The Burri Gummin Affordable Housing Project by Kingsley May

PA RA D I S E BY T H E S E A .

The Burri Gummin Affordable Housing Project The aim of this design studio is to develop affordable housing solutions for the displaced members of the Yarrabah community living with disability. This project is a reaction to the ongoing housing crisis in Yarrabah. The brief asks for a small complex of 1-2 bedroom sustainable houses in Yarrabah that are affordable enough for people on Disability Support Pensions to own through home loans from Indigenous Business Australia (IBA). This studio project aims to follow the Murray Way: to support the self-determination of Indigenous people in their housing choices. Essentially, researching how a caseby-case specific housing response can be implemented in Yarrabah, by the people of Yarrabah, while still remaining within the scope of an IBA home loan. Through this document, we seek to show our research process and make our design logic transparent for review. Our ambition is to better bridge the considerations of communication between the architect and the Indigenous client.

CLIENT: The people of Yarrabah Aboriginal Shire (to be submitted for their ongoing consultation and review) ORGANISATION: CAT (Centre for Appropriate Technologies) SYDNEY UNIVERSITY: Architecture Students and Teachers PROFESSIONAL COMMUNITY: Architects ANYONE INTERESTED: You (hopefully)

PROLOGUE

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

Site Analysis

People of Yarrabah

Housing Case Studies

CHAPTER 2: MODULE

Guiding Principles

Module Arrangements

Module Construction

CHAPTER 3: HOUSE

Guiding Principles

Construction Principles

Case Studies

119

CHAPTER 4: MASTERPLAN

157

C LOS I N G STAT E M E N T

175

concepts derived from research

APPROACHING THE PROJECT “Blackfella style as a lived-in, experienced and- above all-alternative reality.” - Basil Sansom The non-indigenous architect and the indigenous client occupy two very different frames of perception.

B a s i l S a n s o m e t a l . “A G r a m m a r o f E x c h a n g e” B e i n g B l a c k : A b o r i g i n a l c u l t u re s i n ‘s e t t l e d ’ Au st ra l i a (C a n b e r r a : A b o r i g i n a l S t u d i e s P r e s s , 1 9 9 4 ) , 1 5 9.

ONGOING CONSULTATION IS VITAL Schneider reiterates that a crucial lens when designing within the framework of flexible housing is to remain aware of “the tension between the reality and ideals of spatial occupation”. If we occupy ‘alternative realities’, then we as architects should be constantly mindful of this when designing. The value of thorough and ongoing consultation cannot be undervalued.

Ta t j a n a S c h n e i d e r, F l e x i b l e H o u s i n g ( O x f o r d : A r c h i t e c t u r a l P r e s s , 2 0 07 ) 7.

EXERCISING CAUTION WHEN INTERPRETING A BRIEF Edges states that “[t]here is no obligation on Aboriginal speakers to answer [direct] questions”, going on to explain that (typically) when an Indigenous person verbally communicates, they rely upon context drawn form shared experiences and knowledge gained from public social life to lend a sense of aural reasoning. The specific context of what is being relayed to an architect is often misunderstood or lost entirely.

Diana Edges et al. “ They don’t speak an Aboriginal language, or do they?” Being Black: Aboriginal c u l t u re s i n ‘s e t t l e d ’ Au st ra l i a (C a n b e r ra : A b o r i g i n a l S t u d i e s P r e s s , 1 9 94 ) , 1 0 8 - 1 1 2 .

THERE IS A SUBTLETY TO CONSULTATION RESPONSES THAT NEEDS FURTHER INVESTIGATION Edges cites Von Sturmer who points to a cultural tendency of “not presenting oneself too forcefully and not linking oneself too closely with one’s ideas.” Problematically, this runs in opposition to the methods by which architects and architecture students are typically instructed to operate.

Edges et al. “…or do they?” 105.

DESIGNING FOR SPECIFIC PERSON, RATHER THAN A GENERIC GROUP Edges suggests that Indigenous people negotiate asking and refusing without exposing their intentions, which runs to the contrary of European communication. When consulting with a client, this needs to be considered. She then goes on to conclude “[a]ppropriate interpretation cannot be made without an understanding of the relationship between speakers.” With each move in the design process, the architect needs to be attentive and respond respectively to individual local stakeholders within the unique dynamics of the community.

TWO FORMS OF LOGIC, OPERATING IN ONE ROOM Neuzte, exploring Ross’ research, also considers that the European concept of crowding is quite different to some Indigenous groups that prefer clustering in specific domiciliary groups. Words and concepts can hold very different meanings between non Indigenous groups and Indigenous groups, and between the diverse Indigenous language groups themselves. Amidst the confusion surrounding the Indigenous housing crisis, it is clear that there are at least two misunderstood forms of logic operating at any one time, in any one room.

Max Neutze “Housing for Indigenous Australians,” H o u s i n g S t u d i e s , ( 2 0 0 0 ) 1 5 : 4 , 4 8 7. A c c e s s e d A u g u s t 2 0 , 2 0 1 4 ) . D O I : 1 0 . 1 0 8 0 / 0 2 6 7 3 0 3 0 0 5 0 0 8 1 07 8 .

The preceding research helped us to develop the following quantitative principles that we, as the architect have the ability to influence: Sustainability Durability/Maintenance Future Proofing Flexibility/Adaptability Personalisation Ownership Affordability Buildability Accessibility Safety Community Engagement Support

which provide a framework for

SUSTAINABILIT Y

DURABILIT Y /

FUTURE PROOFING

M AINTENANCE

FLEXIBILIT Y / ADAPTABILIT Y

PERSONALISATION

OWNERSHIP

AFFORDABILIT Y

BUILDABILIT Y

ACCES SIBILIT Y

SAFET Y

COMMUNIT Y ENGAGEMENT

SUPPORT

GRANT

CAIRNS YARRABAH

YARRABAH

MISSION BAY

There is also anecdotal evidence that the mountain range shelters Burri Gummin from cyclone to some extent.

ROAD

The prevailing South Easterly breeze is subject to a funneling effect by the mountains that cradle Burri Gummin, providing natural ventilation airflows throughout the year.

BURRI GUMMIN

During cyclonic storms, the low air pressure forces the water level of the ocean up, causing the body of ocean water to grow and cause huge tides which can cause vast amounts of damage to Yarrabah.

MT. MURRAY PRIOR

TRINITY FORREST RESERVE

yarrabah pcyc school Dilliger Take Away Food

gurriny yealamucka health service

OOMBUNGHI

yarrabah police station

OOMBUNGHI BEACH

HILL

1.5km - 15mins

Clouds coming off coast builds up against mountain range. Creates rain shadow. Results in fast moving water coming off the mountain. Can cause flash flooding and landslides.

MISSION BAY

Low lying site is a floodrisk. Furthermore, there is no where for the water to drain due to the high water table of Burri Gummin, hence the site is constantly a wetland with high incidents of flooding during monsoon periods with high rainfall. As a result, the houses surrounding the site are generally on stilts.

BURRI GUMMIN

BEACH

YARRABAH

RANGE RD

AH AB RR

NUR

Y RD SER

ROA

RD EACH

BURRI GUMMIN

500m - 5mins

B KING

1km - 10mins

W-SR

Mosquito infested area

Bushfire risk Prevailing SE winds bring cooling breeze forced through valley.

The extremities of the sun path is affected by mountain ranges

W-SS

Tropical humid monsoon winds from north west. Periodically strong storm winds.

S-SS

S-SR

CENSUS

MISSION SETTLEMENT HISTORY Yarrabah was turned into an Anglican mission the early 1890s.

“ C h a p t e r 7: T h e Ya r r a b a h H o u s i n g P r o j e c t , ” A u s t r a l i a n Human Rights Commission, accessed 11 August 2016, h t t p s : //w w w. h u m a n r i g h t s . g o v. a u /p u b l i c a t i o n s /n a t i v e - t i t l e - r e p o r t - 2 0 0 6 - c h a p t e r -7- y a r r a b a h - h o u s i n g - p r o j e c t

The Yarrabah community is home to traditional Indigenous families (referred to as traditional owner groups by the Australian government) and also to families forcibly relocated to the area under ‘Aboriginals Protection and Restriction of the Sale of Opium Act 1897’ (enacted on 1 January 1898).

Ibid.

SHARED HISTORY, OVERLAPPING LANGUAGE In Yarrabah there are roughly 40 separate language groups. Like all Indigenous communities, Yarrabah has its own complex and ultimately unknowable nuances. Each member of the Yarrabah community is an individual with varying identities, needs and wants.

INDIVIDUAL PEOPLE More specifically, there are “fringe” people in the Yarrabah community recovering from mental illness and who are in need of accessibility provisions. These individuals are our clients. These individuals, along side the greater Yarrabah community, hold native title over their lands.

Ibid.

WHAT IS NATIVE TITLE?

Natitive title is a land title which acknowledges the original ties that various Indigenous groups have to their ‘traditional’ or historic lands. According to Australian law, native title can be granted to where Indigenous people have had an ongoing interaction with their land in areas where the land has not been removed by the Government. Native title was recognised in 1992 via the Mabo decision in the High Court of Australia. When granted by the government, native title it is known as a consent determination. (This gives a very poignant meaning to the term ‘self-determination’)

“ W h a t i s n a t i v e t i t l e? ” G o v e r n m e n t o f We s t e r n A u s t r a l i a , a c c s e s s e d 1 1 A u g u s t 2 0 1 6 , h t t p s : //w w w. d p c .w a . g o v. a u/l a n t u/ W h a t Is Na t i ve Ti t l e/ Pa g e s/ FAQ s .a s px # W h a t _ is_native_title

COMBINED GUNGGANDJI PEOPLE NATIVE TITLE On 19 December 2011, The Federal Court of Australia ‘consented’ to granting native title rights to the Combined Gunggandji People over 8297ha of land across Far North Queensland “including the northern part of the Yarrabah Deed of Grant in Trust (‘DOGIT’), including Yarrabah township [...]”

CURRENT STATE OF YARRABAH HOUSING (AS OF 2006) We have introduced the people of Yarrabah and the Native Title they have of their land, Yarrabah. So what is the current state of housing in Yarrabah? What are the houses that sit on this land? According to the Native Title Report (2006) of the Yarrabah Housing Project: “The housing stock in Yarrabah is in poor repair and there are insufficient houses to meet the current requirements.” The residents of Yarrabah are in need of better homes and more of them.

“ C o m b i n e d G u n g g a n d j i P e o p l e’s n a t i v e t i t l e d e t e r m i n a t i o n , ” N a t i o n a l N a t i v e T i t l e Tr i b u n a l , a c c e s s e d 1 1 A u g u s t 2 0 1 6 , h t t p : //w w w. n n t t . g o v. a u / I n f o r m a t i o n % 2 0 Publications/Determination%20brochure%20-%20 G u n g g a n d j i % 2 0 Pe o p l e % 2 0 De c e m b e r % 2 02 01 1 . p d f

SLOW PROGRESS

MORE HOUSES NEED TO BE PROVIDED

The Native Title Report (2006) goes on to state that 43 of Yarrabah’s 335 houses have been identified by council as being in need of demolition and/or replacement in the “next 5-7 years”. This report was published in 2006 and to date 10 years have passed and many of these houses are still in disrepair.

Furthermore, the Native Title Report (2006) states that the immediate goal is to half the average density of people per dwelling in Yarrabah. There is currently 11 people on average per household, but sources within the community maintain that it is not uncommon for up to 28 people to live in a single 2-3 bedroom household.

Progress concerning the replacement and additional housing in Yarrabah is Ibid. frustratingly slow, and the majority of the existing housing stock itself is poorly suited to many residents individual lifestyles and health requirements.

Ibid.

YARRABAH HOUSING PROJECT This research brings us to the Yarrabah Housing Project. The objective of this project is, as officially stated: “The Yarrabah Aboriginal Shire Council (the Council) is proposing to hold a 99 year headlease over the Yarrabah township in trust for the Indigenous land owners, while managing 99 year subleases for Yarrabah residents and businesses.” There is a site, Burri Gummin, designated by the community over which these subleased homes can be constructed!

Ibid.

COUNCIL HOUSING

Single storey masonry building, under repair

STRENGTHS

OPPORTUNITIES

Natural Light to Living Disabled Access from Front and Rear Built in Storage

Planting provides Security from Street Front Pitch / gable roof Gas bottle easily accessed and locked Large Backyard but overlooked by oval / park Verandah accessible from Living Room

WEAKNESSES

THREATS

Pitch of roof too low No connection to outside space Low height ceilings, no skirting, finishes seem clinical Double banking of rooms No roof ventilation space Private Open space to rear accessed from Laundry

Kitchen not durable - being totally replaced Gas Accessible from outside Minimal ventilation opportunities Bathroom - Tiles broken, windows dirty, fixtures broken Windows Boarded Up No privacy between subject site and neighbors

‘ T R A N S I T I O N A L’ HOUSING

Timber and steel framed demountable housing.

STRENGTHS

OPPORTUNITIEs

House lifted off ground Gabled roof Street address and frontage Planting to private open space House lifted off ground

Lightweight construction (steel posts and timber substructure) House lifted off ground Privacy planting between subject site and neighbor (south) Simple construction methods, cladding and plumbing details Orientation of house Planting to private open space

WEAKNESSES

THREATS

Double banking of rooms No ventilation of roof space No natural light infiltration No link between verandah and living room Verandah to Open space link not accessible (level change too high) No opportunities for disabled access without major changes

Private Open space directly visible from public domain Minimal ventilation strategies Abandoned cars render open space unusable People walking through site, fencing doesn’t ensure privacy

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC; I B Aâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; S I N G L E DWELLING

Single storey masonry building on a bush block

STRENGTHS

OPPORTUNITIES

Sheltered entry with lockable gate and planting Surrounding ground includes swale to stop water run off from hill Hipped roof to housing Car access, lockable garage Disabled access would be quite easy to initiate Covered verandah with generous dimensions (4 x 3m) with outlook to vegetation

House situated in clearing of bush Planting provides fencing, privacy and secluded location, no overlooking Private open space directly accessible from internal areas of house

WEAKNESSES

THREATS

Pitch roof too low, needs greater pitch to shed water No response to local environmental conditions Masonry Construction of external walls Natural light infiltration minimised by lack of appropriate openings

External thermal mass not shaded by eaves Orientation Masonry construction does not provide easy avenue for additions or changes to envelope Natural light infiltration minimised by lack of appropriate openings

BUSH BLOCK

Locally constructed timber framed, metal clad house

OPPORTUNITIES

STRENGTHS

Low level fencing integrated with planting Set of pavilions utilising outdoor space as a living room Outdoor kitchen primary source of food preparation Simple Construction Methods Materials that are easily found, replaceable and worked with Buildings located as a cluster, sheltered within a setting of planting Pride of ownership derived from building the house yourself

Separation between outside space and key internal services Sheltered entry with good passive surveillance for Cars Furnishing of outside space Septic tank toilet and separation of toilet facilities

THREATS

WEAKNESSES

Maintenance of basic health hardware Abandoned cars restrict outside space Not BCA, AS Cyclone Proof

Abandoned cars restrict outside space Not BCA, AS + Cyclone Proof Quality of Construction undesirable Furnishing of open space

THE REALISTIC SCOPE OF INDIGENOUS PUBLIC HOUSING

WHAT SPECIFICALLY CONSTITUTES FLEXIBILITY?

FLEXIBLE HOUSING AS DAMAGE CONTROL

Schneider highlights that of all types of structures, it is public housing that is more sensitively at the mercy of external forces such as policy, economies, social demographics and affordable technologies. She goes on to state that all of these factors control the design of public housing to a greater extent than the architect is willing to admit.

Schneider maintains that a flexible house is one that can converse with the unique “volatility of dwelling” of each occupant.

Schneider cites Alan Colquhoun’s argument that the idea behind flexibility is that relationship between the components of modern life is so infinitely complex and chaotically dynamic that “any attempt on the part of the designer to anticipate them results in a building which is unsuited to its function”.

So, what are the essential elements that can persevere through these external forces? How can we combine these essential elements into an affordable package?

The universal elements of housing cooking, cleaning and providing healthy environments however remain a design certainty. The architect Paul Phaleros consistently referred to these crucial elements of housing as ‘Health Hardware’.

Given that each resident has their own cultural and personal lifestyle and values, each house should be developed in response to their specific needs, through a process of careful consultation.

There needs to be a system which offers the potential for the unique patterns of a clients life to unfold in a built space, while still providing the health hardware essentials.

There needs to be a solution that offers flexibility, but is also mass produce-able (and therefore cheaper). Ta t j a n a S c h n e i d e r, F l e x i b l e H o u s i n g ( O x f o r d : A r c h i t e c t u r a l P r e s s , 2 0 07 ) 1 4 .

S c h n e i d e r, F l e x i b l e H o u s i n g , 5 .

Ta t j a n a S c h n e i d e r, F l e x i b l e H o u s i n g ( O x f o r d : A r c h i t e c t u r a l P r e s s , 2 0 07 ) 1 7.

SPATIAL NEEDS CHANGE OVER A LIFETIME Neutze, building on Ross’ research, summarises that in a survey conducted on Indigenous people near Halls Creek, perceptions of housing were varied: some desired a large household, some a small household, some away from places were people were commonly drinking, and some in modern houses etc. Housing solutions need to have the capacity to be placed in potentially varied grounds, and be able to support different densities of occupants.

Max Neutze “Housing for Indigenous Australians,” Housing Studies, (2000) 15:4, 498. Accessed August 2 0 , 2 0 1 4 ) . D O I : 1 0 . 1 0 8 0 / 0 2 67 3 0 3 0 0 5 0 0 8 1 07 8 .

DOUBLE STANDARDS Neutze states that current views on Indigenous housing are insensitive: “nobody would believe that a single housing design would be suitable for all Europeans in a community for their whole lives”. The patterns of a person’s life are deeply nuanced and ultimately unpredictable. Houses should have the capacity to be adapted to the changing seasons of its occupants’ life.

Max Neutze “Housing for Indigenous Australians,” Housing Studies, (2000) 15:4, 498. Accessed August 2 0 , 2 0 1 4 ) . D O I : 1 0 . 1 0 8 0 / 0 2 6 7 3 0 3 0 0 5 0 0 8 1 07 8 .

THE CRUCIAL VALUE OF POST OCCUPANCY SURVEYING The Wigley’s point out that if a design is seen as useful, then it will be accepted, adapted and maintained. If the house is not perceived to be useful, they will be neglected by the occupants. Furthermore, if the house does not feel permanent, it will also not be properly maintained. This leads to neglected houses that fall into disrepair.

J u l i a n W i g l e y a n d B a r b a r a W i g l e y e t a l . TA K E 2 : H o u s i n g D e s i g n i n I n d i g e n o u s A u s t r a l i a ( A C T: R A I A , 2003) 23.

INDEPENDENT OF PEOPLE OR PLACE EVERYONE HAS THE SAME BASIC HEALTH NEEDS THESE BASIC NEEDS CAN BE SATISFIED BY A SINGLE PREFABRICATED SYSTEM A MODULE PIECE OF HEALTH HARDWARE

S H E LT E R

R U N N I N G WAT E R

SECURITY

WA S T E

A C L E A N P L AC E TO

POWER

P R E PA R E F O O D

a prefabricated module, housing health hardware

THE FOLLOWING P R I N C I P L E S H AV E LEAD TO AN ARCHITECTURAL RESPONSE WHICH FULL-FILLS BASIC HUMAN NEEDS IN A COMPACT AND DURABLE P R E FA B R I CAT E D U N I T.

- module facilitates simple onsite construction - essentail and complex building components in the module are established and operating quickly onsite - Local workforce can easily integrate module into local construction methods ensuring a site specific local response

- purchasing the module as an off the shelf package allows it to be quality assured by its production company - complex services can be constructed to a high standard to ensure compliance and durability. - module acts as a strong core around which unapproved and improvised housing can take place.

-module designed to have max width for ease of transport to site on the back of a truck. - install can be done without an onsite crane using only hoist built into truck.

- constructing the most complex elements off-site in a factory ensures a high quality product. - module can be tested, produced and equipped in a controlled environment

- module is designed to comply with disabled access codes........

-Bath / Laundry / Kitchen, are orientated with opposing entries to ensure the separation of sterile eating and cleaning spaces.

- module is designed to comply with disabled access codes and ensure ease of movement.

- module uses minimal dimensions to keep cost of production to a minimum

- aligned to maximise efficiency in plumbing and electrical services - maintenance can be carried out via lockable access-way.

primary structure at 1300 cts

accessible kitchen/ combined toilet shower

secondary structure at 650 cts

disabled handrail in wall cistern for durability

high level kitchen storage solar hot water system

services core

s/s molded sink and bench

commercial grade drain outlet gas bottle

lockable hatch high level windows for ventilation

61 100x100

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Variations in module arrangements allow for individuals with different economic situations and requirements to utilise the prefabricated health hardware.

#2 laundry/separated toilet and shower

REFERENCEST

#3 kitchen/ separated toilet and shower

individual toilet and shower block

individual kitchen

The Design and Prototype Production installation and testing of a prefabricated shower, laundry and toilet area, an FHBH research & development project 4A provided by Adrian Welke of Troppo Architects on 22 September 2016 62

#3 1,240

1,100

1,240

cbd over

3,800

SERVICES HATCH

machine below

LAUNDRY

3,840

ACCESSIBLE BATH

3,250

shelf below

cbd below

SERVICES HATCH

555

SHOWER

min 1,200

#5 3,800

KITCHEN

cbd below

cbd below pantry / store

bar fridge

KITCHEN fridge

cbd over

1,400

600

cbd over

services hatch

SERVICES HATCH

3,800

650

600 (opening)

SHOWER

1,140

cbd below

min 1,200 650

1,140

1,300

100x100 100x100

REFERENCES

100x100

100x100 100x100

100x100

100x100 100x100

FLOORING

The design and prototype production installation and testing of a prefabricated shower, laundry and toilet area, an FHBH research & development project 4A provided by Adrian Welke of Troppo Architects on 22 September 2016 Groome, Sue, 2003, ‘Designing for the Northern Tropics (or how to avoid mango madness),’ in P Memmott (ed.) Take 2: Housing Design in Indigenous Australia, Canberra

C O M PA C T F O R EASE OF TRANSPORT

Hyde, R (ed.) 2008, Bioclimatic Housing - Innovative Design for Warm Climates Earthscan, London 64

OFFSITE CONSTRUCTION

QUALITY PRODUCT

C O M PA R AT I V E A N A LY S I S

PRE-CAST, PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE

TIMBER FRAME

STEEL FRAME

• Non corrosive • Rot resistant • Quality can be guaranteed in

• • • •

• Difficult to transport • Durable • Termite Proof if penetrations

• • •

• Falls can be created on site • Provides rigidity and base for

•

• High thermal mass • High Embodied energy • Doesn’t need consistent

•

controlled environment

are sealed building

•

Low Thermal Mass Easy to Transport Low Embodied Energy Easy to adapt and make changes to Not extremely durable Few corrosive elements Susceptible to rot and moisture Needs detailing for termite proofing Waterproofing and cladding issues Issues with insulating and vermin proofing

maintenance

A P P R O P R I AT E

• • • • •

High Thermal Mass Difficult to Transport High embodied energy Difficult to adapt and make changes to frame Durable Corrosion resistant Rot resistant Susceptible to moisture Termite Proof

EXTERNAL STRUCTURE/

100x100 100x100

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WA L L F R A M I N G

REFERENCES Demonstration House Project, an FHBH Executive Summary, provided by Adrian Welke of Health Habitat on 22 September 2016 Groome, Sue, 2003, ‘Designing for the Northern Tropics (or how to avoid mango madness),’ in P Memmott (ed.) Take 2: Housing Design in Indigenous Australia, Canberra

QUALITY PRODUCT

Hyde, R (ed.) 2008, Bioclimatic Housing - Innovative Design for Warm 66

AC C E S S I B L E SERVICES

FIT WITHIN A GRID

C O M PA R AT I V E A N A LY S I S

BLOCKWORK

TIMBER STUD FRAME

STEEL FRAME

• • • •

High Thermal Mass Difficult to Transport High embodied energy Difficult to adapt and make changes to Durable Few corrosive elements Susceptible to moisture Termite Proof

• • •

Low Thermal Mass Easy to Transport Low Embodied Energy Easy to adapt and make changes to Not extremely durable Few corrosive elements Susceptible to rot and moisture

• • • •

Low Thermal Mass Easy to Transport Medium embodied energy Relatively difficult to adapt and make changes to Durable Termite Proof Corrosive elements if not detailed properly Not susceptible to moisture and rot

A P P R O P R I AT E

100x100 100x100

100x100

100x100 100x100

100x100

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INTERNAL LININGS

REFERENCES COST EFFICIENCY

QUALITY PRODUCT

C O M PA R AT I V E A N A LY S I S

TILES + WATERPROOFING MEMBRANE

• • • • • • • •

Complex installation Not Durable Susceptible to breaking Hard to clean Requires continued maintenance Multiple materials required to waterproof Grout and silicone liked by ants, mould and cockroaches Waterproofing to floor wastes can be easily damaged

LINO WITH CFC SUBSTRATE

BATHROOM PANELS

• • • •

• Easy Installation • Difficult to waterproof

• • • •

Easy Installation Durable Can be constructed off site Polymer sealant to stop termites and other vermin Provides waterproofing membrane and surface finishes Full welding off-site Readily available and adaptable Easy to clamp into floor waste, reduced chance of leakage

A P P R O P R I AT E

junctions

• Skirting and wall intersection difficult

• No flooring solution

100x100 100x100

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REFERENCES QUALITY PRODUCT

AC C E S S I B L E S E RV I C E S

C O M PA R AT I V E A N A LY S I S

S.S. STRIP DRAINS

• Extremely simple falls to concrete

• Future planning and disabled access facilitated

• Difficult to clean • Requires continued • • • •

maintenance Increased labour required to clamp vinyl to strip drain along entire length Susceptible to breaking Can accommodate overflow in times of high use Expensive

S.S COMMERCIAL FLOOR WASTE

OVERSIZED BRASS FLOOR WASTE

• More complex falls • Difficult in terms of future

• •

• • •

• • • • •

proofing for physical disabilities Easy to clean Doesn’t rely on continued maintenance Easy installation Robust and durable Readily available Cost-effective Commercial sizes will accommodate increased water flow A P P R O P R I AT E

•

proofing for physical disabilities Easy to clean Durable Quality assurance guaranteed Oversizing of waste accommodates increased water flow

QUALITY PRODUCT

72 FIT WITHIN A GRID OFFSITE CONSTRUCTION

100x100

COMPONENT A N A LY S I S

FUNCTION

ISSUES

PROPOSED SOLUTION

• Natural light infiltration

• Breakage in glass elements

• High level louvres over

• • •

for improved amenity and reduced load on electricity consumption Allow ventilation for drying of area, amenity and air movement Safety in terms of preventing entry into the module Health and Amenity for the occupants as improved airflow and natural light assists with mould, mosquitoes and cockroaches

• • • •

‘$6,000 bill every Monday’ Failure of over used mechanical window systems Low level windows are more susceptible to damage Poorly sealed windows lead to exposure to ambient temperature and leakage Damaged security and insect screening due to poor installation and specification

• • •

windows to facilitate permanent air flow Height reduces susceptibility to damages Aluminum or steel frame to for durability Toughened glazing

100x100

REFERENCES Demonstration House Project, an FHBH Executive Summary, provided by Adrian Welke of Health Habitat on 22 September 2016 74

COMPONENT A N A LY S I S

FUNCTION

ISSUES

PROPOSED SOLUTION

• Privacy • Security • Maintain

• Forced entry results in

• Metal frame for doors with

compartmentalisation of wet areas

•

• • •

damage to the entire timber frame but damage is restricted with a steel frame Frames located in wet areas are vulnerable to corrosion which can lead to failure of wall framing Damage to the panels is the result of mechanical impact Hinges fail due to fixing to frame, weight of hinge and hinges per door Knob handles are hard to operate for physically impaired

weather seal to top

• Solid core doors with exterior grade finish

• Marine grade stainless steel • •

hinges with minimum 3 hinges per door Door hinges welded to door frame and required to be lift off as per NCC Lever handle with locksets for all doors

a housing solution, for the individual

THE FOLLOWING PRINCIPLES OUTLINE A FRAMEWORK FOR DEVELOPING IDIGENISED HOUSING I N YA R R A B A H .

E N V I R O N M E N TA L LY S U STA I N A B L E

DESIGN

whilst developing a specific indigenised response we still want to ensure an environmentally appropriate, resource aware architectural solution.

PASSIVE SYSTEMS

VENTILATION

user operated opening systems where possible to reduce complexity increase comfort levels

maximised air flow through roof and wall openings

SHADING

SOLAR/WATER STRATEGIES

USE OF NATIVE/LOCAL MATERIALS

wide eaves to extend and prolong shaded areas

water tanks solar panels to reduce load on town resourced

local materials reduce levels of embodied energy and carbon footprint

using simple construction methods and appropriate material selections to ensure that local trades and skills can be developed where possible.

CONTEXTUALLY APPROPRIATE MATERIALS using appropriate materials for tropical housing situation acknowledging such things as weather and pest control

USE A SPANNER NOT A HAMMER utilise small scale materials and structural elements that can be easily replaced without needing large scale reconstruction

SIMPLE STRONG CONSTRUCTION

APPROPRIATE FIXTURES/FITTINGS

LOCALLY SOURCED ELEMENTS

using simple construction techniques that are locally known or easily taught to facilitate easy maintenance

use contextually appropriate, multi functional and long lasting fixtures and fittings

using elements that can be easily sourced from regional centers to provide ease of maintenance

attempting to minimised future problems by addressing them in initial design

ACCOMMODATE FOR FUTURE USE PATTERNS large rooms with flexible planning for use as either living spaces or bedrooms

SKILL TRAINING Integrated community training workshops and skills courses for future development

APPROPRIATE PLANNING

FACILITY OVERFLOW

planning around external circulation corridors allows for easy future extensions

community centre allows Burri Gummin to expand and accommodate occupants temporarily during times of gathering and celebration

planning allows for changing client needs whilst offering the client opportunities to modify and personalise their living arrangements.

ALLOW FOR PERSONALISATION

STAGING

infill panel internal walls allows for rooms to be organised according to clients needs

planning based around a central living space with bedrooms extending off verandas allows for buildings to grow over time

GRID STRUCTURE + INFILL WALLS

OWNERSHIP

Primary structure organised along a setout grid allows for modified internal structure

clear property boundaries allow clients to claim and personalise their own private property as they wish.

varying economic situations are addressed through a ‘slow build’ planning arrangement and range of infill material choices

STAGING

SIMPLE PLANING = SIMPLE CONSTRUCTION

allows for a slow build process to occur over an extended period of time as funds are acquired

avoids expensive construction techniques and skilled laborers tasks

PREFABRICATED/MODULAR/GRID OFF THE SHELF PRODUCTS/SIZES module can be mass produced keeping costs to a minimum

MINIMISE ON GOING COSTS

LOCAL TRADES/SKILLS

onsite maintenance and training allows buildings to be maintained efficiently

uses local trades where possible to put money back into the Yarrabah community

all developments comply with disabled building codes and facilitate both vehicle and pedestrian access and maintain ease of access wherever possible.

SERVICE/AMBULANCE ACCESSIBLE all dwellings are accessible by emergency vehicle if required

DISABILITY ACCESS BUILDING CODE/ LIVE-ABLE HOUSING GUIDE dwellings comply to appropriate disability codes and the Livable housing guide

MINIMISING LEVEL CHANGES

EASE OF MOVEMENT

minimal level changes occur within the building plan with minimal thresholds and steps. building sits 600mm off the ground for floods and insects

circulation spaces are semi external and generous in width to facilitate wheelchair access

EASE OF ADAPTATION TO PROVIDE ACCESSIBLE large entry porch spaces provide room for ramps to be added as required by client

clients should be able to feel safe and secure within their own property

CLEAR DELINEATION OF PROPERTY BOUNDARIES clear fenclines allow clients to see who is approaching property and deny entry if desired

LOCKABLE AREAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S/STORAGE SPACE lockable units within each dwelling act as safeboxes for treasured items

PASSIVE SURVEILLANCE

PRIVACY

Surveillance of entry ways from within dwelling allow clients to see who is coming from a distance.

allows clients to feel safe and secure within their own homes.

as a self determined design process the client has authority over the planning of their home whilst these design principles aid in ensuring a well functioning and culturally appropriate layout

LAYERS OF INTERACTION

PASSIVE SURVEILLANCE

multiple scales of public space allow clients to choose their own level of community engagement

passive surveillance of public squares allows them to feel safe and be used in a active manner

PASSIVE SURVEILLANCE

INDOOR OUTDOOR LIVING

MULTI-USE SPACES

Surveillance of entry ways from within dwelling allow clients to see who is coming from a distance.

living spaces are planned around deep open porch spaces to promote indoor outdoor living

large rooms with flexible planning for use as either living spaces or bedrooms

using existing site conditions, esd principles, and notions of privacy to organise planning on the site

ORIENTATION OF LIVING SPACES AWAY FROM PUBLIC AREAS ensures privacy and accommodates avoidance behavior

BUFFER PROGRAM arranging house so that entry is in through public spaces and slowly transition into more private spaces

ORIENTATION TO SUNLIGHT AND VENTILATION

ORIENTATING TO EXISTING SITE FEATURES

buildings arranged for maximization of ventilation and minimisation of mid day sunlight penetration

using existing planting onsite where possible whilst facilitating views to surrounding landscape

SURVEYED ENTRY Surveillance of entry ways from within dwelling allow clients to see who is coming from a distance.

THE FOLLOWING PRINCIPLES OUTLINE A FRAMEWORK FOR CONSTRUCTING H O U S I N G T H AT I S S O C I A L L Y, C U L T U R A L L Y, E N V I R O N M E N T A L L Y, C O N T E X T U R A L LY A N D E C O N O M I C A L LY A P P R O P R I AT E

employing structural elements for ease of construction detailing, compatibility with materials and dwellings that can withstand adverse local conditions.

BUILD TO A GRID

POST AND BEAM

• The 1200mm (clear internal

• Simple construction • Utilises existing carpentry

•

• Materials required readily available • Easily adaptable • Opportunities for self determined

• • • •

space) allows for standard building materials The dimension also suits standard sheet material sizes for cladding and internal linings Allows for simple construction techniques and details Maintains consistency for contractor/trades Minimses waste Easily adaptable

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knowledge

infill of walls by user

• Allows for a variety of cladding,

internal linings and material choices

CYCLONE APPROPRIATE FIXTURES

CROSS BRACE WHERE POSSIBLE

SIMPLE FOOTINGS

• Providing cyclone resiting elements

• Threaded stainless steel rod cross

• Steel footings raising structure off

•

• Assists with moisture from ground

• • •

to structure for durability and future proofing Allowing for rigidity in frame and flexibility of infill Rafter strapping to timber beams and posts Threaded stainless steel rod vertical tie downs to external posts

•

bracing to external walls Provides rigidity and lateral support against cyclones Cyclone appropriate

the ground

•

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water affecting the structure and minimisng likelihood of insects entering. Simple footings like SUREFOOT allow for easy installation and are cyclone rated for tropical areas.

EXTERNAL LININGS Options for personalisation as the sheet cladding suit 1200mm dimension

LINING BOARD

CFC SHEET

GALVANISED IRON

• • • • • • • • • •

• Durable material • High embodied energy • Relatively simple construction

• Durable • Inexpensive • Locally sourced and used in existing

• Waterproofing in material • Relatively low cost • Personalised through specification of

• Reflects heat • Can be prone to corrosion in coastal

Needs constant maintenance Complex construction detailing Low embodied energy Expensive Waterproofing membrane required Low reflectivity Aesthetically pleasing Can be personalised through colour Used in local demountable housing Susceptible to termites + other insects

detailing

•

CFC sheet Can be sourced from regional centres

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housing stock areas

• Personalised through colour • Requires waterproofing • Medium embodied energy

INTERNAL LININGS Options for sheet cladding to suit internal 120mm cladding which can be chosen by client based on finances

PLASTERBOARD

FC SHEET

PLYWOOD

• • • •

• • • • • • •

• Costly • Aesthetically ‘feels like home’ • Requires waterproofing membrane

• • •

Cost Effective Local skills can be utilised Easily personalised Requires waterproofing membrane to substructure Locally sourced Easy to replace Can be integrated with internal mouldings

Relatively costly Durable High Embodied Energy Waterproof in paneling Simple installation Waterproofing in sheet Personalisation through painting

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behind external skin

• Complex detailing • Requires correct specification for usage

provide a variety of flooring finishes that can be integrated into the timber framed structure and allow for a selection of floor finishes and a personalised home

PLY + LINO

STONE

• Requires installation of two

• • • • • • •

• • • •

separate elements Can be integrated into timber framed structure Lino can act as homogeneous waterproofing membrane Provides strength, rigidity and waterproofing Aesthetically ‘clinical’

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Hard to install High thermal mass Difficult to maintain Labour intensive Not cost effective Skilled labour required on site Slippery when wet

TIMBER FLOORBOARDS

CONCRETE

PLY

• Easily sourced • Local knowledge of timber carpentry

• • • • • • •

• Can be sourced from regional

• • • • • • •

construction Easy to peronalise Needs to be maintained Feels like ‘home’ Low thermal mass Simple installation Aesthetically Corrosive and easily infiltrated by insects

High Thermal Mass Difficult to add to Durable Easy to clean Needs skilled labour on site for falls Expensive Does not feel like home

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centres

• Requires waterproofing membrane • • •

and proper specification (marine grade ply) Susceptible to termites, insect and rot Low embodied energy Simple construction methods and detailing

depending on available finances and the neeed for natural light within the dwelling there a number of different roofing solutions to suit the structural framing.

CORRUGATED POLYCARBONATE SHEET

• Readily available materials • Easy installation on site • Quality assurance of material and • • • • • • • 106

fixings can be guaranteed Easily transported Locally sourced and used materials Durable Easy waterproofing and future downpipe, installation Simple detailing required 99.9% UV protection Light transmittion

GALVANISED IRON CORRUGATED SHEETING

• Readily available materials • Easy installation on site • Quality assurance of material and • • • • • •

fixings can be guaranteed Easily transported Locally sourced and used materials Durable Easy waterproofing and future downpipe, installation Easy installation of roof ventilation and attachments Simple detailing required

RITEK FIRETEK

TILED ROOF

• Readily available materials • Easy installation on site • Quality assurance of material and

• • • • • • •

fixings can be guaranteed

• Easily transported • Durable • Easy waterproofing and future downpipe, installation

• Easy installation of roof ventilation and attachments

• Simple detailing required • tested for bushfire resistance up to BAL 40

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Easy Installation Susceptible to damage Needs consistent maintenance Can have high thermal absorption High embodied energy Hard to transport Difficult for quality assurance

ISSUES

• Forced entry results in damage to • • • •

the entire timber frame but damage is restricted with a steel frame Frames located in wet areas are vulnerable to corrosion which can lead to failure of wall framing Damage to the panels is the result of mechanical impact Hinges fail due to fixing to frame, weight of hinge and hinges per door Knob handles are hard to operate for physically impaired

SOLID CORE DOORS

• Less likely o break due to excessive usage

• Improved privacy for the occupants • Lowers ongoing maintenance costs

and significantly improves durability

• Fixed ventilation above allows

passive ventilation through spaces

• Easily fixed into proposed structure and framing

REFERENCES Demonstration House Project, an FHBH Executive Summary, provided by Adrian Welke of Health Habitat on 22 September 2016 108

SECURITY DOOR

DURABLE HARDWARE

STEEL FRAME AND SEAL

• Stainless steel security frame door

• Stainless Steel hardware where

• Steel frame to surround to minimise

•

with security mesh allow for privacy and safety whilst maintaining ventilation and light.

• • •

possible for ongoing durability and maintenance Minimum 3 x stainless steel hinges to the doors to minimise chance of failure Door levers for accessibility, simple locking mechanisms Readily available from Cairns and regional centres

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rotting of wall linings

• Weather seal to top of door to improve durability

• Compatibility with tropical conditions

• Improved durability and reducing ongoing maintenance

• Provides framework

OUTCOMES • Natural light infiltration for improved amenity and reduced load on electricity consumption • Allow ventilation for drying of area, amenity and air movement • Safety in terms of preventing entry into the module and restricting • Health and Amenity for the occupants as improved airflow and natural light assists with mould, mosquitoes and cockroaches ISSUES • Breakage in glass elements ‘$6,000 bill every Monday’ • No options for curtains or block out opportunities • Failure of sliding window hardware and mechanisms • Low level windows are more susceptible to damage • Poorly sealed windows lead to exposure to ambient temperature and leakage • Damaged security and insect screening due to poor installation and specification

LOUVRE’S ABOVE 1800MM

FRICTION STAY PANELS

• Fixed louvres allow passive

• Modular panels allow for

• • •

ventilation strategies Covered by the eave overhang there is no chance of rain entering the dwelling Ensures privacy while maintaining ventilation Can be easily integrated into the proposed structural and material principles

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• • •

personalisation of panels and easy replacement Readily available and easy to maintain hardware Maximises efficiency while also allowing natural light to penetrate the building Allows for user to open up the house as they please

CASEMENT WINDOW WITH GLASS

TIMBER LATTICE SCREEN

SECURITY SCREEN

• Toughened glazing to improve

• +500mm(FFL) solid element at

• ‘Crimsafe’ security screen readily

• • •

durability and ongoing costs Hinged hardware means cost effective replacement and low ongoing maintenance Allows for outlook to surrounding site features while enclosing the space Dimensions of the grid suit standard window supplier dimensions

• • •

•

base of screen maintains element of privacy for occupants Screening device of timber lattice is readily available and can be personalised through colour Provides privacy while maintaining natural ventilation 500mm solid element allows for people sitting on the ground to have an outlook to the surrounding area and garden Simple construction details 111

available from regional centres

• Can be integrated with all opening • •

types to provide additional protection from insects and people Located within an aluminum frame. then bolted onto the timber frame fro durability Protection and security for occupants

using joinery and storage to allow for flexibility of planning within the dwelling, providing security for occupants and making the dwelling ‘feel like a home.’

MATERIAL: LINOLEUM-PLYWOOD

• Durable material • Easily replaceable as it can be sourced locally from Cairns

• Lino can act as waterproofing • Quick to dry, minimisng the • •

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prevalence of cockroaches, vermin and mould Lino exterior stops the plywood from rotting Allows for personalisation

LOCKABLE STORAGE AND SEAT

LOCKABLE WARDROBE/STORAGE

• Dual function as furniture and

• Provides personalisation of space • Safe space for locking up of clothes

• • • •

storage Provides safe lockable storage for occupants Allows for security and privacy while maximising efficiency of space Flexibility of raw space Can be built into the structure to minimise theft and removal

• • •

and valuables Restrict furniture to more private aspects of the house Simple hinged hardware allows for easy replacement Can be bought off the shelf if required

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KITCHEN WITH LOCKABLE PANTRY/ FRIDGE CABINET

• Overhead cupboards can be • •

integrated into the module to provide more durability Additional storage for clientele with larger families Can be utilised as storage for food or other household items at discretion of the owner

provide appropriate fixtures and fittings for tropical housing and effective strategies in terms of maintenance and occupancy

S.S. FIXTURES & FITTINGS

INDUSTRIAL FAN

• Stainless steel / rust resistant

• Stainless steel / rust resistant marine

screws, breech pipes, angles, frames, substructure and bolts to avoid rust, termites and ensure durability

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grade industrial fan

• Air movement is the most important element of passive cooling. It cools people by increasing evaporation and requires both breeze capture and fans for back-up in still conditions.

STAINLESS STEEL SINK

SOLAR PANELS

ROOF VENTS

• Stainless steel / rust resistant marine

• Solar panels should be mounted

• Deemed to comply ridge ventilation

•

grade industrial outdoor sink Multipurpose use for cleaning/ preparing fish/meat and washing

using a galvanized steel frame, orientated at 24º towards the azimuth

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to provide venting to roof space

• ‘Whirly birds’ to roof to ventilate

internal spaces, specification for cyclone proof will need to be confirmed with manufacturer

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IN ORDER TO DETERMINE WHETHER THE IDEA OF A P R E FA B R I CAT E D C O R E AND FLEXIBLE, SELF DETERMINED DWELLING IS FEASIBLE WE NEED TO ASSESS THE ABILITY OF THE CONCEPT TO FULFILL DIFFERENT CLIENTELE NEEDS.

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SINGLE MAN - JONO

DRUG AND ALCOHOL ISSUES

WITHDRAWN

NO CAR

UNCLE IN YARRABAH

UNEMPLOYED / LIMITED SAVINGS DISABILITY SUPPORT PENSIONS BASIC KITCHEN

DOG

OUTDOOR FIRE

FISH PREPARATION

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SINGLE MAN - JONO

Vegetation at entry acts as a passive gateway to the residence whilst concurrently offering privacy to occupants

Simple lean-to carport attached to house is easily constructed, cost efficient and can be used for outdoor sheltered space. Entry off sheltered carport can be surveyed from living spaces. Opportunity to be converted to ramp, or enclosed for greater security. Screened living space with lockable storage. Open intermediate space for dining, circulation, kitchen and effective cross ventilation. Basic kitchen with lockable pantry and fridge.

Bathroom entrance off direct, enclosed circulation space offering privacy to itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s user.

Dense vegetation to the south west provides screening, shading and privacy to occupants.

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SINGLE LOW COST RESIDENCE 123

SINGLE MAN - JONO

NORTH WEST BREEZES Tropical humid winds. Periodically strong storm winds. Vegetation can be used to act as wind block. Cooling low land breeze from mountains to west in afternoon

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SOUTH EAST BREEZES

SUN-STUDY

Prevailing wind provides cross ventilation to bathroom module and living spaces.

Living spaces orientated to the north to maximise reflected day light. Large eaves protect inhabitants and materials from direct sunlight.

Cooling low land breeze from mountains to west in afternoon

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SINGLE MAN - JONO

Roof ventilator, deemed to comply with cyclone conditions Roof structure will have reflective foil, sarking and insulation to improve thermal performance and durability Gabled roof allows for simple additions at the discretion of the client with proprietary roof material, structure and flashings

Cyclone resistant rafter strapping allows for security within the structure ad persnalisation of the infill panels Post and beam structure allows for minimal construction detailing of gabled too form, rafters can sit on post and overhangs can be achieved with standard construction techniques As the infill panels operate separate of the structural grid at 1200mm clear spacings the lattice can be replaced at a later date

Highlight glazing to module which could be integrated into the off site design Ceiling of module to be waterproofed to provide greater durability External post structure allows for infill of external structure or low cost solutions that can be simply detailed Gabled roof structure enables flexibility within module and easy addition with ridge capping 126

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FRIENDS - PAULIE & DOUG

MENTAL DISABILITY

FUTURE DISABLED ACCESS

NO COOKING, FOOD DELIVERED

PENSIONS SAVED UP

BEDROOMS SEPARATE COMMON LIVING ROOM ACCESSIBLE TOILET

IMMOBILE IN FUTURE

PLACE TO WATCH WORLD

REGULAR DELIVERY ACCESS, NO CAR NO DIRECT FAMILY

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129

FRIENDS - PAULIE & DOUG

Separated bedrooms offer personal space to inhabitants. Lockable with inbuilt joinery for storage Ramped accessible entry onto porch. Porch has double function as outdoor protected area and circulation. Double opening doors offer security and privacy but can be opened for greater ventilation.

Screened living space with lockable storage. Open intermediate space for dining, circulation, kitchen and effective cross ventilation. Basic kitchen with lockable pantry and fridge. Disabled bathroom module.

Dense vegetation to the south west provides screening, shading and privacy to occupants.

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SHARED ACCESSIBLE RESIDENCE 131

FRIENDS - PAULIE & DOUG

NORTH WEST BREEZES Tropical humid winds. Periodically strong storm winds. Vegetation can be used to act as wind block.

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SOUTH EAST BREEZES

SUN-STUDY

Prevailing wind provides cross ventilation to bathroom module and living spaces.

Living spaces orientated to the north to maximise reflected day light. Large eaves protect inhabitants and materials from direct sunlight.

133

FRIENDS - PAULIE & DOUG

500mm high solid wall with lattice screening above to allow for privacy, infiltration of light and wind. The timber lattice can be screwed into the post and beam structure with crimsafe security screening behind. The 500mm seat/store/table is a multifunctional object that allows for personalisation and utilisation of the space

Threaded stainless steel rod cross bracing for lateral support to external walls Rafter strapping where appropriate to maximise efficiency in adverse weather conditions Insulation and waterproofing membrane between external cladding (colorbond shown) and internal lining Standard stud wall infill between structural posts

Timber framed ramp for future disabled access Joist to decking to be bolted behind post then packed out to accommodate flush decking board finish Low height cladding allows for future infill of screening to be determined by clientâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s access to funds Gravel surround to building 134

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FA M I LY - T R AC Y + H U S B A N D + 2 K I D S

2 PARENTS 1 W/JOBS

CAR CHILD WITH PHYSICAL + MENTAL ISSUES

KITCHEN

RELATIVES WHO FREQUENTLY STAY LARGE BEDROOM TO ACCOMMODATE ALL

EXTENSION FOR EXPECTED 2ND CHILD ACCESSIBLE ACCESS TO HOUSE

ACCESSIBLE BATHROOM

136

137

Large sheltered porch. Double opening doors offer security and privacy but can be opened for greater ventilation. Exterior laundry sink for washing and preparing fish/meat.

Disabled bathroom module. Separated from house to ensure clean living space and avoid direct site lines to bathroom entry.

Simple lean-to carport attached to house is easily constructed, cost efficient and can be use for outdoor sheltered space. Screened living space with lockable storage. Can double as overflow sleeping area. Ramped accessible entry onto porch. Entrance enclosed for greater security. Windows from living room and kitchen provide passive surveillance over entry. Separated bedrooms offer personal space to inhabitants. Large bedroom for parents with room for cot. Small room for children with bunk. Vegetation at entry acts as a passive gateway to the residence whilst concurrently offering privacy to occupants

138

RAMP UP

FA M I LY AC C E S S I B L E RESIDENCE 139

NORTH WEST BREEZES Tropical humid winds. Periodically strong storm winds. Vegetation can be used to act as wind block.

140

SOUTH EAST BREEZES

SUN-STUDY

Prevailing wind provides cross ventilation to bathroom module and living spaces.

Living spaces orientated to the north to maximise reflected day light. Large eaves protect inhabitants and materials from direct sunlight.

141

FA M I LY - T R AC Y + HUSBAND + 2 KIDS

Gabled roof meet at box gutter, which is located outside of the main living areas Box gutter can be off-the-shelf and easily fixed to the fascia/rafter tails Timber lattice to the walkway between pavilions to allow natural light and ventilation

Ridge vent for ventilation of gabled roof space CFC / other sheet linings to infill above the beam, easy to work with and integrate into the framework Infill between top of walls and ceiling requires simple construction details

Simple steel footings lifting the house off the ground to reduce likelihood of vermin and insects Galvanised iron cladding to visible external corners and sheet linings to internal corners Gravel surround to dwelling with concrete footings below ground 1,000mm high solid element with timber lattice above for improved privacy 142

143

WOMENS REFUGE - LINNIE, EMMA + KIDS

4 BEDROOMS

2 MOTHERS + CHILDREN

ABUSIVE HUSBAND

NO FAMILY WANTED

CAR TO SHARE

LAUNDRY + HILLS HOISTS

LARGER KITCHEN AT HEART

HORSE TIE UP

2 SEPARATE BATHROOMS

LARGE LIVING AREA

144

145

WOMENS REFUGE - LINNIE, EMMA + KIDS

Basic kitchen with lockable pantry and fridge. Disabled bathroom module with laundry and storage.

Simple stand alone carport at entrance to house is easily constructed, cost efficient and can be use for outdoor sheltered space. Acts as passive buffer to house and courtyard.

Separated bedrooms offer personal space to inhabitants. Large bedroom for mothers with room for cot. Shared childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s bedroom with bunks. Large shared inner courtyard creates a protected, sheltered space for kids to play and mothers to survey. Large sheltered porch acts as circulation space and indoor/outdoor living. Ramped accessible entry onto porch. Entrance enclosed for greater security. Windows from living room and kitchen provide passive surveillance over entry.

Screened living space with lockable storage. Can double as overflow sleeping area. Open porch off living spaces capture reflected daylight and look out to country and mountain vistas.

Vegetation at entry acts as a passive gateway to the residence whilst concurrently offering privacy to occupants 146

MU LT I P L E DW E L L I N G S

147

WOMENS REFUGE - LINNIE, EMMA + KIDS

NORTH WEST BREEZES Tropical humid winds. Periodically strong storm winds. Vegetation can be used to act as wind block.

148

SOUTH EAST BREEZES

SUN-STUDY

Prevailing wind provides cross ventilation through courtyard creating heat stack cooling effects to rooms.

Living spaces orientated to the north to maximise reflected day light. Large eaves protect inhabitants and materials from direct sunlight.

149

WOMENS REFUGE LINNIE, EMMA + KIDS

Clerestory roof can be achieved by increased height of posts Regular interval of posts means that the clerestory openings can have variety of infill Galvanised iron roof can be easily flashed at beam location to allow for simple waterproofing detail Clerestory roof provides additional light infiltration and penetration

Timber framed stairs to elevate the dwelling off the ground Elevated decking area allows for sense of privacy and safety. Post and beam structure above balcony allows for enclosure to be self determined

External sink can be plumbed from module through external walls Removal of cross bracing from the walls and addition of vertical tie down rods will improve performance in cyclones Solid wall behind sink to ensure no water seepage into the structure Separate stud wall between posts allows for variety of options for cladding 150

151

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153

BUT, IN A PUBLIC SOCIETY, CAN THERE BE ANY PRIVACY? Edges asks the question: “In such a public society […] is there any privacy at all[?]” In order for designers to consider this question, it is essential to investigate the priorities and values in Indigenous social relationships. Edges suggests that avoidance behaviours are the generators of personal privacy, though these invisible seeming rules are difficult to preempt and design for.

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PORTRAIT OF AVOIDANCE BEHAVIOR

Memmott quotes that Elkin’s research about the kinship system in Aboriginal communities, suggesting that they provide the patterns of movement and action through everyday life situations; “the patterns being represented or codified by the various types of relationship, such as father-son, mother’s brother-sister’s son and so on.” Memmott goes on to restate that avoidance behaviours are not antisocial practices or deliberate forms of isolation.

Me m m o t t , Pa u l . “ S o c i os p a t i a l S t r u c t u re s of Au st ra l i a n Aboriginal settlements,” Australian Aboriginal Studies (Spring 2002): 5-6.

FOR EXAMPLE, INDIGENOUS LIFE IS INHERENTLY PUBLIC

CURRENT HOUSING LACKS TAILORING TO LOCAL KINSHIP NETWORKS

Edges makes the assertion that Indigenous social life is inherently public. The majority of daily living occurs in public, outside areas: main streets, public spaces and on verandas.

Perhaps most importantly, European housing is unsuitable because it “isolates its occupants from information about the activities of other members of the community within which it is located”. Neutze, quoting Morel & Ross, goes on to state that “[n]othing can substitute for painstaking consultation with each community.” It is argued in this paper that a overwhelming factor for health and behavioural issues in Indigenous housing is the anxiety of having to adapt to both situationally and culturally different conditions.

Diana Edges et al. “ They don’t speak an Aboriginal language, or do they?” Being Black: Aboriginal c u l t u re s i n ‘s e t t l e d ’ Au st ra l i a (C a n b e r ra : A b o r i g i n a l S t u d i e s P r e s s , 1 9 94 ) 1 0 4 .

Max Neutze “Housing for Indigenous Australians,” Housing Studies, (2000) 15:4, 486. A c c e s s e d P U T I N D AT E ( F e b r u a r y 2 8 , 2 0 1 0 ) . D O I : 1 0 . 1 0 8 0 / 0 2 6 7 3 0 3 0 0 5 0 0 8 1 07 8 .

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providing a framework for the community of Burri Gummin to grow

157

northern buffer zone protects Burri Gummin from the dangers and insecurities of the road and wider community

S H E LT E R

BUFFER ZONE

-nurture -cradle -care

-between wider community -road as danger

SLOWED

G AT E WAY S

-controlled intergration zone between the two.

-Inner gateway and outer gateway -layers of exposure

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159

planting is used wherever possible to soften edges and boundaries whilst making Burri Gummin feel like it is nestled in the safety of the bush

TEA TREE

P R I VAC Y

existing plantation trimmed for site ventilation

thick planting as privacy screening

LIVING FENCE

SHADE

-wind permiable planting act as living fences -producing fruit trees in between spaces 160

tree grid for shade in shared spaces

LANDSCAPING DICTATES GEOMETRY changes in landscaping reflect different use patterns

SIGNIFICANT TREES large signature mango trees denote thresholds throughout the site. VENTILATION planting accommodates for prevailing SE trades and NW breezes WIND PERMEABLE PLANTING pants such as: Breadfruit trees, Coconut Palms and Pandanus (screw palms) TREE GRID tree grid provides even shading over shared spaces 8m grid spacing allows vehicle access Spacing also maintains visibility across spaces EXISTING TEA TREE HEATH heath is thinned in places as required functions as privacy screening between dwelling clusters Trimmed to allow prevailing NW and SE breezes to cross the site COURTYARD TREES minimum of one tree in internal courtyard to provide shading 500mm high concrete retaining wall around tree inbuilds seating into courtyard space

161

a cluster type arrangement grew out of the cluster forms of the bush blocks. various scales of clusters and the paths between facilitate a range of different social interactions between the residents

CLUSTERS small clusters of dwellings along path

S H A R E D S PAC E shared space between clusters

162

P E D E S T R I A N PAT H path is pedestrian scaled but allows car access

P R I VAC Y S C A L E S shared space between clusters and buffer

PEDESTRIAN SCALED BURRI GUMMIN WAY Spaces are linked by a path to allow access throughout the site. Path is gravel/sand and detailed at a human scale with small scale planting seating and shade trees along it.

CRADLES DWELLING CLUSTERS Cluster arrangement comes about from acknowledging the limited car ownership of the clients

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a community centre is made up of a collection of different programmed buildings and spaces all actively which aid and develop a holistic approach to healing. healing the soul through connection to spirit country, healing the body through the clinic, and growing a path to the future through the training workshops.

ENTRY single entry into site

SURVEILLANCE passive surveillance through gatehouse type buildings

FUNCTION buildings have different function/forms

164

S H A R E D S PAC E - adjacent to buildings. - served by separate service

TREES - significant trees marking entries - gateways

CENTRE all buildings in zone contributing to creating a buffer zone/community centre

165

dwelling clusters arranged for maximum privacy and ventilation whilst minimising exposure to mid day sun. lot sizes are kept small to facilitate interaction and be easy to maintain by the client. additional space is given around the clusters providing opportunities for expansion, play and growth

O R I E N TAT I O N -orient for optimum privacy and solar access -2 balconies face north -1 balcony faces south

C O U R T YA R D -shared space between. -buildings accessed equally from courtyard 166

P R I VAT E -private lots are individually fenced. -small lot size for easy maintenance

CARPORT -shared carport serves all dwellings -encloses courtyard

NORTH FACING VERANDAH where possible verandahs face north for optimum summer shading Southern dwelling in cluster has deeper south facing verandah

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WIND PERMEABLE PLANTING - site is able to ventilate through wind permeable planting INDIVIDUAL PROPERTY FENCE LINE -each dwelling is individually fenced in 1100mm chain-wire fence. -clearly delineates private property from managed property. -in accordance with health habitats principles COURTYARD ENTRY - courtyard creates a shared entry way, with each - dwelling contributing equally to the shared space - courtyard could be planted or furnished. Vehicle access limited to shared shade structure CREATES EDGE TO COURTYARD - fencing creates edge to courtyard - dwelling positioned at the edge of block so that there is a clear entry to private property

SHARED SHADE STRUCTURE - provides a covered space for car parking/storage - sits on geometry of the road sheltering the courtyard from the path

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masterplan staging is designed to roll out according to available finances at the time. it can be done in one stage or many as elements can all operate independently the northern buffer zone can still function in form without a well funded wider community program. module allows dwellings to be erected quickly and become habited before final completion

S TAG E 1 no gov funding

S TAG E 2 - no gov funding - private investment by clients

- path is carved through tea tree plantation - initial cluster is established quickly around the first modules and site begins to be inhabited

- more tea tree is carved out whilst northern zone is left solid as a buffer - path is extended to rear of site - shared communal space is established between clusters

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S TAG E 3 - gov funding

S TAG E 4 - more gov funding

- workshops and clinic are established - second community meeting space - training workshops aid in further on site construction

- path extends southwards into new clusters with more service buildings

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Students: Rohan Ranasinghe, Kingsley May, Anna Ewald Rice, Steven Dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Souza Supervisors: Michael Muir, Michael Mossman, Harry Caterns, Zoya Kuptsova, Vi Lee, Sascha Solar-March Yarrabah Affordable Housing Studio Masters of Architecture Faculty of Design, Architecture and Planning, University of Sydney 174

“Make housing a verb” - Col James (reminding us that the house should be a collaborative process, not an object) The framing of this project springs from this very principle. We have tried to apply this to our understanding of the term ’indigenise’ as coined by Vince (king of Yarrabah), as it describes our intention to make housing a self determined action for the Yarrabah community and its individual residents. Housing for Indigenous people is often conflated with public housing, and dealt with using a strategy of ‘one size fits all’. The brief for this design project was to provide housing for the fringe members of the Yarrabah community, with their personal and culturally specific needs. The need for a case-by-case specific housing response is one that most public housing in Australia simply does not satisfy. A growing number of architects (many of whom are referenced in this document) are strongly pushing for the reconsideration of what architecture can offer towards the reclaiming of Australia, piece by piece, house by house. In an attempt to rethink the widespread misguided approach to ‘Indigenous housing’, this project has focused on ‘housing by Indigenous people’ as opposed to ‘housing for Indigneous people’. This project is by no means proposed as a final solution. We have attempted, as frequently as possible, to make informed decisions throughout the design process in areas where community consultation is still required, as ideally we would be working hand in hand with the people of Yarrabah. As a result we have included our synthesised research to illustrate our logic, to show how we came to hold this idea. We would like to acknowledge that there is still much ground to cover in the road to equality. We recognise that housing just one aspect of reclaiming. As a result of this project, we have a radically different view of our role as budding architects. Always was, always will be, Aborigional land

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