Goat production and health management by Kisan Forum Pvt. Ltd.

Goat Production and Health Management

S.K. JINDAL Principal Scientist and Head Division of Physiology, Reproduction and Shelter Management Central Institute for Research on Goats Makhdoom, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh

2013 NIPA

NEW INDIA PUBLISHING AGENCY Pitam Pura, New Delhi-110 088

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ÂŠ Author, 2013

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ISBN : 978-93-81450-53-6

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Preface The food production system is being challenged by a number of threats including changes in the climate, competition for resources (land, water supply and energy), and changing consumption patterns. This increasing demand for livestock products cannot be met by higher livestock numbers alone as natural resources to produce these livestock has a ceiling. Since, goat is an important source of meat, milk, fiber, skin and manure especially in the subsistant agriculture in arid and semi-arid zones of Asia and Africa, it can contribute substantially to fulfilling the increasing demand for livestock products in developing and developed countries of the world. Goats have a bright future as a domestic animal because of its continued usefulness and generation of new information to maintain this species in a more sustainable and profitable manner. Goat farming requires less capital to start and maintain than cattle or buffalo farming. Goat also has a higher reproductive rate as compared to cattle or buffaloes. Goat can sustain itself on marginal lands where other species of livestock may not even survive. Zero input goat production system is changing to a more intensive commercial goat production system. Decreasing common property resources are driving farmers to take up intensive system more seriously. There exists a great diversity in types of goats which provides a great scope for natural and artificial selection. Goat improvement programmes are at the forefront in the agenda of governments for poverty alleviation and for ensuring nutritional and food security to the ever growing population. Livestock production is fast changing and goat has a great future. Newer technologies in the area of breeding, feeding, management and disease control are changing the goat production scenario. In India and other developing countries, increasing production and efficiency of the goat production system through improved animal health, fertility, longevity and nutrition hold the most potential for enhancing nutrient use efficiency in food chains and for ensuring nutritional and food security which hold the key to transform the goat production system from subsistent to sustainable and viable. Technology support is imperative not only for enhancement of productivity but also reduction of per unit cost. Strategies to facilitate sustainable livestock production in different agro-climatic zones include evaluation of alternative forage and feed resources and augment the supply of forages and feeds with better nutritional attributes through treatments, enhancing bio availability of nutrients and precision nutrition for

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maximizing efficient utilization of feeds and feed processing technologies, rumen modulation through manipulation of the ruminal microfauna to improve utilization of low quality feeds, identification of mineral imbalances and their ameliorations, enhancing efficiency of AI, improvement in reproduction efficiency using suitable assisted reproductive technologies, climate change-vulnerability and impact assessment studies and identification of genes related to production and reproduction function are some of the upcoming areas in which important contributions are being made and new discoveries added. Similarly newer disease control and prevention strategies are becoming available and useful. These newer developments need to be collated and synthesized and this small book is a humble effort in this direction. In this book, I have tried to put emphasis on goat production in India but lot of information from world over is mentioned. Goats have been a major part of the research and development programmes aimed at poverty alleviation via the use of small ruminants. Research is of little use if its results are not disseminated and this book is part of the strategy for the dissemination and promotion of the research results to ensure that poor and under-resourced farmers benefit. The publication is expected to provide a useful reference source for all those who are interested in goats. I thank profusely to all my colleagues at Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom for much assistance, discussion and guidance in writing this book. Acknowledgement to individuals is listed separately. It is hoped that this book will be of help not only to students but also to goat keepers. There is no claim of originality as much of the information has been obtained from books and journals and internet resources. I am grateful to my wife Mrs.Sadhana Jindal and my son Mr. Nishant and daughter Dr. Nitasha for their help and support.

S.K. Jindal

Acknowledgements 

Dr. Devendra Swarup, Director, Central Institute for Research on Goats, for kind encouragement and support.



Dr. G.F.W.Haenlein, for his support over the past many many years.



Dr. Naveen Kumar for writing part of the chapter on goat diseases especially bacterial and viral diseases.



Dr. A.K. Goel, Dr. N. Ramachandran, Dr. Priyadharshini Raju, Dr. Ravinder Kumar, Dr. M.K.Tripathi, Dr. T.K.Dutta, Dr. P.K.Rout, Dr. A.K. Verma, Dr.B. Rai , Dr. A.K. Dixit, Dr. Vasan , Dr. Souvik Pal, Dr. G.B. Manjunath Reddy, for reading some of the chapters and for useful suggestions.



Director, CIRG and Dr. M.K.Singh for some of the photographs.

Contents Preface ........................................................................................................... v Acknowledgement ........................................................................................ vii 1. Introduction .................................................................................................... 1 Migration of goats from different parts of the world ............................................... 3 Goats as an instrument to ensure nutritional and food security ............................ 3 Distribution of goats in the world ............................................................................ 8 Goat for meat ........................................................................................................... 11 Goat for milk ............................................................................................................. 13 History of goat production and animal husbandry ............................................... 16 Goats and common property resources and forests .............................................. 17 Role of women in goat production ......................................................................... 19 Future perspectives ................................................................................................ 21 References ............................................................................................................... 23

2. Breeds ............................................................................................................ 25 Origin and classification of goats ........................................................................... Goat breeds in the World ........................................................................................ Goat production in India ......................................................................................... List of Nucleus goat herds in the country ............................................................. Some lesser known goat breeds of India ............................................................... Conservation and Improvement of threatened breed ............................................ Endangered Breeds of Goats .................................................................................. Foreign breeds introduced in India ........................................................................ Synthetic breeds of goats ....................................................................................... Goat production in Asia .......................................................................................... Goat production of Africa ....................................................................................... Goat production in China ........................................................................................ Goat production in Europe ...................................................................................... Goat production in Former USSR ........................................................................... Goat production in North America ......................................................................... Goat production in South America ......................................................................... Goat Breeds of South America ................................................................................

26 27 29 64 65 67 69 70 70 70 78 84 85 91 93 93 94

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Goat production in Australia .................................................................................. 94 Feral Goats of Australia ........................................................................................... 95 References ............................................................................................................... 95

3. Improvement Through Breeding and Genetics ........................................ 99 Breeds of goat for meat production ..................................................................... Breeds of goat for milk production ....................................................................... Breeding practices in goats .................................................................................. Selection ................................................................................................................ Grading up ............................................................................................................. Crossbreeding ....................................................................................................... Marker-assisted selection ..................................................................................... Genetics of goat .................................................................................................... References .............................................................................................................

100 102 102 102 106 106 107 108 110

4. Goat Anatomy and Physiology .................................................................. 113 Goat anatomy ........................................................................................................ Digestive system of goats .................................................................................... Adaptability ........................................................................................................... Morphological Adaptations ................................................................................. Heat Stress ............................................................................................................. Water Economy ..................................................................................................... Adaptation to high altitude .................................................................................. Adaptations to cold .............................................................................................. Normal physiological indices of goats ................................................................. References .............................................................................................................

113 114 119 120 121 121 123 123 124 124

5. Management ............................................................................................... 125 Scientific goat management .................................................................................. Management of male goat .................................................................................... Management of female goat ................................................................................. Management of lactating goats ............................................................................ Management of meat goats .................................................................................. Methods of slaughter of goats ............................................................................. Feeding management ............................................................................................ Health management and disease prevention ....................................................... Preventive health care ........................................................................................... References .............................................................................................................

132 141 142 144 145 146 148 148 149 154

6. Feeds and Feeding ...................................................................................... 155 Introduction ........................................................................................................... Feed and fodder for goats .................................................................................... Dry fodder or agricultural by-products ................................................................ Concentrate feed ................................................................................................... Concentrate mixture composition ......................................................................... Silvi-pasture in goat farming ................................................................................. Enrichment and utilization of agro-industrial by-products ................................. Development and utilization of complete feeds ................................................... Feeding of goats during different physiological stages .....................................

155 156 161 162 162 163 166 168 168

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Nutrient requirements ........................................................................................... Vitamins .................................................................................................................. Minerals ................................................................................................................. Water ...................................................................................................................... Growth Rate and feed conversion efficiency ....................................................... Nutrition and reproduction in goats ..................................................................... Nutritional disorders ............................................................................................. References .............................................................................................................

171 174 175 177 178 179 180 180

7. Reproduction ............................................................................................................ 183 Age at puberty in male and female goat ............................................................... 183 Reproduction in the male ...................................................................................... 185 Reproduction in female ......................................................................................... 186 Estrus and ovulation ............................................................................................. 187 Breeding season .................................................................................................... 189 Pregnancy and parturition .................................................................................... 189 Detection and synchronisation of estrus ............................................................ 191 Pregnancy diagnosis in goats .............................................................................. 192 Reproductive biotechnologies in goat ................................................................. 195 Artificial insemination ........................................................................................... 195 Semen production, composition and evaluation ................................................. 196 Cryopreservation and insemination of goat spermatozoa .................................. 199 Thawing of semen ................................................................................................. 201 Conception rate ..................................................................................................... 203 Embryo transfer, IVF and associated reproductive technologies ....................... 203 Infertility in goats .................................................................................................. 206 Fertility and reproductive efficiency .................................................................... 206 References ............................................................................................................. 207 8. Meat Production ....................................................................................................... 211 Meat production traits .......................................................................................... 213 Processing of goat meat ........................................................................................ 214 Goat meat compostion and quality ....................................................................... 215 Goat meat products ............................................................................................... 218 Goat meat pickle .................................................................................................... 218 Dried goat meat ..................................................................................................... 218 Meat balls .............................................................................................................. 219 Medicinal value of goat meat ............................................................................... 219 Future prospects ................................................................................................... 219 References ............................................................................................................. 220 9. Milk Production ....................................................................................................... 223 Goat milk composition ........................................................................................... 225 Somatic cell counts ............................................................................................... 231 Physical properties ................................................................................................ 233 Utilization of goat milk .......................................................................................... 233 Medicinal value of goat milk ................................................................................. 233 PFA Standards of goat milk ................................................................................... 234 Value addition of goat milk products .................................................................... 234

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References ............................................................................................................. 237

10. Leather, Skin and Hair ............................................................................ 239 Goat skin ................................................................................................................ Goat hair ................................................................................................................. Mohair ................................................................................................................... Pashmina (Cashmere) ............................................................................................ Pashmina goat ....................................................................................................... References .............................................................................................................

240 243 243 245 246 248

11. Diseases ..................................................................................................... 249 Bacterial and viral infections ................................................................................ Parasitic infestations ............................................................................................. Diseases of the kids .............................................................................................. Reproductive disorders ......................................................................................... Herbal drugs for goat diseases ............................................................................. References .............................................................................................................

250 257 257 261 261 263

12. Economics and Marketing ....................................................................... 265 Socio-economics of goat farming ......................................................................... Model goat project ................................................................................................ Maketing of live goats .......................................................................................... Marketing of goat meat ......................................................................................... Marketing of goat milk .......................................................................................... Goat development strategies ................................................................................ References .............................................................................................................

267 269 272 273 274 275 277

Appendix .......................................................................................................... 279 Books on Goats ..................................................................................................... 279 Goat breeds of the world ....................................................................................... 281

Glossary ........................................................................................................... 285 Index ................................................................................................................ 289

Fi r s tf e wp a g e so ft h i sb o o ka r ep u b l i s h e d o nk i s a n . c o mb yi t sp u b l i s h e r . I fy o uwi s ht op u r c h a s eah a r d c o p y o ft h i sb o o k , p l e a s ec o n t a c tt h ep u b l i s h e r .

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