Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects
TS5 - Kwok Yu Hin AA Diploma 1 2014-2015
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects. Introduction
Introduction
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects.
Table of Contents Introduction Project statement Context Case study, Ground as crust Case study, Ground as Plinth object Strategy TS thesis overview
Global scale Thamesmead remasterplan Boundaries, Tabula Rasa Site adaptation Sunken Plinth city Identity Sequence of events
Regional Scale Excavation
Skin of Thamesmead Case study, Excavation Brutalism Roads as Retainment Subterranean and foundation Subterranean movements
Local Scale Basement and foundation
Thicken Ground/Crust typology Testing Walls Construction
Structure and loads Internal spaces Navigation
Case Study, invisible courtyard Typologies Internal build ups Circulation Access and internal spaces
Micro Scale Light Space
Bibliography & References
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Introduction
Terroir.
​
From Terre, “land� is a set of special characteristics that geography, geology, and climate of a place. Its means that it is as a sense of place, with an identity. We can also associate the word with territory, which isolates the private within the public. Regions and territory in which has its very own identity, purpose and differentiation that share a common language. Often we look for land mark but almost never Ground marks, is it possible to make a claim on the ground and treat it as directory. Symbol of an area.
Mosaic. Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects.
[moh-zey-ik] A system of patterns for differentiating the areas of a building or the like, sometimes consisting of purely arbitrary patterns used to separate areas according to function. Overhead views of furnishings and equipment, or other items really included in the building or building plan. In terms of city planning, there could be nothing arbitrary, but a linear adjustment of tiles. Within a similar structure, separate areas according to function to produce domestic or public spaces. The Bigger picture allows programmes to be distributed across in unification.
Sub-terrestrial. [suhb-tuh-res-tree-uh l] Beneath the surface of the ground, but also commonly understood as hidden or secretive. However, the when it is merge into the surface, the terrestrial becomes open, porous and public. W Shared with the land, and it becomes part of the ground scape only extended vertically below.
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Project thesis Address the current lack of city center and unclear infrastructural systems in Thamesmead, London. The fail vision of the GLC modernist resulted in a confusing topologies clustered with faulty architectural
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects.
Introduction
typologies which had almost became follies of the ground.
The current ground scape is confusing, private and public has no boundaries. Thus, the status of the ground had become diminished, something that represents life and freedom was restricted to garages and ornamented greenery in which serves no purpose.
“There is no distinction between earth and building. He advises to build with and not above the earth, because the ground “is a component basic part of the building itself.” Frank Lloyd Wright.
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Thamesmead, 1970-2015
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects. Introduction
200m
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects.
Thamesmead clustered ground spaces
Introduction
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Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects. Introduction
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Removing buildings
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects.
Introduction
Ground removed for Ariadne As in the mythical story of the Ariadne and labyrinth, there is the reality of removing existing building types to make way for access, which provide the freedom and beautiful landscape that is suppose to be occupying the ground, in which Thamesmead provide no such quality at its most fundamental identity.
The first impression of the ground of thamesmead is that the ground is restrict, blocked by the desolate garages as well as privatized once public gardens. The space of maneuvering is diminished and that it was not a free public space.
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Ground clearance for public use
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Ground level cleared of all garages
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects. Introduction
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects.
Thamesmead privatized ground
Introduction
Blake’s Wondering The first impression of the ground of thamesmead is that the ground is restrict, blocked by the desolate garages as well as privatized once public gardens. The space of maneuvering is diminished and that it was not a free public space. “I wander thro’ each charter’d street, Near where the charter’d Thames does flow. And mark in every face I meet Marks of weakness, marks of woe.” London - William Blake. This poem describe the situation then as well as now, it shows that there is a need to free the walk, as well as the ground plane, by depressing the current private spaces into the ground in order to provide the freed ground for the said dancing ground of Ariadne.
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Privatized space as submerged ground
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects. Introduction
Introduction
Technical Studies Thesis Basement and underground infrastructure has always been part of a building fabric, but never being regarded as part of the ground. To define an excavation and foundation system, or sequence to support a building and infrastructural system, both above and in-ground, in which separates the domestic, the ground and the infrastructure in said level.
This Technical study will explore the importance of minimal foundation system. In which saves cost, in excavation, construction material and labour. A “one type fit” all subterranean typology which makes up the new master plan. Considering the specificity of the London Clay, it is important to
This foundation system then evolves in between ground as well as above ground to allow program and piazza space to achieve the “ideal cityscape” in which the original master plan failed to realize. The only way to allow ground access and densification of housing as well as infrastructure is to incorporate the topology with the architecture. The ground itself is objectified in singular with the building.
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects.
identify the different constructional methods of basement construction as well as soil retainment.
The ground as tiles also allows direct access through the building, uniting the architecture, the surface and the basement. Each tile is intent to adjust according to program and spaces in between made available by arrangement. In the shape of a liberated ground floor and a facade free of all structural load.
These factors will help the buildings adapt to the open spaces that surround them within the larger linear scheme as per a corridor in many Palladian schemes.
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Cretto di Burri, 1984-89
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects. Introduction
3500m
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects.
Ground ruins
Introduction
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Climat De France, Alger, 1975
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects. Introduction
Introduction
8m
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects.
10m
Climat De France (200 Columns) Oued Koriche, Algiers, Algeria 1957
Architect: Fernand Pouillon Type: Court Yard Vernacular. Summary. Part of Pouillon’s master plan in Alger. The 200 columns stationed as a court yard. Also acting as the informal town center, it today is transformed into a vernacular courtyard which is made up of housing, shops, and internalized piazza. The internal colonnade is a way of unifying the some what irregular program within. It logically divided up the interior and the exterior, adding depth to the court yard which is both the inside and the outside. i. ii. iii. iv.
Shifting datum. Subtle shift in exterior and interior Material categorizes space. Architecture Framed by linearity. hard landscape as focus of control.
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Differentiated housing typology
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects. Introduction
Sequences section
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects.
Introduction
Stages of excavation and rebuilding
1.demolition 2. Define new boundary 3. Sheet pile 4,excavation 5. Lay new concrete basement raft 6. Place gravity walls 7. Construct detachable architecture 8. Remove sheet pile and relocate when soil settled
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Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects. Global Scale
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Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects.
Isometrics of basement sequence
Global Scale
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Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects. Introduction
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Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects.
Introduction
Basements constructed as a slab
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Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects. Global Scale
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Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects.
Global Scale
Basements construction sequence
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Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects. Global Scale
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Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects.
Global Scale
Basements construction sequence model
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Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects. Global Scale
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Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects.
Global Scale
Global Scale . Thamesmead remasterplan Boundaries, Tabula Rasa Site adaptation Sunken Plinth city Identity Sequence of events
“Aerial III� Jananne Al-Ani 2011
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Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects. Global Scale
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Overall sequences plan
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects.
Global Scale
50m
50m
Existing Water bodies Sheet pile perimeter Gravity block (as part of road)
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London clay on Thamesmead shoreline
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects. Regional Scale -Excavations
Thamesmead Clay by the River Thames
Regional Scale -Excavations
2
1 +0.2m 0.3 1.2 WS SWL
Made ground (clinker and rubble)
6.1
+0.5m SWL 0.3 WS 1.5 Made ground 0.6 (clinker and rubble)
very soft grey organic clay with decaying vegetation
6.7
8.2 WS
8.5 WS 6.1
medium compact gravel and sand
1.2 15.8m
very soft grey organic clay with decaying vegetation
very compact fine grey sand
medium compact gravel and sand
6.4
1.2
very compact fine grey sand
Thamesmead surface geology
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects.
15.8m
0.3 1.83
3.35
1.83
6.4
+4.0
top soil firm to still becoming soft mottled clay brown organic clay very soft fibered grey brown clay
0.49
+4.0
fill (croncrete)
2.13 1.83
firm to stiff becoming soft brown silty sandy clay with traces of peat black peat
black peat clay 6.71
medium dense sandy fine to medium gravel
0.91
medum dense greygreen clayey fine sand
medium dense sandy fine to course gravel 1.52
2.74
4.88
dense grey fine sand with fine to medium gravel
soft to medium grey clay with layers or pockets of fine sand
very dense grey fine sand
very dense grey fine sand with occasional layers or pockets of sandy soil
Surface geology. Superficial deposits are the youngest geological deposits formed during the most recent period of geological time, the Quaternary, which extends back about 2.6 million years from the present. They rest on older deposits or
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rocks referred to as bedrock. Alluvium - Clay, Silty, Peaty, Sandy. Superficial Deposits formed up to 2 million years ago in the Quaternary Period. Local environment previously dominated by rivers. These rocks were formed from rivers depositing mainly sand and gravel detrital material in channels to form river terrace deposits, with fine silt and clay from over-bank floods forming floodplain alluvium, and some bogs depositing peat; includes estuarine and coastal plain deposits mapped as alluvium. For reason unknown, although London clay is not the most moist, but it provides much more upward force than other marsh. Therefore the decision of a raft construction was made.
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Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects.
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A
Scaled 1:5000 @ 700x594
New Re-master planning grid
Global Scale
A
Retaining boundary
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects.
Global Scale
Remasterplanning
While removing the buildings, making space and raveling the existing ground plane, that is not enough, as per using the existing line as the tile for reference, boundary to the new excavation and down towards lower levels.
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Birds eye view of model
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects. Global Scale
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects.
Tile grid adaption
Global Scale
190m
100m
71m
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Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects. Regional Scale -Excavations
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Regional Scale
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects.
Regional Scale -Excavations
Excavations
. Skin of Thamesmead Case study, Excavation Brutalism Roads as Retainment Subterranean and foundation Subterranean movements
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Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects. Regional Scale -Excavations
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Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects.
Sequences retainment and excavation
Regional Scale -Excavations
50m
50m
Existing Water bodies Sheet pile perimeter Gravity block (as part of road)
The Road is made up of plunge columns in which a width is excavated and filled with concrete, these also act as retaining wall for further basement excavations
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Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects.
Lignite mine Welzow- bagger chain excavators
Regional Scale -Excavations
Lignite mine WelzowThe whole operation churns slowly towards the left. The earth is removed in layers by different types of shovel, beginning with the rotary bucket excavator visible on the horizon on the left. The overburden is shuttled via conveyor belts around the perimeter of the mine to the right side.
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Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects.
Excavators machinery
Regional Scale -Excavations
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Diaphragm wall as road and tanking divider
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects. Regional Scale -Excavations
Regional Scale -Excavations
Permanent retainment. Solider pile 1. Increased construction alignment flexibility, 2. Increased wall stiffness compared to sheet piles, 3. Can be installed in difficult ground (cobbles/boulders), 4. Less noisy construction.
Permanent solutions
1. Vertical tolerances may be hard to achieve for deep piles, 2. Total waterproofing is very difficult to obtain in joints, 3. Increased cost compared to sheet pile walls.
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects.
Disadvantages
Diaphragm wall. 1. Diaphragm (Structural) Wall Applications, 2. Earth retention walls for deep excavations, basements, and tunnels, 3. High capacity vertical foundation elements, 4. Retaining wall-foundations, 5. Retaining wall-water control, 6. Used in top-down construction method as permanent basement walls. Disadvantage 1. High cost, 2. Bentonite slurry and soil-bentonite slurries are able to withstand chemical attacks from the in-situ, 3. Soils, therefore hight cost in survey, 4. Equipment cost, 5. Heavy machinery, 6. Minimal mobility, 7. Poor quality control.
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Road excavation
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects. Regional Scale -Excavations
Road as a casted entity
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects.
Regional Scale -Excavations
Road as in-situ casted retainment In the sequence model, i explored the possibility of excavating the road as an entire entity and us it act as further retainment to the basements that were yet to be dug. This then allows temporary sheet piling to be removed after casting.
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Street level view of plinth
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects. Regional Scale -Excavations
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects.
Road as a single entity
8m
1.5m
Regional Scale -Excavations
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Temporary retainment - Sheet piling
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects. Regional Scale -Excavations
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects.
Temporary retainment - Sheet piling
Regional Scale -Excavations
Temporary retainment http://www.deepexcavation.com/en/diaphragm-walls-slurry-walls
Sheet piling with ties or retainment 1. Provides high resistance to driving stresses, 2. Light weight, 3. Can be reused on several projects, 4. Long service life above or below water with modest protection., 5. Easy to adapt the pile length by either welding or bolting, 6. Joints are less apt to deform during driving. Disadvantages 1. Sections can rarely be used as part of the permanent structure, 2. Installation of sheet piles is difficult in soils with boulders or cobbles. In such cases, the desired wall depths may not be reached, 3. Excavation shapes are dictated by the sheet pile section and interlocking elements, 4. Sheet pile driving may cause neighborhood disturbance, 5. Settlements in adjacent properties may take place due to installation vibrations.
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Sheet piling - anchor test
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects. Regional Scale -Excavations
Testing without anchor
Testing with anchor
Trench stability
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects.
Regional Scale -Excavations
Slope safety factor F=CuLar/Wd =65x18.9x12.1/1330*4.5 =2.48 Assuming that - 45 degree slope is excavated to 8m with saturated clay of unit weight 19kN.m3; Relevant shear strength parameters are Cu= 65 kN/ m2 and = 0 Centroid of ABCD is 4.5m from O, angel AOC is 89.5 radius OC is 12.1m. The arc length ABC is calculated as 18.9m Therefore - F=CuLar/Wd =65x18.9x12.1/1330*4.5 =2.48
This angle is the critical force in which a slope could hold itself, with excavation, we can observe an angle in which the forces could be counteracted if the wall angle is made of the same angle in the opposite direction, although prior to that, a sheet pile is necessary.
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Earth compaction
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects. Regional Scale -Excavations
Excavation process
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects.
Regional Scale -Excavations
Excavation Using the model, I was able to retain and excavation, showing the process of excavation and retainment method named with the above examples.
Local retainment, sheet piling Both before casting and excavating, it is necessary to sheet pile into the ground of however deep the basement are, in order to temporarily maintain the soil’s stability before it become further saturated. Also after excavation, a process called dredging the soil is necessary, as well as compacting it and making it even for the foundation to be pour with the raft constructed.
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Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects. Local scale - Foundation
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Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects.
Local scale - Foundation
Local scale Basements/Foundations
. Thicken Ground/Crust typology Walls
Basement tanking strategies
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Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects. Local scale - Foundation
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Sequence plan - basements
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects.
Local scale - Foundation
50m
50m
Basement Neighborhood perimeter Out of site Gravity block (as part of road)
After initial excavation, before the soil become its plastic state, the basement floor will be cast, to prevent the upward force of the soil. Then the walls or intermediate retaining walls. This way we can excavate without further retainment or worry about the soil movement. Also essentially each neighborhood has its own basement and that all vertical moment are equal.
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Local scale - Foundation
Cultural center/ youth facilities.
Residential, education.
Civic.
Residential ring
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects.
Typicality programme made up
Arts and Theater.
Labyrinth.
Governmental
Infrastructural
Mixed used
Typologies in a typical symmetrical grid. City center surrounded by residential.
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Residential mixed used.
Museum/ green.
1.
5.
2.
6.
3.
7.
4.
8.
Thicken ground/Crust types.
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects.
Subterranean crusts
Local scale - Foundation
The importance of basement is that it provide the inhabitants above an alternate space for living, storages and privacies. There are many types of basements, in which each and every single one require different method of building because of its weight and shape. Fenestration Arrangement. 1.
Chamber
2.
Atrium
3.
Elevation
4.
Penetration
Ground Surface Relationship. 5.
Sub-grade
6.
Bermed (earth covered)
7.
Bermed (no earth of roof)
8.
Hillside
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Local scale - Foundation
8.2
1
W.T. 17.5m
9.3 3
4
Lateral earth pressure
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects.
2
Depth = 17.5m Clay unit weight = 13 kn/m3 Saturated clay weight = 17 Kn/m3 Angle = 32.21 a) Ka= 1-sin32.21/1+sin32.32 =0.1674 Pa= 0.5Ka y H2 = 0.5*0.1674*13*17.5*17.5 =333.23 kn/m b) the pressure distribution on the wall - component thrust 1.) .5*0.1675*13*8.2=8.92 2.)0.1674*13*8.2*9.3=165.96 3.) 0.1674*035*(17-9.8)*9.3*9.3 = 52.12 4.) 0.5*9.8-9.3*9.3=423.8 Total = 650.8 kn/m
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Permanent retainment, wall and floor Previously, i talked about sheet piling as a temporary means of retain-
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects.
Permanent retainment
Local scale - Foundation
ment, however, a long term retainment is needed. In the following experiments, I found that the thicker the wall, the closer it broke at the point of the base, as this was a result of over tensioning and causing the snap. In conclusion, it was not idea to use a in-situ tank, but rather retained by sheet, and then replace by a gravity wall which allow each basement to counteract their own weights. Retaining walls are structures designed to restrain soil to unnatural slopes. They are used to bound soils between two different elevations The kink on the diagram on the left shows the change in force at the water table, as the soil is wet, it has a high density, thus a greater force. In the next few pages, I did some experiment on the reaction of soil when it is being loaded, as well as the effect on basement in which that is the condition. Especially the horizontal forces, acting not only on the wall but also the basement wall, if it was a complete tank in comparison to a detached wall and floating slab condition.
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Bearing capacity and deformation of soil upon load
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects. Local scale - Foundation
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects.
Bearing capacity and deformation of soil upon load
Local scale - Foundation
Soil reaction to load Through jelly, we can see the behavior of a malleable soil, and how it react to downward soil forces, such as the basement raft subjected to load. As predicted the edge where the basement connect to the soil would be sunken into the ground and create a budging. However the first test was not very accurate, as the depth and width of the jelly was not large enough, which would need to be 4 times the size of the loaded object.
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Bearing capacity and deformation of soil upon load
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects. Local scale - Foundation
The bearing capacity of these soil could be variable depending on water content
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects.
Bearing capacity and deformation of soil upon load
Local scale - Foundation
Bearing Capacity Foundation settlement is the shifting of the foundation (and the structure built upon it) into the soil. This can cause damage to the structure, whether the soil is moist or dry is central to predicting the amount of settlement to expect in a given foundation. Areas with moist soils will have more foundation settlement than dry areas. The idea is that as water is squeezed out of the soil, the structure will shift according to the empty spaces the water left. The more water, the more shift. On the left is a 2nd version of the jelly test which once again shows the bulging but more clearly. As well as the tilting of foundation due to uneven loading.
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Gravity wall, bending moments
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects. Local scale - Foundation
Rectangular
Concave
Convex
Anchor wall
Gravity wall
Cantilever wall
Soil cantilever wall
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects.
Gravity wall types and stresses
Local scale - Foundation
In-situ concrete basement tanking I realized that the in-situ is not an idea option while doing the wall experiment, I found that the thicker the wall, the closer it broke at the point of the base, as this was a result of over tensioning and causing the snap. In conclusion, it was not idea to use a in-situ tank, but rather retained by sheet, and then replace by a gravity wall which allow each basement to counteract their own weights. Retaining walls are structures designed to restrain soil to unnatural slopes. They are used to bound soils between two different elevations.
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Gravity as horizontal soil forces
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects. Local scale - Foundation
Load testing method
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects.
Local scale - Foundation
Experiment explanation For this test, I have selected a section of the supposed basement tank and clamped it at a 90 degrees rotation, using weights and gravity I simulated the effect of horizontal forces against the basement wall. The result would be recorded at the moment of snapping. Thus seeing different shape and angle would provide better soil retainment, and if it is better to have an in-situ basement tank or detached raft and wall build up.
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Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects. Local scale - Foundation
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Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects.
Local scale - Foundation
Results Test 1, MDF 90° 3mm - 1100g 90° 6mm - 2330g 90° 9mm (bonded)- 4750g
Results Test 2, MDF 95° 3mm - 1300g 95° 6mm - 2750g 95° 9mm (bonded) - 5000g Test conclusion As a result of glue binding, as well as the structure of MDF itself, the tests concluded that as they all broke at the joints. However the result still show that the greater the angle the stronger it is.
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Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects. Local scale - Foundation
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Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects.
Local scale - Foundation
Results Test 3, MDF 100째 3mm - 1500g 100째 6mm - 2850g 100째 9mm (bonded) - 5260g
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Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects. Local scale - Foundation
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Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects.
Local scale - Foundation
Results Test 4, Casted plaster 10mm Straight walls 90° - 4520g 95° - 5600g 100° - 6330g 105° - 7680g Test conclusion
Results Test 5, Casted plaster 10mm - Concaved wall
90° - 4000g 95° - 4950g 100° - 3740g 105° - 3740g Test conclusion
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Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects. Local scale - Foundation
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Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects.
Local scale - Foundation
Results Test 6, Casted plaster 15mm Concave wall 90째 - 12040g 95째 - 12200g 100째 - 12040g 105째 - 8420g Test conclusion The plaster better simulate the condition of a concrete in-situ tanks, However, i found that the because of the brittle quality of the structure, the capability of with standing load actually decrease at 100 degree, therefore it was optimum to keep the wall below 100 degrees.
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Raft foundation
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects. Local scale - Foundation
Raft foundation
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects.
Local scale - Foundation
Slab raft Slab raft would be ideal as the movement of soil as well as water level in thamesmead is fluctuating. Therefore the slab allows the structure to be flexible. Also by casting the slab as soon as excavation, allows the soil to retain its current state and reduce movement while awaiting construction.
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Pouring the foundations
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects. Local scale - Foundation
Pouring the foundations
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects.
Local scale - Foundation
Pouring In the sequence model, the MDF acted as the float, and the re-bar, and plaster is the reinforced concrete mix. While pouring however, the mdf started floating casing that grid appearing. However, it seems successful as a model to show the concept.
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Inserting wall - Model
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects. Local scale - Foundation
Local scale - Foundation
Wall party line
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects.
2. 3. 4.
500mm
Inserting wall - Details
1.
5. 6. 7. 8.
Walls placement The gravity walls are places in accordance to the edge condition, as they need to support the most amount of weight (soil coming from the rest of thamesmead, in the interior neighborhood condition, these are retained by anchored walls.(See section drawing on pg 107). Above also shows the typical wall to raft foundation joint detail, which is casted on loose gravel and a waterproof membrane. 1. Gravity wall 2. Timber/ gypsum board 3. Insulation 4. Waterproof membrane 5. Flexible waterproof joint 6. Reinforcement bars 7. Monolith cores 8. Metal angle
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Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects. Local scale - Construction
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Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects.
Local scale - Construction
Local scale Construction
. Structure and loads Internal spaces
Underpinning and excavation of a basement
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Replacement strategy
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects. Local scale - Construction
Replacement strategy
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects.
Local scale - Construction
Industrial
Civic/ residential.
Objectifying The architecture is made objectified when its structure has been detached from the walls, making it as light weight as possible, this way the underground would not be a space that is clustered up with heavy and clumsy structures. In between structural walls, would be where the services be lay, and to refer back to the large earth model, that these are pre-cast before the excavation of the basement volume.
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1. Carbon steel
2. Glass reinforced concrete
3. Toughen glass (6mm)
Walls
Windows
Apartment modules
Area =1524 x 65.5
Area =85.11 x 120
9.2 m3x120 (units)=
=9956 m2
=10213.2 m2
1104m3/2 (hollow tubes)
Weight
Weight
Volume = 552 m3
9956 x 1.888 = 18796.92 kn
10213.2 x 16
Structure
Internal floor slabs
=163411.2 kg
146.9 m3/2
Area =77.65 x 120
=1602.52 kn
73.5m3
=9318 m2
Balustrades
Weight
Area =5.2 x 120 = 624 m2
9956 x 1.888 = 17592.38 kn
Weight
Stairs
624 x 16
Total Weight
Area = 9.91 x 120
= 9984 kg
7850 x 625.5= 4910175 kg
1189.2m2
= 97.9 kn
=48152.4 kn
Weight
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects.
552+73.5 = 625.5m3
1189.2 x 1.888 = 2245.21 kn
Total weight 1602.52 + 97.9 kn
Total weight
= 1700.42 kn
18796.92+17592.38+2245.21 = 38634.51 kn
4. Hollow core concrete
5. Gypsum board
Concrete and cobble
(25mm)
92
6. Ground slab
Area = 2783.5 x 8
Area = 233.63 x 120
Area = 28981.3
=22238 m2
= 26835.6m2
Weight
Weight
~28981.3 x 3.66
Total Weight
26835.6 x 14
~106071.558
3.66 x 22268
= 375698.4kg
x 2 (tolerance)
=81500.88 kn
= 3684.34 kn
=212143.11 kn
Building weight
Local scale - Construction
Local scale - Construction
1.
2
5.
3.
Typical weight of an apartment block
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects.
Prefab residential units
4.
Large tile - 134m x 210m Materials Live Loads Apartments ~ 2 kn/m2 Area = 8 floors x 6376.9 m2 each = 51015.2 kn Offices ~ 3 kn/m2 = 76522.8 kn Public/workshop/Hospital ~ 5 kn/m2 = 127538 kn Dead loads 1. Carbon steel - 7850 kg/m3 2. Glass reinforced concrete - 1.88 kn/m2 3. Toughen glass (6mm) - 16 kg/m2 4. Hollow core Concrete (25mm) - 3.66 kn/m2 5. Gypsum board (15mm) - 1.88 kn/m2 Total load 51015.2+48152.4+81500.88+ 38634.51+1700.42+3684.34+212143.116 = 435300.866 kn
93
94
In ground structure
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects. Local scale - Construction
435300.866 kn
Local scale - Construction
6045.85kn
a
In ground structural calculations
1
2
b
3
1
b/2
3
2 2
g
4
4
5
h
6
c/2
5
6
6
7
8
9
8
j
b/2
6045.85kn
d
7
i
5
6045.85kn
c
4
g
a
6045.85kn
10
k
11
l
c/2
e
8
9
9
10
10
f
13
m
d/2
8
12
14
n
11
12
12
13
17
p
18
q
e/2
e/2
11
16
15
o
d/2
6045.85kn
13
f/2
14
14
15
15
16
16
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects.
6045.85kn 6045.85kn
f/2
17
17 18
3
h
i
j
* Diagonal element Angle - 32.21 Versicle force - 6045.85 X= b/cos A =6045.85/cos 32.21 X= 7145.55 kn
k
l
*** Horizontal element a2+b2=c2 b= √ (c2-a2) b= √ 14506582.58 b= 3808.75 kn
m
n
o
Therefore vertical (@ 32.21) = Y+X Vertical = 6045.85+6045.85 Vertical = 12091.7 kn(@ 32.21) **Vertical angle (edge condition) @ 45 X= 7145.55 x cos 45 X= 5052.67 kn Therefore vertical (@45) =Y+X Vertical = 5052.67+6045.85 Vertical = 11098.52 kn Therefore that the force is less the greater the angle, but also decreases the length. but that also mean the in-situ joint is higher, and that this join could also act as a support to the interior basement walls.
q
Truss Splitting the truss into different elements.
Double span 2x the horizontal ** Vertical angle (edge condition) @ 32.21 X= 7145.55 x cos 32.21 X= 6045.85 kn
p
y y = 2000mm Therefore the force = 2000/19751.17*6045.84kn = 0.1012*6045.84kn =612.20 kn The diagonal force = a2+b2=c2 =58401095.09 =c2 = c=7642.06 The force is divided by 2 =3821.03 kn The end node take noticeable more forces that structures in the middle Therefore we can see that the forces are moved to the end. Thus that joint need reinforcing. The higher the node the weaker it is, as shown in the test later Then that node must be place either on solid ground or an in situ joint. These calculation also applies to the architecture above.
435300.866 kn/72 (points of contacts) =6045.85kn 1. ** 2. *7145 kn 3. 6045.85 kn 4. *7145 kn 5. *7145 kn 6. 6045.85 kn 7. *7145 kn 8.*7145 kn 9. 6045.85 kn 10.*7145 kn 11. *7145 kn 12. 6045.85 kn 13. *7145 kn 14. *7145 kn 15. 6045.85 kn 16. *7145 kn 17. *7145 kn 18.**
a. 3808.75 kn b. 7617.5 kn c. 7617.5 kn d. 7617.5 kn e. 7617.5 kn f. *** g. 3808.75 kn h. 3808.75 kn i. 3808.75 kn j. 3808.75 kn k. 3808.75 kn l. 3808.75 kn m. 3808.75 kn n. 3808.75 kn o. 3808.75 kn p. 3808.75 kn q. 3808.75 kn
95
Local scale - Construction
96
Type 2
Type 3
Type 1&3. Long node
Type 1&3. No node
Type 2. Long node
Type 2. No node
Structural node test
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects.
Type 1
Type 1&3. No node
Type 2. Long node
Type 2. No node
Structural node test
Type 1&3. Long node
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects.
Local scale - Construction
With load.
Forces at the nodes As the design required a node in which elevates the structure to detach it from the ground slabs, it was necessary to look at the forces acting on it. Through these test, I studied the strength of each type with the same angles, but showing that with the node, the structures are weaker. And that is indicated with the breakage point, with node at the base, the structure tent to break at the base, otherwise it snaps at the straight component, as that node acted as a junction of both vertical and horizontal forces, instead of spreading it into the ground.
97
98
Type 1&3. Long node
Type 1&3. No node
Type 2. Long node
Type 2. No node
Structural node test
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects.
Local scale - Construction
Structural node test
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects.
Local scale - Construction
Test result Type 1&3. Long node 8.6kg Type 1&3. No node 9.7kg Type 2. Long node 10.03kg Type 2. No node 17.31kg
The results showed that where the node is directly in contact with the ground provided much more stability,, as well as looking at the breaking point, we can see that the forces must directly be in contact with the ground. therefore it was my decision to cast the node at the end points directionally with the ground or floor slabs, to provide the same profile as the rest of the structure. But providing the necessary stability.
99
100
Structural node location
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects. Local scale - Construction
A.
B.
Local scale - Construction
2.
250mm
1.
3. 4. 5.
A. 5.
6.
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects.
7.
500mm
Structural node details
1.
8. 9.
B.
Structural connections As the test result clearly shows that the longer note cases problem at the joints as all the forces lands on that change in angle, the above detail shows the footing node being part of the ground slab structure, with the forces ending and spread into the ground itself. A. Structure at floor to floor level B. Structure node in-situ to raft slab, or structural slabs 1. Raised floor 2. Hollow Core concrete 3. Bolts and flange 4. Ceiling panels 5. Square section structural columns 6. Node joint 7. Reinforcement bars 8. Waterproof membrane 9. Raft slab concrete
101
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects. Local scale - Navigation
102
Local scale
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects.
Local scale - Navigation
Navigation
. Case Study, invisible courtyard Typologies Internal build ups Circulation Access and internal spaces
103
104
The Invisible house
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects. Local scale - Navigation
Pierre d’Avoine Architects
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects.
Local scale - Navigation
Invisible house, Pierre d’Avoine Architects This is an experimental house buried in the ground around an open courtyard on a suburban back garden site in London, which offers a means of densifying suburban areas without encroaching on existing neighbors. It was designed as an antidote to the mono culture of suburban development, offering a response to changing patterns of life. The internal layout is conceived as flexible open space which can be easily reconfigured during the lifespan of the building. The design evolved as part of a programme of research on the inter-war suburb in Britain and has been widely exhibited and published. -Extract, Pierre d’Avoine architects
105
106
Mary Miss’s 1977–1978 Perimeters/Pavilions/Decoys
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects. Local scale - Navigation
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects.
Mary Miss’s 1977–1978 Perimeters/Pavilions/Decoys
Local scale - Navigation
Mary Miss’s 1977–1978 Perimeters/Pavilions/Decoys “Toward the center of the field there is a slight mound, a swelling in the earth, which is the only warning given for the presence of the work. Closer to it, the large square face of the pit can be seen, as can the ends of the ladder that is needed to descend into the excavation. The work itself is thus entirely below grade: half atrium, half tunnel, the boundary between outside and in, a delicate structure of wooden posts and beams. The work, Perimeters, Pavilions, Decoys, 1978, by Mary Miss, is of course a sculpture or, more precisely, an earthwork.” - Described by Rosalind Krauss
107
108
Luoyang underground village
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects. Local scale - Navigation
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects.
Luoyang underground village
Local scale - Navigation
Luoyang underground village The underground dwellings, sunk into the Loess silt near Luoyang in northern China, are a radical example of how the element of Earth created the culture of a civilization and thus sustained a lasting society. With this grant we hope to understand how the underground dwelling culture, in its response to nature, sustained itself through the process of making, experiencing, and maintaining the local vernacular architecture. This is due to the lack of building material as well as extreme temperature difference, as underground structure has very good insulation properties.
109
110
Hierarchical plan with materials
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects. Global Scale
Building materials
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects.
Global Scale
Materials & functions The hard landscape of the structure almost always immediately indicate the use of the said building . the material also indicates cost (quality) and life span (purpose length) of the infrastructures as well as the statues or importance. Concrete Stone Ceramics Masionery Timber Metal Glass Plastics Synthetics
111
112
Half submerged underground car park (ground access, for office only
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects. Local scale - Navigation
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects.
Fragmented models showing relationship between the in ground and above
Local scale - Navigation
Access
To become submerge, one must be able to access, from the street, the isometric above illustrates the possible access to the subterranean landscape, in which lighting becomes a second very important factor of living. Windows and cuts on the Ground slab provides way of access for sunlight, while still being very much a plinth of the ground.
113
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects.
114 1.
2.
3.
Ground and datum levels
Local scale - Construction
Local scale - Construction
1.
2.
Ground and datum levels
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects.
3.
Levels In the between conditions, the walls are not gravity wall but anchored construction in which filled with earth as well as services. Through the drawing on the left as well as the sequences model, I learn the difference between the levels and its materiality, which directly contrast each other. 1. Living 2. Public 3. Private The following pages explores the typological differences in plan and in forms of a fragmented isometric drawing, identifying the datum as well as the subterranean spaces.
115
116
Plan- Residential threshold
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects. Local scale - Navigation
Typical residential threashold
Fragment of residential threshold
datum datum
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects.
Local scale - Navigation
Typical residential threashold
Scaled 1:200
117
118
Plan- commercial threshold
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects. Local scale - Navigation
Typical office threashold
Fragment of commercial threshold
datum datum
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects.
Local scale - Navigation
Typical office threashold
Scaled 1:125
119
120
Plan- mixed use threshold
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects. Local scale - Navigation
Typical mixed use threashold
datum
datum
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects.
Fragment of Mixed used threshold
Local scale - Navigation
Typical office threashold vs typical residential threashold
Scaled 1:125
121
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects. Local scale - Navigation
122
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects.
Micro scale
Micro Scale .
Light
Space
123
124
Telcel Theatre, Mexico City, Mexico
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects. Micro scale
Ensamble Studio, Spain
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects.
Micro scale
Telcel Theatre Mexico City, Mexico Ensamble Studio, Spain “The Dovela (Keystone) is an air stone, the “Sun Stone.” The Aztec Architecture refers to the intangible constantly. However it does so using elements of imposing physicality. The pyramids, as material eruptions, show a great constructive, social, urban and symbolic splendor in the Mexican culture. And in the neighboring Mayan culture, the cenotes are geomorphological structures, where the sacred is the excavated space, open to light and rain.
125
126
Olafur Eliasson - River Bed-2014
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects. Micro scale
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects.
Olafur Eliasson - River Bed-2014
Micro scale
Olafur Eliasson Riverbed, 2014 “Since the beginning of the collaboration it has been clear that a solo exhibition of Eliasson’s work at Louisiana would inevitably be a radical, site-specific exhibition dealing with the reality of the museum as an institution and physical locality,” said a statement from the museum. “Movement through the space at Humblebaek has always been at the heart of the experience – the architects have made sure of that, and Eliasson wishes to profile this as the most important feature in Louisiana.” -Artist words. Details Materials Water, blue basalt, wood, steel, foil, hose, pumps, cooling unit
127
128
Light access - Plinth level
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects. Micro scale
Roof light, Plinth level
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects.
Micro scale
Light assess at perimeter
One of the struggle of living underground, or to be associated with the life of a subterranean, is that light, cannot penetrate the capping ceiling. These studies aim to look briefly at the quality of life brought fourth by simple manipulation of the ground above. At the perimeter of the plinth would let light in as well as lightwells on the ceiling which connects to the ground slab. Which with artificial lights would illuminates the interior of the basement with ambiance.
129
130
Light access analysis
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects. Micro scale
Light render studies
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects.
Micro scale
Light access studies
The four studies above look at the effect of the single lightweight, as well as the removal of the elevation wall, as shown on the render at the page after, which is at street level. Which also by ecotech analysis show very little interior light gain as the perimeter is simply not larger enough to let light through, therefore i looked at alternative light well methods.
131
132
Light access analysis
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects. Micro scale
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects.
Light render studies
Micro scale
133
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects. Conclusion
134
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects.
Conclusion
Allan Wexler
135
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects. Conclusion
136
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects.
Conclusion
137
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects. Reference
138
Reference
Bibliography and references Geology 1. http://www.bgs.ac.uk/ 2. http://www.groundwateruk.org/Rising_Groundwater_in_Central_London.aspx
Excavation and retainment 3. Soil mechanics , R.F. Craig ,pg184,187, 233,379 4. http://coalscapes.com/excavation/#.VPsCGvmsWSq 5. http://geo.citg.tudelft.nl/allersma/excompr.avi
Foundation 6. Foundation design and construction, MJ Tomlinson 7. Underground space design, Raymond L. Sterling, John Carmondy 8. Underground Infrastructures; planning, design and construction, R.K.Goel, Bhawani Singh, Jian Zhao 9. Theory and Practice of foundation design, M. N. SOM, S. C. DAS pg 177 -178 10. http://environment.uwe.ac.uk/geocal/foundations/founbear.htm - bearing capacity 11. http://environment.uwe.ac.uk/geocal/foundations/Fountype.htm 12. http://multicivil.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/history-of-raft-foundation.html 14. http://www.soilvision.com/gallery.php?tag=54&prod=3&tab=1v 15. http://www.ipaustralia.com.au/applicant/neumann-steel-pty-limited/patents/AU1999017324/
Materials 16. Construction Materials Manual, Hegger Auch-schwelk Fuchs Rosenkranz 17. http://www.scottsdalesteelframes.com/faq/ 18. http://www.coltman.co.uk/floors-hw.htm
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects.
13. https://www.rhs.org.uk/advice/profile?PID=179 - soil type
19. https://framecad.com/getmedia/9cb414cb-dc66-4972-ad23-93a3ddafa184/FRAMECAD-TECHNICAL-GYPSUM-GUIDE.aspx/
Structure 20. Understanding Structure 21. Structures or why things don’t fall down, J.E.Gordon
Tutors Miraj Ahmed Martin Jameson . Javier Castanon Martin Hagemann David Illingworth Nacho Marti Federico Montella Yasaman Mousavi Amin Sadeghy
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140
Subterranean Terroir Architecture as tiled objects.