Kingfisher Soccer Encyclopedia

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Copyrighted Material Brazil and England contest their 2002 World Cup quarterfinal in Japanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Shizuoka Stadium Ecopa. The 50,600-capacity arena hosts the bigger games of two Japanese J-League teams, Jubilo Iwata and Shimizu S-Pulse.

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CLIVE GIFFORD

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Copyright ÂŠ 2006 by Kingfisher Published in the United States by Kingfisher, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010 Kingfisher is an imprint of Macmillan Childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Books, London. All rights reserved. First published 2006 by Kingfisher This edition published 2010 by Kingfisher Consultant: Anthony Hobbs Distributed in the U.S. by Macmillan, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010 Distributed in Canada by H.B. Fenn and Company Ltd., 34 Nixon Road, Bolton, Ontario L7E 1W2 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data has been applied for. ISBN: 978-0-7534-6397-0 Kingfisher books are available for special promotions and premiums. For details contact: Special Markets Department, Macmillan, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010.

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CONTENTS CHAPTER 1

CHAPTER 5

INTRODUCTION

GREAT TEAMS

The beautiful game Then and now Soccer’s origins The global game

6 8 10 12

National teams Club teams

70 78

SNAPSHOT The World Cup comes home

SNAPSHOT Madrid’s magnificent seven

CHAPTER 6

SOCCER FORTUNES CHAPTER 2

PLAYING THE GAME Basic skills Movement and space Officials Defending Goalkeeping Attacking Goalscoring Free kicks and penalties

16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

SNAPSHOT Baggio’s penalty miss

Soccer dreams A pro’s life The players’ stage Fans and teams The soccer industry Soccer nightmares

94 96 98 100 102 104

SNAPSHOT Spain wins at last

106

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CHAPTER 7

COMPETITIONS

CHAPTER 3

SOCCER LEGENDS Goalkeepers Defenders Midfielders and wingers Strikers

34 37 41 47

SNAPSHOT Maradona’s World Cup

CHAPTER 4

The World Cup The European Championships The Olympics The Copa America The African Nations Cup The Asian Games and Asian Cup The CONCACAF Championship Soccer leagues Club cup competitions European Champions

108 118 120 122 123 124 125 126 130 132

SNAPSHOT South Africa 2010

134

THE BRAIN GAME The brain game Formations Tactics The coach’s role Great coaches

58 60 62 64 66

SNAPSHOT The Wingless Wonders 68 Copyrighted Material

REFERENCE U.S. soccer Facts and figures Glossary

136 137 140

Index Acknowledgments

142 144

INTRODUCTION

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THE BEAUTIFUL GAME Pelé described soccer as the “beautiful game,” and the emotion and loyalty that soccer inspires in its fans mean that this simple sport has a lot to live up to. But soccer delivers it all— cramming dynamic action, breathtaking skills, and heartstopping tension into 90 minutes of play. It is dramatic, making heroes and villains out of its players, coaches, and referees. From its recognized beginnings in the 1800s to its global dominance today, soccer has provided great moments of excitement, celebration, and despair; no other game has the same power to unite and divide. RAPID GROWTH

Soccer’s adaptability has been one of its

쑿 Soccer is a sport that

In a little more than 100 years soccer has

strengths. Another big part of its appeal

boomed from a casual game played by a

is that people of all ages and skill levels can

small group of amateur gentlemen to a

play the game. At its most basic, soccer is a

highly sophisticated, money-focused sport

simple sport that can be enjoyed without

that is played and watched by millions of

expensive equipment and played almost

people. As soccer has grown, dozens of

anywhere—from a sandy beach to an office or

changes have occurred. Some have involved

hallway with a crumpled ball of paper.

generates intensely strong bonds between supporters and their teams. This fan, facepainted in the national colors of Portugal, awaits the semifinal of the 2004 European Championships between the Netherlands and Portugal.

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the rules of the game—from the two-handed

The simplicity of soccer is a big selling

throw-in, introduced in 1883, to the back-

point with new fans. The finer details of rules

pass rule for goalkeepers that was adopted

and tactics may not be understood at first, but

99 years later. Other changes—such as the

the basics of the game and the skills of star

arrival of promotion and relegation up and

players—their speed, ball control, passing,

down a league—have shaped the

shooting, and tackling—can be admired by

competitions of which games are a part.

almost anyone.

쑼 Soccer arouses the emotions of players as well as fans. Here, Bayern Munich’s Carsten Jancker (left) and Thomas Helmer are inconsolable after their team was beaten by Manchester United in the last minute of the 1999 Champions League final.

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THE BEAUTIFUL GAME

쑼 Argentinian star Lionel Messi (front) battles for the ball while playing for Barcelona during the Champions League final in 2009. The Spanish team beat Manchester United 2–0 to win Europe’s biggest club competition.

쑿 Soccer can be played practically anywhere,

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in almost any conditions. These South African schoolchildren are enjoying a casual but competitive game just days before their country won the right to host the 2010 World Cup.

THE NUMBERS GAME In its full version soccer is a game in which two teams of 11 people each play two halves of 45 minutes. Today more than 50 million soccer players around the world play in official competitions. Many millions more play the game on a regular basis—a survey by world soccer’s governing association, the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), estimates that figure to be more than 240 million. Top leagues, such as Serie A in Italy, Spain’s La Liga, and the German Bundesliga attract millions of viewers globally. In 2008 English Premier League games or highlights were broadcast to more than 202 countries. The final of the 2006 World Cup, between

쑿 A mural of Brazil’s Ronaldo brightens the wall of

Italy and France, was watched by

a building in Paris, France. Soccer’s top players are global superstars at the center of mini industries. Money is generated away from the players’ work on the field, through personal appearances, endorsements, advertisements, and merchandise.

more than 600 million television viewers, while the overall tournament had a cumulative audience of more

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INTRODUCTION

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THE GLOBAL GAME FIFA is in control of world soccer. At continental or regional levels, the game is organized by six confederations. The traditional powerhouses of international soccer have been Europe and South America, home to the world’s richest teams and the winners of every World Cup. But as other regions begin to exert more influence, the global game is changing. BALANCE OF POWER

to promote the game outside of its

Huge advances have been made by the

traditional strongholds. African and Asian

federations and national teams of regions

nations have been chosen to host many

outside of Europe and South America.

tournaments, including the World Cups of

More and more national soccer teams have

2002 (South Korea and Japan), 2010 (South

become truly competitive on the world

Africa), and the Women’s World Cup of 2007

stage, thanks to the emergence of dozens

(China). Additionally, Africa and Asia now

of high-quality players, primarily in Africa,

enjoy more automatic places at the World

but also in Asia. Australia, for example,

Cup than ever before.

Steve Mokone was the first black South African to play professionally in Europe. From the 1950s, he played for England’s Coventry City, Dutch team Heracles, Spain’s Valencia, Marseille in France, and Italy’s Torino. Mokone later played in Australia and Canada.

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performed well at the 2006 World Cup

FACT FILE A European team has reached the final of all but two World Cups (1930 and 1950).

(its first since 1974), narrowly losing to the

eventual winners, Italy, in the second round. African teams have played in three of the past four Olympic soccer finals, winning two golds and one silver. By mid 2009 the

Argentina lines up to play

continent had seven teams ranked in FIFA’s

Germany in the 2006 World Cup. At the time, only goalie Roberto Abbondanzieri played club soccer in Argentina. After the tournament, he signed with Spanish club Getafe.

top 50. There have also been strong showings by Japan, South Korea, and the United States at recent international tournaments. Today, FIFA is working hard

CONCACAF

UEFA

CONMEBOL

Confederation of North,

Union of European Football

Confederación Sudamericana

Central American, and

Associations

de Fútbol

Caribbean Association Football

www.uefa.com

www.conmebol.com

www.concacaf.com

Founded: 1954

Founded: 1916

Founded: 1961

Members: 52

Members: 10

As the most powerful confederation,

CONMEBOL teams have won nine

Mexico and the U. S.—traditionally the

UEFA was awarded 13 of the 32

men’s World Cup finals, and the

strongest CONCACAF nations—have

places at the 2010 World Cup. It

Brazilian women’s national team

hosted three World Cups, while smaller

runs the two largest competitions

was World Cup runner-up in 2007.

nations, such as Costa Rica, have

after the World Cup—the European

Argentina has won the past two

reached the tournament. CONCACAF

Championships and the Champions

Olympic men’s finals and is rarely out

teams have often been invited to play

League. Thousands of foreign players

of the top five of FIFA’s world rankings.

in South America’s Copa America

work in Europe, but UEFA clubs may

Domestic leagues, however, are

competition, and the federation

soon be forced to include a minimum

suffering, with clubs in debt and most

actually includes two South American

number of homegrown players

of the continent’s top players heading

nations, Guyana and Suriname.

on their teams.

for Europe and elsewhere to play.

Members: 40

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THE GLOBAL GAME

CAF

AFC

OFC

Confédération Africaine

Asian Football Confederation

Oceania Football

de Football

www.the-afc.com/english/

Confederation

www.cafonline.com

intro.asp

www.oceaniafootball.com

Founded: 1957

Founded: 1954

Founded: 1966

Members: 54

Members: 46

Members: 11

Africa was not awarded an automatic

Asian soccer is booming. The highly

Soccer has struggled for support in

World Cup place until 1970, but the

successful Asian Champions League

Oceania. In the larger countries it has

rise of soccer in this continent meant

was set up in 2002, and national

to compete with more popular sports,

that the CAF sent five teams to the

leagues are increasingly well

while smaller nations suffer from a lack

2006 tournament. While national

supported. Many foreign players play

of money, facilities, and players.

teams continue to improve, the

in Asia—more than 30 Brazilians are

Australia, the OFC’s biggest and most

domestic game struggles because of

based in Japan, for example. Australia

successful nation, became frustrated

a lack of money and the movement of

joined the AFC in 2006, but all eyes

by the lack of an automatic World Cup

its best players out of Africa. In 2001,

are now turning to China, which has

place for the confederation. In January

for example, 979 African players were

the world’s largest pool of potential

2006 it left the OFC to join the Asian

playing in Europe and 102 in Asia.

players and supporters.

Football Confederation.

FACT FILE New

HAVE CLEATS, WILL TRAVEL

League. This revenue enables European

Soccer is flourishing all over the world, but

the globe. Out of more than 700 players at

Europe remains the most attractive destination

the 2006 World Cup, 102 played club soccer

for the world’s top players. The globe’s 20

in England, 74 in Germany, 60 in Italy, and

richest teams are all European, and this

58 in France. Not one member of the Ivory

situation is unlikely to change for some time

Coast team played club soccer at home,

as a result of the huge amounts of money

and only one played in Africa.

teams to hire the best players from around

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Zealand was the last OFC team to reach a World Cup, back in 1982.

that teams receive from television rights, advertising, and qualifying for the Champions

In the past, South American soccer teams held on to many of the continent’s stars. Every member of Brazil’s 1970 World Cup–

Emmanuel Olisadebe was born in Nigeria, plays soccer in China, and represented Poland at the 2002 World Cup. Other African-born players play for European countries, while French-born Frédéric Kanouté, the 2007 African soccer player of the year, plays for Mali. He used to play for France’s U-21 team.

winning team played for a team in his home country. This has changed, with hundreds of players moving to Europe in search of higher salaries and the chance to play in the most prestigious competitions, from Serie A and La Liga to the Champions League.

HIT THE NET

www.worldsoccer.com World Soccer magazine‘s website focuses on global soccer and its best players, teams, and competitions. www.cafonline.com The official website of the African Champions League, with the latest news and results of club and national soccer. www.soccerstats.com Get the latest soccer news and competition standings from around the world. Copyrighted Material

Copyrighted Material Alfredo di Stefano (in white) kicks Real Madridâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s second goal past Eintracht Frankfurt goalie Egon Loy. Despite making a number of fantastic saves, Loy conceded seven goals.

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SNAPSHOT

MADRID’S MAGNIFICENT SEVEN Soccer’s capacity to surprise, excite, and, above all,

team put on a dazzling display of attacking soccer. In

entertain has rarely been better showcased than in the

an electrifying 45 minutes Real went from 1–0 down to

final of the fifth European Cup in 1960. Real Madrid, the

6–1 ahead, courtesy of goals by both Puskas and Di

winner of the first four competitions, played Eintracht

Stefano. But the enterprising German team was just as

Frankfurt in front of a record crowd of more than

committed to attacking. They fought back, scoring two

130,000 at Scotland’s Hampden Park. Eintracht took

goals and hitting the woodwork twice, while Real

an early lead. Was Real’s reign as the unrivaled master

countered with its seventh and Di Stefano’s third

of Europe about to end? The answer was an emphatic

goal to eventually triumph 7–3. No one who witnessed

“no.” Led by Hungarian genius Ferenc Puskas and

the game would ever forget the spectacle of Europe’s

Argentinian virtuoso Alfredo di Stefano, the Spanish

best team playing at the peak of its skills.

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P L AY I N G T H E G A M E

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BASIC SKILLS In the words of former Liverpool coach Bill Shankly, “Soccer is a simple game based on the giving and taking of passes, on controlling the ball, and on making yourself available to receive a pass.” Shankly’s words highlight the most important skills in soccer. BALL CONTROL The world’s top players, such as Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi, appear to control the ball effortlessly. Their easy command and

쑿 French female players practice their

movement of the ball hides thousands of hours of practice and

close control skills by keeping the ball up using their heads and feet. Good ball control only comes after hundreds of hours of practice.

training, often from a very early age. As children, many great players spent long hours playing games with a tennis ball, a crumpled ball of paper, or a battered piece of fruit. Players can control the ball with any part of their bodies except their hands and arms. Cushioning is a technique in which a player

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uses a part of the body to slow

down a moving ball and then bring

it under control with his or her feet. High balls can be cushioned using

the chest, thigh, or a gentle header to kill the ball’s speed and bring it down. For a low, incoming ball, the foot is preferred—either the inside of the shoe or its instep (where the laces are). A ball that is rolling across the field can be stopped with the sole of the foot—a technique known as trapping.

씰 David Beckham leans back to perform a chest cushion during a Real Madrid training session. A good chest cushion sees the ball drop at the feet of the player, who can then pass, run, or shoot.

쑿 Real Madrid’s Zinedine Zidane brings the ball down during a Champions League game against Italian team Roma. He uses a sidefoot cushion to leave the ball at his feet. 씱 An instep cushion is used to control a ball that is arriving from the front. Here, the player meets the ball with his shoelaces and instantly pulls back his foot, stopping the speed of the ball.

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BASIC SKILLS

SHIELDING AND OBSTRUCTION

Pavel Nedved of Juventus hits a long

When players have the ball at their feet, they are said to be in

instep drive pass during a Serie A game against Messina in 2004.

possession and have a number of options. These include running

with the ball, dribbling with the ball close to the feet, passing, shooting, and shielding the ball. Shielding or screening involves a player putting his or her body between the ball and an opponent in order to prevent

PASS MASTERS

the other player from gaining possession. This gives the shielding

Passes can be made with a thrust of

player crucial time to decide on the next move, which may be a pass

the chest or with a carefully directed

backward to a teammate or a sharp turn and an attempt to play the

header. Usually, however, they are

ball around the opponent. Shielding players have to be careful not to

made with one of three parts of the

hold, push, or back into the other player. They must also keep the

shoe—the outside, the instep, or

ball close by and under control, otherwise the referee may award an

the inside. The inside or side-foot

indirect free kick for obstruction

pass is the most common and

(in which a player unfairly

accurate pass, allowing players to

blocks an opponent’s path to

pass the ball with a high level of

the ball). An obstruction

precision. Some players attempt as

usually occurs when a player

many as 60 or 70 passes in one

steps into the path of an

game, most of which are side-foot

opponent when the ball is

passes. At Euro 2008 Germany’s

several feet away.

Philipp Lahm attempted 359 passes in six matches. For longer passes, players tend to use the instep. This allows them to propel the ball with force. The instep can also be used for lofted

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team Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk shields the ball from FC Utrecht’s Etienne Shew-Atjon during a 2004–2005 UEFA Cup game.

drives that send the ball into the air as a cross or a clearance, as well as to stab down on the back of the ball. This makes the ball rise up at a steep angle, known as a chip. A pass’s weight—the strength with which it is hit—is as important as accuracy in order for the pass to be successfully completed. At Euro 2008 strong passers, such as Spain’s Xavi Hernandez and Marcos Senna, completed 90 percent of their passes.

Japan’s Komo Yasuyuki and

Barcelona striker Thierry Henry hits a perfect

Australia’s Nicky Carle compete shoulder to shoulder for the ball.

sidefoot pass, keeping his eye on the ball and letting his kicking leg follow through and point toward the target.

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P L AY I N G T H E G A M E

GOALKEEPING Goalkeepers are a breed apart. They have a different role from their teammates and even look a little different since they must wear a shirt that distinguishes them from other players and officials. The crucial last line of defense, goalies can be forgotten when things are going well but are singled out for abuse when they make a mistake that leads to a goal. Goalkeepers can also be game winners thanks to their saves and decisions and their agility and bravery. At the 2003 Women’s World Cup Irish goalie Shay Given

Norway’s Bente Nordby clears a dangerous ball by punching it firmly away from the goal.

stretches to make a diving save during a Premier League game for Newcastle United. Given moved to Manchester City in 2009.

A GOALIE’S SKILLS

KEEPING CONTROL

To achieve a shutout, goalkeepers

Goalkeepers are allowed to control the ball with their hands

need more than supreme agility and

and arms, but otherwise they must obey most of the same

the ability to make diving saves. Top

rules as outfield players. Until 1912, goalies could handle the

goalies train hard to improve their

ball anywhere in their own half, but now handling is restricted

handling skills, learning to take the

to their penalty area, with several key exceptions. Goalkeepers

ball at different heights and from

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cannot handle the ball

different angles. They must be able to

• after releasing it and without

stay alert for the entire game. Many

it touching another player;

minutes can go by before, suddenly, they are called into action.

• after receiving it directly from

Goalies need good decision-making skills, too, since a cross or shot may call for them to choose whether to try to hold the ball in

a throw-in;

a save, punch it away, or tip it over the bar or around a post.

• if it has been deliberately kicked to them by a

Goalkeepers are in a unique position to see opposition attacks

teammate.

developing, and they must communicate instructions to their

If a goalkeeper handles the

teammates. They line up walls at free kicks and command their

ball in any of these situations

goal area, urging defenders to pick up unmarked opponents. A

or if the referee judges that the

defense and goalie that communicate well can be a formidable unit.

keeper is wasting time with the ball in hand (known as the

Italian goalkeeper Gianluigi Buffon

six-second rule), an indirect

instructs his defenders during the 2006 World Cup. Clear, decisive communication between a goalkeeper and his or her outfield teammates can stop many opposition attacks.

free kick is awarded. This can be dangerously close to the goal. In the 1990s a law was passed to reduce time wasting and speed up play. It banned goalies from controlling a ball

The Czech Republic’s Petr Cech gathers the ball cleanly at the feet of Andy van der Meyde of the Netherlands.

from a throw-in or a back pass with their arms or hands. In the past goalkeepers could be tackled, but today they are well protected by referees. Even so, they have to be brave to dive at an opponent’s feet, risking injury. If goalies foul or bring down an attacker, they may give away a penalty and even be sent off if the referee decides that a professional foul has been committed.

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Copyrighted Material DEFENSE INTO ATTACK

GOALKEEPING

HIT THE NET

With the ball in hand, goalies have several ways in which they can move the ball to a teammate or upfield (known as distribution). They

www.goalkeepersaredifferent.com A fantastic website that is dedicated solely to goalies and is packed full of quirky facts.

can roll it out on the ground, looking for options to kick the ball; they can kick it straight from their hand; or they can throw the ball. Goalies launch the ball from their hand into the opposition half by using their shoe instep to strike it on the volley or half volley.

http://finesoccer.com/keepers.htm This newsletter contains advice, drills, and tips from the world of goalkeeping.

Sometimes goalies aim their kick for a tall winger or wide midfielder who is close to the sideline. This move is often rehearsed on the practice field. Goalies can bowl the ball out underarm,

www.jbgoalkeeping.com An impressive coaching website, with short online videos, covering all aspects of the goalkeeper‘s game.

usually to a nearby teammate, or they can use a more powerful sidearm or overarm motion for maximum distance. A third option, the javelin throw, is often the quickest way to get the ball moving. Fast, accurate distribution from the goalie can be vital in turning defense into a rapid breakaway attack. Spain’s Iker Casillas practices handling the ball while on the ground. Goalies work hard in training to improve their handling, flexibility, and reactions.

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FACT FILE

Germany’s Oliver Kahn rolls the ball out underarm. In 2002 Kahn was FIFA’s Goalkeeper of the World Cup. During the following league season with Bayern Munich, he set a Bundesliga record of 737 minutes without conceding a goal.

The world‘s first black professional soccer player was a goalkeeper. Born in the Gold Coast (now Ghana), Arthur Wharton played in 1889 for Rotherham United in the English league.

GOAL-SCORING KEEPERS In 1882 goalkeeper James McAulay was pressed into service as a center-forward and scored in Scotland’s 5–0 defeat of Wales. Since then many goalies have scored goals for their team or country. Some goals have been scored from long goal kicks that have surprised a defense or by goalkeepers running into the opposition’s penalty area in the dying seconds of a game. Others have come from spot kicks in a penalty shoot-out (see

In a one-on-one situation

page 31). A well-taken penalty by Portuguese goalie Ricardo knocked

many goalies come off their line to narrow the angle— reducing how much of the goal the attacker can see. They stay upright for as long as possible to increase the chance of the shot striking them.

England out of Euro 2004, for example. A few goalies, mostly in South America, have become legends for their goal-scoring feats from regular penalties and free kicks. The German Jan-Jorg Butt scored 28 goals, while Paraguay’s José Luis Chilavert struck 62 times. This staggering tally was passed in August 2006 by Brazilian goalkeeper Rogério Ceni, playing for São Paulo. Ceni has hit 83 goals, including 42 free kicks, and his team has never lost a game in which he has scored.

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SNAPSHOT

BAGGIO’S PENALTY MISS “The difference between heaven and hell is one minute,” said

Taffarel did dive, but Baggio sent the ball sailing high over the bar,

Spanish international Josep Guardiola after an epic 4–3 win over

handing the World Cup to Brazil. Baggio later wrote, “It was the

Yugoslavia at Euro 2000. For Italy’s Roberto Baggio, six years

worst moment of my career. I still dream about it. If I could erase

earlier, it took mere seconds. In the final of the 1994 World Cup

a moment from my career, it would be that one.” What is often

Italy and Brazil were locked in a 0–0 stalemate. Extra time ended,

forgotten is that two Italians before Baggio, Daniele Massaro and

and a nerve-shredding penalty shoot-out began. With Italy 3–2

the highly experienced Franco Baresi, missed their penalties. Even

down, Baggio stepped up to take his team’s pressure-filled fifth

if Baggio had scored, Brazil would have had the chance to win

penalty. He decided to drive the ball down the middle, as he knew

with its fifth spot kick. That said, the photograph of a crushed

that Taffarel, the Brazilian goalie, tended to dive to one side.

Baggio remains the iconic image of the 1994 World Cup.

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Roberto Baggio hangs his head in disbelief as the Brazilian players celebrate victory in the final of the 1994 World Cup.

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SOCCER LEGENDS

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SOCCER LEGENDS From France’s Alain Giresse to Brazil’s Zico, the game of soccer has been lit up by the talents of thousands of highly committed and skillful players, all of whom have enthralled spectators and inspired their teams to great KEY Country = international team achievements. Packed into this section Caps = international games are profiles of more than 75 of the finest Goals = international goals (to June 2009) players to have graced the game.

GAO HONG China, born 1967 Caps: more than 100

Goals: 0

An instinctive shot stopper, Gao Hong began playing soccer for her factory team before moving to the Guangdong team in southeast China. She became a member of the Chinese national team in 1989 and played in both the 1995 and 1999 World Cups. Gao was in goal for China’s two Asian Games successes in 1994 and 1998, and she also won a silver medal at the 1996 Olympics. At the end of her international career she appeared in the WUSA league for the New York Power.

GOALKEEPERS

씱 Peter Schmeichel

PETER SCHMEICHEL

goalkeeping, standing menacingly tall or

Denmark, born 1963

bravely sprawling at an attacker’s feet. After

Caps: 129

winning a triple (English Premiership, FA

Goals: 1

After playing for Hvidøvre and then Brøndby,

Cup, and Champions League)

Schmeichel became one of the best keepers

with Manchester United

of the 1990s after Alex Ferguson took him to

in 1999, he moved to

Manchester United in 1991 for the modest

Sporting Lisbon and

fee of about $900,000. The high point of his

helped the

international career came with winning the

Portuguese team

1992 European Championships, while the

win its first league

wins poured in at the team level. The hugely

title in 17 years.

committed Dane redefined one-on-one

He made a surprise

makes a typically brave save for Manchester City in 2002.

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씰 Andoni Zubizarreta

before injury forced him to retire.

was Spain’s firstchoice international goalie for more than ten years.

ANDONI ZUBIZARRETA

FACT FILE As an amateur,

Peter Schmeichel played as a striker. He showed those skills in the 1995–1996 UEFA Cup when he came up for an attack and scored with a header against Russian team Rotor Volgograd.

BEST GOALKEEPER AT THE WORLD CUP

Spain, born 1961 Caps: 126

Goals: 0

While notching up a record 126 games for his country, Zubizarreta played hundreds more games for four Spanish clubs: Alaves, Athletic Bilbao, Barcelona, and Valencia. He won two league titles with Athletic Bilbao, as well as a European Cup, a Cup Winners’ Cup, and a league title with Barcelona. He retired from international soccer in 1998, after captaining Spain in his fourth World Cup.

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Since the 1994 World Cup, FIFA has given the Lev Yashin Award to the best goalkeeper of the tournament. YEAR 1994 1998 2002 2006

WINNER Michel Preud‘homme (Belgium) Fabien Barthez (France) Oliver Kahn (Germany) Gianluigi Buffon (Italy)

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GOALKEEPERS

LEV YASHIN

GORDON BANKS

Soviet Union, 1929–1990

England, born 1937

Caps: 75

Caps: 73

Goals: 0

In South America, Yashin was called the

“Banks of England” was as reliable a goalie

“Black Spider.” In Europe he was the

as any nation could call upon in the 1960s.

“Black Panther”; but everywhere he was

During his ten-year international career he

regarded as the finest goalkeeper of his

played 35 shutouts and was on the losing

era and, possibly, of all time. Blessed

team only nine times. His professional career

with extraordinary anticipation and agility,

began at Chesterfield before a $20,000 move

Yashin made countless, seemingly

took him to Leicester City. In 1962 Banks

impossible saves and stopped as many

made his debut for England, with whom he

as 150 penalties during his career, which

won the 1966 World Cup. The following year

was spent completely at Moscow

he moved to Stoke City, but a car accident in

Dynamo. In 1954 he made his debut for

1972 caused Banks to lose sight in his right

the national team. Yashin’s bravery,

eye. The accident ended his career in Great

vision, and shot-stopping skills helped

Britain, although he did play in the U.S. for the

the Soviets win an Olympic title in 1956,

Fort Lauderdale Strikers in 1977–1978.

the European Championships crown in

쑿 Lev Yashin makes

1960, and a semifinal place at the 1966 World

a great save at the 1966 World Cup.

Cup. With Moscow Dynamo, Yashin won six league titles and two Soviet Cups. In 1963 he became the first—and still the only—

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goalkeeper to win the coveted European Player of the Year award.

FACT FILE Gordon

Banks won FIFA‘s Goalkeeper of the Year award a record six times.

GAME

ACTION Brazil and England played a tense yet thrilling game in the group stages of the 1970 World Cup, with Brazil winning 1–0. In the tenth minute Jairzinho slipped a high cross into the English penalty area. Rising high, Pelé headed the ball down fiercely toward the far post, with Gordon Banks seemingly stranded. The ball bounced just short of the line, and a goal seemed certain. Yet Banks showed electrifying reaction time, scrambling across his line and clawing the ball almost vertically upward and over the crossbar. Pelé was stunned and later called it “the greatest save I ever saw.” Few who witnessed it would disagree.

쑿 Gordon Banks in action for Stoke City in 1972. Throughout his career Banks trained tirelessly on angles and repeat drills in order to improve his strength and agility.

Tommy Wright

Banks 2 Banks 1 Pelé

Alan Mullery

Tostao

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SNAPSHOT

MARADONA’S WORLD CUP Diego Maradona, the Argentinian striker with

In a tense quarterfinal against England, controversy

magical balance and touch, ended the 1986 World

raged over Maradona’s infamous “hand of God’’ goal

Cup with his hands on the trophy and a highly

(see right), but his second and winning goal was pure

impressive five goals and five assists. Yet these

genius. The Argentinian collected the ball in his own

statistics do not tell the story of his true impact, for

half and then dribbled, twisted, and turned through

Mexico ’86 was Maradona’s tournament. He roused

the English defense to score what was later voted the

a fairly ordinary Argentinian team into recapturing

goal of the century. He would score a goal of similar

soccer’s biggest prize (the South Americans had

brilliance in the semifinal versus Belgium. At this

won the trophy on home soil in 1978) and wiped out

point, at the age of only 25, Maradona was without a

the memory of a disappointing tournament in 1982.

doubt the greatest soccer player on the planet.

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쑿 Maradona deliberately handles the ball past England goalkeeper Peter Shilton to score Argentina’s first goal in a 2–1 victory.

Diego Maradona, clutching the World Cup after his team’s epic 3–2 victory over West Germany in the 1986 final, is carried around the Azteca Stadium on the shoulders of ecstatic Argentinian fans.

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COMPETITIONS

THE WORLD CUP Friendlies or charity games are entertaining, but for a soccer game to have meaning, it has to be part of a bigger competition. Soccer has spawned hundreds of different competitions, but none can compete in global interest and prestige with the World Cup. From small beginnings with 13 competing countries, it has grown to the point where 204 nations attempted to qualify for the 2010 competition.

ITALY 1934 Final

Italy 2 • Czechoslovakia 1 Semifinals

Italy 1 • Austria 0 Czechoslovakia 3 • Germany 1 Games

17 Goals 70

Goals per game

4.12

In 1934 the South American teams had not forgotten the lack of European entrants for the first World Cup. As a result, world champion Uruguay chose not to defend its title, while Brazil and Argentina sent understrength teams to Italy. Yet 32 nations, mostly European, were eager to enter the competition. With 16 places available, qualification games began in June 1933. Italy’s 4–0 win over Greece marked the first and only time that a World Cup host has

Sepp Blatter and Franz Beckenbauer

had to play a qualifier in order to get into the finals. Egypt was the first nation outside of the Americas or Europe to qualify, but

Copyrighted Material Argentina’s goalkeeper, Juan Botasso, makes

a desperate dive but fails to stop Hector Castro from scoring Uruguay’s fourth goal in the 1930 final.

following one round of knockout games, the eight remaining teams were all European. After a 7–1 thrashing of the United States, Italy’s goals dried up, and the team only just

URUGUAY 1930

sneaked past Spain and Austria on its way

Final

to the final. In that game Italy’s Luisito Monti

Uruguay 4 • Argentina 2

(formerly of Argentina) became the only

Semifinals

player to have appeared in a World Cup final

Uruguay 6 • Yugoslavia 1

for different countries. Against a battling

Argentina 6 • U.S. 1

Czech team, a goal five minutes into extra

Games

18 Goals 70

Goals per game

3.89

time from Italy’s Angelo Schiavio secured the Jules Rimet trophy for the hosts.

HOPING TO HOST

It took 19 minutes for France’s Lucien Laurent

Coach Vittorio Pozzo is carried by triumphant

Six nations expressed an interest in

to write his name in the record books as the

hosting the first World Cup, held in

scorer of the first World Cup goal. France beat

Italian players after masterminding their 1934 World Cup campaign.

1930. Until Japan and South Korea

Mexico 4–1, but it was its only victory and, like

hosted it in 2002, the tournament had

Belgium and Romania, the team went out at

always been staged in Europe or the

the group stage. Four European teams made

Americas, but the competition now

the long trip to South America by boat, but

moves around the globe—in 2010

only Yugoslavia reached the semifinals. It

the World Cup will be held in Africa for

and the United States were thrashed in

the first time. In July 2000 Germany

the semis by Uruguay and Argentina

was awarded the 2006 World Cup

respectively. Argentina boasted the best

location, six years after making its bid.

forward of the competition, Guillermo

Bidding countries must prepare in

Stabile, but Uruguay—on home ground

great detail, making presentations

and as reigning Olympic champion—was

and receiving official inspections from

the firm favorite. In the final the team came

FIFA before a decision is made.

back strongly after Argentina had taken a 2–1 lead to become the first World Cup winner.

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THE WORLD CUP

109

FRANCE 1938 FACT FILE Dr. Ottorino Barassi, the vice president of the Italian FA, smuggled the World Cup out of a bank in Rome and hid it to prevent the Nazis from stealing the trophy. For most of World War II, soccer’s greatest prize lay in a shoe box underneath Barassi‘s bed.

Final

Italy 4 • Hungary 2 Semifinals

Italy 2 • Brazil 1 Hungary 5 • Sweden 1 Games

18 Goals 84

Goals per game

4.67

With the threat of war looming over Europe, Spain and Austria were forced to pull out of the tournament. But the 1938 World Cup did feature the first team from Asia, the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia), as well as a Cuban team that sprang a major shock by beating Romania in a replay. Sweden thrashed Cuba 8–0 but was then on the receiving end of a 5–1 semifinal mauling by the first great Hungarian team. The other semifinal saw one of the great managerial blunders when the Brazil coach, Adhemar Pimenta, either

BRAZIL 1950

쑿 Brazilian goalie Moacir Barbosa gathers the ball during a 1950

because of arrogance or owing to injury fears,

Final pool

rested his star player, Léonidas da Silva.

Uruguay 5 pts. • Brazil 4 pts.

group game against Yugoslavia. The game, watched by more than 142,000 spectators in the Maracana, ended in a 2–0 victory for Brazil.

Léonidas had lit up the tournament, most

Sweden 2 pts. • Spain 1 pt.

notably in an epic 6–5 thriller against Poland in

Games

which he became the first player to score four

Goals per game

goals in a World Cup final game, only for

The only World Cup to feature a final pool of

Poland’s Ernest Wilimowski to do the same

four instead of a final, the 1950 tournament

five minutes later. Without the tournament’s

started poorly. Scotland and Turkey withdrew,

top scorer, Brazil crashed to defeat against

only 13 nations attended, and the mighty

Italy, who went on to become the champion

Maracana Stadium was not ready to host

for the second time.

the first game. But the competition grew in

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4.00

excitement and drama as the goals flowed, 씰 Léonidas da Silva

often from the cleats of the hosts who, after

twists and turns at the 1938 World Cup. An amazingly skilled attacker, the Brazilian was one of the first players to master the overhead kick.

topping their group, ran rampant in the final pool stages, scoring seven against Sweden

WORLD CUP “GOLDEN BOOT” WINNERS

1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962

and six against Spain. Before that point, there had been several notable shocks, including the United States’ 1–0 defeat of a highly qualified England team. The final pool format could have been a letdown, but the outcome went down to the last game, with Uruguay and Brazil separated by one point and playing in front of about 199,850 fans. Despite falling one goal behind to the favorite, Uruguay won the game 2–1 to lift the World Cup once again.

1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994

FACT FILE At the 1930 World

Cup not one of the 18 games was tied. Neither was there a play-off game to decide third place. Copyrighted Material

1998 2002 2006

Guillermo Stabile, Argentina (8 goals) Oldrich Nejedly, Czechoslovakia (5) Léonidas da Silva, Brazil (8) Ademir Menezes, Brazil (9) Sandor Kocsis, Hungary (11) Just Fontaine, France (13) Garrincha, Brazil; Vava, Brazil; Valentin Ivanov, U.S.S.R.; Leonel Sanchez, Chile; Florian Albert, Hungary; Drazan Jerkovic, Yugoslavia (4) Eusebio, Portugal (9) Gerd Müller, West Germany (10) Gregorz Lato, Poland (7) Mario Kempes, Argentina (6) Paolo Rossi, Italy (6) Gary Lineker, England (6) Salvatore Schillaci, Italy (6) Hristo Stoichkov, Bulgaria; Oleg Salenko, Russia (6) Davor Suker, Croatia (6) Ronaldo, Brazil (8) Miroslav Klose, Germany (5)

124

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COMPETITIONS

THE ASIAN GAMES AND ASIAN CUP

the gradual emergence of higher-quality

Asia is the one continent that has two major soccer competitions for its nations—the Asian Games and the Asian Cup. Both tournaments are held every four years but in cycles that keep them two years apart.

are the competition’s most successful teams,

teams from the former Soviet republics, smaller Gulf states such as Bahrain and Qatar, and countries in Southeast Asia promises to make future tournaments more competitive. Iran, Japan, and Saudi Arabia winning the cup three times each, while Israel was a major force in the early years. It competed in the final of the first four Asian Cups, winning in 1964. In 1975, however, Israel was expelled from the Asian Football Confederation and joined UEFA in 1992.

THE ASIAN GAMES

China became the host for the first time

The Asian Games is a multisport competition

in 2004, when the tournament was

in which soccer is only one of a number

expanded to include 16 teams. There were

of events. In the first tournament soccer

surprise results, with popular teams Saudi

featured alongside weight lifting, cycling, and

Arabia and Qatar finishing at the bottom of

basketball and was played in games lasting

their groups, while Uzbekistan won all of its

80, not 90, minutes. India, Burma (now

group games. The final, between Japan and

Myanmar), and Taiwan dominated the early

China, attracted enormous interest. The

competitions. The South Koreans have

game was broadcast live to 60 countries; in

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shared the title twice, after the final was tied.

쑿 Iran’s Yahya Golmohammadi (left) and goalie

China alone, the television audience was

Penalty shoot-outs were later

Ebrahim Mirzapour run a victory lap after a shock defeat of Japan to win the 2002 Asian Games.

more than 250 million.

introduced to decide the winner,

The 2007 tournament was jointly hosted

by four countries in Southeast Asia and saw

and Iran beat North Korea 4–1 on penalties to capture the 1990

victories in 1998 and 2002. By the 2002

Australia compete for the first time. The

title. After a self-imposed exile from

competition, the tournament had been

team was beaten by Iraq, who sensationally

the Asian Games in the mid-

altered to become an under-23 competition,

went on to win the tournament for the first

1990s, Iran powered to

with teams allowed to field up to three

time in its history.

overage players. The 2006 competition, featuring soccer and more than 35 other sports,

ASIAN GAMES AND ASIAN CUP WINNERS

was held in and won by Qatar.

THE ASIAN CUP First held in Hong Kong with only four teams, the Asian Cup has grown in importance. Qualification for the 12-team tournament held in Lebanon in

GAMES 1951 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970

2000 attracted 42 countries. The soccer-playing gap between rich and poor Asian nations was highlighted when Kuwait recorded the highestever victory in qualifying, beating Bhutan 20–0. However, 씱 Zheng Zhi (left) of China and Japan’s Takayuki Suzuki jump for a header during the 2004 Asian Cup final, held in Beijing, China. Japan took the trophy with a 3–1 victory.

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1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006

WINNERS India Taiwan Taiwan India Burma Burma and South Korea Iran North Korea and South Korea Iraq South Korea Iran Uzbekistan Iran Iran Qatar

CUP WINNERS 1956 South Korea 1960 South Korea 1964 Israel 1968 Iran 1972 Iran 1976 Iran 1980 Kuwait 1984 Saudi Arabia 1988 Saudi Arabia 1992 Japan 1996 Saudi Arabia 2000 Japan 2004 Japan 2007 Iraq

T H E A S I A N G A M E S A N DCopyrighted A S I A N C UMaterial P/THE CONCACAF CHAMPIONSHIP

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THE CONCACAF CHAMPIONSHIP Of all of the soccer-playing regions of the world, North America, Central America, and the Caribbean islands have had the most complex history of competitions. Five different tournaments have been played there, starting with the CCCF Championship in 1941. 쑿 Manley Junior Tabe of Vanuatu releases the ball ahead of New Zealand’s Aaron Lines in the 2002 Oceanian Nations Cup.

THE GOLD CUP

final. South Korea was a guest in 2000, but it

For a number of years competition in the

lost out on a quarterfinal place to Canada on

CONCACAF zone was used as a direct way

a coin toss. Canada went on to beat another

of qualifying for the World Cup. In 1991 the

guest, Colombia, in the final. At the 2002

tournament was renamed the Gold Cup,

competition straws were drawn in a three-

which today features 12 teams at the finals.

way tie for two quarterfinal places. Canada

THE OCEANIAN NATIONS CUP

Every Gold Cup has been hosted by the

and Haiti progressed at the expense of

Oceania’s competition is the smallest

United States, either alone or jointly with

Ecuador, but the tournament was eventually

and youngest of the continental

Mexico. Teams from outside CONCACAF

won by the United States for the first time

championships. It has been held eight

have often been invited to play. In 1996 the

since 1991. The 2005 competition featured

times since its conception in 1973, and

guest teams Colombia and South

in 1996 a decision was made to stage

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Brazilian under-23 team lost to Mexico in the

Africa and was won by the U.S.,

the competition every two years. The

who beat Panama in the final.

2004 tournament saw a major surprise as the Solomon Islands defeated New Zealand to make the final, losing to Australia. Four years elapsed before a new tournament in a league format saw New Zealand win, with New Caledonia finishing runner-up.

GOLD CUP WINNERS

1993 1996 1998 2000 2002 2003 2005 2007 2008

Mexico Mexico Mexico Canada United States Mexico United States United States United States

쑿 Hernan Mendford (left) of Costa Rica is fouled by Guatemala’s Gustavo Cabrera. Costa Rica was the Gold Cup runner-up in 2002.

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쑿 Mexican captain Pavel Pardo celebrates with the CONCACAF Gold Cup in 2003 after his team’s 1–0 victory over Brazil in the final.

126

COMPETITIONS

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SOCCER LEAGUES Clubs compete in leagues that are made up of several divisions. Rules, numbers of teams, and the length of a league season vary around the world. Many top leagues—in Spain, Italy, France, and Germany, for example—have 18 or 20 teams.

PROMOTION AND RELEGATION While leagues in South Korea and the United States guarantee each team a place for the following season, most leagues have a system of promotion and relegation, with

NUMBERS AND BREAKS

groups of six for a further round of games.

top and bottom teams switching places for

Some leagues—in Argentina, Mexico, and

the new season. In Uruguay relegation

The top divisions of Sweden, Russia, and

Japan, for example—are split into two short

and promotion are determined by the

Japan each contain 16 teams, while

seasons every year. League teams in Spain,

performance of teams over two seasons.

Slovakia and Latvia feature ten teams. In

France, Bulgaria, Hungary, and some other

In Austria and Scotland one team is promoted

most leagues teams play each other twice,

countries take a midwinter break, while in

and one relegated each season. In Hungary,

at home and away, during a season. In

northern European nations, such as Russia,

the Czech Republic, and the Ukraine two

Denmark the 12 teams play each other three

Norway, and Finland,

times. Scotland’s top division has an unusual

the league season

format—there are 12 teams, but the season

begins in the spring.

lasts for 38 games. Teams play each other three times before the league turns into two 쑼 Toluca (in yellow) battles with Tigres in the Mexican league. Toluca won the 2002–2003 Clausura, or winter, championship— its fourth league title since 1998.

Copyrighted Material 쑿 Jefferson Farfan of PSV Eindhoven runs between Feyenoord’s Karim Saidi and Bruno Basto during a Dutch first division league game in 2004.

쑿 South Korean Ahn Jung-Hwan, playing for Japanese team the Yokohama F Marinos, celebrates his winning goal in a J-League encounter against the Kashima Antlers.

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SOCCER LEAGUES

127

HARD FALLERS Just as clubs can rise, they can also fall. In the 2004–2005 season 11 former champions of the English league (with 28 league titles between them) played outside the top division. A slide down the division can either be gradual or sudden. Napoli was one of Italy’s soccer aristocrats and the home to Diego Maradona, winning the Italian league in 1987 and 1990 and finishing runner-up in the two intervening years. Yet, by the early 2000s, it was bankrupt and playing in Serie C, two divisions down from the top of the class. Rarely, however, has a downturn been more dramatic than that experienced by Manchester City or Tasmania 1900 Berlin. In 1937 Manchester City was the English league champion. In the following season the team scored 80 league goals, more than any other team, but was relegated. Tasmania 1900 Berlin was joint first in the

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teams go up and down, while in Germany,

risen dramatically from humble

early stages of the 1965–1966 Bundesliga

France, Spain, and Portugal it is three.

beginnings to become champions or

season. By the end, it was at the bottom

contenders. In Europe the now mighty

and the holder of a series of unenviable

second division contests a play-off with the

Bayern Munich was not

records for one season, including: fewest

team finishing 13th in the first division in order

considered successful enough

wins (two), most losses (28), most goals

to decide who will play in the top division the

to join the Bundesliga in the

against (108), and lowest points total (eight).

following season. Other nations, such as Italy

early 1960s, but since then the

and England, hold a play-off series featuring

team has become one of the

semifinals and a final to determine which of

pillars of German soccer.

In Greece the third-place team in the

four teams will be promoted along with others that won automatic promotion above them. In

FACT FILE

Italy play-offs are also used to determine

The Isles of Scilly, off the coast of southwestern England, are home to the Scillonian League, the world‘s smallest. Woolpack Wanderers and Garrison Gunners are the only two teams to play in the league, as well as two cup competitions.

which team joins three other relegated teams from Serie A. Play-off systems are criticized for turning an entire season into a lottery over one, two, or three games, but many people think that they maintain interest and generate high drama.

FAST RISERS Some leagues have been dominated by a small number of teams throughout their history. For 43 seasons from 1932, the Uruguayan league title was won by either Peñarol or Nacional (Defensor was the champion in 1976). Scotland’s Glasgow Rangers holds the world record for the most league championships, with a staggering 52 titles, ten more than their arch rivals, Celtic. In some leagues small teams have

씰 River Plate’s Paraguayan striker Nelson Cuevas is challenged by defender German Re of Newell’s Old Boys during an Argentinian first division game in Buenos Aires.

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Copyrighted Material Celebrations get under way in Johannesburg after FIFAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s announcement that South Africa will host the 2010 World Cup.

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SNAPSHOT

SOUTH AFRICA 2010 South Africa came agonizingly close to hosting the 2006 World Cup but lost out to Germany by only one vote. It was a heartbreaking moment for a country that had been thrown out of FIFA in 1976 after hundreds of students were killed in an uprising in Soweto. Many other sports organizations had already barred South Africa from taking part in international competitions because of its policy of apartheid—the segregation of people of different racial backgrounds. After the dismantling of apartheid the country was allowed back into FIFA in 1992. Four years later it hosted and won the African Nations Cup. South Africa entered the race to host the 2010 World Cup alongside Egypt, Libya, Morocco, and Tunisia. On May 15, 2004, Sepp Blatter, the president of FIFA, revealed the results of the final ballot. Morocco received ten votes, but South Africa triumphed with 14—and made history by becoming the first African nation to win the right to host soccer’s greatest competition. 씰 Nelson Mandela, the former president of South Africa, celebrates with the World Cup.

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REFERENCE

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U.S. SOCCER Soccer in the United States has a long history, with its first club team, Oneida in Boston, Massachusetts, having a roster of players as early as 1862. The country’s first major cup competition, the American Cup, began in 1885, the same year that an unofficial national team played its first game, against Canada. The United States joined FIFA in 1914, and a year earlier its governing body, the United States Soccer Federation, was founded. In addition to sanctioning the majority of U.S. domestic leagues and competitions, it also awards the Soccer Athlete of the Year, the country’s most illustrious soccer award.

stage in the 2009 competition. Launching in 2009 with seven teams, Women’s Professional Soccer took over from the defunct WUSA as the highest tier of women’s club soccer in North America. All the stars of the U.S. national team featured, along with big-name imports, including England’s Kelly Smith and the league’s first season MVP, Marta, who was also the top scorer. More than 320,000 fans attended live games in the first season, while two additional teams, Atlanta Beat and Philadelphia Independence, joined in 2010.

INTERNATIONAL OUTLOOK Currently ranked by FIFA above Portugal and just behind France and Argentina, the U.S. men’s team continues to build on its earlier successes, with many of its most promising stars gaining experience in the MLS or overseas in the strongest leagues in Europe.

PROFESSIONAL LEAGUES

Vancouver-based team to join by 2011, MLS

Winning the 2007 CONCACAF Gold Cup

expansion plans are well underway, while

and coming in second to Mexico in the 2009

Numerous attempts at establishing national

future teams may be based in Atlanta,

tournament, the United States reached the

leagues have come and gone, but Major

Miami, and New Orleans. Below the MLS

final of the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup.

League Soccer (MLS) is thriving, with

are the two United Soccer Leagues (USL)

There, they lost to Brazil, but their run

increased media attention and additional

divisions and the USL Premier Development

included a stunning 2–0 victory over the

teams planned beyond Toronto FC and the

League. USL teams have performed well in

European champion Spain, with goals from

Seattle Sounders FC, which joined in 2007

the U.S. Open Cup, with Charleston Battery

Jozy Altidore and Landon Donovan. A year

and 2009 respectively. With the Philadelphia

reaching the final in 2008 and four USL

earlier Altidore’s $10 million transfer to the

Union, the Portland Timbers, and a

teams reaching the eight-team quarterfinal

Spanish team Villareal became the highest

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fee paid for a U.S. player.

BOOKS AND MAGAZINES

The Encyclopedia of American Soccer History (Scarecrow Press, 2001) The definitive guide to U.S. soccer, full of statistics, tables, and insights into the game’s long and complex history. Football in Sun and Shadow (Eduardo Galeano, 2004) Short, poetic pieces about the passions and emotions involved in watching and playing soccer. Go for the Goal (Perennial Currents, 2000) A biography of U.S. soccer’s most outstanding player—Mia Hamm. Inverting the Pyramid: A History of Football Tactics (Jonathan Wilson, Orion, 2009) A detailed guide to how tactics and formations have developed in soccer over time.

Soccer America magazine (Soccer America Publishing) Long-running U.S. magazine packed with news, features, and photographs. The Soccer Coaching Bible (Human Kinetics Publishers, 2004) An excellent book featuring coaching tips and drills compiled by some of the leading coaches in the United States.

The women’s national team vie with Germany as the most successful team in the world. Rebuilding after the retirement of world-class legends such as Mia Hamm and Brandi Chastain, the U.S. team finished third at both the 2004 and 2007 World Cups but won an Olympic gold in 2004, while a 96th-minute Carli Lloyd goal saw the team beat Brazil to repeat the feat in 2008.

Soccer Rules Explained, Revised and Updated (Lyons Press, 2005) A comprehensive book on the laws of the game.

Another run of impressive wins took them to

World Soccer magazine (IPC Media) The best magazine available for fans of world soccer, with coverage of all of the major and minor leagues, as well as news and features on international competitions.

Rodriguez, mixed with experienced veterans

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the final of the 2009 Algarve Cup, only to lose on penalties to Sweden. The team now boasts exciting young talents, including Amy like team captain Christie Rampone and the prolific goalscoring talents of Abby Wambach.

U . S . S O C C E R / FA C T S A N D F I G U R E S Copyrighted Material

FACTS AND FIGURES U.S. SOCCER ATHLETE OF THE YEAR Men

1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Rick Davis Perry van der Beck Paul Caligiuri Brent Goulet Peter Vermes Mike Windischmann Tab Ramos Hugo Perez Marcelo Balboa Thomas Dooley Marcelo Balboa Alexi Lalas Eric Wynalda Kasey Keller Cobi Jones Kasey Keller Chris Armas Earnie Stewart Brad Friedel Landon Donovan Landon Donovan Kasey Keller Oguchi Onyewu Clint Dempsey Tim Howard

Women

1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Sharon Remer April Heinrichs Carin Jennings-Gabarra Joy Biefield April Heinrichs Michelle Akers Michelle Akers Carin Jennings-Gabarra Kristine Lilly Mia Hamm Mia Hamm Mia Hamm Mia Hamm Mia Hamm Michelle Akers Tiffeny Milbrett Tiffeny Milbrett Shannon MacMillan Abby Wambach Abby Wambach Kristine Lilly Kristine Lilly Abby Wambach Carli Lloyd

NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOOTBALL

LEAGUE (NAFL)

ASL II

Following a failed attempt by baseball team owners to fill their stadiums in the off-season with a professional league in 1894, the NAFL kicked off the following year. It struggled at first but received a boost when the U.S. won gold in soccer at the 1904 St. Louis Olympics.

1934 Kearney Irish-Americans 1935 German-Americans 1936 New York Americans 1937 Scots-Americans 1938 Scots-Americans 1939 Newark Scots 1940 Newark Scots 1941 Newark Scots 1942 Philadelphia Americans 1943 Brooklyn Hispano 1944 Philadelphia Americans 1945 Brookhattan 1946 Baltimore Americans 1947 Philadelphia Americans 1948 Philadelphia Americans 1949 Philadelphia Nationals 1950 Philadelphia Nationals 1951 Philadelphia Nationals 1952 Philadelphia Americans 1953 Philadelphia Nationals 1954 New York Americans 1955 Uhrik Truckers (Philadelphia) 1956 Uhrik Truckers (Philadelphia) 1957 New York Hakoah 1958 New York Hakoah 1959 New York Hakoah 1960 Colombo 1961 Ukrainian Nationals (Philadelphia) 1962 Ukrainian Nationals (Philadelphia) 1963 Ukrainian Nationals (Philadelphia) 1964 Ukrainian Nationals (Philadelphia) 1965 Hartford Football Club 1966 Roma Soccer Club 1967 Baltimore St. Gerards 1968 Ukrainian Nationals (Philadelphia) 1968 Washington Darts 1969 Washington Darts 1970 Ukrainian Nationals (Philadelphia) 1971 New York Greeks 1972 Cincinnati Comets 1973 New York Apollo 1974 Rhode Island Oceaneers 1975 New York Apollo 1976 Los Angeles Skyhawks 1977 New Jersey Americans 1978 New York Apollo 1979 Sacramento Gold 1980 Pennsylvania Stoners 1981 Carolina Lightnin'

1895 1898 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921

Bayonne Centerville Paterson True Blues West Hudson Paterson Rangers Clark A. A. West Hudson Jersey A. C. West Hudson West Hudson Brooklyn F. C. West Hudson Alley Boys Jersey A. C. Paterson F. C. Bethlehem Steel Bethlehem Steel Bethlehem Steel

137

1982 Detroit Express 1983 Jacksonville Tea Men

NORTH AMERICAN SOCCER LEAGUE (NASL) Two competing organizations were formed in the 1960sâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;the National American Soccer League (NASL) changed its name to the United Soccer Association (USA) in order to avoid a name clash with its rival, the National Professional Soccer League (NPSL). They merged in 1968 to form the North American Soccer League (NASL). The NASL peaked in the mid- to late 1970s, importing of some of the biggest names in world soccer, including PelĂŠ, Johan Cruyff, and George Best. Overexpansion, rising costs, and the lack of a national TV deal saw the league fold in 1984. 1967 Los Angeles Wolves (USA Champions) 1967 Oakland Clippers (NPSL Champions) 1968 Atlanta Chiefs 1969 Kansas City Spurs 1970 Rochester Lancers 1971 Dallas Tornado 1972 New York Cosmos 1973 Philadelphia Atoms 1974 Los Angeles Aztecs 1975 Tampa Bay Rowdies 1976 Toronto Metros-Croatia 1977 New York Cosmos 1978 New York Cosmos 1979 Vancouver Whitecaps 1980 New York Cosmos 1981 Chicago Sting 1982 New York Cosmos 1983 Tulsa Roughnecks 1984 Chicago Sting

Copyrighted Material AMERICAN SOCCER LEAGUE (ASL) I AND II Featuring teams mostly based in and around the East Coast, the ASL was the first U.S. league with major financial support, enough to attract players from Europe. In the mid-1920s the league boasted large attendances, but disputes and financial difficulties saw it fold in 1933. However, a successor, ASL II, formed the following year. ASL I

1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1929 1930 1930 1931 1932 1933

Philadelphia F. C. J. & P. Coats Fall River Marksmen Fall River Marksmen Fall River Marksmen Bethlehem Steel Boston Wonder Workers Fall River Marksmen Fall River Marksmen Fall River Marksmen Fall River Marksmen New York Giants New Bedford Whalers Fall River F. C.

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NATIONAL PROFESSIONAL SOCCER LEAGUE Starting as the American Indoor Soccer Association in 1984, this professional indoor league changed its name in 1990. The previous season it had introduced an innovative scoring system in which goals are worth between one and three points depending on the distance and the game situation. 1992 1993 1994 1995

Detroit Rockers Kansas City Attack Cleveland Crunch St. Louis Ambush

140

REFERENCE

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GLOSSARY

FA (Football Association) The national soccer federation of England.

Advantage rule A rule that allows the

Chip A pass propelled into the air from a

Feinting Using fake moves of the head,

referee to let play continue after a foul

player to a teammate or as a shot on goal.

shoulders, and legs in order to deceive an opponent and put him or her off balance.

if it is to the advantage of the team that CONCACAF The Confederation of North,

has been fouled against.

Central American, and Caribbean

FIFA The Fédération Internationale de

AFC The Asian Football Confederation,

Association Football, which runs soccer in

Football Association, the international

responsible for running soccer in Asia.

North and Central America.

governing body of soccer.

Agent A person who represents players

CONMEBOL The Confederación

Formation The way in which a team lines

and negotiates contracts and transfer moves.

Sudamericana de Fútbol, which runs

up on the field in terms of the numbers of

soccer in South America.

defenders, midfielders, and forwards.

front of—and who protects—the defense.

Counterattack A quick attack by a team

Fourth official An additional game official

An anchor player may allow other

after it regains possession of the ball.

who is responsible for displaying added-on

Anchor A midfielder positioned just in

time, checking substitutions, and aiding the

midfielders to push farther forward. Cross To send the ball from a wide position Assist A pass that releases a player to

toward the center of the field, often into the

score a goal. An assist can be a pass on

opposition penalty area.

Futsal A type of five-on-five soccer, supported and promoted by FIFA.

the ground, a flick, or a cross from which a headed goal is scored.

referee and his or her two assistants.

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Away goals rule A rule used in some cup

Cushioning Using a part of the body

to slow down a ball in order to bring it

Golden Boot An award given to the

under control.

player who scores the most goals in a World Cup. It is also an annual award

competitions. If the scores are tied over two legs, the team that has scored more goals

Derby A game between two rival teams,

given to the top goal scorer in European

away from home wins.

often located in the same town or city.

club soccer.

Back-pass rule A law stating that a deliberate

Direct free kick A kick awarded to a team

Golden goal A system used to decide

pass backward by a player to his or her

because of a serious foul committed by an

a tied knockout game in extra time.

goalkeeper cannot be handled by the goalie.

opponent. A goal may be scored directly

The first goal scored wins the game.

from the kick. CAF The Confédération Africaine de Football, which runs soccer in Africa.

Handball The illegal use of a hand or arm Dissent When a player uses words or actions

by a player.

to disagree with the referee’s decision. Cap Recognition given to a player for

Hat trick Three goals scored by a player

each appearance in an international game

Distribution The way the ball is released

for his or her country.

by a goalkeeper or is moved around the field by a team.

Catenaccio A defensive tactical system in which a sweeper plays behind a solid defense.

in a single game. Indirect free kick A kick awarded to a team because of a minor foul committed

Dribbling Moving the ball under close

by an opponent. A goal cannot be

control with a series of short kicks or taps.

scored from the kick unless the ball

Caution Another word for a yellow

is first touched by a player other than

card (a warning from the referee to a player

Drop ball A way of restarting play in which

for a foul or infringement). A player who

the referee releases the ball for a player

receives two yellow cards in one game is

from each team to compete over once

Instep The part of a player’s foot where

automatically shown a red card and sent

the ball has touched the ground.

his or her shoelaces lie.

the kicker.

off the field. Extra time A way of deciding a tied game.

Interception When a player gains

Central defender The defender who plays

It involves two periods of additional play,

possession of the ball by latching

in the middle of the last line of defense.

usually lasting 15 minutes each.

onto a pass made by the opposition.

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GLOSSARY

141

Jockeying A defensive technique of

Penalty shoot-out A method of deciding

Stoppage time Time added to the end of

delaying an attacker who has the ball.

a tied game by a series of penalties, all

any period of a game to make up for time

taken at one end of the field.

lost during a major halt in play—to treat an injured player, for example. Also known as

Laws of the game The 17 main rules of soccer, established and updated by FIFA.

Playmaker A skilled midfielder or deep-lying

added time or injury time.

attacker who coordinates the attacking Substitution Changing the team lineup

Libero “Free man.” See also sweeper.

movements of a team.

Man-to-man marking A system of marking

Play-off A game, pair, or series of games

in which a defender stays close to and near

used to decide a final placement. In the World

the goal of a single opposition player.

Cup the two losing semifinalists contest a

Sweeper A defender who can play closest

single play-off game for third place. In many

to his or her goal, behind the rest of the

Marking Guarding a player to prevent him

leagues play-off games are used to decide

defenders, or in a more attacking role with

or her from advancing the ball toward the

relegation and promotion issues.

responsibility for bringing the ball forward.

Professional foul A foul committed

Tactics Methods of play used in an attempt

intentionally by a defender in order to stop

to outwit and beat an opposition team.

on the field by replacing one player with another from the substitutes’ bench.

goal, making an easy pass, or receiving the ball from a teammate. MLS Major League Soccer, the U.S.

an opponent who has a clear run on goal. Target man A tall striker, usually the player

professional male league. Referee’s assistant An official who assists

farthest upfield, at whom teammates aim

Narrowing the angle A technique in which

the referee during the game by signaling for

their forward passes.

a goalkeeper moves toward an attacker who

fouls, infringements, and offsides.

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Through ball or pass A pass to a

has the ball in order to cut down the amount of goal that the attacker can aim a shot at. Obstruction When a player, instead of

Reserve team A team made up of players

teammate that puts him or her beyond the

who are not on the first team at the club or

opposition’s defense and through to goal.

national level. Total soccer A style of soccer in which

trying to win the ball, uses his or her body to prevent an opponent from playing it. OFC The Oceania Football Confederation,

Scout A person employed by a soccer

players switch positions all over the field.

team who attends games and training

It was made famous by the Dutch national

sessions to look for up-and-coming players.

team and Dutch teams such as Ajax.

which runs soccer in Oceania. Set piece A planned play or move that

UEFA The Union of European Football

Offside A player is offside if he or she is

a team uses when a game is restarted

Associations, which controls soccer

closer to the other team’s goal than both the

with a free kick, penalty kick, corner kick,

in Europe.

ball and the second-to-last opponent at the

goal kick, throw-in, or kickoff. Volley Any ball kicked by a player when

moment the ball is played forward. Shielding A technique used by the player

it is off the ground.

Offside trap A defensive tactic used to trick

with the ball to protect it from a defender

enemy attackers by leaving them offside.

who is closely marking him or her. The

Wall pass A quick, short pair of passes

Defenders who play the offside trap usually

player in possession keeps his or her body

between two players that sends the ball past

move upfield together in a straight line when

between the ball and the defender.

a defender. Also known as a one-two pass.

the ball is played toward their goal. Silver goal A system, used at Euro 2004,

Wingback A defender on the side of the

Overlap To run outside and beyond a

to decide a tied knockout game. If a goal is

field who, when the opportunity arises,

teammate down the side of the field in order

scored in the first 15 minutes of extra time,

makes wide runs forward in attack.

to create space and a possible passing

it wins the game. If no goal is scored,

opportunity.

a second period of extra time is played.

WUSA The world’s first professional soccer league for women, based in the United States.

Overload When an attacking team has more

Simulation Pretending to be fouled or

players in the opposition’s half or penalty area

feigning injury in order to fool the referee.

Zonal marking A defensive system in

than the defending team. An overload often

A player found guilty of simulation by the

which defenders mark opponents who

leads to a goal-scoring chance.

referee receives a yellow card.

enter their area of the field.

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INDEX

INDEX Note: References to main entries are in bold.

A Abbondanzieri, Roberto 12 Abramovich, Roman 102–103, 129 AC Milan 30, 40, 60, 82, 100, 101, 102, 104, 128, 133 Adu, Freddy 94 advantage rule 20, 140 AFC (Asian Football Confederation) 13, 140 Africa 12, 13, 116, 130 African Champions League 78, 87, 88, 130 African Cup Winners’ Cup 78, 130 African Nations Cup 77, 123 Aghahowa, Julius 29, 132 Ahn Jung-Hwan 72, 126 Ajax 75, 89, 94, 99 Al-Ahly 74, 78 Al-Ain 130 al Deayea, Mohammed 36 Alagich, Dianne 71 Alberto, Carlos 76, 77 Albrecht, Jorge 110 Aldridge, John 37 Alfonso 118 Algeria 113, 123 Al-Ittihad 130 Amokachi, Daniel 73 Anderlecht 44, 87 Argentina 11, 12, 48, 58, 77, 108, 112, 113, 114, 121, 122, 131 Arsenal 77, 84, 95, 96, 129, 133 Arshavin, Andrei 63 Asante Kotoko 87 Asia 12, 13, 109, 117, 129, 130 Asian Cup 124 Asian Games 34, 124 Aston, Ken 8 Aston Villa 34, 88, 105 Atlético Madrid 26, 55, 67, 86, 91, 128 attacking 26–27 Australia 12, 13, 59, 116, 125 Austria 65, 108, 110, 113, 126 Ayala, Roberto 48

Bebeto 29, 40 Beckenbauer, Franz 39, 42, 61, 71, 108, 112 Beckham, David 16, 23, 30, 42, 96, 97, 98, 103, 115 Belgium 11, 105, 113, 118, 121 Belletti, Juliano 133 Belodedici, Miodrag 83, 85 Benfica 23, 46, 52, 66, 79, 86, 104 Bergkamp, Dennis 48, 84, 89, 94 Best, George 38, 47, 55, 79, 105 Blatter, Sepp 108, 135 Boca Juniors 23, 81, 90, 101, 130, 131 Bojinov, Valeri 64 Bolivia 104, 122 Bonhof, Rainer 71 Boniek, Zbigniew 45 Borussia Dortmund 38, 100, 103, 128 Borussia Mönchengladbach 46, 71, 128 Bosman ruling 103 Botafogo 43, 45, 46, 79, 84 Botasso, Juan 108 Bowyer, Lee 105 Bratseth, Rune 37 Brazil 2, 12, 13, 19, 27, 32, 35, 54, 60, 76, 77, 109, 110, 111, 112, 114, 115, 116, 122, 125, 130, 131 women’s team 117, 121 British soccer 121 Brocchi, Christian 30 Buffon, Gianluigi 24, 30, 34, 44 Bugaev, Alexei 22 Bundesliga 66, 86, 103, 127, 128 Busby, Matt 79

coaches 20, 21, 58, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64–65, 66–67, 87, 89, 90, 106, 109, 117, 136 Cohen, George 68 Colo Colo 37, 90, 103, 130 Colombia 12, 50, 77, 104, 122, 125, 130, 131 Coluna, Mario 46, 86 CONCACAF (Confederation of North, Central American, and Caribbean Association Football) 12, 75, 116, 125, 129, 140 confederations 12–13, 116 CONMEBOL (Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol) 12, 140 Copa America 122, 131 Copa Libertadores 130–131 Cordoba, Ivan 133 Coridon, Charles 131 Corinthians 11, 45, 79, 102 Costa Rica 12, 27, 114, 116, 122, 125 counterattacking 62, 63 Croatia 21, 115, 119 crosses 17, 42, 140 Cruyff, Johan 42, 47, 67, 75, 78, 89, 94, 112 Cruyff turn 27, 47 CSKA Moscow 131 Cubillas, Teofilio 37, 112 Cuevas, Nelson 82, 127 cushioning 16, 140 Czech Republic/Czechoslovakia 76, 80, 108, 111, 118, 119, 121, 126 Czibor, Zoltan 70, 110

Dalglish, Kenny 51, 89 da Silva, Marta Vieira 53 da Silva, Ze Carlos 79 Danso, Mavis, 46 de Boer, Frank and Ronald 48, 89 deaths 79, 104–105 decoy runs 18, 26 defenders 28, 37–40, 61, 140 defending 22–23 del Piero, Alessandro 85 Denmark 11, 62, 118, 119, 120, 126 derby games 101, 105, 140 Desailly, Marcel 37, 72 Dhorasso, Vikash 83 di Stefano, Alfredo 14, 15, 51, 82, 91 Diallo, Mohammed 95 Diarra, Lassana 91 Diarra, Mahamadou 123 Dick, Kerr Ladies 11, 81 Dida 101 Diou, Salif 62 Diouff, El Hadji 62 distribution 25, 140 Dominguez, Rogelio 132 dribbling 17, 27, 43, 140 drug use 51, 105 dummy movements 18, 27 Dyer, Kieron 105 Dynamo Kiev 50, 67, 91, 105 Dzajic, Dragan 43

96, 111, 114 league 127, 129, 136–138 Eriksson, Sven-Goran 58 Escobar, Andres 104 Esparrago, Victor 87 Esperance Sportive Tunis 23, 88 Essien, Michael 62 Eto’o, Samuel 9, 77, 96, 97, 128 Europe 12, 13, 117, 131 European Championships 11, 12, 62, 72, 106–107, 118–119 European Cup/Champions League 12, 14–15, 91, 131, 132–133 European Cup Winners’ Cup 78, 131 European Supercup 131 Eusebio 52, 86, 109, 111 Everton 8, 96

F FA (Football Association) 9, 10, 11, 81, 140 Fabregas, Cesc 129 FA Cup 10, 51, 59, 98, 130, 131 fans 6, 21, 28, 85, 100–101, 105, 117 Farfan, Jefferson 126 Favalli, Giuseppe 119 Ferguson, Alex 34, 59, 65, 67, 79 Fernandez, Gaston 82 Ferreira, Edmilson 27, 28 Ferrini, Georgio 8 field 8, 66, 99 FIFA (Fédération Internationale de Football Association) 7, 9, 11, 12, 19, 135, 140 Figo, Luis 45, 94 Figueroa, Elias 37 Filippini, Emanuele 128 Fiorentina 44, 48, 64, 103, 104, 131 five-on-five soccer 19 Flamengo 49, 79, 84 Flem, Barte 28 Fluminense 54, 84 Fontaine, Just 49, 72, 109, 110 formations 60–61, 62, 140 fouls 21, 22, 24, 28, 141 fourth official 20, 140 France 11, 72, 99, 110, 113, 115, 116, 118, 121 league 31, 41, 105, 127, 131 women’s team 16 free kicks 17, 19, 24, 30, 42, 140 Frisk, Anders 105 futsal 19, 140

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B Babayaro, Celestine 29, 73, 117, 120 back-pass rule 6, 24, 114, 140 Baggio, Roberto 32, 33, 48, 85 Baier, Paulo 84 Baldi, Bobo 127 ball control 16, 24, 25 Ballack, Michael 18, 129 Banks, Gordon 35, 74 Barbosa, Moacir 109 Barcelona 44, 62, 78, 99, 100, 101, 102, 133 Baresi, Franco 32, 40, 61, 82 Baros, Milan 119 Barreto, Edgar 121 Barry, Gareth 105 Barthez, Fabien 34, 72, 97, 98 Batistuta, Gabriel 28, 55 Basto, Bruno 126 Bayern Munich 66, 71, 86, 100, 127, 128 beach soccer 95

Cabrera, Gustavo 125 CAF (Confédération Africaine de Football) 13, 130, 140 Camara, Henri 62, 123 Cameroon 9, 77, 114, 120, 123 Canada 39, 113, 125 Caniggia, Claudio 114 Cannavaro, Fabio 116 Cantona, Eric 95, 105 Caribbean 12 Carragher, Jamie 88 Casillas, Iker 25, 94 Castro, Hector 108 catenaccio 60–61, 67, 80, 140 cautions 21, 140 Cech, Petr 23, 24 Celtic 20, 23, 53, 66, 83, 90, 100, 101, 127 Ceni, Rogério 25 Champions League see European Cup Chapman, Herbert 60, 66, 84 Charisteas, Angelos 106 Charles, John 40 Charlton, Bobby 50, 55, 69, 74, 79, 111 Chastain, Brandi 117, 129 cheating 8, 104, 105 Chelsea 23, 62, 64, 103, 129, 132 Chile 12, 77, 104, 111, 120 China 10, 13, 65, 94, 115, 124, 129 women’s team 12, 40, 117, 121 chip 17, 140 Choi Jin-Chuel 72 Chrysostomos, Michael 80 Cissé, Djibril 13, 19, 94 Clarke, Steve 64 Clodaldo 76, 77 clubs 11, 78–91, 130–131

E Egypt 55, 78, 108, 123 Eintracht Frankfurt 14–15, 41 Ekpo, Effioanwan 11 Elizondo, Horacio 21 Emmerich, Lothar 68 England 2, 10, 35, 60, 74, 77,

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G Galatasaray 31, 45, 85, 101 Gallagher, Dermot 20 Gallego, Americo 75 game fixing 83, 85, 104, 128 Gao Hong 34, 74 Garrincha 27, 43, 105, 109, 111 Gascoigne, Paul 119 Gentile, Claudio 113 George, Finidi 89 Germany 28, 31, 37, 38, 52, 99, 108, 115, 116, 118, 119, 131 women’s team 74, 117, 121 see also West Germany Ghana 25, 27, 46, 87, 116, 123 Giggs, Ryan 67, 79 Giresse, Alain 41, 43 Giuly, Ludovic 26 Given, Shay 24 Glazer, Malcolm 102 goal area 8

Copyrighted Material goal celebrations 28, 29, 55 goalkeepers 25, 34–36, 97 goalkeeping 23, 24–25, 30, 31 goal scoring 8, 25, 28–29, 40, 43, 46, 55, 132 Golden Boot 53, 55, 109, 140 Golmohammadi, Yahya 124 Gomes, Nuno 22 Gonzalez, Cristian 121 Greece 10, 62, 100, 118, 119, 120, 127 Grobbelaar, Bruce 58 Grosics, Gyula 70 Grosso, Fabio 116 Guardiola, Josep 32 Gullit, Ruud 51, 82 Guttman, Bela 66, 86

Kaka 82, 103 Kanu, Nwankwo 22, 73, 89 Kashima Antlers 49, 53, 78, 126, 129 Keegan, Kevin 51, 89, 94 kemari 10 Kempes, Mario 53, 58, 82, 109 Kennedy, Alan 58 Kennedy, Ray 89 Klaveness, Lise 54 Klinsmann, Jürgen 52, 65 Klose, Miroslav 28, 109 Kocsis, Sandor 55, 70, 109, 110 Koeman, Ronald 61, 78 Kovac, Radoslav 80 Krol, Ruud 39, 75, 89

H Hagi, Gheorghe 45, 85 Haiti 23, 112, 125 Hamann, Dietmar 17, 75 Hamburg 39, 102, 128, 132 Hamm, Mia 53, 71, 117, 121 Hansen, Alan 58, 89 Hassler, Thomas 114 Heinz, Marek 30 Helguera, Ivan 23 Helmer, Thomas 6 Henry, Thierry 17, 62, 72, 84, 96 Herberger, Josef “Sepp” 58 Hermosillo, Carlos 75 Hernandez, Luis 75 Herrera, Helenio 60, 67, 80 Hiddink, Guus 59, 72 Hierro, Fernando 91 Higuita, Jose 77 history 8, 9, 10, 136 Honda, Yasuto 78 Hong Myung-Bo 40, 72 Hungary 70, 109, 110, 120, 121, 126 Hurst, Geoff 69, 74, 101, 111 Hwang Sun-Hong 72

Lahm, Philipp 17, 60 La Liga 53, 78, 91, 127, 128 La Máquina 51, 82 Lampard, Frank 23 Larsson, Henrik 53 Lato, Gregorz 109, 112 Latvia 23, 83, 126 Laudrup, Brian 45, 119 Laudrup, Michael 45, 78 Law, Denis 31, 48, 55, 79 laws see rules Lazio 36, 44, 45, 60, 102, 131 Le Championnat 129 leagues 10, 83, 126–129, 131 Leal, Hugo 26 Lee, Sammy 58 Lee Chun-Soo 72 Lee Min-Sung 115 Leeds United 28, 40, 44, 66, 101 Leonardo 29 Léonidas da Silva 79, 109 Letchkov, Iordan 114 Lewandowski, Mariusz 26 Lilly, Kristine 71 Lineker, Gary 109, 114 Lines, Aaron 125 linesmen see referee’s assistants Lippi, Marcello 65 Liverpool 28, 51, 58, 88, 89, 96, 105, 133 Lizarazu, Bixente 72, 86 Ljungberg, Freddie 22 Lobanovsky, Valery 67, 91 Loy, Egon 14

media 7, 13, 21, 100–101, 102, 103, 124, 133 Mendes da Silva, David 27 Mendford, Hernan 125 Mendieta, Gaizka 44, 86 Merk, Markus 101 Messi, Lionel 97, 128 Mexico 12, 75, 98, 99, 122, 125, 126, 130 Michels, Rinus 47, 58, 61, 67, 75, 89 midfielders 28, 29, 41–46, 141 Miguel 18 Mihajlovic, Sinisa 60 Mila, Denis 87 Mild, Hakan 23 Milla, Roger 50, 77, 114 Milutinovic, Bora 65 Mirzapour, Ebrahim 124 MLS (Major League Soccer) 40, 41, 126, 129, 138, 141 Mokone, Steve 12 Monaco 31, 52, 96, 129 money 13, 102–103, 133 see also transfers Moon, W. R. 11 Moore, Bobby 38, 74 Morace, Carolina 50 Moreno, Alfredo 90 Moreno, Oscar 95 Morgan, Willie 43 Morientes, Fernando 96 Morocco 113, 123 Mortensen, Stan 70 Mostroem, Malin 11 Mourinho, José 62, 64, 129 Müller, Gerd 37, 49, 55, 71, 86, 109, 128 Muñoz, Miguel 51, 64

INDEX

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Olympique Marseille 83, 102, 104 O’Neill, Martin 20, 87, 90 Oriali, Gabriele 113 Overath, Wolfgang 42, 71 overloads 26, 141 Owairan, Saeed 74

P Papin, Jean-Pierre 83, 102 Paraguay 12, 20, 25, 65, 121, 122, 131 Paralympics 95 Pardo, Pavel 125 Park Ji-Sung 72 Passarella, Daniel 37 passing 17, 18, 26, 141 Pelé 6, 29, 35, 38, 54, 76, 77, 81, 101, 110, 111, 130 penalty kicks 8, 30, 45 penalty shoot-outs 25, 31, 32–33, 72, 114, 132, 141 Peñarol 23, 88, 101, 127, 130, 131 Peru 37, 104, 112, 122 Peters, Martin 68, 69, 74 Petignat, Nicole 20 Platini, Michel 29, 43, 45, 72, 95, 118, 120 players 7, 13, 34–57, 96–97, 136 see also transfers Poland 13, 46, 77, 112, 113, 121 Poll, Graham 21 Porto 64, 102 Portugal 6, 45, 106–107, 111, 118, 119, 127 Pozzo, Vittorio 60, 73, 108 Preud’homme, Michel 34, 74 Prinz, Birgit 54, 74, 117 professional fouls 22, 24, 141 Prso, Dado 127 Puskas, Ferenc 15, 47, 51, 55, 70, 86, 91, 110 Puyol, Carles 78

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IJ Ibra Kebe, Baye Ali 88 Ibrahimovic, Zlatan 27, 119 Ihara, Masami 39 India 9, 99, 124 injuries 39, 40, 47, 49, 52, 53, 54, 59, 96–97, 111 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup 66, 67, 87, 131 Inter Milan see Internazionale Internazionale 60, 80, 94, 100, 101, 102, 128 Italy 10, 11, 32, 61, 73, 76, 77, 99, 108, 109, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116, 118, 121, 131 Jairzinho 35, 46, 76, 77 Jamaica 115, 116 James, Alex 9, 66, 84 James, David 31 Jancker, Carsten 6 Japan 8, 10, 12, 13, 99, 103, 115, 122, 124, 126, 129 Jennings, Pat 36 Johnson, Samuel 131 Johnstone, Jimmy 90 Jokanovic, Slavisa 118 Juventus 30, 40, 60, 66, 85, 102, 103, 104, 105, 128

K Kahn, Oliver 25, 34, 36, 40 Kaizer Chiefs 83

M Mabedi, Patrick 83 Madrid, Rodolfo 90 Maier, Sepp 36, 70, 86, 112 Maldini, Cesare 38, 52, 65 Maldini, Paolo 23, 38, 82 Maman, Souleymane 95 Manchester City 95, 127 Manchester United 31, 44, 50, 64, 65, 67, 79, 100, 102, 104, 129 Mandela, Nelson 135 Maradona, Diego 27, 51, 56–57, 58, 102, 105, 113, 127 marking 23, 62, 141 Marseille see Olympique Marseille Marta 117 mascots 100, 111 Materazzi, Marco 21, 44, 116 Matthäus, Lothar 46, 61 Matthews, Stanley 27, 41 Mazurkiewicz, Ladislao 54 Meazza, Giuseppe 73 Medalen, Linda 40

N NAC Breda 27 Nacional 87, 88, 101, 127, 131 Nakata, Hidetoshi 42 national teams 70–77 Navarro, Fernando 132 Nedved, Pavel 17, 18 Neeskens, Johan 75, 89 Netherlands 11, 31, 48, 75, 112, 115, 118, 119, 131 Neuville, Oliver 31 Neville, Gary 96, 119 New Zealand 13, 125 Newcastle United 99, 100, 101, 102, 105, 137 Nigeria 13, 73, 77, 99, 120, 121, 123, 130 women’s team 11, 101, 117 Nordby, Bente 24 Nordin, Krister 20 Northern Ireland 86, 113 Norway women’s team 24, 54, 117, 121 Nottingham Forest 64, 87, 95, 132, 133

O obstruction 17, 22, 30, 141 Oceania 13, 116, 125 officials 20–21 offside law 19, 30, 141 offside traps 23, 26, 62, 141 Okocha, Jay Jay 41 Olisadebe, Emmanuel 13 Olympiakos 23, 70, 101 Olympics 73, 77, 120–121 women’s soccer 11, 34, 121

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R racism 105 Ramsey, Alf 69, 74 Rangers 67, 101 Raúl 49, 96, 133 Re, German 127 Real Madrid 14–15, 64, 65, 77, 91, 100, 101, 102, 103, 128, 132 red cards 8, 21, 22, 42, 111, 112, 114, 115 referees 20, 21, 101, 105, 116 role 8, 9, 19, 20, 99 referee’s assistants 8, 20, 105, 141 Republic of Ireland 37, 67, 114 Ribéry, Franck 26, 27, 116 Ricardo 25, 31 Rijkaard, Frank 61, 82, 89 Rio Championship 79, 84 Riva, Luigi 52 Rivaldo 21, 31, 120 Rivelino, Roberto 76, 77 River Plate 82, 101, 103, 127 Roa, Carlos 48 Robben, Arjen 18, 27, 91 Roberts, Jason 17 Robinho 81, 105 role models 20, 40, 41, 52, 97, 105 Roma 128 Romario 40, 84 Ronaldinho 7, 16, 27, 94, 103 Ronaldo 7, 40, 44, 53, 55, 65, 78, 91, 92, 96, 97, 109, 115, 120 Ronaldo, Cristiano 16, 20, 27, 44, 60,

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63, 67, 91, 103 Rooney, Wayne 28, 96 Rosato, Roberto 111 Rossi, Paolo 47, 66, 109 Roth, Werner 86 rules 10, 19, 20, 24, 30–31, 136, 140, 141 Russia 11, 101, 104–105, 114, 126, 131

S Sacchi, Arrigo 60, 82 Saidi, Karim 126 Salgado, Michel 7 Sammer, Matthias 38 Sanchez, Hugo 29, 55, 75, 120 Santos 9, 54, 81, 130, 131 Saudi Arabia 36, 74, 124, 130 Schmeichel, Peter 34, 67, 119 Schollen, Davy 27 Schwarzenbeck, Hans-Georg 71 Scifo, Enzo 44, 87 Scolari, Luiz Felipe 65 Scotland 10, 25, 60 league 126, 127 Scottish Cup 131 Seeler, Uwe 110 sending off 20, 21, 22, 37, 45, 61, 113, 114 Senegal 62, 115, 123 Serie A 102, 127, 128 set pieces 26, 141 seven on seven 19, 95 Shakhtar Donetsk 23, 26, 91, 132 Shankly, Bill 16, 89 Shevchenko, Andriy 44, 50, 67, 97 Shew-Atjon, Etienne 17 shielding 17, 141 Shilton, Peter 57 Shittu, Danny 17 shutouts 23, 24, 35 Silva, Mauro 29 Simeone, Diego 42, 115 simulation 21, 141 Simunic, Josip 21 Sissi 117 six-second rule 24 skills 16–17, 24, 25, 136

Soccer Athlete of the Year, U.S. 137 soccer balls 9, 95 Socrates 45 Solskjaer, Ole Gunnar 59 Souness, Graeme 89 South Africa 7, 12, 99, 101, 104, 123, 125, 134–135 South America 11, 12, 13, 19, 117, 122 South Korea 12, 59, 72, 115, 122, 125, 129 Soviet Union 67, 70, 77, 104, 111, 118, 119, 121 space, using 18–19 Spain 11, 19, 106–107, 109, 118, 119, 121, 131 Sparta Prague 80 Spartak Moscow 88 Sprake, Gary 28 stadiums 8, 15, 98–99, 100, 102, 103, 109 disasters 85, 104–105, 132 Stam, Ronnie 27 Steaua Bucharest 23, 45, 85, 132 Stein, Jock 66, 67, 90 Stiles, Nobby 69, 79 Stoichkov, Hristo 42, 109 strikers 28, 29, 34, 42, 47–55, 75 Strutz, Walter 103 Suarez, Luis 80, 102 substitutions 20, 58, 59, 62, 141 Suker, Davor 109 Sukur, Hakan 85, 115 Sun Wen 46, 74 Suzuki, Takayuki 124 Sweden 11, 109, 110, 114, 117, 121, 126 sweepers 39, 45, 60, 61, 141 Switzerland 11, 105, 110

Tevez, Carlos 102 Thailand 31, 55, 130 throw-ins 6, 18, 24, 26 Tomasson, Jon Dahl 59 Torino 44, 55, 104 Torres, Fernando 29 Tostao 35, 76, 111 total soccer 39, 47, 61, 67, 75, 141 Totti, Francesco 21, 128 training 9, 66, 96, 97, 136 transfers 27, 40, 41, 42, 44, 47, 48, 51, 52, 53, 55, 64, 67, 102, 103 Trapattoni, Giovanni 66 trapping 16 Trezeguet, David 62, 72, 116 Troussier, Philippe 65 Tunisia 41, 88, 112, 123 Turkey 21, 31, 58, 105, 115 Tymoshchuk, Anatoliy 26

UV UEFA (Union of European Football Associations) 12, 124, 141 UEFA Cup 20, 131 Under-17 World Championship 94 uniforms 8, 9, 11, 24, 64, 85, 88, 101 United States 11, 12, 65, 108, 122, 125, 129, 136–139 women’s team 71, 117, 121, 138 Uruguay 12, 54, 76, 98, 108, 109, 110, 111, 122, 131 league 37, 126, 127 Valderrama, Carlos 41 Valeron, Juan Carlos 21 van Basten, Marco 55, 82, 94 van der Meyde, Andy 24 Vava 109, 110, 111 Vera, Nelson 20 Vienna school 65 Vieri, Christian 21, 44, 85, 97, 102 Vogts, Berti 71

Weah, George 52, 82 Wenger, Arsène 52, 64, 84 West Germany 58, 71, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 118 Whittaker, Tom 66 Wiegmann, Bettina 117 Wilson, Ray 43 wingbacks 26, 60, 141 wingers 26, 41, 43, 46, 60 “Wingless Wonders” 68–69 women’s soccer 11, 16, 71, 81, 101, 117, 121, 138 World Club Cup 130 World Cup 10, 32–33, 35, 48, 54, 56–57, 68–69, 74, 76, 77, 92–93, 108–117, 134–135 qualifying campaign 116 trophies 108, 109, 111, 112 women 11, 71, 74, 117 World Player of the Century 46 World Soccer Player of the Year 44, 46, 48, 52, 53 World Youth Championship 94 Wright, Tommy 35

XYZ Xavi 62 Yashin, Lev 34, 35 yellow cards 8, 21, 22, 37, 111 Ying Liu 40, 116 Yobo, Joseph 22 Young, George 41 young players 89, 94–95, 96 Yugoslavia 32, 108, 109, 111, 118, 119, 121 Zagalo, Mario 39, 76 Zaire 55, 87, 112, 123 Zambrotta, Gianluca 21 Zenga, Walter 23, 114 Zheng Zhi 124 Zico 49, 65, 78, 79, 89 Zidane, Zinedine 16, 18, 44, 72, 91, 92–93, 102, 103, 115, 116 Zitouni, Ali 88 Zivkovic, Boriis 63 Zoff, Dino 23, 36, 66, 95 Zonneveld, Mike 27 Zubizarreta, Andoni 34, 78

Copyrighted Material T tackling 22, 30 tactics 60, 62–63, 136, 141 Tapie, Bernard 83, 104 Tardelli, Marco 113 team selection 58 team staff 64 Terry, John 23

W Walcot, Theo 96 wall, defensive 24, 30, 31 Walter, Ottmar 110, 111 wasting time 24, 29, 30

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