references

P. 55 - 'Facebook' from Flickr by Book Catalog. Licensed under CC BY 2.0. P. 57 - 'Isaac's 1pm check-in on WebEX, Liam' from Flickr by Alpha. Licensed under - CC BY-NC 2.0. P. 58 - Image from UNESCO, 'startling digital divides in distance learning emerge', accessed 16 May 2021 https://en.unesco.org/ news/startling-digital-divides-distance-learning-emerge. Licensed as All Rights Reserved but is available for personal, non-commerical use.

EUROPEAN AFFAIRS

Towards a Crisis-Proof Schengen Area: Post-Covid and Beyond

by Joao bessa Pereira, Virginia izzo, Claudia Quinn and ela rautner

P. 4 - 'European Flag' from Flickr by Rock Cohen. Licensed under - CC BY-SA 2.0. P. 6 - 'Members of the Schengen Information System (SIS) from Wikimedia Commons. Licensed under - CC-BY-SA-4.0.

1 Treaty Establishing the European Economic Community, 25 March 1957, Article 3. 2 "Schengen Agreement" Schengen Visa Info, Updated November 25 2020, (2020), accessed 13 December 2020, https://www. schengenvisainfo.com/schengen-agreement/. 3 Regulation (EU) 2016/399 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 March 2016 on a Union Code on the rules governing the movement of persons across borders (Schengen Borders Code), March 23, 2016, Article 25. 4 European Commission, Notifications of temporary reintroduction of border control. 5 Schengen Visa Info, 'Schengen Area in the brink of suspension: what could be the consequences' (2020). 6 Schengen Visa Info News, '21/26 Schengen countries have already closed borders while EC still mulls Schengen suspen sion idea' (2020). 7 Hanne Beirens, Susan Fratzke and Lena Kains, 'When Emergency Measures become the norm: post-coronavirus pros pects for the Schengen zone' Migration Policy Institute (2020). 8 Sofia Vasilopoulou and Liina Talving, 'Opportunity or threat? How Europeans view freedom of movement' LSE Blog, (2018). 9 Darren Neville, 'Cost of Non-Schengen: The Impact of Border Controls within Schengen on the Single Market' Director ate-General for Internal Policies; European Parliamentary Research Service (2016), 9. 10 European Parliament, 'Schengen: what issues affect the border-free zone?' (2020). 11 Schengen Borders Code, (2016), Article 25. 12 Ibid. 13 Europol, 'Europol in brief', (2019), 14. 14 European Commission, 'Notifications of temporary reintroduction of border control' 15 Sevgi Cilingir, '“Europe Without Borders” and the Future of European Integration: Internal Border Controls in the Schengen Area' in Yilmaz Bayar (ed.),Handbook of Research on Social and Economic Development in the European Union, (Turkey, 2019), 463-467. 16 Europol, Partners and Agreements, accessed 13 December 2020, https://www.europol.europa.eu/partners-agreements 17 Europol, Governance and Accountability, accessed 13 December 2020, https://www.europol.europa.eu/about-europol/gov ernance-accountability 18 UK Government, 'Police and Crime Commissioners: progress to date' (2014). 19 Ibid, 3. 20 Schengen Borders Code, (2016), Articles 22, 23, 24. 21 Schengen Borders Code, (2016), Article 27; it reads “Procedure for the temporary reintroduction of border control at inter nal borders under Article 25”. 22 Unprecedented meaning a threat the Member State has never experienced before, as it has been Covid-19. 23 Schengen Borders Code, (2016), Article 2(21). 24 "What Happens when Countries Break EU Environmental Law?" ClientEarth, accessed 27 November 2020, https://www. clientearth.org/latest/latest-updates/stories/what-happens-when-countries-break-eu-environmental-law/.

Freedom in Europe: Access to Sexual and Reproductive Health Rights

by natalia Vasnier, noe amelynCk, léo sgambato, Catherine burke, Jonas deCker and mirJam seiler

P. 8 - Image from Unsplash by Külli Kittus. Licensed under the Unsplash License. P. 10 - 'About Ten Thousand People Attended A Rally in Dublin in Memory of Savita Halappanavar' from Flickr by William Murphy. Licensed under - CC BY-SA 2.0.

2 Natalie Picken, 'Sexuality Education across the European Union: An Overview', Publications Office of the European Union, (2021), 6. 3 Ibid, 7. 4 Dunja Mijatovic, ‘Comprehensive Sexuality Education Protects Children and Helps Build a Safer, Inclusive Society’, Commis sioner for Human Rights (2020). 5 ‘European Contraception Atlas 2020 EPF’, accessed 9 March 2021, https://www.epfweb.org/european-contraception-atlas. 6 Ludovica Anedda, Lucy Arora, Luca Favero, Nathalie Meurens, Sophie Morel, and Martha Schofield, ‘Sexual and reproductive health rights and the implication of conscientious objection’, Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs (2018). 7 Francesca Minerva, ‘Conscientious objection in Italy’, Journal of Medical Ethics (2014), 170. 8 ‘Europe’s Abortion Laws: A Comparative Overview’, Centre for Reproductive Rights, accessed 1 March 2021, https://repro ductiverights.org/european-abortion-law-comparative-overview-0/. 9 Pauline Cullen and Elzbieta Korolczuk, ‘Challenging abortion stigma: framing abortion in Ireland and Poland’, Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters, 37 (2019), 6. 10 Anedda et al., 'Sexual and reproductive health rights and the implication of conscientious objection', 51. 11 'Europe Abortion Access Project', Universitat de Barcelona (2021), accessed 15th March 2021, https://europeabortionac cessproject.org/. 12 Helga Gibbons, Mathilde Chanfreau, Irene Donadio, Eef Wuyts, Lena Luyckfasseel, Caroline Hickson, Anna Michalowicz, et al. The IPPf EN Partner Survey: Abortion Legislation and Its Implementation in Europe and Central Asia, Interna tional Planned Parenthood Federation (Brussels, 2020), 12. 13 World Health Organisation, 'Safe Abortion: Technical and Policy Guidance for Health Systems', (2012), 36, 78. 14 European Parliament, 'Planned Medical Treatment Abroad', accessed 15th of March 2021, 2021, https://europa.eu/youreu rope/citizens/health/planned-healthcare/index_en.htm. 15 Gibbons et al., 'The IPPF EN Partner Survey', 16. 16 Anedda et al., 'Sexual and Reproductive Health Rights and the Implication of Conscientious Objection', 8. 17 Marianne Cense, Milleke de Neef, and Wilco Visscher, 'Culture, Religion and Sexual and Reproductive Health & Rights Knowledge file' Rutgers (2018) 12. 18 Anedda, 'Sexual and reproductive health rights and the implication of conscientious objection', 9. 19 Anna Carnegie and Rachel Roth, 'From the Grassroots to the Oireachtas: Abortion Law Reform in the Republic of Ireland', Health and Human Rights, 21 (2019), 109-120. 20 Ibid. 21 Pierre-André Michaud, Annemieke Visser, Johanna Vervoort, Paul Kocken, Sijmen Reijneveld, Mitch Blair, Denise Alexan der, Michael Rigby, Martin Weber, and Danielle Jansen, ‘Do European Union Countries Adequately Address the Healthcare Needs of The Adolescents in the Area of Sexual Reproductive Health and Rights?’ Archives of Disease in Childhood, 105, (2020), 40–46. 22 Swedish National Agency for Education, 'Sex Education: Gender equality, sexuality and human relationships in the Swedish Curricula', (2014). 23 Marcin Orzechowski, Marianne Nowak, Katarzyna Bielińska, Anna Chowaniec, Robert Doričić, Mojca Ramšak, Paweł Łuków, Amir Muzur, Zvonka Zupanič-Slavec and Florian Steger, 'Social diversity and access to healthcare in Europe: how does Euro pean Union’s legislation prevent from discrimination in healthcare' BMC Public Health, 20, (2020). 24 Ibid 25 'Sex Education: Gender equality, sexuality and human relationships in the Swedish Curricula'. 26 'About Us', Global Doctors For Choice, accessed 20 March 2021, https://globaldoctorsforchoice.org. 27 'Glossary of Summaries', European Union, accessed 21 March 2021, https://europa.eu/!UU39wR 28 'Summaries of EU Legislation: Rules on Crossing EU Borders' European Union, accessed 21 March 2021, https://europa. eu/!RW38Ww. 29 European Commission, 'Consultation: Transformation Health and Care in the Digital Single Market' European Union (2018), 15. 30 'International Partnerships' European Union, accessed 21 March 2021, https://ec.europa.eu/international-partnerships/ our-impact_en; 'Parliamentary Questions' European Union (2008), accessed 21st March 2021, https://www.europarl.euro pa.eu/sides/getAllAnswers.do?reference=E-2008-0700&language=EN.

DEFENCE & DIPLOMACY

The International Community's Response to China's Human Rights Abuses in Xinjiang

by niCola hoPe and Anonymous

P. 12 - 'Z-9 Light Attack Helicopters' from Flickr by rhk111. Image in the public domain. P. 13 - 'Uighur Protest' from Flickr by Malcolm Brown. Licensed under - CC BY-SA 2.0. P. 14 - Image from Unsplash by Kuzzat. Licensed under the Unsplash License.

accessed 2 December 2020, bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-5051106. 2 Ibid. 3 ICIJ, 'Read the China Cables Documents', China Cables, International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, 24 No vember 2019, accessed 14 November 2020, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/6558510-China-Cables-Telegram-En glish.html. 4 Ibid. 5 Nathan Ruser, 'Explaining Xinjiang’s detention system', The Xinjiang Data Project, Australian Strategic Policy Institute, last modified September 2020, accessed 14 November 2020, https://xjdp.aspi.org.au/explainers/exploring-xinjiangs-deten tion-facilities/. 6 HE Ms Sally Mansfield Permanent Representative of Australia et al, “Joint statement to the High Commissioner for Hu man Rights,” Letter 8 July 2019, accessed 14 November 2020, https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/supporting_resourc es/190708_joint_statement_xinjiang.pdf. 7 Ibid. 8 James Griffiths, 'US blacklists 28 Chinese organizations and companies over Xinjiang camps, CNN Business, 8 October 2019, accessed 14 November 2020 https://edition.cnn.com/2019/10/08/business/us-china-xinjiang-black-list-intl-hnk/index. html. 9 Sheen Chestnut Greitens, Myunghee Lee and Emric Yazici, 'Understanding China’s "Preventative Repression" in Xinjiang', Brookings, March 4 2020, accessed 14 November 2020 https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2020/03/04/under standing-chinas-preventive-repression-in-xinjiang/. 10 Greitens et. al, 'Understanding China’s "Preventative Repression"'. 11 Ibid. 12 Murray Tanner, 'China’s Response to Terrorism' U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission (2016). 13 Nick Cumming-Bruce, 'More than 35 Countries Defend China over mass detention of Uighur Muslims in UN Letter', The Independent, 13 July 2019, accessed 14 November 2020, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/china-mass-deten tions-uighur-muslims-un-letter-human-rights-a9003281.html. 14 'Russian Federation' Amnesty International, accessed 2 December 2020, https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/europe-andcentral-asia/russian-federation/; 'G20; Hold Saudi Arabia Accountable for Abuses', Human Rights Watch, accessed 2 December 2020, https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/11/09/g20-hold-saudi-arabia-accountable-abuses; 'Rohingya', Human Rights Watch, accessed 2 December 2020, https://www.hrw.org/tag/rohingya. 15 Rhea Mahbubani, 'Pakistani Leader Imran Khan Admitted he Refuses to Criticises China’s Treatment of its Uighur mi nority because they "helped us when we were at rock bottom"' Business Insider, 22 January 2020, accessed 2 December 2020 https://www.businessinsider.com/imran-khan-pakistan-wont-criticize-china-on-uighurs-2020-1?r=US&IR=T; Matt Schiavenza, 'Why Aren’t More Countries Confronting China over Xinjiang?' ChinaFile, 14 January 2020, accessed 14 November 2020, https://www.chinafile.com/reporting-opinion/viewpoint/why-arent-more-countries-confronting-chi na-over-xinjiang. 16 Ibid. 17 'A Surveillance State Unlike Any the World Has Ever Seen' SPIEGEL, accessed 4 December 2020, https://www.spiegel.de/ consent-a-?targetUrl=https://www.spiegel.de/international/world/china-s-xinjiang-province-a-surveillance-state-unlike-anythe-world-has-ever-seen-a-1220174.html&ref=https://www.google.com/. 18 UN General Assembly, Prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide, 9 December 1948, A/RES/260, accessed 4 December 2020, https://www.refworld.org/docid/3b00f0873.html. 19 Ibid. 20 Ibid. 21 'China: 83 major brands implicated in report on forced labour of ethnic minorities from Xinjiang assigned to factories across provinces; includes company reponses' Business & Human Rights Resource Centre, 1 March 2020, accessed 4 Decem ber 2020 https://www.business-humanrights.org/en/latest-news/china-83-major-brands-implicated-in-report-on-forced-la bour-of-ethnic-minorities-from-xinjiang-assigned-to-factories-across-provinces-includes-company-responses/. 22 '83 Companies Linked to Uighur Forced Labor' Save Uighur, 10 March 2020, accessed 15 November 2020, accessed 2 Decem ber 2020 www.saveuighur.org/83-companies-linked-to-uighur-forced-labor/. 23 Ibid. 24 'US Blacklists 11 Firms over China’s Treatment of Uighurs' Al Jazeera, accessed 15 November 2020, www.aljazeera.com/econo my/2020/7/20/us-blacklists-11-firms-over-chinas-treatment-of-uighurs. 25 'The US Global Magnitsky Act', Human Rights Watch, 28 October 2020, accessed 4 December 2020, https://www.hrw.org/ news/2017/09/13/us-global-magnitsky-act. 26 'Responsibility to Protect', Office on Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect, accessed 2 December 2020, https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/about-responsibility-to-protect.shtml; Alex J. Bellamy, 'The Responsibility to Pro tect- Five Years On', Ethics and International Affairs 24, (2010), 143. 27 Ibid, 145. 28 'UN General Assembly on Responsibility to Protect, 2018', Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect, 2 July 2018, accessed 03 December 2020, https://www.globalr2p.org/resources/un-general-assembly-debate-on-the-responsibili ty-to-protect-2018/. 29 Bellamy, 'Responsibility to Protect', 144.

P. 16 - 'RAP Embarquement' from Wikimedia Commons. Licensed under - CC-BY-SA-4.0. P. 17 - 'Operation Barkhane' from Flickr by U.S. Army Southern European Task Force, Africa. Licensed under - CC BY 2.0.

1 Stephen Townsend, '2020 Posture Statement to Congress', United States Africa Command, (2020), accessed March 2021 https://www.africom.mil/about-the-command/2020-posture-statement-to-congress. 2 U.S. Department of Defense, 'Sustaining U.S. Global Leadership: Priorities for 21st Century Defense', Defense Strategic Guidance (2012). 3 Ibid. 4 Joseph R. Biden, 'Interim National Security Strategic Guidance', (2021). 5 Antony J. Blinken, 'Reaffirming and Reimagining America’s Alliances', U.S. Embassy & Consulates in Russia, 24 March 2021 6 U.S. Department of Defense, 'Statement by Secretary of Defense Lloyd J. Austin III on the Initiation of a Global Force Posture Review', 4 February 2021. 7 Michael Pauron, 'Chine/Afrique, une stratégie militaire militaire agressive', Mondafrique, 3 July 2020, accessed April 2021, https://mondafrique.com/chine-afrique-ii-une-strategie-militaire-militaire-agressive/. 8 Xinhua, 'State Council of the People’s Republic of China', China’s Military Strategy, 27 May 2015, accessed March 2021, http:// english.www.gov.cn/archive/white_paper/2015/05/27/content_281475115610833.html. 9 Paul Nantulya, 'China Promotes Its Party-Army Model in Africa', Africa Center for Strategic Studies, 28 July 2020. 10 United Nations, 'Troop and Police Contributors', United Nations Peacekeeping, 28 February 2021, accessed April 2021, https:// peacekeeping.un.org/en/troop-and-police-contributors. 11 Brigid Starkey, Mark A. Boyer and Jonathan Wilkenfeld, International Negotiation in a Complex World, (Lanham, 2016). 12 Alain Barluet, 'Opération «Barkhane» : le soutien indispensable du puissant allié américain', Le Figaro, 2017. 13 Murielle Delaporte, 'U.S. Support for the Barkhane Operation: A Case Study in Effective U.S.-Allied Cooperation', Defense Info, 15 May 2020, accessed March 2021, https://defense.info/re-thinking-strategy/2020/05/us-support-for-the-barkhane-op eration-a-case-study-in-effective-u-s-allied-cooperation/. 14 Aude Mazoue, 'G5 Sahel: quelques succès militaires de Barkhane au milieu du chaos terroriste', France 24, 15 February 2021, accessed April 2021, https://www.france24.com/fr/afrique/20210215-g5-sahel-quelques-succ%C3%A8s-militaires-debarkhane-au-milieu-du-chaos. 15 Stephen Townsend, '2020 Posture Statement to Congress', United States Africa Command, 30 January 2020, accessed March 2021 https://www.africom.mil/about-the-command/2020-posture-statement-to-congress. 16 Antony J Blinken, 'Reaffirming and Reimagining America’s Alliances', U.S. Embassy & Consulates in Russia, 24 March 2021. 17 G5 Sahel, 'Communiqué final du Sommet de N’Djamena', Elysée, 16 February 2021, accessed March 2021, https://www.elysee. fr/emmanuel-macron/2021/02/16/communique-final-du-sommet-de-ndjamena. 18 GlobalData, 'French defense spending to reach US$56.1bn in 2021 as it bolsters its domestic defense industry, says GlobalData', GlobalData, 23 March 2021, accessed April 2021, https://www.globaldata.com/french-defense-spending-reachus56-1bn-2021-bolsters-domestic-defense-industry-says-globaldata/. 19 Joseph R. Biden, 'Interim National Security Strategic Guidance', 2021.

Blue Doves in Flight: Towards a New Model of Peacekeeping Communications

by Justine Fung and matthew ader

P. 19 - 'UN Peacekeepers Receive Medals' from Flickr by United Nations Photo. Licensed under - CC BY-NC-ND 2.0. P. 20 - 'Contingent of Nepalese Peacekeepers Arrives in Juba from Haiti' from Flickr by United Nations Photo. Licensed under - CC BY-NC-ND 2.0.

1 Paul Williams, ‘Strategic Communications for Peace Operations’, International Peacekeeping, 26, (2019), 383-407. 2 Sebastiaan Rietjens and Chiara Ruffa, ‘Understanding Coherence in UN Peacekeeping: A Conceptual Framework’, Interna tional Peacekeeping, 26, (2019). 3 UN Information Centre, United Nations, accessed 13 February 2021, https://unic.un.org/aroundworld/unics/en/part nerships/communicationGroup/index.asp. 4 'Bangladesh: Three decades of service and sacrifice in UN Peacekeeping', (2018), United Nations Peacekeeping, accessed 13 February 2021 https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/bangladesh-three-decades-of-service-and-sacrifice-un-peacekeeping. 5 Katia Papagianni, ‘Mediation, Political Engagement, Peacebuilding’, Global Governance, 16, (2010). 6 UN Operations, United Nations, accessed 13 February 2021, https://www.unops.org/about/our-story/mission-vision-pur pose#:~:text=Our%20mission%20is%20to%20help,achieve%20peace%20and%20sustainable%20development. 7 Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO), ‘United Nations Infantry Battalion Manual Vol 1’, United Nations, (2012), 48, accessed 13 February 2021, https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/peacekeeping/en/UNIBAM.Vol.I.pdf.

8 Aivars Purins, 'Uncle Bill of the Forgotten Army', 2008, 12, accessed 13 February 2021, https://www.baltdefcol.org/files/files/ documents/Research/9_%20Aivars%20Purins-Uncle%20Bill%20of%20the%20Forgotten%20Army-Leadership%20of%20 Lord%20Slim.pdf. 9 Raymond Saner and Lichia Yiu, 'Organisational Culture of UN Agencies', 5, accessed 13 February 2021, https://www.diploma cy.edu/sites/default/files/IC%20and%20Diplomacy%20%28FINAL%29_Part15.pdf. 10 DPKO, ‘Authority, Command, and Control’, 8, 2008, ccessed 13 February 2021, https://police.un.org/sites/default/files/author itycommandandcontrolinunpkos_2008.pdf, 11 Nick Birnback, ‘Under the Blue Flag’, Challenges Forum, 11, accessed 13 February 2021, http://www.challengesforum.org/ PageFiles/9832/Policy%20Brief%202019%204%20Leadership%20and%20Strategic%20Communications%20in%20UN%20 Peace%20Operations.pdf. 12 AFP, 'UN Peacekeepers Accused of Child Rape in South Sudan', The Guardian, accessed 13 February 2021 https://www. theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/24/un-peacekeepers-accused-of-child-in-south-sudan. 13 Johnathan Katz, 'The UN’s Cholera Admission and What Comes Next', New York Times, accessed 13 February 2021, https:// www.nytimes.com/2016/08/19/magazine/the-uns-cholera-admission-and-what-comes-next.html. 14 General Assembly, 'Addressing Sexual Exploitation, Abuse Cases Involving Peacekeepers Requires Swift Accountability, Deci sive Action, Speakers Tell General Assembly | Meetings Coverage and Press Releases', (2016). 15 Edith M Lederer and Paisley Dodds, 'US Envoy Says UN Peacekeepers Must Be Punished for Sexual Abuse”, TIME, accessed 13 February 2021, https://time.com/4739564/ un-peacekeeping-haiti-abuse-nikki-haley/. 16 UN Peacekeeping Resources Hub, United Nations, accessed 13 February 2021, https://research.un.org/en/peacekeeping-com munity/pre-deployment. 17 Strategic Communications, United Nations, accessed 13 February 2021, https://www.un.org/en/sections/departments/depart ment-global-communications/strategic-communications/index.html. 18 Chris McGreal, 'What’s the point of peacekeepers if they don’t keep the peace', The Guardian, (2015), accessed 13 February 2021 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/sep/17/un-united-nations-peacekeepers-rwanda-bosnia. 19 Tony Ingesson, 'Trigger-Happy, Autonomous and Disobedient', The Strategy Bridge, (2017), accessed 13 February 2021, https://thestrategybridge.org/the-bridge/2017/9/20/trigger-happy-autonomous-and-disobedient-nordbat-2-and-mis sion-command-in-bosnia. 20 Walter Clarke and Jeffrey Herbst, 'Somalia and the Future of Humanitarian Intervention', Foreign Affairs, accessed 13 Febru ary 2021 https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/somalia/1996-03-01/somalia-and-future-humanitarian-intvention. 21 Mark Doyle, 'A Good Man in Rwanda', BBC, (2014), accessed 13 February 2021, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/special/2014/ newsspec_6954/index.html. 22 Cochran, Twitter, accessed 13 February 2021, https://twitter.com/LadyLovesTaft. 23 U.S. Army, Twitter, accessed 13 February 2021, https://twitter.com/USArmy?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eser p%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor. 24 Jorgenson, Twitter, accessed 13 February 2021, https://twitter.com/davejorgenson?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Es erp%7Ctwgr%5Eautho, 25 Smith Galer, Twitter, accessed 13 February 2021, https://twitter.com/sophiasgaler?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5E serp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor,

BUSINESS & ECONOMICS

A Suggestion for Social Housing Policy in England

by oliVer bruFal

P. 23 - 'Sunset over St Paul's Cathedral and City of London' from Flickr by JackPeasePhotography. Licensed under - CC BY 2.0 P. 24 - 'Council House bridge removal' from Flickr by Coventry City Council. Licensed under - CC BY-NC-ND 2.0.

1 Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local Government, ‘Social Housing Lettings: April 2018 to March 2019, England’, Housing Statistical Release (London, 2020), 1, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/at tachment_data/file/861471/Social_Housing_Lettings_in_England_April_2018_to_March_2019.pdf. 2 Torsten Bell, ‘In the coronavirus jobs wipeout, the young and low earners suffer most’, The Guardian (London, 2020), https:// www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/apr/05/covid-19-jobs-wipeout-young-low-earners-hardest-hit; Richard Blundell, Robert Joyce, Monica Costa Dias and Xiaowei Xu, ‘Covid-19: the impacts of the pandemic on inequality’, The Institute for Fiscal Studies (London, 2020), https://www.ifs.org.uk/publications/14879. 3 Alex Schwartz, ‘The credit crunch and subsidized low-income housing: the UK and US experience compared’, Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 26, 3 (2011), 371. 4 Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local Government, ‘Social Housing Lettings' 3. 5 Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local Government, ‘Table 600: numbers of households on local authorities’ housing waiting lists, by district, England, from 1997’, Statistical data set: Live tables on rents, lettings and tenancies, https://www.gov. uk/government/statistical-data-sets/live-tables-on-rents-lettings-and-tenancies. 6 Joe Beswick, Duncan McCann and Hanna Wheatley, ‘Building the Social Homes we need’, New Economics Foundation, 13,

http://www.nationwidefoundation.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Building-the-social-homes-we-need_191120_150504. pdf ; M. Stephens, ‘Tackling housing market volatility in the UK’, Joseph Rowntree Foundation, https://www.jrf.org.uk/sites/ default/files/jrf/migrated/files/housing-markets-volatility-full.pdf. 7 OECD, ‘Social Housing: A key part of past and future housing policy’, Employment, Labour and Social Affairs Policy Briefs (Paris, 2020), 19. 8 Ibid, 20. 9 Housing Ombudsman Service, ‘Business Plan 2020-21’, 2, https://www.housing-ombudsman.org.uk/wp-content/up loads/2020/11/Housing-Ombudsman-business-plan-2020-21.pdf. 10 Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local Government, ‘The Charter for Social Housing Residents: Social Housing White Paper’, Section 1, 6. 11 Ibid, Section 67, 40. 12 Ibid, Section 98, 49.

ENERGY & ENVIRONMENT

Access to Green Finance for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises in the United Kingdom

by rebeCCa Flowers and irina tabaCaru

P. 26 - 'Crop farmer showing money in green summer field in countryside' from Pexels by Karolina Grabowska. Licensed under the Pexels License. P. 28 - 'Bank of England' from Flickr by Diamond Geezer. Licensed under - CC BY-NC-ND 2.0.

1 UK Government, 'The Carbon Plan: Delivering Our Low Carbon Future', (2020), https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/ government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/47614/3751-carbon-plan-executive-summary-dec-2011.pdf. 2 International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD), 'UK GOVERNMENT OUTLINES 10-POINT PLAN FOR A GREEN INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION' Sustainable Recovery 2020, (2020), https://www.iisd.org/sustainable-recovery/ news/uk-government-outlines-10-point-plan-for-a-green-industrial-revolution/. 3 G20 Green Finance Study Group, 'G20 Green Finance Synthesis Report' United Nations Environment Programme, (2016), https://unepinquiry.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Synthesis_Report_Full_EN.pdf. 4 Chris Rhodes, 'Research Briefing: Business Statistics', - UK Parliament House of Commons Library, (2020), https://common slibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/sn06152/. 5 J. Thomä et al. 'Green SMEs and Access To Finance: The Role of Banking Diversity' UNEP Inquiry (2015) https://unepin quiry.org/publication/green-smes/. 6 J. McDaniels and N. Robins, 'MOBILIZING SUSTAINABLE FINANCE FOR SMALL AND MEDIUM SIZED EN TERPRISES REVIEWING EXPERIENCE AND IDENTIFYING OPTIONS IN THE G7' UNEP Inquiry (2017) https://unepin quiry.org/publication/mobilizing-sustainable-finance-for-small-and-medium-sized-enterprises/. 7 SME Ministerial Conference, 'Enhancing SME access to diversified financing instruments: Plenary session 2' OECD (Mexico City, 2018) https://www.oecd.org/cfe/smes/ministerial/documents/2018-SME-Ministerial-Conference-Plena ry-Session-2.pdf. 8 Department for Business, Innovation and Skills, 'SME ACCESS TO FINANCE SCHEMES: Measures To Support SME Growth' (2013) https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/ file/192618bis-13-p176b-sme-access-to-finance-measures.pdf. 9 Moody’s Analytics, 'Seven key challenges in assessing SME credit risk' (2016) https://www.moodysanalytics.com/-/media/ whitepaper/2016/seven-key-challenges-assessing%20small-medium-enterprises-sme-credit-risk.pdf. 10 'Eco-Lighthouse (ELH) Certification Scheme' Eco-Lighthouse (Norway), (2020) http://www.eco-lighthouse.org/. 11 'EU Taxonomy For Sustainable Activities' European Commission, (2020), https://ec.europa.eu/info/business-economy-eu ro/banking-and-finance/sustainable-finance/eu-taxonomy-sustainable-activities_en. 12 J. Thomä, et al. 'Green SMEs and Access To Finance' 13 Henry Schäfer 'Green Finance And The German Banking System' University of Stuttgart, (2017) https://www.bwi.uni-stutt gart.de/abt3/files/forschung/BF7_GreenFinance_Banks_Germany_2017.pdf. 14 Forum Nachhaltige Geldanlagen (FNG) 'Marktbericht Nachhaltige Geldanlagen 2016 - Deutschland, Österreich Und Die Schweiz' (2016), http://www.forum-ng.org/images/stories/Presse/Marktbericht_2016/FNG_Marktbericht2016_online.pdf. 15 Lloyds Bank Commercial Banking’s Business Baromete, 'UK SMEs aiming to ramp up sustainability actions', (2019) https:// www.edie.net/registration/regwall.asp?mid=131190&origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww%2Eed.ie%2Enet%2news%2F7% 2FUK%2DSMEs%2Daiming%2Dto%2Dramp%2Dup%2Dsustainability%2Dactions%2F&title=UK+SMEs+aim ing+to+ramp+up+sustainability+actions#:~:text=Lloyds%20Bank%20Commercial%20Banking's%20Business,in%20the%20 past%2012%20months. 16 T. Whelan and R. Kronthal-Sacco, 'Research: Actually, Consumers Do Buy Sustainable Products' (2019) https://hbr. org/2019/06/research-actually-consumers-do-buy-sustainable-products.

P. 30 - 'Brazil Environment: Pantanal in Flames' from Flickr by Gustavo Basso and is being used with permission from the owner. P. 32 - 'Bangladesh - Flooding, 2019) from Flickr by UN Women Asia and the Pacific. Licensed under - CC BYNC-ND 2.0.

1 'The economic damages of 3°C warming for SIDS and LDCs', Climate Analytics (2019). 2 UNFCCC, Decision 1/CP.21, Adoption of the Paris Agreement, UN Doc FCCC/CP/2015/10/Add.1 (2015). 3 E. Boyd, R.A. James, R.G. Jones, H.R. Young, F. Otto, 'A typology of loss and damage perspectives', Nat. Clim, Change 7, (2017), 723–729. 4 CAN, 'Climate Action Network Submission on the Scope of the Technical Paper Exploring Sources of Support for Loss and Damage and Modalities for Accessing Support' (2018), accessed 10 April 21, https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/ CAN%20Loss%20and%20Damage%20Submission_%20022018.pdf. 5 Calculated using data from: Our World in Data, 'Who Has Contributed the Most to Global CO2 emissions?' (2019); and UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 'LDCs at a Glance' (2021) accessed 15 April 21 https://ourworldindata. org/ contributed-most-global-co2, https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/least-developed-country-catego ry/ldcs-at-a-glance.html. 6 R. Mechler et al., 'Science for Loss and Damage. Findings and Propositions' (2019), in R. Mechler, L. Bouwer, T. Schinko, S. Surminski, J. Linnerooth-Bayer (eds), Loss and Damage from Climate Change. Climate Risk Management, Policy and Governance (2019), 3-37. 7 OECD Inter-agency Task Force on Financing for Development, 'Financing for Sustainable Development Report 2020' (2020). 8 William Worley, 'Breaking: UK cuts aid budget to 0.5% of GNI', Devex (2020). 9 UNFCCC, 'Decision 2/CP.19, Warsaw International Mechanism for loss and damage associated with climate change impacts', UN Doc FCCC/CP/2013/10/Add (2018). 10 UNFCCC, 'Decision 1/CP.21, Adoption of the Paris Agreement, UN Doc FCCC/CP/2015/10/Add.1' (2015). 11 M.J. Mace and R. Verheyen, 'Loss, Damage and Responsibility after COP21: All Options Open for the Paris Agreement', REI CEL, 25 (2), (2016). 12 UNFCCC, 'Decision 1/CP.21. 59 Decision 1/CP.21, para. 51, Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage Associ ated with Climate Change Impacts', UN Doc. FCCC/2015/10/Add.1, 29 (2016). 13 T. Hirsch, 'Study: Climate Finance for Addressing Loss and Damage', Brot für die Welt (2019). 14 R. Mechler et al., 'Science for Loss and Damage. Findings and Propositions' in R. Mechler, L. Bouwer, T. Schinko, S. Surmins ki, J. Linnerooth-Bayer (eds), 'Loss and Damage from Climate Change. Climate Risk Management, Policy and Governance', (2019), 3-37. 15 S. Huq, 'Making polluters pay for loss and damage', Daily Star (2019). 16 S. Griffith-Jones, A., Persaud, 'Financial Transaction Taxes ‒ a Report Produced for the Committee on Economic and Mone tary Affairs' (2012). 17 J.A. Richards and K. Boom, 'Big Oil, Coal and Gas Producers Paying for their Climate Damage', Climate Justice Programme (CJP) and Heinrich Böll Foundation, Ecology 39 (2014). 18 T. Hirsch, 'Study: Climate Finance for Addressing Loss and Damage', Brot für die Welt (2019). 19 J.E. Aldy and R.N. Stavins 'The Promise and Problems of Pricing Carbon: Theory and Experience', The Journal of Environment & Development 21 2, (2012), 152-180. 20 UNEP, 'The Emissions Gap Report 2018', United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi (2018). 21 R. Mechler, 'Finance for Loss and Damage: Towards a Principled Approach?', Powerpoint presentation at ACT Alliance, Brot für die Welt, German Institute for Development workshop on 25 June 2019, Bonn (2019). 22 Climate Vulnerable Forum, “About”, (2021), accessed April 2021, https://thecvf.org/about/. 23 T. Hirsch, 'A Resource Guide to Climate Finance', ACT Alliance and Brot für die Welt (2018). 24 Global Environmental Facility, 'Least Developed Countries Fund - LDCF', (2021), accessed April 2021, https://www.thegef. org/topics/least-developed-countries-fund-ldcf. 25 T. Hirsch, 'Study: Climate Finance for Addressing Loss and Damage', Brot für die Welt (2019). 26 T. Laing, M. Sato, M. Grubb, C. Comberti, 'Assessing the effectiveness of the EU Emissions Trading System', Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy, Working Paper 126; Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Envi ronment Working Paper 106 (2013). 27 UNEP, 'The Emissions Gap Report 2018', United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi (2018). 28 R. Mechler et al., 'Science for Loss and Damage. Findings and Propositions' (2019) in R. Mechler, L. Bouwer, T. Schinko, S. Surminski, J. Linnerooth-Bayer (eds) 'Loss and Damage from Climate Change. Climate Risk Management, Policy and Governance' (2019) 3-37. 28. A. Durand, V. Hoffmeister, J.T. Roberts, J. Gewirtzman, S. Natson, R. Weikmans, and S. Huq,'Financing options for loss and damage: A review and roadmap (Initial Provisional Draft)' Climate and Development Lab (CDL), Brown University International Centre for Climate Change and Development (ICCCAD) (2016).

1 'PM Outlines His Ten Point Plan For A Green Industrial Revolution For 250,000 Jobs' GOV.UK. (2020), https://www.gov.uk/ government/news/pm-outlines-his-ten-point-plan-for-a-green-industrial-revolution-for-250000-jobs; 'Government Takes Historic Step Towards Net-Zero With End Of Sale Of New Petrol And Diesel Cars By 2030' GOV.UK. (2020), https://www. gov.uk/government/news/government-takes-historic-step-towards-net-zero-with-end-of-sale-of-new-petrol-and-diesel-carsby-2030. 2 'London Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Delivery Plan' Transport For London, 2019, https://lruc.cont ent.tfl. gov.uk/london-electric-vehicle-infrastructure-taskforce-delivery-plan.pdf. 3 Ibid. 4 M. Mazzucato, The Entrepreneurial State: Debunking Public vs. Private Sector Myth (London, 2014). 5 European Commission 'Standards - Air Quality - Environment' (2020) https://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/quality/stan dards.htm. 6 'Air Quality Data – London Datastore' GOV.UK. (2021), https://data.london.gov.uk/air-quality/. 7 J.M. Keynes, The End of Laissez-faire (London, 1926) 8 M. Mazzucato 'Building the Entrepreneurial State: A New Framework for Envisioning and Evaluating a Mission-oriented Public Sector', Levy Economics Institute: Working Paper (2015) 9 M Jutting, 'Exploring Mission-Oriented Innovations’ Ecosystems for Sustainability: Towards a literature based typology', Review MDPI, (2020) 3- 4. 10 GOV.UK. 'London Electric vehicles Infrastructure delivery plan', June 2019, https://lruc.con tent.tfl.gov.uk/ london-electric-vehicle-infrastructure-taskforce-delivery-plan.pdf. 11 Charge.Brussels Pitpoint Clean Fuels, (2021) https://www.charge.brussels/. 12 Dani Rodrik, 'Green Industrial Policy' Oxford Review Of Economic Policy 30, 3 (2014), 469-491. 13 Ibid, 485. 14 M. Mazzucato, Mission Economy: A Moonshot Guide To Changing Capitalism, (London, 2021). 15 Rodrik, Green Industrial Policy, 2014. 16 Ibid. 17 Ibid. 18 Ibid. 19 Ibid. 20 Ibid. 21 A. B Jaffe, 'Building Programme Evaluation Into The Design Of Public Research-Support Programmes' Oxford Review Of Economic Policy 18, 1 (2002), 22-34; , J. Van Reenen, 'Evaluation of State Aid' Centre for Economic Performance, LSE, presen tation before DG-COMP, (2013). 22 Rodrik, Green Industrial Policy, 2014. 23 Ibid 24 Ibid, 487. 25 M. Mazzucato, Mission Economy: A Moonshot Guide To Changing Capitalism, 2021. 26 Ted Greenwald, 'Secrets Of DARPA's Innovation Machine' Forbes Magazine, (2013) http://www.forbes.com/sites/tedgreen wald/2013/02/15/secrets-of-darpas-innovation-machine/. 27 Rodrik, Green Industrial Policy, (2014) 28 Ibid. 29 Ibid, 488.

EDUCATION

COVID-19 and the Education Crisis: Using the 'A-Level Fiasco' as a Catalyst for Regulatory Reform

by udit mahalingam and miChael head

P. 38 - 'A Level results day 2012' from Flickr by City of Stoke on Trent Sixth Form College. Licensed under - CC BY 2.0.

1 Alex Hern, 'Ofqual's A-Level Algorithm: Why Did It Fail To Make The Grade?' The Guardian (2020), https://www.theguard ian.com/education/2020/aug/21/ofqual-exams-algorithm-why-did-it-fail-make-grade-a-levels. 2 Ibid. 3 Camilla Turner, 'A-Level Algorithm Predicts Inaccurate Grades At Least A Third Of The Time, Exam Regulator’s Analysis Re veals' The Telegraph (2020), https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/08/16/a-level-algorithm-predicts-inaccurate-gradesleast-third-time/; Ofqual, 'Awarding GCSE, AS, A level, advanced extension awards and extended project qualifications in summer 2020: interim report', (2020), 76-82. 4 Richard Adams and Heather Stewart, 'Williamson Told About Flaws In A-Level Model Two Weeks Before Results' The Guard ian, (2020) https://www.theguardian.com/education/2020/sep/01/williamson-told-about-flaws-in-a-level-model-two-weeksbefore-results.

5 Michael Goodier, 'Top A-Level Grades Soar at Private Schools as Sixth Form Colleges Lose Out' NewStatesman (2020) https:// www.newstatesman.com/politics/education/2020/08/top-level-grades-soar-private-schools-sixth-form-colleges-lose-out. 6 Catherine Lough, 'Ofqual Knew GCSE and A-Level Results Were 'Unreliable'' Tes.com (2020), https://www.tes.com/news/ ofqual-knew-gcse-and-level-results-were-unreliable. 7 Ofqual, 'Ofqual’s Governance Framework' GOV.UK, (1 April 2010, last revised Nov 2019) https://assets.publishing.service.gov. uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/864633/Ofqual_Governance_Framework_Nov_2019.pdf. 8 Ibid. 9 Ofqual, 'Extraordinary Regulatory Framework: General Qualifications, COVID-19 Conditions and Requirements', GOV.UK ) (11 June 2020, last revised Oct 2020), https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attach ment_data/file/930810/6704_-_Extraordinary_regulatory_framework_-_General_Qualifications_COVID-19_Conditions_ and_Requirements.pdf. 10 Jessica Elgot, 'Senior Tory MP calls for abolition of Ofqual over exam grades crisis' The Guardian (2020), https://www.google. co.uk/amp/s/amp.theguardian.com/politics/2020/aug/18/senior-tory-mp-robert-halfon-calls-for-abolition-of-ofqual-over-ex am-grades-crisis. 11 Ofqual, 'Ofqual Handbook: General Conditions of Recognition', GOV.UK. (12 October 2017 last revised 11 November 2020), https://www.gov.uk/guidance/ofqual-handbook. 12 Ofqual, 'Ofqual Handbook: General Conditions of Regulation: Section A: Governance' GOV.UK. (12 October 2017 last re vised 11 November 2020) https://www.gov.uk/guidance/ofqual-handbook/section-a-governance. 13 Ibid. 14 Ibid.

Addressing the educational needs of refugee youth in the face of COVID-19

by lameez siddiQui

P. 41 - 'Syrian refugee children in a Lebanese school classroom' from Wikimedia Commons. Licensed under - CC-BY-SA-2.0. P. 42 - 'Turkey: Assisting Refugees in Need' from Flickr by EU Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid. Licensed under CC BY-NCND 2.0.

1 A. Scleicher, 'The Impact of COVID-19 on Education Insights from Education at a Glance 2020' OECD (2020). 2 Ibid. 3 Refugee Action, 'What are the real facts about refugees?' (2020), https://www.refugee-action.org.uk/about/facts-about-refu gees/#:~:text=in%20the%20UK%3F-,No.,of%20the%20UK's%20total%20population. 4 S. Weale, 'Refugee children face long delays accessing education in the UK' The Guardian (2018) 5 Mind 'How is coronavirus affecting the mental health of students?' (2020), https://www.mind.org.uk/information-sup port/coronavirus/student-mental-health-during-coronavirus/#:~:text=Mind's%20coronavirus%20survey%20results%20re vealed,health%20declined%20during%20the%20lockdown. 6 Refugee Action, 'Insights into EU citizens and EUSS, Access to vaccinations and learning in lockdown' Bulletin 08, (2021) https://www.ragp.org.uk/blog/bulletin8. 7 Refugee Support Network 'COVID-19 crisis: emerging impact on young refugees’ education and wellbeing in the UK' Policy Brief, (2020). 8 C. Heeke, N. Stammel, M. Heinrich and C. Knaevelsrud, 'Conflict-related trauma and bereavement: exploring differential symptom profiles of prolonged grief and posttraumatic stress disorder' BMC Psychiatry (2017). 9 UNHCR, 'Supporting continued access to education during COVID-19: Emerging Promising Practices' Issue 2, (2020). 10 UNESCO (n.d.) 'Refugee children are five times more likely to be out of school than others' https://en.unesco.org/news/refu gee-children-are-five-times-more-likely-be-out-school-others]

GLOBAL HEALTH

What Policies Should High-Income Countries Implement to Combat the Impact of Covid-19 on Population Mental Health

by gursharan khera, kunzang selden, Coralie gauVin-bélair, eleanor PaCe

P. 44 - 'Checking Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) in the fight against Ebola' from Flickr by DFID - UK Department for Interna tional Development. Licensed under - CC BY 2.0. P. 46 - 'Mental Health' from Flickr by Kevin Simmons. Licensed under - CC BY 2.0.

1 Global Health Metrics, 'Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 dis eases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017' The Lancet (2018), https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6227754/pdf/main.pdf. 2 World Health Organization 'COVID-19 disrupting mental health services in most countries', WHO survey, (2020), accessed 8 December 2020. https://www.who.int/news/item/05-10-2020-covid-19-disrupting-mental-health-services-inmost-countries-who-survey.

3 Samantha K Brooks, Rebecca K Webster, Louise E Smith, Lisa Woodland, Simon Wessely, Neil Greenberg, and Gideon James Rubin, 'The Psychological Impact of Quarantine and How to Reduce It: Rapid Review of the Evidence' The Lancet, 395 (2020), 912–20. 4 Brett Marroquín,Vera Vine and Reed Morgan, 'Mental Health During The COVID-19 Pandemic: Effects Of Stay-At-Home Policies, Social Distancing Behavior, And Social Resources' Psychiatry Research 293, (2020) 5 Brooks et. al. 'The Psychological Impact of Quarantine'. 6 Jianyin Qiu, Bin Shen, Min Zhao, Zhen Wang, Bin Xie, Yifeng Xu, 'A nationwide survey of pscyhological distress among Chi nese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: implications and policy recommendations' BMJ, (2020). 7 Brooks et. al. 'The Psychological Impact of Quarantine'. 8 Shobhit Kumar Prasad, Aarti Karahda, Priti Singh, and Rajiv Gupta 'Role Of Mental Health Professionals In Dealing With The Stigma Attached To COVID-19' General Psychiatry 33 (5) (2020). 9 Cameron Fox, 'COVID-19 will have longterm effects on mental health. This expert explains how to limit the damage' World Economic Forum, 9October 2020, accessed 8 December 2020, https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/10/covid-19will-have-longterm-effects-on-mental-health-this-expert-explains-how-to-limit-the-damage/. 10 Wellbeing Trust & Robert Graham Center, 'The COVID Pandemic Could Lead to 75,000 Additional Deaths from Alco hol and Drug Misuse and Suicide' Wellbeing Trust (2020), https://wellbeingtrust.org/areas-of-focus/policy-and-advocacy/re ports/projected-deaths-of-despair-during-covid-19/. 11 Brooks et. al. 'The Psychological Impact of Quarantine'. 12 Nirmita Panchal, Rabah Kamal, Kendal Orgera, Cynthia Cox, Rchel Garfiled, Liz Hamel, Ciley Munana, and Priya Chidambaram, 'The Implications of COVID-19 for Mental Health and Substance Use' KFF. Kaiser Family Foundation, (2020) https://www.kff.org/coronavirus-covid-19/issue-brief/the-implications-of-covid-19-for-mental-health-and-s ubstance-use/. 13 'The Impact Of COVID-19 On Mental Health In England' The British Medical Association, (2020), https://www.bma.org.uk/ what-we-do/population-health/mental-health/the-impact-of-covid-19-on-mental-health-in-england. 14 Brooks et. al. 'The Psychological Impact of Quarantine'. 15 Alphonso Lingis, 'The New Fear of One Another' Journal of Bioethical Inquiry 17, (2020), 471-472. 16 Kevin Sikali, 'The dangers of social distancing: How COVID‐19 can reshape our social experience' Wiley Public Health Emer gency Collection (2020). 17 Ibid. 18 Phillipa Roxby, 'Covid: What Is The Mental Health Cost To The Young?' BBC News (2020) https://www.bbc.com/news/ health-54449149. 19 'Impacts Of Lockdown On The Mental Health Of Children And Young People' Mental Health Foundation (2020) https://www. mentalhealth.org.uk/publications/impacts-lockdown-mental-health-children-and-young-people. 20 World Health Organization 'COVID-19 disrupting mental health services'. 21 Lola Kola, 'Global mental health and COVID-19' The Lancet Psychiatry (2020). 22 Ellen Townsend, 'COVID-19 policies in the UK and consequences for mental health' The Lancet Psychiatry (2020). 23 World Health Organization 'COVID-19 disrupting mental health services'. 24 Harvard School of Public Health, 'COVID-19 pandemic may cause long-term mental health issues' Harvard News, (2020), https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/hsph-in-the-news/covid-19-pandemic-may-cause-long-term-mental-health-is sues/. 25 Tessa M. Pollard, 'Changes in mental well-being, blood pressure and total cholesterol levels during workplace reor ganization: The impact of uncertainty', An International Journal of Work, Health & Organisations 15, 1, (2010), 14-28. 26 Syed Z. Iqbal, Benjamin Li, Edor Onigu-Otito, Mohammad Faraz Naqvi and Asim A. Shah, 'The Long-Term Mental Health Effects of COVID-19' Psychiatric Annals 12, 50 (2020), 522-525. 27 Elizabeth Parkin, 'Mental health policy in England', UK Parliament: House of Commons Library (2020), accessed December 2020, https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-7547/. 28 Ibid. 29 NHS Confederation 'Mental health services and COVID-19: preparing for the rising tide', NHS Confederation, (2020), accessed 10 December 2020, https://www.nhsconfed.org/resources/2020/08/mental-health-services-and-covid19-preparingfor-the-rising-tide. 30 Parkin, 'Mental health policy in England'. 31 Frances McKee-Ryan, Zhaoli Song, Connie R. Wanberg, and Angelo J. Kinicki, 'Psychological and physical well-be ing during unemployment: a meta-analytic study' Journal of Applied Psychology 1, 90 (2005), 53-76. 32 David Blutstein, Sliha Kozan and Alice Connors-Kellgren, 'Unemployment and underemployment: A narrative analysis about loss' Journal of Vocational Behavior 82, 3 (2013), 256-265. 33 Matthew L., Goldman, Benjamin G. Druss, Marcela Horvitz-Lennon, Grayson S. Norquist, Kristin Kroeger Ptakowski, Amy Brinkley, Miranda Greiner et al. 'Mental Health Policy in the Era of COVID-19' Psychiatric Services (2020) 34 Ibid. 35 Australian Government Department of Health, 'COVID-19 National Health Plan – Supporting the mental health of Australians through the Coronavirus pandemic' Australian Government Department of Health (2020), accessed December 10, 2020. https://www.health.gov.au/resources/publications/covid-19-national-health-plan-supporting-the-mental-healthof-ausralians-through-the-coronavirus-pandemic.

36 Ontario Newsroom, 'Ontario Increasing Mental Health Support During COVID-19' 2 April 2020, accessed 12 December 2020, https://news.ontario.ca/en/release/56547/ontario-increasing-mental-health-support-during-covid-19. 37 World Health Organization 'COVID-19 disrupting mental health services'. 38 Carmen Moreno, Til Wykes, Silvana Galderisi, Merete Nordentoft, Nicolas Crossley, Nev Jones, Mary Cannon et al. 'How mental health care should change as a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic' The Lancet Psychiatry (2020).

Why do the health inequalities in ethnic minority populations still exist?

by siobhan mCshane, ruPali laV, nadia dohadwala, enya khan, benJamin zuCkerman and Pedra rabiee

P. 48 - Image from Office for National Statistics ‘Updating ethnic contrasts in deaths involving the coronavirus (COVID-19), En gland and Wales: deaths occurring 2 March to 28 July 2020’ (2020). Licensed under - the Open Government Licence v3.0. P. 49 - Image in Robertson, E., Reeve, K.S., Niedzwiedz, C.L., Moore, J., Blake, M., Green, M., Katikireddi, S.V., and Benzeval, M.J., ‘Predictors of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the UK household longitudinal study’ Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 94, (2021), 46. Licensed under - CC BY 4.0. P.51 - Data from Emma Cooper, 'BAME communities under-represented in COVID-19 clinical research' Pharmafield, accessed 16 May 2021, https://pharmafield.co.uk/pharma_news/bame-communities-under-represented-in-covid-19-clinical-research/; S Treweek et al., 'COVID-19 and ethnicity: who will research results apply to?' The Lancet, (2020); MD Witham et al., 'On behalf of the INCLUDE writing group. Developing a roadmap to improve trial delivery for under-served groups: results from a UK multi-stakeholder process', BioMed Central Trials, (2020).

1 'The Equality and Health Inequalities Hub’ NHS England, accessed 11 April 2021, https://www.england.nhs.uk/about/equal ity/equality-hub/. 2 Public Health England, 'Seasonal influenza vaccine uptake in children of primary school age' (2015-2020), accessed 11 April 2021, https://www.gov.uk/search/research-and-statistics?parent=%2F health-and-social-care%2Fhealth- protection-im munisation&topic=43d071e7-a450-4bb6-b34a-c4ed256a226d 3 ‘The health of people from ethnic minority groups in England’, The King’s Fund 17 February 2021, accessed 11 April 2021 https://www.kingsfund.org.uk/publications/health-people-ethnic-minority-groups-england 4 'Factors influencing COVID-19 vaccine uptake among minority ethnic groups', accessed 11 April 2021, https://assets. publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/952716/s0979-factors-influenc ing-vaccine-uptake-minority-ethnic-groups.pdf 5 ‘NHS Race and Health Observatory’, NHS Confederation, accessed 11 April 2021, https://www.nhsconfed.org/networks/ nhs-race-and-health-observatory. 6 S. Van den Broucke 'Why health promotion matters to the COVID-19 pandemic, and vice versa' Health Promot Int, 35(2) (2020) 81-186. 7 'Disparities in the risk and outcomes of COVID-19', Public Health England, August 2020, accessed 11 April 2021, https:// assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/908434/Disparities_in_the_ risk_and_outcomes_of_COVID_August_2020_update.pdf 8 Pebody et al. 'Uptake of pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in at-risk populations in England and Wales 1999–2005' Epidemiology and Infection, 136(3) (2007) 360-369. 9 'Factors influencing COVID-19 vaccine uptake among minority ethnic groups', accessed 11 April 2021, https://assets. publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/952716/s0979-factors-influenc ing-vaccine-uptake-minority-ethnic-groups.pdf 10 M.C. Mills et al. 'COVID-19 vaccine deployment: Behaviour, ethics, misinformation and policy strategies' London: The Royal Society, 21 October 2020, accessed 11 April 2021, https://royalsociety.org/-/media/policy/projects/set-c/set-c-vac cine-deployment.pdf?la=en- GB&hash=43073E5429C87FD2674201CA19280A8E. 11 C Baraniuk, 'Covid-19: How the UK vaccine rollout delivered success, so far', BMJ 372 :n421 (2021). 12 'Survey says 64% of young black people in England are 'vaccine hesitant'', The Guardian, 16 March 2021 accessed 11 April 2021, https://www.theguardian.com/society/2021/mar/16/survey-says-64-of-young-black-people-in-england-arevaccine-hesitant. 13 'Vaccine hesitancy is more likely in young people, women and some ethnic groups' University of Glasgow, 15 March 2021 accessed 11 April 2021, https://www.gla.ac.uk/news/headline_780759_en.html. 14 C. Baraniuk, 'pottCovid-19: How the UK vaccine rollout delivered success, so far', BMJ 372 :n421 (2021). 15 K. Khunti, L Platt, A Routen, and K Abbasi 'Covid-19 and Ethnic Minorities: An Urgent Agenda for Overdue Action. British Medical Journal. 2020 https://doi.org/10. 16 MS Razai, T Osama, DGJ McKechnie, A Majeed, 'Covid-19 vaccine hesitancy among ethnic minority groups' British Medi cal Journal, 26 February 2021, 372, 513. 17 Khunti et al., 'Covid-19 and Ethnic Minorities' 18 Razai et al., 'Covid-19 vaccine hesitancy' 19 G., Iqbal, M. R. D. Johnson, A. Szczepura, A. Gumber, S. Wilson, and J. A. Dunn, 'Ethnicity Data Collection in the UK: The Healthcare Professional’s Perspective' Diversity and Equality in Health and Care 9(4) (2012), 281-290. 20 Ibid. 21 Ibid.

22 Ibid. 23 A. Smart, E Harrison, 'The underrepresentation of minority ethnic groups in UK medical research', Ethnicity and Health (2017) 22, 65–82. 24 'BAME communities under-represented in COVID-19 clinical research' Pharmafield, (2020), accessed 11 April 2021, https://pharmafield.co.uk/pharma_news/bame-communities-under-represented-in-covid-19-clinical-research/ 25 'United Kingdom – ethnicity', Statista (2021), accessed 11 April 2021, https://www.statista.com/statistics/270386/ethnici ty-in-the-united-kingdom/ 26 Razai et al., 'Covid-19 vaccine hesitancy' 27 S. Treweek, NG. Forouhi, KMV Narayan, K. Khunti, 'COVID-19 and ethnicity: who will research results apply to?' The Lan cet 395(10242), (2020), 1955–1957. 28 'Contributing to public health guidance – a guide for the public: Factsheet 1 How NICE develops public health guidance', NICE, (2013) accessed 11 April 2021, https://www.nice.org.uk/media/default/About/NICE-Communities/Public-involve ment/Developing-NICE-guidance/Factsheet-1-contribute-to-developing-public-health-guidance.pdf 29 JB Arlet, JA Ribeil, G Chatellier, D Eladari S. De Seigneux, JC Souberbielle, G. Friedlander, M de Montalembert, J. Pouchot, D Prié, M. Courbebaisse, 'Determination of the best method to estimate glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine in adult patients with sickle cell disease: a prospective observational cohort study' BMC Nephrolology, (2012) 13, 83. 30 D Agoons, E Balti, F Kaze, M Azabji-Kenfack, G Ashuntantang, A Kengne, E Sobngwi, JC Mbanya, 'Performance of three glomerular filtration rate estimation equations in a population of sub-Saharan Africans with Type 2 diabetes' Diabetic Med icine, 33(9) (2015), 1291-1298. 31 MD Witham, E Anderson, C Carroll, PM Dark, K Down, AS Hall, J Knee, R.H. Maier, GA Mountain, G Nestor, L Oliva, SR Prowse, A Tortice, J Wason, L Rochester, 'Developing a roadmap to improve trial delivery for under-served groups: results from a UK multi-stakeholder process' BioMed Central Trials, 21 (2020), 694. 32 Antonio Chiarenza, Marie Dauvrin, Valentina Chiesa, Sonia Baatout, Hans Verrept, ‘Supporting access to healthcare for refugees and migrants in European countries under particular migratory pressure’, BMC Health Services Research 19, no. 513 (2019), accessed 6 April 2021. 33 Doctors of the World, 'An Unsafe Distance: The Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Excluded People in England' (2020), accessed 15 March 2021, https://www.doctorsoftheworld.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/covid19-brief-rna-report. pdf?download=1. 34 Sabrina Germain and Adrienne Yong, ‘Covid-19 highlighting inequalities in access to healthcare in England: A Case Study of Ethnic Minority and Migrant Women’, Feminist Legal Studies 28 (2020), accessed 6 April 2021. 35 Citizens Advice, 'Nowhere to Turn: How immigration rules are preventing people from getting support during the coro navirus pandemic' (2020), accessed 15 March 2021, https://www.citizensadvice.org.uk/Global/CitizensAdvice/Nowhere%20 to%20turn%20briefing.pdf. 36 Vasiliki Papageorgiou, Alexandra Wharton-Smith, Ines Campos-Matos, Helen Ward, ‘Patient data-sharing for immigra tion enforcement: a qualitative study of healthcare providers in England’, BMJ 10, 2 (2020), accessed 6 April 2021. 37 Catherine L. Saunders, Adam Steventon, Barbara Janta, Mai Stafford, Carol Sinnott, Lucinda Allen, Sarah R Deeny, ‘Health care utilization among migrants to the UK: cross-sectional analysis of two national surveys’, Journal of Health Services Re search and Policy, 26 (2020) accessed 6 April 2021. 38 Hannah Crouch, ‘NHS Digital confirms end of patient data sharing with Home Office’, Digital Health 14 November 2018, accessed 15 March 2021. 39 Doctors of the World, 'An Unsafe Distance: The Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Excluded People in England' (2020), accessed 15 March 2021, https://www.doctorsoftheworld.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/covid19-brief-rna-report.pd f?down load=1. 40 Department of Health and Social Care, 'Information sharing with the Home Office for unpaid NHS patient debts: privacy no tice' (2019) accessed 15 March 2021 https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/information-sharing-with-the-home-of fice-for-unpaid-nhs-patient-debts-privacy-notice. 41 J. L., Potter, M. Burman, C. D. Tweed, D. Vaghela, H. Kunst, D. Swinglehurst, C. J. Griffiths, ‘The NHS Visitor and Migrant Cost Recovery Programme – a threat to health?’, BMC Public Health 20 (2020). 42 Vasiliki Papageorgiou, Alexandra Wharton-Smith, Ines Campos-Matos, Helen Ward, ‘Patient data-sharing for immigration en forcement: a qualitative study of healthcare providers in England’, BMJ 10 no. 2 (2020). 43 The Scottish Parliament, 'Hidden Lives – New Beginnings: Destitution, asylum and insecure immigration status in Scotland' (2017), accessed 15 March 2021, https://sp-bpr-en-prod-cdnep.azureedge.net/published/EHRiC/2017/5/22/Hidden-Lives--New-Beginnings--Destitution--asylum-and-insecure-immigration-status-in-Scotland/3rd%20Report.pdf. 44 Homeless Link, 'Supporting people with no recourse to public funds (NRPF): Guidance for homelessness services' (2020), ac cessed 15 March 2021, https://www.homeless.org.uk/sites/default/files/site-attachments/Supporting%20people%20with%20 NRPF%20July20.pdf. 45 ‘Immigration Status and Entitlements’, NRPF Network, accessed 15 March 2021, https://www.nrpfnetwork.org.uk/informa tion-and-resources/rights-and-entitlements/immigration-status-and-entitlements/overview#guide-sections. 46 Citizens Advice, Nowhere to Turn: How immigration rules are preventing people from getting support during the coronavirus pandemic (2020), accessed 15 March 2021, https://www.citizensadvice.org.uk/Global/CitizensAdvice/Nowhere%20to%20. turn%20briefing.pdf.

P. 53 - Image from Unsplash by DocuSign. Licensed under the Unsplash License. P. 54 - Image from Unsplash by Daniel Schludi. Licensed under the Unsplash License. P. 55 - 'Facebook' from Flickr by Book Catalog. Licensed under CC BY 2.0.

1 Samia Tasnim, Md Mahbub Hossain, Hoimonty Mazumder, ‘Impact of Rumors and Misinformation on COVID-19 in So cial Media’ Journal of Preventive Medeicine and Public Health 53(3) (2020), 171-174. 2 Steven Lee Myers, ‘China Spins Tale That the U.S. Army Started the Coronavirus Epidemic’, New York Times, 17 March 2020. 3 Zaria Gorvett, ‘No, drinking water doesn't kill coronavirus’, BBC, 20 March 2020. 4 World Health Organisation, ‘Covid-19 Response’, Directive No. WHA 73.1, 19 May 2020. 5 World Health Organisation, ‘Managing the COVID-19 infodemic: Promoting healthy behaviours and mitigating the harm from misinformation and disinformation’ 23 September 2020. 6 UK Government, ‘Government cracks down on spread of false coronavirus information online’, 30 March 2020. https:// www.gov.uk/government/news/government-cracks-down-on-spread-of-false-coronavirus-information-online 7 King’s College London, ‘Who's least likely to say they'll get a Covid-19 vaccine?’, 9 August 2020 https://www.kcl.ac.uk/news/ whos-least-likely-to-say-theyll-get-a-covid-19-vaccine. 8 Adam Mcdonnell, ‘ How many Britons are willing to take a coronavirus vaccine?’, YouGov, 16 November 2020. https://you gov.co.uk/topics/health/articles-reports/2020/11/16/how-many-britons-are-willing-take-coronavirus-vacc. 9 Richard Fletcher, Antonis Kalogeropoulos, Felix Simon, ‘Information Inequality in the UK Coronavirus Communications Crisis’, Reuters Institute, Oxford University, 23 July 2020, https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/information-inequali ty-uk-coronavirus-communications-crisis. 10 World Health Organization, ‘Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Herd immunity, lockdowns and COVID-19’, 31 December 2020, https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/herd-immunity-lockdowns-and-covid-19. 11 King’s College London, ‘One in three people exposed to Covid anti-vax messages’, 13 December 2020, https://www.kcl. ac.uk/news/one-in-three-people-exposed-to-covid-anti-vax-messages. 12 Sky News, ‘Coronavirus: Government paid reality TV stars to promote NHS Test and Trace’, 30 August 2020, https://news. sky.com/story/coronavirus-government-paid-reality-tv-stars-to-promote-nhs-test-and-trace-12059587. 13 France 24, ‘Red Cross looks to global influencers to fight virus 'infodemic', 5 May 2020. https://www.france24.com/ en/20200505-red-cross-looks-to-global-influencers-to-fight-virus-infodemic.

Bridging the Economic Gap through Digital Literacy

by megan low and medina rahma Putri

P. 57 - 'Isaac's 1pm check-in on WebEX, Liam' from Flickr by Alpha. Licensed under - CC BY-NC 2.0. P. 59 - Image from UNESCO, 'startling digital divides in distance learning emerge', accessed 16 May 2021 https://en.unesco.org/ news/startling-digital-divides-distance-learning-emerge. Licensed as All Rights Reserved but is available for personal, non-commerical use.

1 World Economic Forum, 'Markets Of Tomorrow: Pathways To A New Economy' (2020). 2 World Economic Forum, 'Social Mobility Report 2020' (2020). 3 World Economic Forum, 'The Global Risks Report 2021' (2021), 29-30. 4 European Commission, '2nd Survey Of Schools: ICT In Education' (2019). 5 World Bank, 'COVID-19 Could Lead To Permanent Loss In Learning And Trillions Of Dollars In Lost Earnings' (2021). 6 Ibid. 7 J. Walker et al., 'The Power of Education to Fight Inequality: How increasing educational equality and quality is crucial to fighting economic and gender inequality' Oxfam International (2019), 16. 8 A.R. Pose and V Tselios, 'Education and Income Inequality in the Regions of the European Union' SERC Discussion Paper (11 November 2008), 4. 9 J. Wong, 'The rise of the digital economy and tech-driven inequality: Can the tech revolution be an equaliser instead?' United Nations Economic and social Commission for Asia and the Pacific. Blog, (2020) https://www.unescap.org/blog/rise-digi tal-economy-and-tech-driven-inequality-can-tech-revolution-be-equaliser-instead 10 M.B Tiven et al., 'Evaluating Global Digital Education: Student Outcomes Framework' Global Cities Inc. (2018), 19. 11 'Online learning cannot just be for those who can afford its technology' Nature, 585 (2020), 482. 12 K. Waddell, 'Virtual Classrooms Can Be as Unequal as Real Ones' The Atlantic, (2016). 13 The Economist, 'The pandemic is widening educational inequality (2020), https://www.economist.com/graphic-de tail/2020/07/27/the-pandemic-is-widening-educational-inequality.

14 Ibid. 15 European Commission, 2nd Survey Of Schools: ICT In Education' (2019). 16 Eurostat, 'Digital Economy and Society Statistics - Households and Individuals' (2020). 17 European Commission, 'Remote learning: lessons from COVID-19 and the way forward' (2021), https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/ news/remote-learning-lessons-covid-19-and-way-forward. 18 European Commission, 2nd Survey Of Schools: ICT In Education' (2019). 19 Cheng Yong Tan, Meiyan Lyu, and Baiwen Peng, 'Academic Benefits from Parental Involvement are Stratified by Parental Socioeconomic Status: A Meta-analysis' Parenting, 20 (4), 272-273. 20 Karina Zaiets and Janet Loehrke 'These Online Learning Tips Will Help Parents Prepare For A Successful School Year, Even If It Is Virtual' Usatoday.com, https://www.usatoday.com/in-depth/news/2020/08/06/covid-19-tips-parents-successfulonline-learning-virtual-classes-zoom/3303918001/.