DIVER D RSITY Y AND TRAN NSFOR RMAT TION AM MONG G ASIA ANS IN N HOU USTON N Findings F s from the Kind der Instiitute’s “Housto “ on Area Asian Survey” S (1995, 22002 & 2011) CENTR RAL CON NCLUSIONS FR ROM TH HE REP PORT (28 Jaanuary 2013) Introductiion. Supportted by local foundations,, corporationns and indivviduals, and nnow with a ppermanent homee in Rice Uniiversity’s Kiinder Institutte for Urbann Research, tthe annual “H Houston Areea Survey” has interviewed 31 successsive represen ntative sampples of Harrris County residents. Inn May 1982, just two monthss after the firrst Houston survey, the 80-year oil bboom suddeenly collapseed. The region reco overed from m the deep an nd prolonged d recession of the mid 11980s to findd itself squaarely in the midst of o a restructu ured econom my and a truly remarkablle demographhic transform mation. 2, Harris Co ounty’s Ang glo populatio on stopped growing andd then decliined. The reegion’s After 1982 rapid popu ulation grow wth during th he past 30 years y is duee entirely to the influx oof Asians, A African Americanss and Latino os. This histo orically bi-racial Southeern city, dom minated by w white men, is now the most ethnically e an nd culturally diverse larg ge metropoliitan region iin the countrry, at the forefront of the new w diversity th hat is refashio oning the so ocio-politicall landscape aacross urbann America. urvey has been b expandded to reach large repreesentative saamples, Since 1994, the Housston Area Su numbering g about 500 each, from Harris Coun nty’s Anglo , African-Am merican andd Hispanic ppopulations. In 19 995, 2002 an nd 2011, gen nerous additional contribbutions from m the wider H Houston com mmunity — especcially the Un nited Way an nd Houston Endowmentt Inc. — madde it possiblle to include equally large reepresentativee samples off the region n’s varied A Asian commuunities, withh one-fourth of the interviewss being cond ducted in Vieetnamese, Cantonese, M Mandarin or K Korean. Thee Kinder Insttitute’s Asian repo ort, released on 7 Februaary 2013, preesents the ceentral findinggs from this special reseaarch. The demog graphic revo olution. Thee 2010 U.S. Census C counnted 280,3411 Asians in H Harris Countty. The Vietnamesse are the larrgest Asian community in the countty, followedd by the Indiians, Chinese, Filipinos and Koreans. Th he distributio ons by counttry of origin in the Houston Asian suurveys closely mirror the cen nsus data, strrengthening confidence in i the repressentativenesss of the Asiaan samples. Today’s seeniors are disproportion d nately Anglo o, and so arre the 76 miillion baby bboomers, boorn between 194 46 and 1964, now aged 48 4 to 66. It was w not untiil 1965 that ffor the first time in the ttwenti-
eth century non-Europeans were allowed in meaningful numbers to come to America. Thus the younger cohorts in Houston and America are disproportionately Asian, Latino and black. Despite levels of education that are much higher on average than those of Anglos, Asians generally report lower household incomes. Part of this discrepancy may be due to being younger and having arrived as immigrants with educational credentials that may be difficult to transfer into a new society. Part of it may also reflect the impact of continuing discrimination (the so-called “glass ceiling”) that makes it more difficult for Asians to reach the top positions in the American economy. Not surprisingly, Latinos and Asians generally approve of the new immigration. Hispanics express the most concern about the treatment of “illegal” immigrants. African Americans are the most worried about the economic impact of immigration. Asians are more positive about relations with whites, less positive about relations with Hispanics, and more negative about relations with blacks. Despite such concerns, the surveys show clearly that area residents from all communities are growing more comfortable with their city’s burgeoning diversity. Religion and politics. The Filipinos, overwhelmingly Catholic, are more likely than other Asians to be church attenders and to say that religion is very important in their lives. The Indians and Pakistanis are generally either Hindus or Moslems, the Vietnamese either Catholics or Buddhists. Immigrants from Mainland China, Taiwan and Hong Kong are generally less religious than the other Asian communities. In the 1995 survey, the Filipinos, Vietnamese and Chinese were more likely to be Republicans, whereas the Indians and Pakistanis were more likely to be Democrats. In the years since, support for the Republican Party has waned. Anti-communism is now less salient, while concerns about restrictive immigration policies, economic inequalities and perceived discrimination have increased. Asians share with Latinos and blacks firm support for government initiatives designed to strengthen the safety net and moderate the economic inequalities. On all such issues, the three communities differ sharply from Anglos, and this may help to explain Anglos’ far stronger identification with the Republican Party. The ability of Republicans to broaden their appeal to Asians and Latinos and of Democrats to boost turnout among those same rapidly growing communities will shape the political positioning of Harris County and the state of Texas in the years ahead. The rise of second generation. In 1995, just 10% of Harris County’s Asian adults were born in this country. The number of U.S.-born Asians grew to 15% in 2002 and to 31% in 2011. Compared to first-generation immigrants, second-generation Asians are more likely to be college-educated and to be earning higher incomes. They are also more likely to have close personal friends who are Anglo, Latino or black, and to have been in a romantic relationship with someone who was non-Asian. Houston’s burgeoning diversity, with its young multi-lingual workforce, can be a tremendous asset for this major port city as it builds the bridges to the global economy. Yet if most area residents continue to live and work in largely segregated enclaves, reinforced by widening socioeconomic and educational disparities, the expanding diversity is likely instead to diminish Houston’s competitiveness and set the stage for a growing urban “underclass” and for serious social conflict. Asian Americans are largely middle-class professionals, now moving rapidly into leadership positions. They are also people of color, with friendship networks spanning all ethnic communities, and more committed than Anglos to strengthening government initiatives to expand opportunities and
reduce the inequalities. They will be indispensable partners in the efforts to build a successful, inclusive, equitable and united multiethnic future for Houston and America in the years ahead.
-------------------------------