Breeding and genetics of commercial flowers, vol 1 by Kisan Forum Pvt. Ltd.

Breeding and Biotechnology of Flowers VOLUME – 1: Commercial Flowers

Anil K. Singh Professor and Head Department of Horticulture Institute of Agricultural Sciences Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India

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Feedback at feedbacks@nipabooks.com ÂŠ Author, 2014 ISBN: 978-93-83305-35-3 (Volume -1) ISBN: 978-93-83305-40-7 (Volume -2) ISBN: 978-93-83305- 61-2 (Set) All rights reserved, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher or the copyright holder. This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author/s and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The author/s and publisher have attempted to trace and acknowledge the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission and acknowledgements to publish in this form have not been taken. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify it, in subsequent reprints. Trademark notice: Presentations, logos (the way they are written/presented), in this book are under the trademarks of the publisher and hence, if copied/resembled the copier will be prosecuted under the law.

 Dedicated to my Beloved father Late Shri L.P. Singh

Who tried his level best to shape me.



Foreword Flowers symbolize beauty, purity, peace and love. These are intricately associated with social beliefs and no social function is complete without the use of flowers especially in a country like India. From a symbol of love, flowers have transformed into an industry, generating both income as well as employment. In present scenario floral industry is an energetic, global fast growing industry which has achieved eloquent growth rates during the past few decades. The globally important flower crops are Rose, Chrysanthemum, Tulip, Lilium, Gerbera, Carnation, Anthurium, Cyclamen, Freesia, Orchids (Cymbidium, Dendrobium, Cattleya), Gladiolus, whereas, crops like Alstroemeria, Lisianthus, Gypsophila, Heliconia, Cyclamen, Zantedeschia, Kangaroo Paws, etc. are new emerging important flower crops. Marigold, Jasmine, Tuberose, China aster and Crossandra are commercial flowers of India. Since, cultivation of flowers are more pragmatic endeavour than other crops provide environmental security for immediate living surroundings, thus intensive research in floriculture particularly on the crops were initiated earlier. Higher education in Floriculture and Landscaping has been initiated in various universities and institutes at M.Sc. (Ag.) and Ph.D. levels. Breeding programmes on flowers and ornamental plants have been taken up in many ICAR institutions and Agricultural Universities. The genetic base of a number of floricultural crops has been broadened and many improved cultivars have been developed despite the fact that breeding is relatively ponderous in many floriculture crops. Inspite of such development, varieties developed of commercially important flowers are under Plant Breederâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Right Act and parentages are not disclosed to save the intellectual property right. Good literature on breeding of commercial flowers is

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Foreword

scanty and hardly less than half dozen books are available worldwide. Therefore, the need for a compilation of good book on this aspect is being felt by everyone. This book “Breeding and Biotechnology of Flowers, Vol. I: Commercial Flowers” will vividly highlight genetical and breeding application in flower crops covering wide range of aspects. The present book contains information on breeding of globally important and new emerging commercial cut and loose flower crops, potted and dry flower crops. The author provides crop-specific origin and distribution, species, biology, genetics, breeding objectives, state-of-the-art breeding/genetics, classical breeding, interspecific hybridization, mutation, molecular breeding and genetic engineering. The present publication has been organized in such a way that it will be useful to everyone interested in the flowers and ornamental plants particularly to students, flower breeders, hobbyists, scientists and amateur gardeners. I personally congratulate and appreciate the efforts of Dr. Anil K. Singh, Prof. & Head, Department of Horticulture, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi to compile the valuable information in the form of book “Breeding and Biotechnology of Flowers, Vol. I: Commercial Flowers”. I am sure that this publication will be very useful to all, who are concerned with floriculture.

Panjab Singh

Preface

Floriculture is getting attention globally due to change in life style of people. Floriculture industry is expanding steadily and continuously. Commercial floriculture is based on cut flowers, loose flowers, saplings and hybrid seeds world-wide. In this book an effort is made to compile the fundamentals of flower breeding alongwith achievements made in the improvement of commercial flowers in India and abroad. The book â&#x20AC;&#x153;Breeding and Biotechnology of Flowers, Vol I: Commercial Flowersâ&#x20AC;? dealt fundamentals chapter History of Flower Breeding, Conventional Breeding Methods, Mutation and Polyploidy Breeding, Molecular and Transgenic Breeding, F 1 Hybrid Seed Production in Ornamental Crops, Intellectual Property Rights alongwith breeding of 28 commercial crops i.e. Alstroemeria, Anthurium, Antirrhinum, Carnation, China aster, Chrysanthemum, Crossandra, Cyclamen, Freesia, Gerbera, Gladiolus, Gypsophila, Heliconia, Jasmine, Kangaroo Paws, Lilium, Lisianthus, Marigold, Rose, Stock, Tuberose, Tulip, Zantedeschia and Orchids (Cattleya, Cymbidium, Dendrobium, Paphopedilum, Vanda). Various breeding problems including pre and post fertilization barriers discussed in length with the techniques followed to overcome from it and evolved improved and outstanding varieties for global market. Efforts made by various workers/scientists have been compiled by citing about 2252 references. Achievements have also been depicted in 162 Tables. I trust this book will be helpful to the M.Sc. & Ph.D. students, scientists, teachers, breeders, hobbyists and gardeners. I feel immense pleasure to express my heartfelt gratitude to Dr. Panjab Singh, Ex-V.C., BHU, Varanasi, JNKVV, Jabalpur and Secretary (DARE) & DG (ICAR) for his inspiring guidance, encouragement and blessings. Author is grateful to Dr. Lalji Singh, V.C., BHU, Varanasi for encouragement and support. I have great pleasure in acknowledging moral support, encouragement and valuable critical criticism received from Prof. Ravi P. Singh, Director, & Plant Breeder, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, BHU, Varanasi.

Preface

I must pay gratitude to my Guruji Dr. Chetan Singh and Dr. O.P. Chhonkar, who always inspired me to write papers and books. Support and help received from Late Prof. J.N. Singh, Ex- Head Horticulture, Prof. A.N. Maurya, Ex-Director (I. Ag. Sci.), Prof. B.P. Singh, Prof. M.M. Syamal, Prof. S.P. Singh, Prof. B.K. Singh, Dr. Anand K. Singh and Dr. A.K. Pal, Department of Horticulture, Prof. A.K. Singh, Head, Department of Extention Education, Prof. S.K. Singh, Department of Soil Science & Agril. Chemistry, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, BHU, Varanasi are duly acknowledged. I wish to express my appreciation for my Ph.D. students Ms. Anjana Sisodia and Dr. Shiva Jauhari, Ex-Marigold Breeder, Syngenta India Ltd., Pune for their dedication in collection of literature, for compilation and some valuable suggestions regarding the manuscript. The author is thankful to Dr. J.P. Tiwari, Ex-Dean & Registrar, Prof. Santosh Kumar, Prof. K.K. Misra, GBPUA&T, Pantnagar, Prof. V.B. Singh, Ex-Dean Agriculture, Nagaland University, Prof. D.B. Singh, Ex- Dean Agriculture, SHIATS (Allahabad Agril. Institute), Allahabad, Dr. R.L. Misra, Ex- Coordinator, AICRP on Floriculture, Dr. S.K. Singh, Dr. T. Janakiram, Dr. Kanwar P. Singh, Dr. Krishna P. Singh, Dr. K.V. Prasad, Dr. A.K. Tiwari, IARI, New Delhi, Dr. F.U. Khan, SKUAS&T, Srinagar for their encouragement and providing materials related to floriculture. I also appreciate the efforts made by my Ph.D. students Dr. Anuj Kumar, Ms. Jaymala Singh and Mr. R.S. Reddy and M.Sc. (Ag.) students Ms. Raimani Hembrom, Ms. Hemlata and Ms. Asmita in collection of literature and compilation. I appreciate the efforts of the staff of M/s New India Publishing Agency, New Delhi for printing the book in the nice form. I donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have words to express my emotional feeling towards my parents and relatives Late Prof. S.P. Singh (Canada), Mrs. Kamala Singh, Dr. D.K. Singh & Mrs. Kiran Singh, Dr. Manoj & Tanu (USA), Praveen & Atishi, Rahul & Nimesh for their encouragement and support. I must express my appreciation for my wife Leela, brother Ashok, daughter Suchi and son Praveen who have been affectionate, understanding and patient during the long hours I spent on the manuscript.

Anil K. Singh

Contents

Dedication ................................................................................................................. v Foreword ................................................................................................................. vii Preface ..................................................................................................................... xi Glossary ................................................................................................................. xxi

Section I: Fundamentals of Flower Breeding 1. History of Ornamental Breeding .................................................. 1-28 World History 1Indian History 4 All India Coordinated Research Project on Floriculture 6Objectives 8 I.C.A.R. Institutes Involved in Floriculture Research 8IARI, New Delhi 8IIHR, Bengaluru 9ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Shillong 9National Research Centre (NRC) for Orchids, Gangtok (Sikkim) 9Directorate of Floricultural Research (DFR), New Delhi 9CSIR Institutes 9National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow 9CSIR Complex, Palampur 9Other Institutes 10Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai 10Botanical Survey of India (BSI) 10 Agricultural and Traditional Universities 10Agricultural Universities 10 Traditional Universities 10 Other Organizations 11 Ad-hoc Schemes 11Research achievements of AICRP on floriculture and varietal improvement 11Genetic improvement 13Heterosis breeding 13Induced mutations 14   Induced polyploidy 14   Varietal Improvement 15    Rose 15 Chrysanthemum 17Gladiolus18Bougainvillea 19Carnation 20 Gerbera 21Daffodils, Lilium, Tulip and Alstroemeria 21Hibiscus 21 Jasmine 22Orchids 22Dahlia 23Tuberose 23Amaryllis and

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Contents

Hippeasterum 23    Croton 24    Perennial portulaca 24    Marigold 24 China aster 25Barleria 25Amaranthus 25Antirrhinum 25Hollyhock 25Coreopsis 26Zinnia 26 Anthurium 26References 26

2. Conventional Breeding ............................................................... 29-47 Introduction 29   A. Plant Introduction 30    Sources of germplasm 30 Procedure for plant introduction 30 B. Pureline Selection 31 General procedure for pureline selection 32 Advantages of pureline selection 32 Disadvantages of pureline selection 32 C. Mass Selection 32 Main features of mass selection 33  Advantages of mass selection 33 General mass selection scheme 33 D. Progeny Selection 34  Main features of progeny selection 34 E. Synthetic and Composite Breeding 35  Main features of synthetics 35  Advantages of synthetics 36  Disadvantages of synthetics 36 Main features of composites 36 Steps in development of composite variety 37 F. Pedigree Method 37 Main features of pedigree method 37 Pedigree procedure for handling segregating generations of crosses in self pollinated crops 38  Advantages of pedigree method 38 Demerits of pedigree method 38 G. Bulk Method 38 H. Backcross Method 39  Main features of backcross method 41 Requirements for backcross programme 41 Advantages of backcross method 41  Drawbacks of backcross method 42 I. Heterosis Breeding 42Main features of heterosis 42  Estimation of heterosis 42  Advantages of hybrids 42 Demerits of hybrids 43 J. Clonal Selection 43 Merits of clonal selection 44 Demerits of clonal selection 44 Summary 44 References 46

3. Mutation and Polyploidy Breeding ............................................. 49-59 Mutation Breeding 49   Types of Mutation 49   Based on occurrence 49 Depending upon visibility 50Depending upon survival of an individual 50 Mutagens and their mode of action 50Features of mutation breeding 51   Process of mutation breeding 51   Application in crop improvement 51 Advantages of mutation breeding 52 Limitation of mutation breeding 52 Mutation Breeding in Flower Crops 52Polyploidy Breeding 54Origin and Production of Doubled Chromosome Numbers 55Polyploidy Breeding in Flower Crops 56References 59

4. Molecular and Transgenic Breeding .......................................... 61-85 Molecular Breeding 61 Genetic markers 61(1) Morphological markers 61Features of morphological markers 61(2) Biochemical/protein markers 62 Genetic causes of isozyme variation 62(3) DNA markers (molecular markers) 62   The DNA markers are classified based on 63   Desirable properties of molecular markers 63Steps in marker assisted breeding 64 Marker Assisted Breeding in Flower Crops 65 Transgenic Breeding 70 Advantages of transgenic crop breeding 70Methods of foreign gene transfer 701. Plasmid method 702. Particle bombardment method 713. Direct DNA uptake method 72Advantages 73Disadvantages 734. Microinjection method 73Advantages of microinjection 73 Limitations of microinjection 73Applications of microinjection 74Transgenic Breeding in Flower Crops 74References 77

Contents

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5. F1 Hybrid Seed Production in Ornamental Crops ................... 87-101 Introduction 87Advantages of F1 Hybrids 88Disadvantages of F1 Hybrid 89Factors responsible for hybrid seed production 90Requisites of hybrid seed production 90Characteristics of parental lines 90Techniques for F1 Hybrid Seed Production 91Basic Procedures for Hybrid Seed Production 93Production of inbred lines 931. Testing of combining ability of inbred lines 93i. Top cross method 93ii. Single cross method 93iii. Double cross method 93   iv. Three way cross hybrid 94   v. Multiple cross 94 vi.Convergent method 94vii. Pair cross method 94Crossing between parental lines and production of F1 in bulk 94Some Alternatives to F1 Hybrids 95 F2 hybrids 95Open pollinated seeds 95Hybrid Seed Production in Some Important Ornamental Crops 95References 101

6. Intellectual Property Rights Issues ......................................... 103-114 Types/Tools of IPRs104A. Patents 104B. Trademarks 105C. Copyrights and Related Rights 105D. Geographical Indications (GI) 106E. Industrial Designs 106F. Trade Secrets 106G. Layout Design for Integrated Circuits 107 H. Protection of New Plant Variety 107 IPR Standards of the TRIPS Agreement 107Protecting Flower Crops Varieties Through Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers Rights Act, 2001 108   Registration of Plant Variety 110A. The Various Categories of Varieties eligible for Registration 110 B. Criteria for Registration 111C. Exceptions 111D. Fee Structure 112 Issuance of Registration Certificate 112Maintenance of Registered Varieties 113Farmers Rights 113References 113

Section II: Cut Flower Crops 7. Alstroemeria ............................................................................. 115-137 Origin and Distribution 115Species 116Flower Morphology and Biology 118   Genetics 118   Heritability and genetic advances 119   Breeding Objectives 119Breeding Methods 120Introduction 120Selection 120 Hybridization 121Interspecific hybrids 126Mutation 127Polyploidy 129    Biotechnology 129   Tissue culture 129    In vitro fertilization to overcome post-fertilization barriers 130 Molecular breeding 130Genetic engineering 131Summary 132References 132

8. Anthurium ................................................................................ 139-160 Origin and Distribution 139Species 140Flower Morphology and Biology 141Flower parts 141Anthesis 141Mode of pollination 141Pollen viability 142   Stigma receptivity 142    Seed set 142   Genetics 142   Genetics of the major spathe colours 143   Flavonoid and senescence associated gene expression 143   Heritability and genetic advance143   Breeding Objectives144   Breeding Methods 144   Selection 144 Hybridization 146Breeding technique 146Mutation 150Biotechnology 151Tissue Culture 151 Somatic embryogenesis 153Molecular breeding 154Genetic engineering 155Development of transgenic 156Breeding for blight resistance 156References 156

Fi r s tf e wp a g e so ft h i sb o o ka r ep u b l i s h e d o nk i s a n . c o mb yi t sp u b l i s h e r . I fy o uwi s ht op u r c h a s eah a r d c o p y o ft h i sb o o k , p l e a s ec o n t a c tt h ep u b l i s h e r .

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