Prison break KIRSTY GORDON
#3 DESIGN RESEARCH
contents
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Introduction ...pg 4,5
Should Prisoners Receive Rehabilitation ...pg 6,7
Questionaire Results ...pg 8,9
History of Punishment ...pg 10,11
Prison Examples...pg 12,13
Tipping Point...pg 14,15
Prison Typologies...pg 16,17
Bastoy Prison...pg 18,19
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9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Restorative Justice ...pg 20,21
Crime Prevention ...pg 22,23
Natural Surveillance ...pg 24,25
Natural Territorial Reinforcement ...pg 26,27
Prison Vs Education ...pg 28,29
Education In Prisons...pg 30,31
Conclusion...pg 32,33
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Supervised Institution The United States of America accounts for five percent of the world population yet it accommodates over twenty-five percent of the world’s incarcerated individuals and these increasing rates are redefining the society we live in.
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his paper questions the change of relationship between two segregated user groups and their interaction with one another and challenges for a transformation within the criminal justice system through intelligent design and open thinking.
The vast majority of prison inmates are male, therefore this paper will deal predominately with male correctional institutions, as female institutions require different needs and an in-depth examination of their own accord. A contemporary topic of debate is that we no longer need new prisons, but instead we need a new prison culture. Prison should aspire to become a place for the promotion of rehabilitation and an aim to better one’s self through high-quality care and opportunities providing an environment that will encourage inmates. One of the most complex problems which society faces today is the manner in which it shall treat the people whom rebel against it and how it can be solved given its sensitive nature. Globally, there is a notion of supreme confidence in the deterrent power of threatened and/or inflicted pain ‘an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth’. With the growth in human knowledge and the development of human rights this old ideology was abandoned and instead society now looks at punishment for protection. “We shape our buildings, thereafter they shape us”1
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d, Not nalised Fig 2. Man siting isolated
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against viewpoint
Fig 3. Behind bars
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should Prisoners receive rehabilitation?
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he primary focus of the criminal justice system is to remove offenders from society and protect those who abide the law. Many criminals are repeat offenders and rehabilitation can be a long and expensive process. Retribution and rehabilitation should work simultaneously and ultimately the protection of society should be paramount. Therefore, rehabilitation lies as a secondary priority after the removal of the convicted in order to protect the innocent. Additionally, a more retributive approach serves a strong message to the rest of society. Modern retribution allows the expression of public outrage for certain crimes and rehabilitation therefore weakens the deterrent that the current model supplies.
Fig 4. Hands symbolising support
counterpoint Regardless of social and moral views the fact that two thirds of offenders subsequently re-offend within two years2 strongly suggests that the current prison system does not encourage offenders to abide by the law. The threat of prison itself is not enough and therefore needs to be supplemented by new schemes and alternative solutions. It is often a common factor that non-violent offenders become involved in crime after the perception of having no other alternative. The UK offers courses in bricklaying, hairdressing and gardening as well as teaching sport and fitness.3 The Met police in Manchester themselves have recently employed an exconvict as a consult in order to track burglars and work towards preventing further crime. Ex-criminals can contribute back into society if given the chance, rather than just take from the system which is the result of the current retributive model.
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A questionnaire was conducted at random and looked at the viewpoint of police officers who deal directly with convicts and the impact of crime, the results are as follows:
12% Female 88% Male
16%
Under 35
42% Age 35+
16%
36%
Have not been a victim of crime
Knows somebody in prison
64%
Know nobody in prison
84%
Have been a victim of crime
8%
Think prison is not justice
92%
Think prison is justice
100%
Think prisoners should recieve rehabilitation Fig 5. Questionaire results
100% of all police officers who chose to answer agreed that prisoners should receive rehabilitation, regardless of the fact that the majority of them believe that prison is justice and have also been a victim of crime themselves. 8
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The same questionnaire was then asked to the general public at random; the results are as follows:
50% Male
50% Female
17% Know somebody in prison
83%
Know nobody in prison
33%
50%
Under 35
50%
Age 35+
17%
Have not been a victim of crime
83%
Have been a victim of crime
17%
Think prisoners should not recieve rehabilitation
Think prison is not justice
67% Think prison is justice
83%
Think prisoners should recieve rehabilitation
Fig 6. Questionaire results
Surprisingly, even though the majority of people who answered have had no real contact with criminals in the form of either being a victim or knowing anyone in prison. Only 67% believe prison is justice and 83% still believe prisoners should receive rehabilitation. 9
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history of punishment W
hen capital punishment was at its peak in the 18th and early 19th century, crowds of thousands would come to watch as what could be described as a form of entertainment; watching the guilty serve justice for the crimes they had committed. The justice system ceremonially used public executions and torture as a form of power.4 The primary aim was to scare potential offenders from acting upon inhibitions at the thought of their fear and agony being publically displayed. Other types of colonial forms of punishment included hanging, pillory, wearing a latter, whipping and being stoned.5 After fears that this type of punishment was too unpredictable and unevenly distributed, a motion of a new type of punishment was passed. Out of this, ‘mini-theatres’ were constructed in which the criminals were forced to carry out work which reflected their
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crime, in order to repay society for their infractions. This would have allowed the public to see the convict’s bodies enacting their punishment, but these experiments lasted less than twenty years.6
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Fig 8. Cesare Beccaria, 1738 - 1794
Fig 7. Hands behind bars
Fig 10. Dr Benjamin Rush, 1746 - 1813
Fig 9. John Howard, 1726 - 1790
Fig 11. David Wills, 1903 - 1980
EARLY REFORMERS Many have worked for reform of the criminal justice system, focusing on reform for positive change that would lead to increased opportunities for education and improved prison conditions. Cesare Beccaria, 1738 – 1794 Cesare Beccaria published a book On Crimes and Punishments and stated that it was better to prevent crimes than to punish them. “A punishment, to be just, should have only that degree of severity which is sufficient to deter others”7 John Howard, 1726 – 1790 John Howard, the writer of The State of the Prisons in England and Wales, believed prisons should encourage inmates to regret the crimes. He introduced the word ‘penitentiary’, which stemmed from the ideology that prisons were a place lawbreakers became penitent. Prisons should help prisoners rather than just punish them. Dr. Benjamin Rush, 1746 – 1813 Dr. Benjamin Rush believed all public punishment made men worse, crimes should be dealt with privately or not at all. He formed a policy to sentence criminals to imprisonment rather than corporal punishment, reduce physical suffering, improve sanitary conditions and develop a separate system for serious offenders. David Wills, 1903 – 1980 David Wills was an important figure and curator in the development of therapeutic communities. He set up a community targeted toward teenage men and helped reform them through the principles of relationship and self-learning.
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Prison Examples Newgate Prison – 1790s, London The system worked on labour and allowed prisoners to work together. In order to encourage conformity, the prisoners would be rewarded for their good behaviour. Newgate Prison only populated each cell with one inmate, in the view that many inmates per room would cause riots and also promotes escapes and corruption. However, one inmate per room would make them repent and therefore encourage reform. Auburn Prison – 1821, Auburn, New York This system was based upon silence, separation and hard gruelling labour. No form of communication was permitted in or outside of the prison walls and if rules were broken strict discipline and punishment procedures were in place. Sing Sing Prison – 1821, Ossining, New York This prison used the prisoners themselves to help construct the prison and in turn was then seen as model prison as it produced a profit for the state. Sing Sing Prison believed solely in punishment and enforced absolute silence among prisoners.
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“A prison should be a place
of punishment, not a torture chamber; a healing hospital, not a madhouse.� 8
Warden.
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tipping point In 1997, a town in Florida named Frenchtown experienced a tipping point in its criminal justice system. The conception of crime being reduced due to more people being incarcerated did not work as intended. At first, crime rates dropped due to the incarceration rates rising, however the tipping point in 1997 saw incarceration rise at the same rate as crime. Reversing the general logic and theory of the incarceration system. Due to numerous members of the community behind bars, families were broken and resentment started to build up towards the criminal justice system. Ultimately, the prisoners returned back into the resentful environment in a worse-off situation than when they entered the system.
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Putting people behind bars does not solve the problem in the long run and therefore it is not always the answer to reducing crime.
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Fig 23 Fig 12. Riots ‘Game Over’
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Fig 13. Prison typologie infographic
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Fig 14. Prison typologie infographic
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Precedent Fig 15. Physical activity at Bastoy
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Bastoy Prison,norway b
astoy in Norway is a prison based on an island located approximately 1.5 miles from the mainland and has generated a lot of public attention due to its approach to the prison system. Bastoy focuses primarily on rehabilitation with the idea that the closer you are to the society you will be released into, the easier it will be to re-integrate. Norway does not impose a death penalty and the maximum sentence anyone can serve is 21 years. Consequently, every inmate will ultimately become somebody’s neighbour. Bastoy Prison therefore takes the ownership and the responsibility into training the inmates and preparing them to return back into society. The population of prisoners at Bastoy range from murderers to drug traffickers, but the focus has been taken off why they are there and looks to where they can go. Everyone must have a job role, from working in the kitchens to tending the garden, the prison operates like a small community. Although there are records of
some inmates trying to escape, many do not want to leave the prison as it is better than the reality they have come from. Bastoy Prison is not an anomaly either, Norway is also the home to Halden Prison, which was deemed the most humane in the world. As of 2015, less than 4,000 people out of 5 million were imprisoned, making their incarceration rate 75 per 100,000 people compared to the 707 for every 100,000 people in the US. “In closed prisons we keep them locked up for some years and then let them back out, not having had any real responsibility for working or cooking. In the law, being sent to prison is nothing to do with putting you in a terrible prison to make you suffer. The punishment is that you lose your freedom. If we treat people like animals when they are in prison they are likely to behave like animals. Here we pay attention to you as human beings.”9 Norway relies on the concept of restorative justice and to maintain as much normality as possible. Removing people’s freedom is the punishment itself.
Fig 16. Bastoy prison island
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RESTORATIVE J Restorative Justice: (noun) A system of criminal justice which focuses on the rehabilitation of offenders through reconciliation with victims and the community at large.
Fig 17. Forgiveness
Fig 18. Counsler supporting offender
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JUSTICE
Restorative justice allows victims the chance to meet or communicate with their offender to explain the real impact the crime has had upon them. Many victims find restorative justice empowering as it gives them a voice and allows ownership of the events that have taken place. Restorative justice allows the offender the opportunity to take responsibility for what they have done and make amends. Restorative justice will often involve a conference, where a victim meets their offender face to face. Restorative justice can also help some victims.
A study by the Professor of Criminology at Cambridge University found that the rate of re-conviction amongst those offenders participating in Restorative Justice was reduced by 28%.10
Fig 19. People reconnecting
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“All cities when reduced to their basic components are the same: streets, buildings, side walks, alleys and transportation. It’s the individual touch that makes the difference”12
Fig 20. Crime prevention poster
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Fig 21. Crime prevention design
Crime Prevention
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any studies consider behaviour that is related to the environment. Psychologists in the 19th century studied behaviour in an industrial or school environment and the effects of the environmental perception related to light, colour, sound and ventilation. Hugo MĂźnsterberg was a German-American psychologist that questioned the psychological conditions of an employer and how to ensure the highest quality output of work by considering the environment of the workspace. Design has the ability to influence for the better and designing with prevention in mind rather than cure could not only be more resourceful but also cost effective. Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) theories contend that law enforcement officers, architects, city planners, landscapers and interior designers can all contribute towards the creation of a safer climate. CPTED is often interspersed throughout various community-based crime prevention strategies, such as problem-oriented policing which emphasises tailored crime prevention to solve specific problems. The theory is based on four principles; natural access control, natural surveillance, territory and maintenance.11
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F
ormal surveillance aims to produce a ‘deterrent threat to potential offenders’13 through the utilisation of individuals whose primary responsibility is security. Alternatively, the form of technology may be used such as CCTV. Design has evolved to include its surrounding built environment in order to maximise and provide natural surveillance of open spaces for people going about their day-today activities. Examples of design changes to include the construction of street barricades or closures, redesign of walkways and the installation of windows.14 Natural surveillance is generally achieved by the use of appropriate lighting, low or see-through fencing or landscaping. The removal of areas that offer concealment, and the placement of windows, doors, and walkways provide the opportunity for easy observation of surrounding areas by responsible users of property.15
Tatureri oressendunt: reribus elit laborporitat unt laut omnistendant quatesed ut laborerovid es inctusam a verspienis eturem qui ducimenis dictio te veriati ostrunt ulpa tio runtotat il egnati cus.
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NATURAL Surveillance
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Fig 22. Prison fence
Natural Territorial Reinforcement 26
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erritorial reinforcement equips design to provide a clear and physical distinction between public, private and semi-private areas. In these areas, users are able to develop a sense of territorial control, while potential offenders are discouraged by this control therefore their criminal intentions. This strategy is promoted by features that define property lines and distinguish private spaces from public spaces.16 The use of see-through screening, low fencing, gates, signage, different pavement textures, or other landscaping elements, that visually show the transition between areas intended for different uses, are all examples of the principle of territorial reinforcement.17
Activity support Another key CPTED concept is activity support, which ceases to involve both passive and active and passive efforts to promote the presence of conscientious pedestrian users in a given area. As a result, this increases the community value of the area and aids in discouraging actions by potential offenders who commit crimes but remain anonymous. Passive examples are design elements that make an area appealing to appropriate pedestrian use, such as attractive landscaping, safety from vehicle traffic, and public art. Active examples involve scheduling events for an area to attract appropriate users, such as picnics, concerts, children’s play groups, or sports events.18
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Prison Vs educa
Fig 23. Graph showing incarceration rate
The above graph compares demographics and shows the difference in men that sustained steady education and those who dropped out in correspondence to crime and reoffending rates. If there is more access to education, then people are less likely to be incarcerated.
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ation
Fig 24. Prisoner learning
Although at opposite ends of the social spectrum, both prisons and schools share similar functions. The most impelling one being that they both have an authoritative figure that is responsible for a group of people. The organisation of space uses corridors and cellular
like spaces, providing internal circulation. The difference lies in the articulation of the corridor, a school will promote more nooks for breakout spaces and social interaction, whereas the prison will run in straight clear sighted lines, allowing no meandering, wandering and in turn no
development. Generally, a prison will be modelled as a heavy duty, impenetrable structure whereas a school is open and visually more inviting.
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Education in Prisons “The goal is to empower those inside the institutions and prod architects to actually talk to the people they are designing for.”20
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ver the last two decades, prison population has grown at a disproportionate rate and the value of correctional architecture to support positive change has grown. Designers have been called to reassess the classic models, rethink and experiment with innovative spatial concepts that can help redefine the function of a prison.
In order for a correctional building to function as a tool for rehabilitation, the design of a correctional facility should: • Be based on the premise that people are capable of change and improvement • Be based on ‘evidence-based practices’ • Be right-sized • Promote safety • Provide security, ease of supervision, and circulation • Provide a healthy, safe environment • Provide a normative (less institutional, more residential-like) and spatially stimulating living environment for occupants • Be programme and services-oriented and provide a variety of spaces19
deanna vanburen Architect Deanna VanBuren carried out a restorative justice workshop to focus on healing victims and offenders at San Francisco County Jail. Most of the men housed in this prison are awaiting trial for violent crimes. Therefore, to participate in such workshops they must agree to participate in a programme called ‘Resolve to Stop the Violence’ in which the whole concept is based upon restorative justice. The day long workshop that VanBuren ran allowed the inmates to explore how they felt about the system and how it may be altered.
“Instead of being barbarians and just beating each other upside the head, we can be like family.”
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Fig 25. Prisoner designing a prison
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here are still designers who refuse to take part in prison design because of the sensitive issues it involves. However, if the workshops that Deanna Vanburen promotes were to be used as a precedent and the view was solely improvement, more designers would be inspired to reconsider how prisons could be designed and what prisoners really need out of these spaces.
design & education
Fig 26. Crime workshop
The ‘Student Experience’ is the driving force when designing for an educational establishment. Academics and designers work side by side to establish new and innovative ways to support students academically and socially. Contemporary education design breaks away from the standard classroom and creates a better teaching environment with the use of collaboration zones, relaxed areas and eateries. The function of the space is not the only component to receive an overhaul, new materials and the application of bold colours are used to inspire throughout these facilities.
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A
persons preconceived idea will always prejudice their opinion until presented with facts, results and outcomes. However, this paper demonstrates that with the correct governing rehabilitation can make a difference. Prisons can no longer be ignored by the public. The conditions which are continually employed for the incarceration of certain members of society require improvement. The more that can be understood, the better the possibilities for a more effective system. It is acknowledged that the prison service does provide some benefits and there are reform programmes in place, however the current justice system is not an exercise in equality nor is it completely free of clashing interests. Society makes distinctions between what is seen as ‘criminal’ and what is ‘wrongdoing’ and treats the two very different. If a harmful act is seen more as a wrongdoing, repairing the issues can be approached apologetically showing remorse. However, if the harmful act is seen more towards the criminal category the only solution is seen to be punishment. The suggestion is not to abolish prisons as society will always require protection by the removal of dangerous offenders from the community, but instead suggests addressing the undisputed problems within the system by providing a suitable alternative. Coupled with primary and secondary research it is evident that rehabilitation and retribution can co-exists. The development of restorative justice will meet the needs of both the offender and victim and educate both parties in the true meaning of justice.
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break the system Fig 27. Chain breaking
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references Soruces: The need to know
Quotation 01|Churchill W. 1941, House of Commons Rebuilding. 02|Souper, M. Principles of sentencing – reoffending rates. Sixth Form Law. 03|Sherman & Strang. 2007 Restorative Justice, the evidence. The Smith Institute. 04|Capital punishment and Fagin’s execution. 2016. 05|Penal Practice and Culture 1500-1900. 2016. 06|Foucalt, M. 2007. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. 4th Edition 2007 Edition. Vintage Books. 07|Beccaria, C. 1819. Of Crimes and Punishment. 08|Osbourne, M, T, Sing Sing Warden. Locked Up: A History of the U.S. Prison System. Pg 39. 09|Crime and punishment. 2016. Norwegian style - BBC News. 10|Wilson A. 2016. Bastoy Prison Governor. 11|Crime prevention through environmental design. 2016 12|Sherman & Strang. 2007 Restorative Justice, the evidence. The Smith Institute. 13|Burnham S. 2008. Droog Event 2: Urban Play. Edition. Droog Design. 14|Clarke. 1997. Making Public Places Safer: Surveillance and Crime Prevention 15|O’Dell, J, S. 2016. Effectiveness of Public Area Surveillance for Crime Prevention. 16|Ryebread. 2015. Effectiveness of Public Area Surveillance for Crime Prevention. 17|American Institute of Architects. 2010. Architectural Graphic Standards for Residential Construction. 2 Edition. Wiley. 18|Effectiveness of Public Area Surveillance for Crime Prevention. 19|Effectiveness of Public Area Surveillance for Crime Prevention. 20|Pratt, A. What kind of prison might the inmates design? - LA Times. 21|Lopez. 2016. How to build for success - Penal Reform International. 22|Vanburen, D. What kind of prison might the inmates design? - LA Times. 23|Foucalt, M. 2007 Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison.
books 01| Travis, J. (2005) But They All Come Back: Facing The Challenges Of Prisoner Reentry. Urban Inst Pr 02| American Institute of Architects, 2010. Architectural Graphic Standards for Residential Construction. 2 Edition. Wiley.
Websites 01|How To Design A Prison That Actually Comforts And Rehabilitates Inmates | Co.Exist | ideas + impact. 2016. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.fastcoexist.com/3044758/how-to-design-a-prison-that-actually-comforts-and-rehabilitates-inmates. [Accessed 03 March 2016]. 02|How to build for success: prison design and infrastructure as a tool for rehabilitation - Penal Reform International. 2016. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.penalreform.org/blog/build-success-prison-design-infrastructure-tool-rehabilitation/. [Accessed 04 March 2016].
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03|Capital punishment and Fagin’s execution. 2016. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.prisonvoices.org/?p=713. [Accessed 04 March 2016]. 04|Penal Practice and Culture 1500-1900. 2016. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.palgraveconnect.com/pc/doifinder/ view/10.1057/9780230523241. [Accessed 06 March 2016]. 05|What Happens When Inmates Design Their Own Prisons? | Co.Design | business + design. 2016. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.fastcodesign.com/3034527/what-happens-when-inmates-design-their-own-prisons. [Accessed 06 March 2016]. 06|Discipline and Punish - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 2016. [ONLINE] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discipline_and_Punish. [Accessed 06 March 2016]. 07|Effectiveness of Public Area Surveillance for Crime Prevention . [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.crim.cam.ac.uk/people/ academic_research/david_farrington/survsw.pdf. [Accessed 09 March 2016]. 08|Effectiveness of Public Area Surveillance for Crime Prevention . [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.crim.cam.ac.uk/people/ academic_research/david_farrington/survsw.pdf. [Accessed 09 March 2016]. 09|Lopez. How to build for success: prison design and infrastructure as a tool for rehabilitation - Penal Reform International. 2016. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.penalreform.org/blog/build-success-prison-design-infrastructure-tool-rehabilitation/. [Accessed 09 March 2016]. 10|Pratt, A. What kind of prison might the inmates design? - LA Times. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.latimes.com/local/ great-reads/la-me-c1-restorative-justice-design-20140818-story.html. [Accessed 10 March 2016]. 11|Vanburen, D. What kind of prison might the inmates design? - LA Times. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.latimes.com/ local/great-reads/la-me-c1-restorative-justice-design-20140818-story.html. [Accessed 10 March 2016].
images credits 01|Front cover: https://www.behance.net/gallery/CLOCKWORK-VOL1-JO-IN-HYUK-1ST-EXHIBITION/15734653 02|http://www.irishtimes.com/polopoly_fs/1.1842796.1403557818!/image/image.jpg_gen/derivatives/box_620_330/image.
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03|http://www.alternet.org/files/story_images/prison_2.png 04|http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_xuTuHJpkRxQ/TP7zTcXWQOI/AAAAAAAAAAY/DT61kWmf7bM/s1600/team_work.jpg 05|Kirsty Gordon 06|Kirsty Gordon 07|http://islandwidenews.com/403.php 08|http://www.iniziativalaica.it/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/15-marzo2.jpg 09|http://www.bbc.co.uk/staticarchive/c14115b98b7604d624e2e8758fc5b653d173c6e7.jpg 10|https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f0/Dr_Benjamin_Rush.png 11|http://kevintrostle.com/Images/x032Wills.jpg 12|http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_QEXFfsudDPo/TUHLLhjeqwI/AAAAAAAAADo/cPhtC_8F_98/s1600/
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13|Kirsty Gordon 14|Kirsty Gordon 15|http://chirkup.me/images/uploaded/00/00/44/4468_original.jpg 16|https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/35/bd/8c/35bd8c9f975ff5299fef5cf54eda9669.jpg 17|http://thespiritscience.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/o-FORGIVENESS-facebook.jpg 18|http://lynoneallaw.com/communities/0/000/001/663/020//images/9419955.jpg 19|http://www.bluntmoms.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/bigstock-Sad-woman-hugging-her-husband-30688547.jpg 20|http://www.slate.com/content/dam/slate/articles/news_and_politics/culturebox/2016/160112_CRI_Promo-Jail.jpg.CROP.
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21|http://enkr.blouinartinfo.com/sites/default/files/styles/640w380h/public/seoul-crime-prevention-throughenvironmental-design.jpg 22|https://ds.lclark.edu/sharman/wp-content/uploads/sites/64/2015/12/yuck.jpg 23|http://youthvoices.net/sites/default/files/image/138523/jan/blogpost_picture_thing.jpg
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24|Kirsty Gordon 25|http://sundial.csun.edu/2012/09/california-budgets-1-billion-more-to-prisons-than-higher-education-and-leaves-
students-hanging/
26|http://www.thefactoryyz.org/wp-content/uploads/crime-workshop.jpg 27|https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/533c9b66339c8a9d228b37fbc809043b158d5f18/0_224_3500_2101/master/3500.
jpg?w=620&q=55&auto=format&usm=12&fit=max&s=ce17d937350d3e54d22503add12eaab4 https://hermentorcenter.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/breaking-chain.jpg
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Bibliography The Inbetween: Background Reading
01| Criminal justice | Restorative Justice Council. 2016. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.restorativejustice.org.uk/criminal-justice. [Accessed 03 March 2016].
02|Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design . 2016. . [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.portlandoregon.gov/oni/ article/320548. [Accessed 03 March 2016]. 03|Why Norway’s prison system is so successful - Business Insider. 2016. [ONLINE] Available at: http://uk.businessinsider.com/
APPENDIX The Extra: First Hand Research
The questionaire 01|Are You Male or Female? 02|What is Your Age? 03|Do You Know Anyone in Prison? 04|Have You Ever Been a Victim of a Crime? 05|Do You Think Prison is Justice? 06|Do You Think Prisoners Should Receive Rehabilitation?
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