Technical Bulletin No. 23
Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) for IPM in Protected Cultivation
Naved Sabir, Balraj Singh*, M. Hasan*, R. Sumitha, Sikha Deka, R.K. Tanwar, D.B. Ahuja , B.S. Tomar**, O.M. Bambawale & E.M. Khahâ€
National Centre for Integrated Pest Management (ICAR), LBS Building, Pusa Campus, New Delhi-110012 *Centre for Protected Cultivation Technology, I.A.R.I., New Delhi - 110012 **Div. of Seed Science, I.A.R.I., New Delhi - 110012 â€
Lab. of Genetics & Plant Breeding, Univ. of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
National Centre for Integrated Pest Management (ICAR), LBS Building, Pusa Campus, New Delhi-110 012 Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) for IPM in Protected Cultivation
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Printed
: July, 2010
Citation
: Sabir et al. (2010): Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) for IPM in Protected Cultivation, Tech. Bull. No. 23, National Centre for Integrated Pest Management, New Delhi-110 012 INDIA, July 2010, P. 16
Cover Page Photos : Centre for Protected Cultivation Technology, IARI, New Delhi - 110012 INDIA
Published by
: Dr. O.M. Bambawale, Director, National Centre for Integrated Pest Management (ICAR), LBS Building, Pusa Campus, New Delhi 110012 Tel.: +91-11-25843935-36, 25740951-52, 25843985 Fax: +91-11-25841472 E-mail: ipmnet@bol.net.in Website: http://www.ncipm.org.in
Numbers
: 500 copies
Year of Publication : 2010
Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) for IPM in Protected Cultivation Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) are “practices that address environmental, economic and social sustainability for on-farm processes, and result in safe and quality food and non-food agricultural products” (FAO COAG 2003 GAP paper). GAP primarily involve the application of good management practices to maintain the consumer confidence in food quality and food safety by taking into account the optimal use of inputs to ensure worker health and minimizing detrimental environmental impacts on farming operations. To set standards for the certification of agricultural products around the globe, Euro-Retailer Produce Working Group (EUREPGAP) was initiated during 1997 and which later evolved into GLOBALGAP. GLOBALGAP is a private sector body that aims to establish ONE standard for GAP with different product applications capable of fitting to the whole of global agriculture. It is a pre-farm-gate standard, which means that the certificate covers the process of the certified product from farm inputs like feed or seedlings and all the farming activities until the product leaves the farm. GLOBALGAP is a business-to-business label and is therefore not directly visible to consumers. Its certification is carried out by more than 100 independent and accredited certification bodies in more than 100 countries. It is open to all producers worldwide. It includes annual inspections of the producers and additional unannounced inspections. It consists of a set of normative documents. These documents cover the GLOBALGAP General Regulations, the GLOBALGAP Control Points and Compliance Criteria and the GLOBALGAP Checklist. It has now been established as a key reference for GAP in the global market place, by translating consumer requirements into agricultural production in a rapidly growing list of countries – currently more than 100 from every continent. Food safety becomes a joint responsibility of all organizations within the food chain including producers, manufacturers, transport & storage operators, sub contractors, retail and food service outlets and service providers. The Bureau of
Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) for IPM in Protected Cultivation
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Indian Standards (BIS) has launched Food Safety Management Systems (FSMS) Certification IS/ISO 22000:2005 scheme which envisages grant of FSMS Certification licence to organizations according to IS/ISO 22000. A multiplicity of GAP codes, standards and regulations have been developed in recent years, not only by the food industry and producers’ organizations, but also by governments and NGOs, aiming to codify agricultural practices at farm level for a range of commodities. Their purpose varies from fulfilment of trade and government regulatory requirements (in particular with regard to food safety and quality), to more specific requirements of speciality or niche markets. The objective of these GAP codes, standards and regulations include, to a varying degree: • Ensuring safety and quality of produce in the food chain, • Capturing new market advantages by modifying supply chain governance, • Improving natural resources use, workers’ health and working conditions, and/or • Creating new market opportunities for farmers and exporters in developing countries.
Four Pillars of GAP:
Major Principles of GAP 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
• Economic Viability • Environmental Sustainability • Social Acceptability • Food Quality and safety
12. 13. 14.
Traceability Record keeping and self inspection Varieties and rootstocks Site history and site management Soil and substrate management Fertilizer use Irrigation/Fertigation Crop protection Harvesting Produce handling Waste & pollution management, recycling & re-use Worker health, safety and welfare Environment issues Complaint form
In India, Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has taken initiatives to develop its own standards to be followed by institutions and companies, etc. The draft Indian Standard Good Agricultural Practices – IndiaGAP (Part 1- Crop Base) takes into account not only the quality and quantity of the crop obtained from a unit area but also the care and attention gone into integrating pre-harvest practices like soil & water management, nutrient management and pest management, harvesting, post harvest handling and other logistics (Anon., 2008). The objective is to ensure food safety, occupational health/safety/welfare, and wherever possible, animal welfare. The entire operation is intended to make farming practices environment friendly. For the purpose of verification, a graded pattern given below (Table 1) shall be followed for grant of IndiaGAP licence: BIS India GAP certification shall be as prescribed under the provisions of Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 1986 and Rules and Regulations framed thereunder. The details of the conditions under which the licence may be granted to producer (individual grower and/or member of a grower group) may be obtained from the 2
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Bureau of Indian Table 1 : Proposed Graded Pattern for verification Standards. Food and under BIS IndiaGAP Agriculture Department of Category of Major Major Bureau of Indian Licence compliances compliances Standards has formulated various standards since lndiaGAP - A 100% 90% inception and has so far IndiaGAP - B 100% 80% developed around 1800 lndiaGAP C 100% 75% standards in the following areas including – pesticides, sugar, apiary, tobacco, livestock feeds, equipment, stimulant foods, soil quality and fertilizers, food additives, spices and condiments, processed fruit and vegetable, agricultural tractors, fish and fisheries products, oil and oilseeds, drinks and carbonated beverages, food hygiene, safety management food grains, starches and ready to eat foods, irrigation systems, farm implements, slaughter house and meat, dairy products and equipments, agriculture and food processing equipments, agriculture management and systems, biotechnology and specialized products. These standards are for products, methods of test, code of practice, terminology, symbols and systems. However, the BIS - IndiaGAP draft document still needs to be finalized before if could he used as standard.
GAP and Protected Cultivation Protected cultivation including greenhouse production systems require adherence to GAP protocols because intensive cultivation in greenhouses often involves excessive use of chemicals since the stakes are high due to intensive inputs and high expectations on quality front. Therefore, perennial production coupled with indiscriminate chemcalization leads to severe pest infestation and consequent high levels of pesticide residues. Older greenhouses often face more severe pest situations and hence maintaining economic profitability of farms is difficult without high chemical inputs as pest multiplication is much faster – compelling growers to resort to excessive chemical use. Therefore, greenhouse production systems require even stricter adherence to GAP protocols.
GAP for Protected Cultivation Farms – Summary Recommendations Water management •
Ensure clean uncontaminated water from safe source - Water storage tank should be kept clean and covered - Minimize access to stored water by erecting fences - Disposal of waste such that water doesn’t get contaminated
•
Use of water for all foliar applications should be from a pathogen free source
Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) for IPM in Protected Cultivation
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Clean and filtered water supply
Primary Filtration
Automatic Fertigation Control
Proper Water Drainage from Polyhouses
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•
Water for irrigation must be tested at least once/year for microbial, chemical and mineral pollution as well as for its pH, electrical conductivity, TDS, etc.
Where water quality is unknown, proper practices that minimize the contact of water with edible portions should be followed: •
Maintain water bodies to prevent surface run-off from contaminating water supply
•
Run-offs may be managed properly and undesired runoff may be diverted away from the farms while the desirable run-off water may be stored properly for increasing water use efficiency
•
Thorough cleaning of water reservoirs at least once annually
Zero energy drip irrigation
•
Adopt water management plan to optimize water usage and reduce wastage by reusing the system by maintaining irrigation equipment to ascertain efficient operation
•
Adopt minimum energy utilization techniques including zero energy drip irrigation system
Greenhouse Structures and their Maintenance • • •
Remove debris materials that might harbour or provide habitat for pest multiplication on the site of the greenhouses or inside them Avoid fumigation of soils by chemicals wherever possible Sterilize soil by – Soil solarization preferably with polythene mulch Explore and a d o p t alternative techniques of chemical soil fumigation (such as Dazomet) taking proper Use insect-proof screens in the side vents & care of waiting avoid growing susceptible crops near protected period before structures to avoid pests. Inset photo (nematode infected plant) transplantation
Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) for IPM in Protected Cultivation
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•
Bed preparation by building up rich flora of biological control agents, e.g.: Trichoderma spp., Pseudomonas fluorescens, Paecilomyces lilacinus etc, for the management of soil borne pathogens especially nematodes – as the required levels of natural enemies and bioagents maintain a healthy ecosystem in greenhouses. Once this system disturbs the natural means to control, natural control options are virtually exhausted and the pests multiply unchecked in the absence of natural forces of suppression. Additionally one should follow following precautions:
•
Avoid/ repair faulty greenhouse structures which help in the entry of insect-pests
•
Always use insect-proof net screens
•
Greenhouses along with workers/visitors should have double entry gates so as to minimize the risk of pest entry
Manure and Fertilizer Application •
Avoid use of untreated manure and apply only properly composted or adequately aged manure from genuine compost suppliers before planting. Also, the compost may be mixed with the consortium of bioagents for proper mineralization as well as the multiplier effect of bioagents for effective control of soil borne pathogens
•
Clean equipment that comes in contact with untreated manure
•
Proper analysis of manure for heavy metals must be carried out before application
•
Always cover the manure and keep it away from garbagecontamination by pests
•
Do not apply manure when the produce is nearing maturity or being harvested
•
Store manure and fertilizer in a clean, dry location, separated from pesticides, and properly labelled to reduce the risk of environment contamination
•
Apply fertilizer based on crop nutrient requirements and available nutrients in soil
•
All fertilizer applications must be recorded
Crop Protection Maintenance of crop health is essential for successful farming for both yield and quality of produce. Pest Monitoring measures such as sticky traps should always be in place for timely action. Unwanted visitors should be discouraged from entering the greenhouse.
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Soft compounds for Plant Protection in GAP programme •
Organic compounds or botanicals such as neem/products & their formulations, pyrethrins, garlic extract etc.
•
Horticultural/mineral oils.
•
Mineral compounds
•
Oils, talc, copper
•
Ecological detergents e.g Zohar-Lq 215 (registered in Israel as fungicide against powdery mildew), herbicidal soaps, fatty acid soaps etc.
•
Bt, abamectins etc.
Cultural Control Measures •
Plastic covers– using UV absorbing sheets
•
Insect proof nets
•
Enriched / Fortified / Suppressive compost
•
Color traps for pest monitoring: ♦
Yellow for white fly
♦
Blue for thrips
♦
Silver for aphids
•
Sanitation – clean area around greenhouses
•
Water heat system & good ventilation systems
•
Resistant varieties
•
Grafting – using pest resistant root-stocks
Yellow sticky traps for monitoring sucking pests
Pesticide application •
Encourage Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies.
•
Justify the treatment of planting material
•
Use only registered pesticides and avoid sub-standard ones.
•
Use minimum chemical pesticides.
•
Avoid indiscriminate use of chemical pesticides.
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•
Apply pesticides only when pest populations are large enough to cause economic losses
•
Apply pesticides according to label directions in terms of dosage, crop, canopy, time of application, waiting period etc.
•
Use right kind of spray depending upon the pest and crop canopy
•
Dispose the pesticide container and polythene safely by burying
•
Do not use damaged containers
•
Avoid wrong disposal of left over pesticides
•
Maintain records of all pesticide applications properly
•
Persons applying pesticides must read the instructions carefully and comply with it
•
Use protective clothing while applying pesticides
•
Avoid repeating the same group of chemicals again and again, hence different chamicals may be rotated so that the insect pests do not develop resistance
Farm Health •
Encourage understanding of farmers about the impact of their activities on environment
•
Create awareness of clean handling of farm equipments: - with posters - by practical demonstrations
•
Train farmers for scientific management of healthy nursery production, preferably involving beneficial pathogens such as Trichoderma spp. / Pseudomonas fluorescens, which, when applied at nursery level, may multiply and provide much better resistance and survival opportunities to the transplanted nursery, giving a boost to growth through their multiplier effect
Grow healthy nursery
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•
Purchase officially certified nursery stock
•
Proper record keeping and maintaining waiting period
•
Recycle organic wastes and inorganic materials
•
Maintain overall good health of farm, expecially the soil environment in which helps balance the beneficial organisms and nutritional status of soil etc.
Harvest and On-farm Processing and Storage •
Ensure product quality by implementation of acceptable protocols for harvesting, storage, and processing of farm products
•
Store food produce under appropriate conditions of temperature and humidity
•
Ensure clean and safe handling for on-farm processing of products
•
Pack food produce for transport from the farm in clean and appropriate containers
Workers’ Health •
Maintain worker hygiene by following good hygiene practices such as -
hand washing
-
clean toilet facilities
-
personal hygiène
•
Farm workers must be aware of microbial food safety risk
•
Persons handling manure should be vaccinated against tetanus and must not handle manure with open wounds
•
Farm supervisors must be familiar with signs/ symptoms of infectious diseases
•
Make first-aid kit available for accident and emergency
Consumers’ Health •
Do not harvest any produce before prescribed waiting period
•
Edible portion of crop must not be in contact with contaminated water
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•
Produce contact surfaces are cleaned and sanitized to ensure the safety of the produce
•
Proper labelling of the produce may be done before reaching the consumer
Advantages of Adopting GAP
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•
Development of basic infrastructure at the field level
•
Build up the culture of following good agricultural practices by the farmers
•
Uniform approach across farms regardless of their sizes
•
Increased awareness among the farmers
•
Traceability through complete integration of food chain i.e. from farm to fork, the produce must be traceable for its origin including all inputs
•
Improvement in the environment as well as soil fertility
•
Worker safety and welfare
•
Reputation in the international market as a producer of good quality and safe produce
•
Removal of Technical Barriers to Trade (TBTs) faced by exporters of agro products
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Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) for IPM in Protected Cultivation
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Orius laevigatus 2 Neoseiulis cucumeris 1 Thripoctenus americensis10
Thrips
P. fluorescens8 Trichoderma spp. 9 P. fluorescens8 P. penetrans8 Paecilomyces lilacinus9 Trichoderma spp. 9
Leaf spots
Nematodes
Nucleo polyhedral viruses (NPVs e.g. SlNPV, HaNPV etc.)
Other bioagents
1- Predatory mite; 2- Predatory bug; 3 - Parasitic wasp, 4 - Predatory beetle, 5- Predatory insect, 6 - Aphid midge, 7 - Parasitic aphid, 8 - Bacterial bioagents, 9 - Fungal antagonist, 10 - Predatory wasp, 11Insect parasitoid
Bacillus spp.8
V. lecanii 9 Bacillus thuringiensis 8
Pseudomonas fluorescens8 Bacillus spp.8 Trichoderma spp. 9
Trichogramma spp.11
Bacillus thuringiensis 8 V. lecanii 9
Verticillium lecanii 9 Beauveria bassiana9
Insect pathogen
Soil-borne fungi/ bacteria
Chrysoperla spp..5 Chrysoperla carnea5
Jassids Caterpillars (Spodoptera, Helicoverpa etc.) Powdery Mildew
Aphidus colemani7 Aphidus matricarae7
Antagonist
V. lecanii 9
Orius laevigatus 2 Chrysoperla spp.5 Apidoletes aphidomyza6
Aphids
Diglyphus isaea3 Dacnusa siberica3 Anagyrus pseudococci3 Leptomastix dactylopii3
Eretmocerus mundus3 Encarsia formosa3
Parasitoids
Bacillus subtilis8 Ampelomyces quisqualis9 Gliocladium virens9
Cryptolaemus montrouzieri4
Mealybug
Leaf miner
Orius laevigatus 2 Chrysoperla spp..5
White fly
Predator
Phytoseiulis persimilis 1 Neoseiulis cucumeris 1 Orius laevigatus 2
Mites
Pest
Table 2 : Key Pests of Greenhouses and their Major Bioagents/Antagonists
General IPM Module Including GAP for Protected Cultivation 1.
Construction and Maintenance of greenhouses
a.
The site selection of greenhouse should be preferably disease and pest free. It should be oriented in North-South direction. Choose a site away from existing agriculture production areas to reduce pest incidence. It should be accessible for easy transport of inputs/produce Fabrication of the green house should be proper with double doors, provision of insect-proof screens, maintaining strict hygiene and restricting the entry of unwanted visitors
b.
2.
3.
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Preventive Measures •
Soil solarization and sanitation
•
Augment bioagents vide fortified FYM (Store FYM under shade, mix bioagents such as Trichoderma harzianum culture (c.f.u. 2X 109/g) @ 1 kg/500 kg of FYM and/or Pseudomonas fluorescens (c.f.u. 2 X 1012 cells/ml) 1 L/500 kg FYM and mix it with FYM one month before bed preparation. Such enriched FYM may be used at the time of preparing planting beds.
•
Implement GAP protocols as discussed in the manuscript especially −
Use of clean, uncontaminated water for irrigation from safe source
−
Proper disposing of polythenes by burying
−
Only need-based pesticide application
−
Maintenance of worker hygiene
−
Soil treatment/ drenching with carbofuran 3G @ 6 g/sq. m or captan 2 g/L of water
•
Adoption of grafting technology (use of resistant root stock with suitable greenhouse varieties)
•
Use of resistant varieties suitable for greenhouses
•
Maintain weed free structures and remove all crop waste, especially diseased plant parts
Monitoring of Pests: Pests should be monitored regularly, especially sucking pests which multiply rapidly, through blue sticky traps (thrips), silver/ yellow sticky traps (aphids/whiteflies) and pheromone traps with lures for moths of caterpillars. Monitoring is done to take timely action against pests
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Key Components of IPM ♦ Bringing down green house temperature by frequent
Mites
watering/ misting and increasing the humidity to 50% by spraying plain water.
♦ Apply calmite @ 2 ml/L, difocol @ 1.5 ml/L. ♦ Apply abamectin @ 0.5 ml/L as last resort. Thrips
♦ Apply imidacloprid @ 0.4 g/L or Exodus @ 5 ml/L
Whiteflies
♦ Apply acephate @ 1g/L, acetameprid @ 0.2 g/L. ♦ Spray with entomo pathogenic fungi likeVerticillium lecanii. ♦ Use predator Chrysoperla spp.@ 10/ m2
Leaf miner
♦ Apply spinosad @ 0.3 ml/L and abamectin @ 0.5 ml/L
Caterpillars
♦ Mechanical destruction of caterpillars and their egg masses ♦ Use of NPV sprays 10 days after observing moth catches in pheromone traps
Powdery mildew
♦ Apply sulphur dust @ 25 kg/ha or spraying wettable sulphur @ 0.3% or sulphur suspension @ 0.6%.
♦ Apply thiophenate methyl @ 1.5 g/L, fenarimol @ 0.35 ml/L or copper oxychloride @ 1.5 g/L as the first symptoms appear
Soil-borne
♦ Take preventive measures as described above
pathogens including Root-knot nematode
♦ Drenching
with metalaxyl / copper-oxychloride mancozeb @ 1g/L for fungal pathogens
/
♦ Use of resistant/ tolerant varieties or rootstock or grafting with resistant rootstock for nematodes and other soil borne pests
♦ Following crop rotation/ fallow ♦ Avoid growing nematode susceptible crops/ plants near greenhouses - Use neem products and horticultural oil to control inect-pests - Refer to the Table2 for bio-agent applications
References: 1.
Nicholas, M. (2007). Good Agricultural Practises (GAP) and Greenhouse Crops. Proc. Int. Conf. & Exhibition on Soilless Culture (Ed. K.K. Chow) Acta Hort. 742, 135-138 pp.
2.
Anon. (2008). Draft Indian Standard- REQUIREMENTS FOR GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES - IndiaGAP (only preparatory draft document) http://www.big.org.in/sf/fad/FAD22(1949)C.pdf P. 28
3.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Agricultural_Practices
4.
http://www.eurepgap.org/Languages/English/about.html
Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) for IPM in Protected Cultivation
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Grafting for Resistance against Soil-Borne Pathogens Grafting as a technique is gaining wide attention through out the world, especially for greenhouse cultivation of vegetable crops, mainly the solanaceous and cucurbitaceous ones, from the view point of resistance against the soil-borne pathogens in addition to obtaining better yield and quality. It is highly successful in cucurbits like melons for resistance against diseases. Grafting involves the union of suitable varieties of greenhouse crops used as scions over the resistant rootstocks usually from the same family. Centre has conducted trials on grafting of tomato seedlings over the available rootstocks from different families. Although, the success Grafted Tomato Seedling has been achieved in grafting of greenhouse tomato over interfamilial plants, however, tomato and cucurbits only gave good results. Technology is underway and is proving to be promising for greenhouse cultivation in India. The grafted seedlings are conditioned (hardened) in the dark and cool shed nets prepared specially for the purpose before planting in seedling trays and finally their transplantation in the greenhouses. Grafting robots are being increasingly used for the commercial production of healthy nursery. Grafted Seedlings with Staking for Support
Hardening of Seedlings under Specified Conditions
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Grafting Robot
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