Prison break KIRSTY GORDON
#2 DESIGN FEASIBILITY
contents
Feasibility: Prison Break
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Introduction ...pg 6,7
The Brief ...pg 8,9
Building Analysis ...pg 10,11
Breakdown of space within a Prison ...pg 12,13
Schedule of Accomodation ...pg 14,15
Block Plans ...pg 16,17
Location ...pg 18,19
About Brooklyn ...pg 20,21
Contributors & Partner ...pg 22,23
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10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Surveys, Permits & Approvals ...pg 24,25
Zoning ...pg 26,27
Timescale...pg 28,29
Fees...pg 30,31
Specialists...pg 32,33
Costs & Stages...pg 34,35
Procurement...pg 36,37
Tender Pack...pg 38,39
Completion...pg 40,41
Summary...pg 42,43
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Feasibility: Prison Break
Location: 379 Harman Street, Brooklyn, New York Owner: Currently vacant Gross Square Metre: 512 m2 (expanding to 2243m2) Total Construction Cost: $18,430,464 (based on 512m2 pilot estimate) Pilot Capacity: 10
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Fig 8
Fig 1
Rehab (ri’hab) To rehabilitate or restore.
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t
his report contains the technical and financial aspects that are to be considered in order to establish a correctional facility that considers the needs of the end users in its design. The various costs and development stages that are associated with a project of this nature are also discussed. Project Prison Break has the potential to create a better future for the users and the surrounding community. The available property/ properties located at 379 Harman Street provide space for a large development site within a dynamically changing community. The existing 1931
building has been abandoned since 2008 after numerous compliance failures and various building violations. Currently the development site, which includes five lots on block 3280, is for sale. The facility to be located in North Bushwick is surrounded by a mix of tenements, apartment blocks, city housing projects, townhouses, industrial factories and warehouses. Its many businesses reflect the ethnic and social diversity of the population. Since the 1990, crime rates have gradually increased in the area and although zoning changes have brought a resolution in conjunction with the development of million
dollar townhouses, its adjacent neighbourhoods are bordered up abandoned warehouses, attracting more crime than before. A zoning change at the property of 375 Harman Street will provide opportunities for new residential and commercial development. By facilitating the reuse of an abandoned warehouse as a unique pilot space, this will consequently progress and encourage the adaptive reuse of existing buildings in the area.
Fig 2
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The brief
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t
he design scheme for property 375 aims to create an advanced ideology for criminal justice, by utilising the western half of the vacant site. The existing 1931 brick warehouse, is a total of 512 m2. Upon the successful completion of male and female ran pilot schemes, the surrounding development site would then be fully remodelled.
facility requires a humanising approach that very few other types of public designs demand.
The pilot scheme will target inmates with up to a year left of their sentence to serve, in order to remove them from a prison and help introduce Pilot (verb) them back into Test (a scheme, project, etc.) before the real world. introducing it more widely. The centre is to be occupied by inmates, staff and assessed volunteers to undertake which is primarily focused on rehabilitation. It must provide a safe and secure environment for all and must also enforce a sense of authority. However, it will be imperative for the facility to also provide private space and encourage positivity.
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The space will deal with the past, present and future of the subject, this will not only benefit the local community, but also help the cause on a national scale. A correctional
Fig 3
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Feasibility: Prison Break
The existing building at 379 Harman Street consists of a tall two-story masonry cladded substructure supporting a flat roof with pedestrian access. Five steel columns run two-thirds down the centre of the building with the base plate fixed into the concrete foundations via anchor bolts. These columns support a mezzanine floor, which is in need of repair as a result of years of deferred maintenance as logged with the NYC Department of City Planning.
Foundation There is widespread deterioration to the concrete substructure and patches of chemical substances have caused decay.
Fig 4
Column Corrosion The majority of the built-up steel columns have some level of corrosion. If these elements are to remain structural elements, they must be considered for review by an appropriate body.
Fig 5
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Faรงade The east faรงade facing out onto Harman Street is in fair to poor condition, which appears to be related to general weathering and age. Subsequently, the whole faรงade of the building will be removed and replaced due to the nature of the proposal.
Fig 6
Doors The existing external horizontal sliding door is in poor condition and should be scheduled for removal along with the main exterior door.
Fig 7
Building analysis 11
BREAKD Feasibility: Prison Break
of space within a prison
o
ver the last two decades prison population has grown, therefore the value of correctional architecture for a positive outcome has been a topic of heavy debate. The key question relates to whether the prison model needs to be reassessed. The principles of designing a correctional facility can be broken down into four key sections; cells, catering, recreation and education. Security also needs to be considered at all times and is of utmost importance. A cell is perhaps the most associated type of space linked to a prison and varies from over-crowded shared bunkers to complete isolation. After having passed certain security clearance criteria, prisoners have the opportunity to work simultaneously with staff on a daily basis cooking for their ‘neighbours’ and dining together, similar to that of a typical family. The use of gyms, arts and crafts, or even the opportunity to
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setup their own sports teams provides the inmates with an outlet to occupy themselves. Finally, education is also a concern, whether it is out of curiosity, development or enrichment, prisoners are given the chance to seek participation in education schemes for many reasons and it has become a success and a staple of prison life.
Other design considerations that may be included – Health Care Shop Office Staff room Sanitation Chaplaincy Garden
KDOWN
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Schedule of accommodation Entrance There is to be two new entrances designated within the new build. One is for staff/ visitors to enter from a secure car parking facility. The other is for the arrival of any new inmates and will see that they arrive by transportation into a void within the building, this is also to be used for any emergency services which may be required. From this point onwards there are no ‘inmates’ and occupants are from now on referred to as ‘residents’. Education Space The education space will focus upon teaching literacy and numeracy, in addition to basic life skills. Similar to an education system within a school, it is to prepare the residents for life upon leaving the facility. Dorm Space What would formally have been referred to as a ‘cell’ is now a ‘dorm’. Certification requirements specify that each dorm must have sufficient heating, lighting and ventilation and is of an adequate size for the number of prisoners it is approved for. There must also be a call system or a form of communication for staff. Garden/Exterior Space To allow access to the outdoors a glass enclosed rooftop, and the proposal of a recessed exterior garden with high scaling wall, will provide the use of outdoor space whilst still confined within a secure environment. The Future “Prisons are all about taking away people’s freedom. That is the real punishment. But they should also help criminal change their behaviour and learn to respect other people and the law”1
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Fig 14
Existing techinical drawings of the building located at 379 Harman Street. 16
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Block plans of the proposed conversion of the space
Fig 15
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LOCation location location T
he proposed location of the project is located at 379 Harman Street, Brooklyn, and is currently a vacant two floor industrial building, which has recently been advertised for sale with four other adjacent lots and has a combined frontage of approximately 70m along Harman Street. In correlation with the outcome of the proposition, the aim is to use a derelict building in order to utilise existing infrastructure in order to build upon and enhance the existing structure.
Brooklyn features extensive public transit, eighteen New York City subway services traverse throughout the borough and where an extensive network of streetcars once operated, there is now a public bus network that covers the entire borough. Limited-access expressways and parkways are located in the western and southern sections of Brooklyn. These include the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway and the Gowanus Expressway. There are also three commuter rail stations in Brooklyn; East New York, No Strand Avenue, and Atlantic Terminal, which is the terminus of the Atlantic Branch of the Long Island Rail Road.
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“IN UNITY, THERE IS STRENGHT”
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BROOKLYN Brooklyn is the heaviest populated borough in New York City, it houses numerous strong and distinctive culture rich neighbourhoods of which ethnic and nationality groups are predominate. Brooklyn’s official motto is Eendraght Maeckt Maght, which translates from early modern Dutch to “In unity, there is strength�. Therefore, making them the ideal ambassadors for a project like Prison Break and demonstrating that a difference can be made. Brooklyn has played a major role in various aspects of American culture including literature, cinema, theatre and music and is home to the second largest public art collection in the United States.2 Nevertheless, a new type of culture overshadows this city for all the wrong reasons and is one of gun violence and localised gang activity. The proposed correctional facility has a real chance to make a difference. By demonstrating to the community through the viable success of the rehabilitation pilot schemes.
Fig 19
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P
rivate/Government: The facility would be funded by a third party that is contracted by a government agency. Private prison companies typically enter into contractual agreements with governments that commit prisoners and then pay a per diem or monthly rate for each prisoner in the facility.3
J N
ustice Policy institute: The institute is committed to reducing the use of incarceration and the justice system by promoting fair and effective policies.
ew York University: Prison Education Program: offer education in correctional facilities which can lead to an Associate of Arts (AA) Degree in Liberal Studies. Through offering transferrable credits and education support services, they are committed to developing educational opportunities both for students in prison and upon their release.
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Fig 20
Contributors & Partners 23
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Surveys, Permits & Approvals c
urrently, 379 Harman Street is not listed on any national, state or local historical register. However, the improvements to the site considered as part of an application/statutory permissions may require the following surveys, permits and approvals for site development. • Planning permission • Site survey • Public utility survey • Building regulations • Zoning change • Existing building services survey • Asbestos survey
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• Measurement and dimensional survey – GEA (gross external area), GIA (gross internal area)
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Area Map (will be used for presentations to the Comission) Zoning Change Map Zoning Comparison Table Land Use, Compliance and Conformance Tables Land Use Map Survey Zoning Analysis Site Plan (will be used for presentations to the Comission)
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A
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Section Neighborhood Character Landscape Plan Ground Floor Plan Upper Floor Plans Detail Elevation Application Map (Map of Proposed Change to the City City Map Change Area Map Proposed Zoning Text Statement of Findings Owner's Authorization Draft Alteration Map Fair Share Analysis UDAAP Zoning Chart UDAAP Project Summary Other Drawings for Site Analysis Purposes Hillsides/SNAD/South Richmond (Contact SI or Bronx Offices)
Number of application packages required
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X X X X X X X
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MC X X
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Major Concessions
PQ X X X X X X X X
Urban Development Action Area ‐ UDAAP
PP X X X X X X X
PC X X X X X X X X
197‐A Plan
RS X X X X X X X X
Combination Acquisition and Site Selection by the City
South Richmond District Authorizations South Richmond District Certifications South Richmond District Special Permits RC A X X X X X X X
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Elevation (will be used for 16 presentations to the Comission) 17
RA X X X X X X X X
Office Space
B
ZS X X X X X X X X
Site Selection (City Facility)
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ZC A X X X X X X A
Acquisition of Property by the City
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ZA X X X X X X X A
Disposition of Non‐Residential City‐ Owned Property
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ZR X X X B X B
Zoning Special Permit
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ZM X X X X X X X X
Zoning Certification
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MM X X X X X X X B
Zoning Authorization
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Zoning Text Amendment
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Pre‐Application Statement Land Use Application Land Use Supplemental Form Attachment 2 ‐ Site Data Attachment 3 ‐ Project Official Zoning Map Tax Map(s) Project Area Photographs
Zoning Map Amendment
Land Use Application Attachment Checklist October 1, 2013
Change in City Map
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This checklist is NOT an exhaustive list of application requirements. All applicants will be informed of all application requirements at the Interdivisional Meeting for the proposed project. Specific attachments may be waived by DCP depending on specific action requirements, or project‐based considerations. *These application types do not require DCP Land Use applications. Information for these actions is submitted by other city agencies. ** Please contact the appropriate DCP Borough Office or Division to discuss your proposed project.
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**
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Notes: X. Required Attachment or Form A. Depends on specific action. B. Depends on specific project. R. Recommended but not required.
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A Land use application is also required for most projects that includes the following as show in the diagram above.
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Fig 22
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NOTE: Zoni change. For visit the Zon www.nyc.g (212) 720-32
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§
timescale t
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he timescale below shows an estimate of the project’s durations and also for each stage within the design process from the initial briefing to the delivery of the tender package on site.
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Stage
January
Feburary
March
April
May
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 Briefing, Initial meeting & Outline Drawings Feasibility Report Scheme Design Client Approval Detail Design Drawings Statutory Approval and Applications Working Drawings Consultant Drawings Specifications Bill of Quantities Tendering Period Assessment
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Fees T
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he fees of specialists working on the project can usually be calculated as a percentage of the total project cost. Fees of the specialists working on this project are shown overleaf:
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Specialist Interior Deigner Quantity Surveyor Project Manager Planning & Development Supervisor Mechanical & Plumbing Engineer Electrical engineer Architectural technologist Building Surveyor Structural Engineer
(%) of Construction Aost 5% 3% 2% 1%
Total Fee $210,352 $126,211 $84,140 $42,070
2%
$84,140
2% 2% 1% 0.5% Total fees
$84,140 $84,140 $42,070 $21,035 $778,298
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Specialists
Fig 23
Fig 24
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Interior designer An interior designer combines the efficient and functional use of space with an understanding of aesthetics for designing or renovating an internal space.5 For the development of the facility the interior designer for this project will be required to be involved with structural alterations, furnishings, fixtures and fittings. Additionally, the interior designer will supervise the development of the project from start to finish. Quantity Surveyor A quantity surveyor manages all of the costs relating to building and civil engineering projects, from the initial calculations to the final figures.6 The involvement for the quantity surveyor in this project will be to ensure expenditure remains as low as possible without effecting the standards and quality specified by statutory building regulations and the relevant authorities. The quantity surveyor will need to prepare estimates, tenders, contracts and also arrange payments. Project Manager The project manager is responsible for accomplishing the project objectives within the constraints of the project. They are responsible for the outcome, both success or failure, of the project.7 In order for this project to be a success the project manager will be expected to produce reports and schedules whilst identifying, monitoring, managing and responding to risk. Planning and Development Supervisor It is the responsibility of the planning and development supervisor, more commonly known as a site foreman, to ensure that all sub-contractors are familiarised with the appropriate sections of the health and safety plan relevant to the work in which they are involved.8 Mechanical, Electrical and Plumbing Engineers (MEP) Mechanical engineers design and advise on the heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC), plumbing and rain gutter systems. Electrical engineers are responsible for the building’s power distribution, telecommunication, fire alarm, signalisation, lightning protection and also for the lighting and control systems. Plumbing designers often include design specifications for simple active fire protection systems, but for more complicated projects, fire protection engineers are often separately retained.9 Architectural Technologist An architectural technologist serves as the connection between an architectural goal and its completion.10 For this facility the technologist will need to ensure the correct choice of materials are used in order to comply with the relevant building regulations. They must also oversee quality assurance, costs and deadlines throughout the project. Building Surveyor Building surveyors are responsible for ensuring buildings are safe, accessible and energy efficient and therefore have an impact on the design, planning and functionality of buildings.11 The building surveyor will be involved for the duration of the building project, they will continually carry out inspections and sign off each stage of completion.
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Fig 25
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COSTS AND STAGES The improvements to 379 Harman Street may require several permits and approvals in order for the development of the proposed site. They are as specified below:
Purchase of site - $19,200,000 Application • Application for special permit (whole site) - $4,080 • Applications for zoning map amendments - $2,190 • Zoning verification - $110 per request • CEQR fee (whole site) - $2,940 • Supplemental fee for Environmental Mitigation - $8,000 Base • • • •
Selective demolition and removals - $600,00 Base stabilisation - $133,000 Basement- $122,470 Floor framing- $14,853
Enclosure • Insulation - $25,600 • Roofing & gutters -$730,000 • Windows/doors - $15,000 • Security system - $ 256,000 Interior • Amenities - $400,000 • Remaining fit out - $200,000 • Call system -$12,800 MEP • • • • • •
Electric -$650,000 Sanitary - $110,000 Water - $100,000 Gas Service - $80,000 HVAC – $490,000 Fire Protection - $250,000
Total •
Overall cost $4,207,0431
Enhancements • Landscaping (Allowance) $110,000 Notes: (1) Cost estimate values presented above have been factored by a total of 40% to include allowances for the following soft costs: General Conditions Construction Management Fee Construction Contingency Permits, Bonds, Insurance Fees - Design Design Contingency
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Competitive
STANDARD
Competitive tendering is the bidding process in which potential contractors provide tender documents demonstrating their abilities along with services, timetables and methods in order to secure a client’s contract. It is then at the client’s discretion to choose a suitable option, usually based upon competitive price, reputation and quality.
This type of contract is used to reduce the tendering timescale and simplify the procedure, it can also reduce the administration fees. A standard contract has fixed terms and conditions, which are usually set and non-negotiable.
Procurement a
procurement contract is an agreement in which a buyer agrees to acquire goods or services from a seller in exchange for consideration. Most of these contracts are written agreements that specify each parties’ obligations in relation to the transaction. Generally, one includes business provisions, detailed price lists, payment information, and other legal terms and conditions applicable to the transaction.13 A negotiated contract is recommended for this project as this type of negotiation is used to procure services in specialised areas. Standing rules of public authorities do not normally permit negotiated contracts for public works. However, a private employer or company are not subjected to these constraints.15
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Fig 26
NEGOTIATED
DESIGN & BUILD
In a negotiated contract ensures the client and contractor discusses and negotiates a contract that suits both parties. For this type, a client may already have a good relationship with a contractor due to previous work and this will usually provide a sense of reliability.
The design and build contract is one in which the main contractor is appointed to design and construct the works, as opposed to a traditional contract, where the client appoints consultants to develop the design and subsequently a contractor is appointed to construct the works.14 This often appeals to the client as the single point of responsibility for delivering the entire project belongs to the contractor, as opposed to the client.
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TENDER PACK A tender is a submission made by a prospective supplier in response to an invitation to tender. It makes an offer for the supply of goods or services. Tender documents are prepared to seek tenders, more commonly know as offers. Generally, tendering refers to the suppliers required to complete construction works, rather than the process of selecting consultancy services which is commonly referred to as appointments.16 Tendering contractors must follow the instructions and information given in each tender document provided, as failure to do so may prevent the client from considering the tender properly .17 Producing a tender document for this facility could save time and money when the work is carried out at construction phase. There is also extra financial security in having a legally binding agreement with a contractor.
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MEETINGS Typically, the tender documents will consist of all or some of the following documents: • Cover letter • A letter of invitation to tender • The form of tender/design proposal. • The terms and conditions of contract • Preliminaries • Bill of quantities • Design drawings • Specifications • Quality requirements • Tender evaluation criteria • Tender return label • Pre-construction information
Throughout the project, regular meetings will be held to ensure time management and oversee the completion of various stages. Initial meetings will focus upon the design direction and the understanding of the scheme. Meetings will then take focus towards the detailed elements and contribute to developing the design into a realistic space. Once the project has reached the construction stage, meetings will become more frequent to ensure the development complies with the relevant building regulations. After completion, meetings are used to handover the site and produce final accounts.
Fig 27
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COMPLETION
Feasibility: Prison Break
Practical Completion The contract administrator certifies practical completion when all the works described in the contract have been carried out. Practical completion is referred to as ‘substantial completion’ on some forms of contract.18 Handover The handover, it should be planned well in advance, and any special requirements included in appointment documents and contracts.19
Fig 28
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Fig 29
Final Account Preparing the final account is the process of calculating and agreeing any adjustments to the contract sum (the amount originally set out in the contract to be paid to the contractor for completion of the works) so that the amount of the final payment can be determined. The amount of the final payment is then set out in the final certificate (or final statement). It is possible for the final certificate to show that money is owed to the client, rather than to the contractor.20 Defect Liability Period The defect liability period begins when certification of practical completion and can typically lasts six to twelve months. At the end of this period, the contract administrator prepares a schedule of defects, listing those defects that have not yet been rectified, and agrees with the contractor the date by which they will be rectified. The contractor must, in any event, rectify defects within a reasonable time frame.21
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Feasibility: Prison Break
t
he current justice system perhaps has a problem in preparing inmates for life outside of prison, when more formally known as a correctional facility, should be its main concern. Project Prison Break will represent progression within the criminal justice system by supporting inmates to succeed for life on the outside through the use of education, work duties and through various responsibilities. This can be achieved when the many needs of the end user are incorporated into the design of such an institution, something that this project has at the heart of its concept. For this project to be successful, the design must fully comply with building regulations, acknowledge the various humanitarian issues that can arise from typical poor ‘prison’ like conditions and consequently look to improve them. A clear and concise design brief needs to be produced and it should aim to provide a solution to address these problems. The $4.3 million rehabilitative pilot scheme, if ran successfully, could improve the criminal justice system on a global level. Not only is it more beneficial to the residents inside, but it will also reduce the cost of incarceration, provide a better facility for everyone involved and also have a positive effect on the local community upon the release of prisoners. In light of this vision, all of the stakeholders involved with such a project will perhaps draw attention and be recognised for acting as a catalyst for change. Project Prison Break is therefore an excellent investment opportunity to anyone who wants to make a difference and it also has the capacity to grow on a global scale.
Tatureri oressendunt: reribus elit laborporitat unt laut omnistendant quatesed ut laborerovid es inctusam a verspienis eturem qui ducimenis dictio te veriati ostrunt ulpa tio runtotat il egnati cus.
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Feasibility: Prison Break
SUMMARY 43
Feasibility: Prison Break
references Soruces: The need to know
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02|Unity makes strength - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 2016. [ONLINE] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unity_makes_strength. [Accessed 13 January 2016]. 03|Private prison - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 2016. [ONLINE] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_prison. [Accessed 13 January 2016]. 04|NYC Zoning - Zoning Districts. 2016. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/zone/zh_r6.shtml. [Accessed 13 January 2016]. 05|Interior and spatial designer: Job description | Prospects.ac.uk . 2016. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.prospects.ac.uk/ interior_and_spatial_designer_job_description.htm. [Accessed 13 January 2016]. 06|Quantity surveyor: Job description | Prospects.ac.uk . 2016. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.prospects.ac.uk/quantity_surveyor_job_description.htm. [Accessed 13 January 2016]. 07|Roles and responsibilities of a Project Manager | Leadership & Project Management Champions. 2016. [ONLINE] Available at: https://leadershipchamps.wordpress.com/2008/02/29/roles-and-responsibilities-of-a-project-manager/. [Accessed 13 January 2016]. 08|. 2016. . [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.healthandsafetyworksni.gov.uk/example_health_and_safety_plan_for_construction__09-11_.pdf. [Accessed 13 January 2016]. 09|Building Services . 2016. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.wspgroup.com/en/WSP-Middle-East/What-We-Do/Services/ All-Services-A-Z/Building-Services/. [Accessed 13 January 2016]. 10|What Does an Architectural Technologist Do? | Chegg.com. 2016. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.chegg.com/career-center/explore/architectural-technologist. [Accessed 13 January 2016]. 11|Building surveyor | VBA Website. 2016. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.vba.vic.gov.au/consumers/what-is-buildingwork/building-surveyor. [Accessed 13 January 2016]. 12|What do structural engineers do? - Education - The Institution of Structural Engineers . 2016. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.istructe.org/education/structural-engineering-explained. [Accessed 14 January 2016]. 13|What is a Procurement Contract? 2016. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-a-procurement-contract.htm. [Accessed 13 January 2016]. 14|Design and build procurement route - Designing Buildings Wiki. 2016. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Design_and_build_procurement_route. [Accessed 13 January 2016]. 15|TENDERING METHODS IN CONSTRUCTION. 2016. [ONLINE] Available at: http://theconstructor.org/constrution/ types-of-tendering-methods-in-construction/6372/. [Accessed 13 January 2016].
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16|Tender documentation for construction projects - Designing Buildings Wiki. 2016. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www. designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Tender_documentation_for_construction_projects. [Accessed 13 January 2016]. 17|Preparing the tender document | lowland-paths-guide | pfa. 2016. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.pathsforall.org.uk/ pfa/lowland-paths-guide/preparing-the-tender-document.html. [Accessed 13 January 2016]. 18|Practical completion - Designing Buildings Wiki. 2016. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/ Practical_completion. [Accessed 13 January 2016]. 18|Handover construction site to the client - Designing Buildings Wiki. 2016. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Handover_construction_site_to_the_client. [Accessed 13 January 2016]. 18|Final account - Designing Buildings Wiki. 2016. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Final_account. [Accessed 13 January 2016]. 18|Defects liability period DLP - Designing Buildings Wiki. 2016. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/ wiki/Defects_liability_period_DLP. [Accessed 13 January 2016].
images credits 01|Front cover: http://grincourtrene.tumblr.com/?og=1 & Kirsty Gordon 02|http://www.newyorker.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/120130_r21816_g2048-1200.jpg 03|https://prisonwatchuk.files.wordpress.com/2015/02/apoorimitationofdeath-oshagan-01.jpg 04|https://www.google.co.uk/maps/@54.9780513,-1.6121234,15z 05|Kirsty Gordon 06|Kirsty Gordon 07|Kirsty Gordon 08|Kirsty Gordon 09|https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/8d/56/69/8d5669e86e156dccbe6839557ee4c56c.jpg 10|Kirsty Gordon 11|https://cadmapper.com - Kirsty Gordon 12|http://www.tampabay.com/news/humaninterest/rehab-program-gives-purpose-instead-of-prison/486760 13|http://www.tampabay.com/news/humaninterest/rehab-program-gives-purpose-instead-of-prison/486760 14|Kirsty Gordon 15|Kirsty Gordon 16|http://www.bobestremeraphotography.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Street-1-78.jpg 17|https://41.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_lzf5igSVqo1r7l4jwo1_1280.jpg 18|http://images4.fanpop.com/image/photos/15500000/BROOKLYN-BRIDGE-black-and-whitephotography-15593793-1024-1024.jpg
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19|https://d30y9cdsu7xlg0.cloudfront.net/png/2171-200.png 20|http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/applicants/applicant-portal/attachment_checklist.pdf 21|http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/zone/map13b.pdf 22|http://www.freelancequantitysurveyor.org.uk/_i/w/1030/h/400/c/ trueiuf%252F00327_3122ee249b18%252Fimages%252Fgallery%252F00000000015/f/freelance-quantity-surveyor---theflexible-member-of-your-team-1.jpg 23|http://www.coventry.ac.uk/Global/03%20Study%20section%20assets/Course%20Wizard/2013%20Courses/EandC/ Architectural%20Technology%20BSc%20(Hons)/architectural_technology3.jpg 24|http://money-obnal.ru/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/20141228DmBQynHdCxTioR2x_2xpRW_large.jpeg 25|https://dwfoh96rza0z7.cloudfront.net/wp/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/22112140/black-and-white-game-matchchess-large-1-800x525.jpg
26|http://static1.squarespace.com/static/555f6f1be4b0b9f8a37e5987/t/555f8901e4b0534bc82d1922/1432324354191/ signing-contract-bw-608x228.png?format=1500w
27| https://yourbusinessismypleasure.files.wordpress.com/2012/07/business_hand_shaking1.jpeg 28| http://gp-architects.co.uk/images/handover-home-project-completion.jpg 29| http://gp-architects.co.uk/images/handover-home-project-completion.jpg
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Bibliography The Inbetween: Background Reading
books 01| Diane Pub Co, 2004. Vulnerability Assessment Of Federal Facilities. 0 Edition. 02| Thomas A. Markus, 1993. Buildings and Power: Freedom and Control in the Origin of Modern Building Types. 0 Edition. Routledge.
Websites 01|Culture of Brooklyn - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 2016. [ONLINE] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Brooklyn. [Accessed 14 January 2016].
02| Bed-Stuy and Bushwick booming despite high crime | New York Post. 2016. [ONLINE] Available at: http://nypost. com/2014/09/15/bed-stuy-and-bushwick-booming-despite-high-crime/. [Accessed 14 January 2016]. 03|Prison Education Program at New York University. 2016. [ONLINE] Available at: http://prisoneducation.nyu.edu. [Accessed 14 January 2016]. 04|Applicant Portal - New York City Department of City Planning. 2016. ONLINE] Available at: http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/ html/ap/step4_filing.shtml. [Accessed 14 January 2016]. 05|Prisons in America at breaking point with more than two million citizens behind bars | Daily Mail Online. 2016. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2223626/Prisons-America-breaking-point-million-citizens-bars.html. [Accessed 14 January 2016].
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