of DIY mediation process to be easily empowered by the local community and regulated by the government. Both conflicting polarities can have the opportunity to co-create space with a ‘shared agenda’, creating an architecture that inhibits social complexities in an organised way. Subsequently, it reduces the tension of sophisticated design and engineering, enabling any individuals to design, plan and deliver through the mediated system. THE GRID
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Open hierarchical system Freedom to arrange spaces based on grid system and adapt to external factors such streets and blocks, laid out in hierarchical order.
Adaptive Grid system allows transformation over time, generally more adaptable to emerging qualities of changing urban societies.
Urban Variety Local community has the freedom to adapt within the constraints of the grid system, inhibiting the nature of complexities and compactness of the urban form.
Flexibility The grid as a framework for the evolution of the city over time, allows easy assembly and modification in the use of public spaces, system of production and changing social lifestyles.
Continuity The grid as innovative generation of continuity and connectivity within traditional urban infrastructures and existing green public spaces.
Characters of the grid system
‘In-Between’ Space
CONDITION 1:
Consistency, Rules, Standards Plot-grid Size, Modular Framework, Shared Ownership,
Programs
CONDITION 2:
Networks & Co-creation
Policymaking
Networks
Co-creation through collaborative social groups and government initiatives Open discussion on matters pertaining to budgetary, funding, state-building and policy Determine networks of functions and its programmatic relationships
CONDITION 3:
Design & Regulating Enabling by the community to design different modes of construction: in-between space, envelope, fenestration and system of production. Regulated by the government to ensure safety of the participants
Principle of ‘Condition-making’
Co-design
Co-funding
CONDITION 3: Through participatory co-creation Providing modes of modifications within the proposed grid conditions as examples participants could DIY and co-create the design of building [ VIEW FROM LEFT TO RIGHT, TOP TO BOTTOM ]
Modes of consistency Open Adaptive Grid System, Modular Construction, Permeability
Modes of in between spaces Transitional space, Anticipatory space, Interstitial space
Modes of materiality & envelope Cladding facade, Timber frame green space, Modular stacked wall system
Modes of fenestration Degree of light penetration, Operable facades & shutter, Allotment fenestration
Modes of system of production Adaptive production space, Adaptive public space Adaptive winter garden
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THE GRID
Phase 1 The start of tokenism, government initiates and mediates the DIY projects to steer the local community for a shared agenda. Improving green allotment spaces, co-creating self-build designs and selling compote and tea would be an alternative start. Local community deciding matters relating to budget, programs and local policy under the guidance from the government initiatives.
Inform
Consult
Involve
Collaborate
Empower
Open House
Media Advertising
Focus Group
Surveys
DIY Self-Build Initiatives
Self-build
DIY Compote
Winter Garden
‘Pluck-Grow-Sell’
Community Allotment
Celebrative Performance Space Tea House
Open House
‘Pluck-Grow-Sell’
Self-build Community Allotment Winter Garden
[Showing new developments]
Focus Group
Wood Workshops DIY Compote
Surveys
Administration Tea House
Phase 2 The next stage initiatives biomass CHP microgeneration and tea production factory. Social groups and specialist collaborate together to manage these facilities. Additional floors were added to support tea production while microgeneration and waste treatment facility on ground floor. Waste is minimised and recirculated back as fuel for microgeneration, creating circular economy. Winter garden space is continuously expanding for more participants. Inform
Consult
Involve
Open House
Collaborate
Empower
‘Brew-your-Tea’
Microbrewery
Waste Collection
Waste Treatment
Focus Group
DIY Biomass Briquette
Microgeneration
Surveys
DIY Self-Build Initiatives
Self-build
Co-creation
DIY Compote
Winter Garden
Co-creation
‘Pluck-Grow-Sell’
Community Allotment
Media Advertising
DIY Biomass Briquette
Waste Treatment
Co-creation
Waste Collection Biomass CHP Microgeneration
Tea Factory Microbrewery
Self-build Community Allotment
Research center
Improved Public Space
Tourist and Tea Center
Additional Workshop
Winter Garden
Main staircase circulation
Storage and Loading Bay
[Showing new developments]
Phase 3 Third stage improves existing production facility in terms of technology and research with larger funds allocated. District heating becomes more encouraging and local funds will be used to improve existing green spaces and neighourhood houses at decentralised locations. Local community decides where this project would go, through process of co-creation and research.
Inform
Consult
Open House
Involve
Collaborate
‘Brew-your-Tea’
Microbrewery
Co-creation
Waste Collection
Waste Treatment
Co-creation
Focus Group
DIY Biomass Briquette
Microgeneration
Co-creation
Surveys
DIY Self-Build Initiatives
Self-build
Co-creation
DIY Compote
Winter Garden
Co-creation
‘Pluck-Grow-Sell’
Community Allotment
Media Advertising
More Meeting Rooms Co-creation More Research Space Self-build Community Allotment
Empower
Improved Biomass CHP
More Research Space Improved Tea Factory Microbrewery
Roof Top Garden
Roof Top Garden
Winter Garden For circulation and services
Tea Testing & Culture Center
Extended Storage space Future provision for extention
[Showing new developments]
CONDITIONS Social-political Condition in Poland
This chapter explores three main set of conditions that caters for the local community and government to co-create - rules, networking and design and regulations. Before beginning of setting rules and design conditions, contextual analysis needed to be assessed to understand the limitation and advantages on the proposed location for DIY Mediation - also known as Precondition phase. First condition informed that rules are developed as a simplistic framework on the aid of design where different social actors can keep both clear consistency and heterogenous designs.
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THE NEW NORM
Condition two described the notion of networking among social actors as well as programs of the building. Actors are not just intimately linked with other people but with objects that they touch and see. Biomass generation, tea production and urban allotments hold synergic properties in managing waste/by-prodcts - also know as the closed-loop system. The whole economic model present different level of public engagement towards different levels of operable programs within the building as mentioned earlier on the chapter ‘Theorem’ on ‘Degree of Participation’. The final condition revolves around the design, safety and fire regulations of the building which played a crucial reminder that design must always meet regulation standards. Condition three showcase an example how the grid system can be applied with integrated contextual, morphological and programable studies.
PRECONDITION Analysing contextual liability and advantages
Prior towards ‘condition - making’ process, site analysis and morphological studies have to be conducted. These studies will influence how spatial planning and programmes work within the building. Below are SWOT summary conducted based on site obervations: -
SWOT Deotymy Street is situated in front of proposed site which is an active main street that connects Eastern region of Słupsk. In front of the proposed site lies the City Hall where function rooms and government’s main administrative department are held. Local government is considering changing existing car park, situated in front of proposed site into a more social inclusive space - resembling landscapes and cultural spaces. Local government is keen on civic engagement process and open to different options of spatial development proposals. Słupsk have substantial amount of social groups and NGOs (more than 100 based on the list) formally organised that could be potential for collaboration,
SWOT Dluga neighbourhood is under derelict conditions that requires better heating appliances or insulative solutions. Economic conditions in Dluga is poor, most of commercial and businesses situated along the high street of Deotymy and Plac Zwyciestwa. Green open spaces and parks are not properlly maintained. Park amenities were limited and bad conditions. Circulation within the site is restricted. Local government is under tight budget allocated for rebuilding social housing.
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PRECONDITION
Existing Site Conditions [From Top to Down] Front view of proposed site at Deotymy Street, Adjacent view of proposed site facing Dluga street, Rear view of proposed site
Site Analysis 1: Figure Ground Series of mappings developed to analyse limitations within site and opportunities to be used for the strategy.
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PRECONDITION
Site Analysis 2: Traffic and Circulation
PRECONDITION
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Site Analysis 3: Social-Political Connection
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PRECONDITION
Site Analysis 4: Visual Connections
PRECONDITION
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Site Analysis 5: Edges
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PRECONDITION
Site Analysis 6: Environment
PRECONDITION
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CONDITION 1 Consistency, Rules, Standards “Rules are universal and discrete guiding instruments, and they create an almost poetic, standardised irrationality”. By Alex Lehnerer (Campbell, K., 2011, p.52) Rules in this notion are guiding mechanism that allow generation of complexity in planning and design (Campbell, K., 2011, p.51). It is not conditioned as a form of restriction but it provides us the credibility and guidelines for developing alternative solutions in a more cohesive environment with different social actors. Despite that these rules were made simple to comprehend, it allows more freedom in design, more posibilities of solutions and properly managed heterogenous complexities. In this project, three simple rules were developed to allow process of ‘condition - making’
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Open Adaptive Grid System
Modular Construction
Permeability
Providing a standard grid system for participants to co-create conditions. 8m x 8m grid as production spaces while 4m x 4m grid as allotment spaces
Using conventional shape of a factory design to reflect the identity of production space. Modularity allow easy assembly, modification and disassembly by the local community
Maximising ground floor permeability to improve social inclusivity and reflect clear identity of production space
CONDITION 1
Analysing the grid system Proposing standards in the arrangement of the grid system Column-Envelope grid
Column grid
Grid option 1 4m x 4m grid, considering timber frame structure, providing more uniform construction & design. Smaller grid also allow easy customisable space for community.
Grid option 2 4m x 4m & 8m x 8m grid, considering steel & timber frame constructions that provide clear division of allotment & production space, steel frame offers wider span of space suitable for production.
Grid option 3 5m x 5m & 8m x 8m grid, considering steel & timber frame constructions, both grid system have different order of arrangements, showing character of the program.
CONDITION 1
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CONDITION 2 Networks & Co-creation
Bruno Latour’s (2005, p.39) notion of ‘ActorNetwork-Theory’ infromed that the mediation process does not only represent social linkages but the assemblages between social and nature. As objects are deeply associated with our everyday lifes, they are conditions that can construct social order (Shove, E., et. Al., 2007, p. 148); or influence social behaviors, depending on the degree of ownership of an objects. In this condition, the definition of networking not only addresses assemblages of social complexities but as well as networks of functions and objects that are programmatically intertwined with one another. In general, networking refers to two-way decision-making process where government and social groups (both individuals and NGOs) share learning, ideas and experiences in an open discussions. Three main social networking strategies are provided on the next page that can determine the conditions of the building. Before the form and structure of the building emerge, participants need to cocreate programs and solutions in the building to solve the broader issues of Słupsk. In this project, tea production, micro-generation and urban allotments holds synergic components towards how resources could be produced, reused , recycle and empowered by the local community.
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CONDITION 2
Co-design
Co-design allows users to become active part of creative development process by interacting with diverse stakeholders designers, researchers, customers and specialists. Not only it develops identity of creative collectivism, it gives the local community a sense of ownership to the design proces and the building. Participation design is also vital to resolve design challenges pertaining to technical details and specification.
Policy-making
Collaborative policy-making process with the affected parties - goverments, stakeholders, public and private interests, is vital towards achieving greater engagements and acceptances from the public as it provides confidence on affected stakeholders and reflects a deeper understanding towards the gravity of the issues. The collaborative process are effective when the policy issues are complex and affecting multiple parties. The solution resulted diverse parties engaging with one another in searched for a shared agenda such as joint policy program and program outcome.
Co-funding
Collaborative funding changes the role on the allocation of social funds. It creates a shift from ownership based economy to an access sharing based economy. Since it is funded by the masses, no single agency will take control over the funded project for their own personal or political gain. Co-funding often associates with co-budgeting which allows local communities the freedom to decide how social funds should be allocated with the government.
CONDITION 2
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Tea Production in Poland
Tea Culture in Słupsk
Drinking tea is a popular culture in Poland, ranking top four most consumed tea in Europe in 2014 (Public Relation Office, 2014). According to Euromonitor International, approximate value of 2.185bln zł was from Polish tea industry (Public Relation Office, 2014). Polish tea producers hold a large slice of the share from big tea companies like Lipton, Tetley and Teekanne (Hall, N., 2000, p.48). Poland’s biggest tea producers is Unilever Polska, which accounts for 31% of total retail tea sales in 2015 (Euromonitor., 2016). In general, Poland offer competitive edge in the domestic line among Western companies. Similarly, Twinnings had moved its production faclitiy from North Shields to Poland (Wainwright, M., 2010).
Within the close proximity area of Słupsk, there are two popular herbata shops identified: Tea Room in Słupsk Granary, situated next to fish market along Witolda Lutoslawskiego Street and the other situated along the street of Brama Nowa.
Aside from being a refreshing hot beverage, tea is a warm drink suitable for outdoor activities during winter season. Fruit and herbal tea are new product lines developed in the tea industry such as lemon, raspberry and rum flavoured tea. The samovars tradition of making tea - Russian invention developed in the 19th century, still persist till today (Strybel, R., 2009).
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CONDITION 2
Although there are no tea production faclitiy in Słupsk, this project proposes tea industry as an example of micro-industry to improve Słupsk economic conditions as tea in general is a popular everyday beverage and a good social economic capital return. The tea production will initiate from a small scale black tea production as black tea is one of the most consumed tea in general.
Process of Tea Production
PROPOSE FIRST PHASE OF TEA PRODUCTION
WITHERING
DRYING
WHITE TEA
WITHERING
OPTIONAL
WITHERING
OPTIONAL
WITHERING
WITHERING
WITHERING
FIXATION
FIXATION
OXIDATION
SHAPING
FIXATION
SHAPING
SHAPING
FIXATION
OXIDATION
SHAPING
DRYING
HEAPING
SHAPING
DRYING
DRYING
DRYING
DRYING
YELLOW TEA
WULONG TEA
GREEN TEA
FERMENTATION
BLACK TEA
PU-ERH TEA FULLY OXIDISED TEA
NON-OXIDISED TEA
WITHERING
OXIDATION
FIXATION
SHAPING
DRYING
FERMENTATION
Process of removing excess water from tea leaves through sun or wind exposure, thereby promoting the breakdown of leave proteins into free amino acids and increasing caffeine free substance.
Housing tea leaves in a climate controlled condition, leaves will turn darker as chlorophyll is broken down by enzymes. Tannins are released or transformed in the process.
Exposing tea leaves to moderate heat to deactivate oxidative enzymes and remove unwanted scents without damaging the flavour of the tea.
Rolling, kneading and forming the tea into strips, pellets, spheres or other desired shapes.
Sunning, panning, air drying or baking the tea in order to finish it for sale and distribution
Aging and exposing the tea to humiditymicroflora and oxygen.
Source: Facts about Tea Processing (FDL.2013)
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Microgeneration through Biomass CHP Torrefaction
Torrefaction is defined as the thermal process of converting biomass into coal-like substances in a high temperature ranging 200-400 ° C with the absence of oxygen (Sunshinehours, 2016). This removes the moisture content and volatile organic substances from waste compounds, and biomass is torrified and converted into a solid product that can be used a biofuel pallets. Advantage of using torrefaction is that agricultural waste can be feed into the process and producing biocoal pallets and bio-oil to be sold as fuel to heavy industries that requires heting application as well. Output gas and heat are produced and utilised as district heating and electricity generation. Torrefied biomass wields more energy content compared to normal biomass fuel such as wood pellets and chips. The other advantages is that the burning of biomass is naturally ‘carbon neutral’ - no additional carbon admission into the environment, resulting a cleaner atmosphere as compared to coal plant industries (Integrofuels.,2013).
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CONDITION 2
Overall, Biomass Combine Heat and Power (CHP) could offer a potential benefit to the Słupsk community as some of the Dluga residences still uses coal as main heating resouces to heat up the building. Biomass holds the alternative solution towards energy and heat generation other than using natural gas. With micro-industries and allotments producing agricultural waste, biomass CHP can utilises those waste as district heating and energy generation purposes, creating a closed-loop economy solution. Production of biocoal, bio-oil and biomass briquettes can be sold externally as extra income or even taught to the local community on how to DIY their own briquettes. In this project, biomass CHP generation can be started off from a small scale to promote awareness and gain funds among the public. This facility is a visitor intepretive center that allows them to witness the process of biomass CHP.
Biomass
SORTING Electricity
CRUSHING
GENERATOR
DRYING
Fuel gas
HEAT EXCHANGE
BURNER
BOILER
Torrification gas
(Rotary drum)
HEAT EXCHANGE/ condenser
Fuel gas
Hot Water
Gas recycle
TORREFACTION
COMBUSTION
DP
COOLING
CONDENSING
Torrified Biomass Main System Important By-product
:
Torrefaction
Fuel gas, Electricity, Hot water, Bio-oil, Biocoal
GRINDING
Bio-oil
Air & Utility fuel
COMPACTING
Bio-coal
Process of Torrefaction and Biomass CHP Source: Facts on torrefaction (New Energy and Fuel, 2008) & (Burda, I., 2013).
CONDITION 2
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Material Flow Process of Torrefaction
STEP 1
STEP 2
STEP 3
STEP 4
STEP 5
Receive & Storage
Crushing & Drying
Briquetting
Torrefaction
Grinding & Pelletising
Wood chips, coffee husk, tea waste, peanut shells, rice husk, sawdust, switch grass, wheat straw and even municial waste can be collected and stored as biomass fuel.
Agriculture waste are crushed and dried using a closed-loop belt dryer before undergoing torrefaction.
Dried waste are compressed into biomass briquet to be sold or used as biofuel for biomass CHP.
Biomass briquettes are heated in the absence of oxygen to a high temperature of 400 °C, creating coal-like substances useful for combustion for other heavy industries. Gas and heat energy are produced at the same time, allowing generation of heat and electricity for the district.
Torrified biomass are grinded and made into pellets that produces 10% more energy than untreated wood.
Source: Facts about Torrefaction (Biomass Technology Group., 2016) & (Sunshinehours., 2016).
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CONDITION 2
The Circular Economy Networks of programs within the micro-industry shared intrinsic values towards how resouces are being consumed and recycled, creating a circular economy that minimises waste into landfills.
Tea Production Composting
Urban Allotments
Shaping Oxidation
Withering
Drying
Packaging
Biological Process
Technical Process
Consumption
Disposal Growing Collection
Harvesting
Food
Tea leaves
Urban Allotments
Provide gardening space for the local community, improving green space typology as well as growiwng tea leaves for tea production as participatory initiative.
Crushing & Drying
Grinding & Pelletising Heat
Energy
Torrefaction
Briquetting
Biomass CHP
Tea Production
Biomass CHP
Tea production for the business economy while producing waste for micro-generation at the same time.
Biomass CHP produce heat and energy for theawinter garden and production facility; in the meantime provide district heating to local neighbourhoods to solve energy poverty.
CONDITION 2
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CONDITION 3 Design & Regulating In this thrid condition, it revolves a tedious process of designing the building. Following with the agreed sets of conditions of rules, networks and programs, the design of the building should corresponds within that framework. As local communities empowered themselves with the right to design the building, safety and fire regulations should also be a vital considerations. This chapter followed up with series of development sketches, models and perspectives to show one of the example of DIY Mediation; how it responds to the context and within the grid system.
View from The Outside of Deotymy Street
Development Elevational Studies
Existing conditions on buildings of SĹ‚upsk along Deotymy street. The proposed site was used for car park service and existing Office of Citizen Service.
First design proposal exploring conventional form of factory design with maximised ground floor public realm. Hierarchy of building is mainted at a consistency with the neighbouring building.
Second design proposal exploring the use of timber framework system and a more communal oriented design in the grid system.
CONDITION 3
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Development of Spatial Studies
One of intention of the proposal was to respond the active frontage of the Deotymy Street. Questions raised on how to bring users into the building and address the identity of micro-industry? Series of attempts were made to revitalise open space typology, instead of renovating existing urban blocks.
Two proposals were mainly considered for an ideal frontage - infill or subtraction. The main intention was to provide a more public-oriented street and continuous flows from the City Hall towards the neighbourhood of Dluga.
At the same time, programs were spatiall allocated to show spatial hierarchy and proper arrangement in the production process. Considering where public will first enter the building, visitors will be taken through a step-by-step guide on how each production process occur in the micro-industry. Both urban allotments and the main building were being divded to show a distinct constrast between hardscape and softscape.
Development Sketches Series of sketch designs leading towards the development of DIY Mediation proposal - informing spatial attributes, techtonics, contextual response and programs.
Urban Morphological Study of Site Analysing physical constraints within the site and how to respond in the urban fabric.
Proposed Site Development
Future Cultural Hub
SĹ‚upsk City Hall
Regenerating courtyard spaces as a solution to improve open space typology and maintain existing urban frabric. Proposing the start of DIY Mediation projects.
Under intentions of city council to redefine the existing carpark space into a cultural hub. Proposing an informative, celebrative space for future DIY projects to be held
as administrative and center of mediation for DIY projects
Dluga Street Deotymy Street
Morphological Study 1: Existing Conditions Studying surroundings that influences development of massing, envelope and interstitial spaces.
Identified existing coal sheds, storage rooms and garages.
A long monotony Dluga Residences
Existing car parking space Existing Office of Citizen Service representing housing communities against individuals, legal, government agencies, local government authorities.
Identified existing tourist information center and government building above
Row of mixed-used residence facing in front of City Hall and active street of Deotymy
CONDITION 3
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Morphological Study 2: Massing Studying different hierarchy of production space, spatial arrangements and permeability of site
Loading bay and storage services behind
Celebrative and Breaking the informative public monotomy of Space. Prevent street overshadowing existing buildings.
Main production spaces at the center
Allowing more permeability from proposed future cultural hub into Dluga community
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CONDITION 3
Retrofitting existing government building and proposing administrative offices and revising tourist information center
Morphological Study 3: Interstitial Space Studying synergy between spaces in responds to edges and environmental factors
Proposed a more diffused spaces at the intersection of two paths
Solid edges represents impermeable materials such as cladding devices
Material flow in production spaces
3
1
3
2 3
Soft edges represents proposed mezzanine floors and permeable facades
Responding to sunlight orientation, northen fenestration is reduced while increasing opennings at the South for more natural light penetration
CONDITION 3
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Morphological Study 4: Materiality and Building Envelope Studying how different materials influences the envelope of the site
Urban Allotment made Proposing permeable materials of translucent material to ethylene tetraÂfluoroethylene maximise light penetration while copolymer (ETFE) maintaining humidity and heat
Timber as main material for modular construction system
Propose rough edges in respond to urban allotment such as aggregate gabion wall or sand bag wall
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CONDITION 3
Main material component is modular cladding facades made from steel frames with external timber or sandboard panels
“Grid do not necessarily create mechanical monotony in urban design and may, in fact, be the best possible provision for organic growth in a city’s future. Further, the grid has adapted itself well to long periods of growth and change�. (Campbell, K., 2011, p.64)
Production Space - Front View
Showing how to treat the active frontage of Deotymy Street
Considering equal height of the building with it’s surrounding context
Using conventional shape of a factory design to portray the identity of mico-industry
Clear continuously ground floor public spaces to invite the people into the building Building does not meet with it’s neighbour, allowing more natural light into public space that guides visitors into building
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CONDITION 3
Propose retrofitting existing office building for the use of administration and tea house below
Production Space - Rear View
Linking space, creating Operable shading devices synergies between programs could be integrated within the building to suit the spatial conditions within different day, time and season
Propose public square for celebratory events, while preventing proposed industry from overshadowing existing buildings
Intermediary floor to portray hierarchy of space and a glimpse of the identity of building.
CONDITION 3
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Exploring Open Adaptive System in Winter Garden Exploring different ways of designing the Winter Garden through arrangements of different sets of modular components - an effective mechanism to simulate potential spatial outcomes through collaborative decision-making process. It helps to explore synergy between different spaces and future development proposals.
Verticle garden (microgreen)
Hanging garden
4m by 4m Platform
Large allotment
Seating
Kitchen counter
Gabion wall
Mezzanine floor
Staircase & landing
Water tank
Introducing the Elements of Winter Garden
Modular Framework
Exploring modular design that fit respond the grid system showing consistency and continuity in design
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CONDITION 3
Timber construction with flexible timber joints for easy assemble and disassemble
Prefabricated laminated timber roof structure with proposed layer of ETFE as thermal blanket and rainwater catchment
Modular precast concrete footings for temporary construction
Allotment Space - Work
Plug-in vertical farming for adaptable customisable spaces
Micro-gardening on vertical allotment and tea plantation on the ground
Suspended timber pallet floor with underfloor heating system and mineral wool insulation
Custom build mezzanine floor for servicing vertical farming and viewing deck
CONDITION 3
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Social Space - Play - Learn
Participants can inform and consult the local community in the Winter Garden
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CONDITION 3
Allowing community to spent time during winter in social spaces; drinking tea and herbal drinks
Lectures and workshops could be conducted in the Winter Garden
Gabion Walls made from aluminium mesh with recycled concrete/timber/ bricks waste, act as thermal mass for Winter Garden. Other alternative proposals revolving earth bags, straw bale and corrugated fiberboard bails can be applied into the modular design
Service Space
Rainwater is harvested and stored on designated water tank for use of urban farming
Direct supply lines channeled below suspended timber pallet floor
Water tank act as thermal mass for Winter Garden
CONDITION 3
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Transitional Space 1
Allowing allotment spaces to take place in different levels and hierarchy
102
CONDITION 3
Allowing Winter Garden to be explorable and interactive among public
Transitional Space 2
Timber frames can be vertically and horizontally extend to cater for future programs and participants
Viewing deck allows servicing roof structure and circulation
Different levels of hierarchy inform different uses of spaces
CONDITION 3
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Collection of Adaptive Spaces 1
Transitional space
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CONDITION 3
Service space
Tea house
Urban allotments
Collection of Adaptive Spaces 2
Transitional Space
Viewing Deck
Urban Allotment
Workshop space
CONDITION 3
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Introducing Key Spaces of the Micro-industry
Winter Garden
Micro - generation Biomass CHP
Microbrewery Tea Factory
Enahnced green spaces and maintained garden during winter for visitors and local community
Energy generation and district heating through agricultural waste
Produced variations of tea that benefits the local and economy
Spatial Distribution Diagram Showing other spaces distributed within the facility and the synergies between them.
A to Z Conference Discuss, collaborate and exchange knowledge through networks of public institutions
Kitchen Compote workshops gathered from allotments
Loading Bay Export tea produces and import waste for micro-generation
Public Space To inform, consult and celebrate with local community.
Research Labs Co-create new solutions for micoindustry
Tea Testing WASTE
Taste, smell and brew different flavours of tea with public
Urban Farming STAIRCASE CORE
Provide gardening space and grow tea leaves through local community as shared ownership
Vertical Farming Grow micro-green vertically to maximise growing spaces
Workshop Provide tools for allotment and microgeneration
Floor Plans Showing detailed distribution of spaces within 8m x 8m and 4m by 4m grid.
NDUSTRY
P
MICRO-I ROPOSED
SITE
Meeting Space Public Events Workshops Tea House
INSIDE THE PUBLIC SPACE WINTER GARDEN
Tourist Attraction
Consultation Events
Rooftop Garden
OUTSIDE OF PUBLIC SQUARE
Celebrative Public Events First Floor Green House Cafe Tea Testing
Viewing Deck
Tea Production
Torrified Charcoal Combustion
Conference Room Above
Cold Water Supply
Torrefaction (Rotary Drum)
INSIDE THE BIOMASS CHP
Micro-green
District Heating
Rainwater Harvesting
Tea Plantation
INSIDE THE WINTER GARDEN
Precedent Study: ‘Nest we Grow’. By UC Berkeley CED Graduate Team & Kengo Kuma & Associates
‘Nest we Grow’ won the 4th Annual LIXIL International designbuild competition in 2014 (Archdaily, 2015). Program of building is designed according to life cycle of local foods: growing, harvesting, storing and composting. These programs involved deep sense of community participation, life cycle of local foods were managed by the community themselves, creating a social platform of ground learning and gathering activities. The enclosure were made from translucent polycarbonate panels that gradually heats up the building during the day, prolonging production season into the winter months (Arquitectura., 2015). The grid wooden frame structure resembles the traditional Japanese larch forest from where food is hung and dried (Archdaily, 2015). Overall, this building showed clear fundamental basis on the design of my project based on it’s thickness of timber, assembly of timber joints and it’s soft and communal spatial experience.
Both internal space and diagram, source from Archdaily (2015).
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CONDITION 3
Precedent Study: Christ Pavilion, Expo 2000 By Meinhard von Gerkan and Joachim Zais
The modular structure of building showed clear and simple system of construction while maintaining modesty in materials such as marble, coated steel, fair-fared concrete and glass (GMP Architekten., 2016). The construction process consist of steel frames and pre-fabricated elements that can be easy assembled and disassembled. Within the grid system, materials and hierarchy of space can be manipulated to allow different variations of natral light into the building and create different forms spatial experience.
Both internal spaces source from GMP Architekten (2016) and Marble Architectural Awards (2006).
CONDITION 3
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Precedent Study: ‘The Playing Field’ By Assemble Architect
The pop-up threatre, house up till 450 seats, situates in the heart of Southampton city. The main program of the project combined both theatre and football space with the agenda to engage with public participation and attract new users to the theatre (Dezeen., 2014). Systems of timber modules were designed to be built temporary on ground with minimal efforts of ground fixing foundation. The strategy was to create a uniform timber beam-post system that could be repeated around the theatre space, jointed by simple use of steel bracings (Archdaily, 2014).
Both internal and exterior spaces source from Archdaily (2014).
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CONDITION 3
Precedent Study: Off-Grid Office By Heri & Salli Architect
The three-story building is constructed using timber, extended outside the perimeter of the building, providing occupants the space to experiment different modes of facades such as solar shading devices and hanging gardens (Wang, L., 2014). Presence of timber shell structures, allow both work and play spaces to be customised by occupants. According to the Architect Josef Saller:� Architecture should not be a finished, dead monument. It should be a spatial sequence that people start to occupy� (Dezeen, 2014). In essence, the grid structure offers flexibility in space for occupants to modify and change spaces according to their needs.
Both external and internal spaces source from Dezeen (2014) and Wang, L. (2014).
CONDITION 3
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Meeting Safety Requirements and Fire Regulations When local communities are empowered in the decision making process, it is vital to consider not just the solutions of the proposal but as well as designing buildings that meet safety and fire standards.
Three main protected stairways for fire escape and floor access. Building classified under purpose group 5 and 6: Assembly and Industrial.
Tea Testing Workshop located on ground floor above 1meter from ground with a single open stair
All protected stairways will be discharged directly to a final exit.
Protected fire shaft provided for fire extinguisher and pipings.
Higher hazard at Biomass CHP located on ground floor for ease of escape, provided with different alternative outdoor escape route.
Electricity and generator room provided with exit route
Allotment space are mostly ground floor for easy fire escape to nearest appointed exit route Alternative Escape Routes
GROUND FLOOR PLAN
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CONDITION 3
DIY Workshops for use by members of public and community on advance woodworkshops. Level of fire hazards is normal.
15.6m
Minimum stair width is 1200mm for each fire escape caters for occupants less than 100.
Mezzanine floors are provided with nearest staircase that leads towards nearest exists
MEZZANINE FLOOR PLAN
CONDITION 3
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25m
25m
20m
12
m
18m
FIRST FLOOR PLAN
128
CONDITION 3
Open stair linking twostorey building can provide additional escape route to ground floor of 1 meter above ground.
Escape route adhere maximum 25 meters travel distance for higher hazard at tea production areas.
Height of top floor of building is measured 12 meters from ground which does not require, water sprinklers, dry or wet riser for the building
18m
m
18m
12
Escape route adhere maximum18 meters travel distance for disabled friendly assembly areas serving less than 100 occupants
15m
Research lab consist of small 90m2 area with an open single staircase linking twostorey building and delivers to ground of 1 meter above ground. Members of the industry exclude the public are allowed in this area.
18m
Roof service routes will be fire resist compliant for external escape route Route access to flat roof are provided with additional external escape routes
SECOND FLOOR PLAN
CONDITION 3
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TECHNOLOGY With the open grid system being proposed as the enabling platform that allows conditions to be made within, this chapter explores a more technical approach on how individual construction components - structure, envelope and materiality can be realised to give rise for progressive transformation of the building. Inspired by the traditional japanese toy - Chidori System, six prototype models were developed to experiment how timber joints can be easily assembled, disassembled and crafted by the local community themselves. Construction sequence showed step-by-step guide on how these prototype joints make sense at a large scale design project. Matters of environmental impact was also taken into considerations when designing a building, giving more depth into tackling not just social but environmental issues of SĹ‚upsk. The envrionmental strategy was aided with U-value calculations and diagrams on heat transmission of building.
TIMBER JOINT Timber as Primary Strutural Material
Timber is ideal because of it’s distinct honesty in materiality, portraying its construction techniques of how it is being DIY by users. Rows of long colonnade timber posts, gives out a soft, hostile environment, suitable for communal and gardening space. It requires local community to have a deeper understanding on craftsmanship as well as on the material itself which suits the ethos of DIY in this project. Timber materials can be locally sourced in Słupsk. Among existing timber industry in Słupsk is Silva Timbermills that has free range hardwood such as Beech and Oak lumbers (Silva Zaklad Drzewny., 2016). Other evidence from institutions related to timber industry in Słupsk are AJ Furniture Factory, technical schools with timber-related subjects and Koszalin universities with Engineering and Automation in Timber industry can offer aid in designing and crafting timber structures (Municipal Authorities of West Pomerania Voivodship., 2016).
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TIMBER JOINT
Compared to steel frame construction, timber is poor in conductiong heat, reducing flow of thermal energy from conductive materials (Seike, K., 1979, p.14). Timber frame construction can be easily extinguished with water when caught on fire and are fairly safe in early stages of fire (Seike, K., 1979, p.14). Whereas, steel frame construction conducts heat faster than wood and will likely be damanged during a long term fire outbreak. Woodworking process has led to a variety of technical possibilities for building with timber. In this booklet, readers will witness through a series of prototype wood joint examples which the local community themselves can co-create for condition-making process.
Precedent Study: Chidori System By Kengo Kuma and Associates
Architects developed this modular system inspired by traditional Japanese toys for the East Japan Project as a reminder of the valuable traditional craft artisans from East Japan (Dezeen, 2011). The Chidori structure is flexible system made from simple wooden components that are attached with unique rotationnal locking joint. Each completed modular unit can be connected from all six sides, giving the opportunity to develop different frames and shapes. The joint details requires high level of wood craftsmanship that the community needed to develop. The Chidori system hold key precedent towards prototyping a joint system that provides structural integrity, flexibility in communal design and allows pipes to run vertically through the building.
Assembly sequence diagram from Dezeen (2011), close-up view of timber joint at Prostho Research Center, source from Kengo Kuma and Associates. (2016)
TIMBER JOINT
133
Rotational Lock
Series of Prototype Joints: Conventional Chidori System First attempt was to develop the Chidori joint by using basic machinery like band saw, belt sander and pillar drill for ease in making timber joints. Ash wood was used as the primary material for making joint as hardwood is ideal for making structural joints that can withstand large load and reduces wood splinting condition. Overall, the Chidori joint offers a simplistic outlook but a more complication of assembly and process of making these joints.
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TIMBER JOINT
Series of Prototype Joints: Version 2 With the intention of developing joints that can be made easier and faster, this prototype resembles three identical components that assembles together by supporting half of its weight onto each other. However, the joint made was not ideal as it is not strong enough.
TIMBER JOINT
135
Another Variation
Series of Prototype Joints: Version 3 This joint resembles a single-squared block with two identical half-squared components. The weight of timber beam can be reduced by half while putting lesser stress onto timber post to support structural load. In return, it saves cost on materials while preserving structural integrity of building.
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TIMBER JOINT
Series of Prototype Joints: Version 4 This lateral joint was a reference from Mechigai-tsugi, stub tenon joint (Seike, K., 1979). Lateral joints are used to extend timber posts and beams longer and allows easy assembly and disassembly for the use of customisable spaces. A joint lock is placed in-between the two components to prevent bending and compression, while interlocking of both components together prevent twsiting. TIMBER JOINT
137
Used of drainage, pipings and electrical wirings
Series of Prototype Joints: Version 5 After experimenting on single joints, four timber columns were combined together to provide more structural support at the same time allowing drainage, water supply and electrical wirings to be installed at the center. Overall, the joint was not strong enough as it was assembled togeter by supporting half of its weight similar to joint version 2 earlier.
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TIMBER JOINT
Used of drainage, pipings and electrical wirings
Lock
Series of Prototype Joints: Version 6 This prototype component resembled from Joint version 3 earlier, provide better supports and appearance on each individual joints while maintaining pipes and drainage to flow at the center. Joint locks can further tighten the joints, prevent internal collapse in-between timber posts and reduce the amounts of nails and screws as reinforcement. TIMBER JOINT
139
CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE Sequence 1: Assembling of Timber Column & Foundation
Joint lock
Construction framework derived from prototype timber joint version 6 earlier in a 4m x 4m and 8m by 8m grid system. Timber columns are position on top of precast concrete spot footings, joined with steel bottom plate for long lasting foundation. Concrete piers are chosen for quick construction on lightweight buildings, ideally applicable for Winter Garden. Removal of concrete piers also made easier for local community to customise or relocate allotment spaces.
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CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE
Sequence 2: Replicate Modular Columns
Singular modular columns with stub tenon joint
Lateral timber beams are extruded out from timber columns with stub tenon joint by 300mm length. Exposing timber beams allows different horizontal joints to be assembled according to desired length and program requirements.
CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE
141
Sequence 3: Spread Footing
Insulation and damp proof membrane
Continuous spread footings are proposed to provide a more stable foundation for industrial spaces that has heavy loads of machineries. Spread foundation is also preferable as the production faclitiy operates longer duration compared to allotment spaces.
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CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE
Sequence 4: Lateral Joint
The convenience of stub tenon joint on post and beams allows easy assemble and disassemble. Beams that are crafted with the same stub tenon joint can be easily removed, reuse and relocate for another puropses.
CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE
143
Sequence 5: Vertical Joint
The same condition applied to vertical joints where columns can be easily assemble vertically to provide more programmable spaces in future.
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CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE
Sequence 6: Roof Enclosure - Winter Garden
Dome shape made from laminated timber boards Insulation panel
Alumn. bracket to support roof structure
Suspended timber flooring with underfloor heating pipes
Within the given grid system, roof coverings can be modified to suit the functions of spaces and the program of building. In this case, the dome was proposed to improve thermal conditions in Winter Garden as it offers larger surface area for the contact of natural sunlight. Insulation panels are concealed in-between timber columns to prevent loss in thermal transmission. Suspended timber floor are proposed for quick and temporary constructions. CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE
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Sequence 7: Drainage System - Winter Garden
Aluminium roof gutter connected to 100mm UPVC downpipe
The drainage system is proposed to run in the perimeter of the roof enclosure in order to accentuate with the dome structure. Water will be collected through alumnium roof gutter which will be channeled to the nearest rainwater harvesting task for reuse of allotment activity.
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CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE
Sequence 8: Floor, Wall and Roof Fixing - Winter Garden
Proposed ETFE coushion membrane Service Deck Laminated timber structure along with aluminium gutter above
Proposed double layer ETFE panels
Unified steel frame module
The final construction sequence for Winter Garden would be floor, wall and roof coverings. Each component of the walls are designed with the same steel framework modules so that it could be reassemble onto other spaces like the production facility. Additional floor was proposed on op of Winter Garden for roof maintenance and inspection. CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE
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Sequence 9: Floor and Wall Fixing - Industrial Space
Timber frame curtain glass wall up till ceiling height
200mm thick gabion wall with gravel aggregates Unified steel frame module
Typical wall cladding detail finished with timber panels or plasterboard
Damp proofing membrane placed after insulation panel
Proposed recycled newspaper insulation treated with fire retardant salt.
Wall and floor fixtures are the same as Winter Garden construction - using the same steel frame modules to replicate wall construction and suspended timber flooring with underfloor heating pipes in all building. internally.
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CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE
Sequence 10: Roof Fixing - Industrial Space
Proposed recycled newspaper for roof insulation, protected with damp proof membrane above
Propose aluminium composite roof panels on timber trusses at 45o pitch roof
Aluminium frame glass skylight
Fascia board concealed aluminium roof gutter
The roof enclosure for production space resembles conventional factory design. Roof gutters are concealed in between timber columns and external fascia board, allowing drainage downpipes to run through while providing space for insulation applied onto wall-to-roof detail.
CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE
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Typical Ground-to-Wall Section Detail Scale 1:20
Typical Wall-to-Ceiling Section Detail Scale 1:20
Typical Wall-to-Roof Section Detail Scale 1:20
Typical Winter Garden Roof Section Detail Scale 1:20
ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY Heat Transmission
Understanding how heat transmission into building is vital to determine how to minimise heat loss during winter and reduce heat absorption during summer. Rate of heat transfer is dependent on properties of material components of a particular enclosure and the temperatures regulated from mechanical systems. This chapter, describes how to manipulate the enclosure of building in order to minimise heat loss through conduction, convection and radiation. As some conditions of existing social housings in SĹ‚upsk are in need of repairs and applying insulations, district heating is introduced as an alternative heat generation source through biomass CHP to replace the extensive use of coal heating.
154
ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY
Precedent Study: Eden Project By Grimshaw Architects
The Eden Project is a Winter Garden that house for Tropical and Mediterranean forest - anideal case study to design the Winter Garden. When it comes to the design and materiality of the building, the Architects and Engineers tried to reduce the environmental impact of the building. The most significant feature of Eden Project is the biodome roof which is made from ETFE (Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene) that acts as thermal blanket for the garden space (Eden Project, 2016). ETFE offers advantages of higher insulation and trannsparency properties as compared to using glass material (Wilson, A., 2013). Typically, Eden Project uses ETFE cushion system that has inflated air gap between the membrane. This adds up more thermal resistance value to the building envelope. ETFE is also approved as fire resistance Class 1 in Italy and B3 in Germany (Pati Films, 2015).Aside from Winter Garden, the building uses recycled newspaper as thermal insulation to keep internal space warm during winter season (Eden Project, 2016). According to Warmcel (2012) Industry, recycled newspaper offers a thermal conductivity up to 0.038 as close as to rockwool insulation. Interior view of Eden Project, image source from Birchall, E. (2013).
ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY
155
Winter Garden Physical Model with Roof Enclosure
Service Deck allows maintenance and inspection for roof or operable shading devices
Propose ETFE Cushion System that is light, transparent, fire resistant and higher heat resistance value compared to glass
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ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY
Mechanical shading devices could be installed to control amount of light entering the Winter Garden
Strategy 1: Enclosure
Dome shape enclosure offers larger surface area for contact of natural sunlight. In return, more heat will be absorbed into the Winter Garden
ETFE Cusion Suystem as thermal barrier for Winter Garden
When Winter Garden gets too hot over the summer, operable louvers will increase opennings to allow more ventilation into building
Rainwater can be channeled and harvested for allotment activity
Double layered ETFE panels with U-value of 2.6 W/m2K (Designing Buildings Wiki, 2015)
ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY
157
Strategy 2: Underfloor Heating
Propose suspended timber deck with underfloor heat pipes that connects to Biomass CHP plant for heat exchange
Electricity By-product
Biomass CHP plant produces biocoal, electricity and heat as by-products which could be useful for Winter Garden as (respectively) fertilisers, powering the building and increase room temperature.
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ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY
Heat Biocoal
Strategy 3: Thermal Mass & District Heating
Insulated Hot water tank can be located within the Winter Garden as thermal mass that helps retain heat within the building
Hot Water Tank
Cold Water Supply Tank
Hot Water Tank
District Heating
Rainwater Harvesting Tank
Underfloor heating is sufficient to heat up the entire facility and even contribute to the neighbourhood as district heating
Water tanks can be distributed for hot water supply and rainwater harvesting purposes, giving a synergic relationships that aid in the production of Winter Garden.
ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY
159
Plan View: Typical Wall Detail Scale 1:20
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ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY
U-Value Calculation: Typical Wall Detail
Wall Construction
External plasterboard
Thickness (m)
Thermal Conductivity (w/mK)
Thermal Resistance (m2K/W)
0.01
0.21
0.05
External recycled insulation
newspaper
0.05
0.038
1.32
Internal recycled insulation
newspaper
0.15
0.038
3.95
Internal plasterboard
0.010
0.21
0.05
Total hardwood timber frame
0.40
0.18
2.22
Total thermal resistance U - value
7.59 m2K/W 0.13 W/m2K
U-value is the measure of heat transmission through a wall. It is calculated to determine whether the proposed material composition of a wall meet the desired level of thermal barrier against the sun during summer and minimise heat loss during winter. The lower the value the better the thermal insulation of the construction material. Good thermal insulation of building will in return save cost on mechanical heat and ventilation. The material composition proposed from the above are useful on offices, research laboratories and conference rooms, where thermal comfort for occupants is important. Production spaces are actively operated during the day. Hence, the requrement for heat insulation is less compared to learning spaces. Thickness of insulation can be reduced to 0.05m with a U-value of 0.20 W/m2K . The indicated U-value meet the low requirements in Poland condition which is 0.30 W/m2K, gathered at Gdańsk region (Eurima., 2011). Damp proofing membranes are placed on both insulations with air gap in-between to minimise humidity loss in the building and imrpove thermal comfort conditions.
Thermal conductivity of materials obtained from Warmcel (2012) and The Scottish Government (2009).
ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY
161
Plan View: Ground Floor Wall Detail Scale 1:20
162
ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY
U-Value Calculation: Ground Floor Wall Detail
Wall Construction
Thickness (m)
Thermal Conductivity (w/mK)
Thermal Resistance (m2K/W)
External gabion wall with gravel aggregates
0.20
0.70
0.29
Internal recycled insulation
0.15
0.038
3.95
Internal plasterboard
0.010
0.21
0.05
Total hardwood timber frame
0.20
0.18
1.11
newspaper
Total thermal resistance U - value
5.40 m2K/W 0.19 W/m2K
Gabion wall was used as an alternative material besides using dry wall construction. Aggregates can be selectively chosen from recyclable materials such as concrete, clay tiles, timber logs and even sand bags. Ideally, gabion walls are situated facing to Winter Garden space, creating a more natural look to the allotment environment. Proposing 0.20 m thick of gabion wall contributes to final U-value of 0.19 W/m2K. Althouogh it is not as effective as fibrous insulation materials, gabion wall aggregates can be locally source from landfills and waste collection departments as cheaper viable resources and thermal mass.
Thermal conductivity of materials obtained from Warmcel (2012), The Scottish Government (2009) and The Engineering Toolbox (n.d.).
ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY
163
EPILOGUE There is no definate solution towards solving the economic issues of Słupsk. What is fundamental to the situation is the need for better transparency and participation from conflicting social actors. Public engagement is a slow transformation process because it requires planning, managing and direct action from the public. Public partiicipation could be conflicted by other parties with a different political agenda. That is why, the role of local government holds key position into ensuring that the transformation is deliberated to the public’s welbeing as priority. DIY Mediation holds the example of a topdown and bottom-up integration that allows local community and government to work as mediators of ‘condition-making process. Using the ethos of DIY as a catalyst for the movement, local communities can have a better sense of rightful ownership and understanding on the development of Słupsk. Place-making agenda thus becomes an afterthought, where conditions - rules, networking and the design of building, could be made to give rise to organic transformation of the design by the creative masses. The underline token from this in-between mediation process is to challenge for a new radical social - political movement that can be empowered by the local community and the government to allow progressive transformation and its on-going awareness for future changing demands of Słupsk.
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