Essential oils and their applications

Essential Oils and their Applications

Essential Oils and their Applications

By Kuntal Das, M.Pharm, Ph.D Head Dept. of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry St. John’s Pharmacy College Vijayanagar, Bangalore Affiliated by Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences.

2013

Published by Sumit Pal Jain for

New India Publishing Agency 101, Vikas Surya Plaza, CU Block, L.S.C. Mkt., Pitam Pura, New Delhi-110 088, (India) Phone : 011-27341616, Fax : 011-27341717 Mobile : 09717133558 E-mail : info@nipabooks.com Web : www.nipabooks.com Š Author, 2013

ISBN : 978-93-81450-74-1 All rights reserved, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher / Authors.

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Laser Type Setting and Printed at : Jai Bharat Printing Press, Delhi-110032

Dedicated to

My beloved Family and all well wishers

v

Preface Flavors and fragrances played an important role in Indian culture since ancient times. These come naturally from many plants and animal sources. Generally these flavors and fragrances have sweet smell that are known as aroma and those plants bear this aroma are known as aromatic plants. These aromas come from certain odoriferous substances known as essential oils. These essential oils are present in the specific cells called as glandular cells present in the plant part that may be anywhere on plant body. Upon rupture of these glands aroma come out which are volatile in nature and combination of all chemical constituents are fragrance what we get sense. Essential oils are used in perfumery, aromatherapy, cosmetics, incense, medicine, household insect repellent cleaning products, and for flavoring food and drink.

They are also valuable commodities in the agricultural industries as antifeedants, repellents, botanical insecticides, natural herbicides and growth boosters are still open to fascinating realms of research. All informations are confined in scattered manner and hence an effort has been made to collect all informations and compiled together and represented in this book in a simple manner to serve the basic concept to the readers.

This book complied with five chapters’ viz. 1. Introduction 2.

General extraction method for essential oils 3. Market statistics for importance of essential oils 4. Individual medicinal and aromatic plants 5. New aromatic plants (In India) and their future research.

The first chapter, “Introduction” covers few words about aromatic plants and essential oils, their systemic utilization from traditional to modern medicines, their basic chemistry with some examples and finally their storage. The second chapter, deals with the general extraction procedure for essential oils. This chapter also provides the basic working principle, construction, specific methods for specific oil extraction etc.

Simple basic diagrams for all the methods will also provide the basic knowledge to the readers. The third chapter, mainly deals with the role of essential oils in pharmaceutical fields likely in cosmetic preparations, modern formulations and focus of Indian market globally. Further some data will provides to the readers about import and export of the essential oil. Chapter four, “Individual medicinal and aromatic plants” has enlisted some important aromatic plants with their all details. Likely, Plant Profiles, Vernacular names (State wise names), Introduction about Herbs, method of cultivation, Main Chemical constituents, Medicinal uses, Cosmetic uses, Market formulations, Mechanism of action in particular formulation, Method of preparation of formulations, vii

Preface / viii Industries concerned for particular products, Storage, Patent related information and References. This chapter is the major focus in which all the latest information have gathered from various sources and recent formulations related plants with their manufacturers in India. This chapter is the most important to the growers and the researchers to get detail idea about the aromatic plants. Chapter five, topic entitled “New Aromatic plants (In India) and their future research�, will provide some recent aromatic plants of India which are not having sufficient data but important to the man kind. This part will definitely show the path to the researchers for their future drug discovery.

It is expecting that this book will provide up-to-date knowledge with all the informations to the readers and manufacturers who all are relating to this field.

This is my first attempt in this new direction, any criticism and suggestions from the readers are always welcome. So that further editions can be rectified with the mistakes.

It is my great pleasure to acknowledge the help from Dr. Raman Dang from Al-Ameen College of Pharmacy, Bangalore for his valuable suggestions. I feel heartiest gramercy to Dr. T.N. Shivananda from Indian Institute of Horticultural and Research, Bangalore, for encouragement to write this book. I express my sincere thanks and respect to principal (Dr. Benson K.M), vice principal (Mrs. Sobha Rani G), all my colleagues, non teaching staffs and deputy director of my college for their active co-operation and encouragement.

I would like to give special and sincere thanks to my wife Smt. Sangita Das and our beloved son master Niladri Das for their heartfelt inspiration to pursue the work in all the situations.

I felt no word to express sense of indebtedness to my parent (Dr. Dilip Das and Mrs. Kalyani Das) and In laws (Mr. Pran Krishna Das and Mrs. Abha Das), whose silent blessings, love, encouragement and helping me put my best foot forward in all my endeavors of chasing my dreams in life.

Lastly I am giving thanks to the New India Publishing Agency, New Delhi for giving me an opportunity to write this book.

Kuntal Das. M.Pharm, Ph.D

Contents Dedication .........................................................................................

v

Preface ...............................................................................................

vii

1. Introduction ..............................................................................

1-9

2. General Extraction Methods for Essential Oils .................

11 - 27

3. Market Statistics for Importance of Essential Oils ...........

29 - 40

4. Individual Medicinal and Aromatic Plants ........................ 41 - 405 Agarwood Oil ............................................................................

41 - 49

Ajwain ........................................................................................

50 - 56

Angelica .....................................................................................

57 - 65

Anise ...........................................................................................

66 - 72

Balsam ........................................................................................

73 - 79

Basil .............................................................................................

80 - 89

Bergamot ....................................................................................

90 - 96

Black Pepper ..............................................................................

97 - 107

Buchu .......................................................................................... 108 - 112 Cajeput ....................................................................................... 113 - 117 Calamus ...................................................................................... 118 - 123 Caraway ..................................................................................... 124 - 130 Cardamom ................................................................................. 131 - 137 Carrot .......................................................................................... 138 - 143 Celery .......................................................................................... 144 - 149 Chamomile ................................................................................. 150 - 156 Cinnamon ................................................................................... 157 - 164 Citronella .................................................................................... 165 - 170 Clary Sage ................................................................................... 171 - 176 Clove ........................................................................................... 177 - 184 Coriander ................................................................................... 185 - 193 Cumin ......................................................................................... 194 - 200 ix

Contents / x Dill .............................................................................................. 201 - 206 Eucalyptus ................................................................................. 207 - 214 Fennel ......................................................................................... 215 - 221 Fenugreek .................................................................................. 222 - 226 Geranium ................................................................................... 227 - 232 Ginger ......................................................................................... 233 - 240 Grape fruit .................................................................................. 241 - 247 Helichrysum .............................................................................. 248 - 252 Jasmine ....................................................................................... 253 - 259 Laurel .......................................................................................... 260 - 266 Lavender .................................................................................... 267 - 272 Lemon ......................................................................................... 273 - 278 Lemongrass .............................................................................. 279 - 285 Mentha ....................................................................................... 286 - 290 Neem .......................................................................................... 291 - 298 Niaouli ........................................................................................ 299 - 302 Nutmeg ...................................................................................... 303 - 310 Orange ........................................................................................ 311 - 318 Patchouli .................................................................................... 319 - 326 Peppermint ................................................................................ 327 - 333 Pine ............................................................................................. 334 - 339 Rose ............................................................................................. 340 - 345 Rosemary ................................................................................... 346 - 353 Sage ............................................................................................. 354 - 360 Sandal ......................................................................................... 361 - 369 Tea tree ....................................................................................... 370 - 376 Thyme ......................................................................................... 377 - 384 Turmeric ..................................................................................... 385 - 394 Vanilla ......................................................................................... 395 - 400 Wormwood ............................................................................

401 - 405

5. New Aromatic Plants (in India) and their Future Research ........................................................................ 407 - 414

Fi r s tf e wp a g e so ft h i sb o o ka r ep u b l i s h e d o nk i s a n . c o mb yi t sp u b l i s h e r .

I fy o uwi s ht op u r c h a s eah a r d c o p y o ft h i sb o o k , p l e a s ec o n t a c tt h ep u b l i s h e r .

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