HANDBOOK OF
HORTICULTURE
Planned, co-ordinated and technically edited by:
DR K L CHADHA Former Deputy Director-General (Horticulture) and National Professor (Horticulture) Indian Council of Agricultural Research New Delhi
ws3H!I ICAR
PUBLISHED BY DIRECTORATE OF KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT IN AGRICULTURE INDIAN COUNCIL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH KRISHI ANUSANDHAN BHAVAN, PUSA NEW DELHI 110 012
FIRST PUBLISHED REPRINTED
FOURTEENTH REPRINT
Project Director (DKMA)
Incharge (English Editorial Unit) Editor
Chief Production Officer Officer (Production)
Technical
JULY 2001 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2011, FEBRUARY 2012, JULY 2012, MAY 2013, DECEMBER 2013 JULY 2014
DR RAMESHWAR SINGH DR ARUNA T KUMAR DR SOM DUTT DR V K BHARTI KUL BHUSHAN GUPTA
All Rights Reserved Š 2014, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi
ISBN : 81-7164-006-0
Price : ? 1000
Published by Dr Rameshwar Singh, Project Director, Directorate of Knowledge Management in Agriculture, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Krishi Anusandhan Bhavan I, Pusa, New Delhi 110 012; and printed at M/s Chandu Press, D-97, Shakarpur, Delhi 110 092.
Contents Foreword Preface I GENERAL HORTICULTURE 1. Horticulture industry in India 2. Agroclimatic zones 3. Soils 4. Orchard planning and layout 5. Pruning and training 6. Mineral nutrition in horticultural crops 7. Role of pollinators in horticultural crops 8. Weed management 9. Propagation of fruit plants 10. Seed production in vegetables 11. Seed production in flowers
iii v 1 21 31
--36 41 52
65 68 ;76 88 99
II FRUIT CROPS 1. Almond 2. Annonaceous fruits
3. Aonla 4. Apple 5. Apricot 6. 7. 8. 9.
4.
10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23.
Avocado Bael
Banana Ber Bread fruit Carambola Cherry Date palm Durian Egg fruit Fig Grape Guava Jackfruit Jamun Karonda Kiwi Limes and lemons
107 109 115 119 132 136 140 143 154 158 159 161 166 171 174 176 182 189 195 197 200 202 209
HANDBOOK OF HORTICULTURE
viii 24. Litchi 25. Loquat 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33.
Macademia Mahua Mandarin orange Mango Mangosteen Olive Papaya
Passion fruit 34. Peach 35. Pear 36. Pecan nut 37. Persimmon 38. Phalsa 39. Pineapple 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47.
Plum Pomegranate
218 223 226 228 231 239 246 249 255 260 262 267 272 277 283
286 291 297
Rambutan Sapota Stone fruits for subtropical regions
305 308
Strawberry
324 329 335 338
Sweet orange Walnut 48. Minor tropical fruits
313
III VEGETABLE CROPS
16. Cowpea
340 341 344 346 350 352 356 360 363 365 368 372 375 380 382 387
17. Cucumber
390
1. Agathi
2. Amaranthus 3. Ash gourd 4. Beet root 5. Bitter gourd 6. Bottle gourd 7. Brinjal
8. Broccoli 9. Brussels sprout 10. Cabbage 11. Capsicum
12. Carrot 13. Cauliflower 14. Celery
15. Chilli
I
;
CONTENTS
ix
18. Curry leaf 19. Drumstick 20. French bean 21,
Garlic
22. Kale 23. Knol-khol 24. Lablab bean 25. Lettuce 26. Muskmelon 27. Okra 28. Onion 29. Palak or Indian spinach 30. Parsley
T
31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45.
Pea Pointed gourd Pumpkin Radish Ridge gourd Round melon Snake gourd Spinach Sponge gourd Tomato Turnip Watermelon Polyhouse vegetable production in subtropics Polyhouse vegetable production in temperate regions Vegetable growing in containers
TV POTATO Potato V TROPICAL TUBER CROPS 1. Arrow root 2. Cassava 3. Coleus or Chinese potato 4. Colocasia 5. Elephant-foot yam 6. Sweet potato
7. Tannia 8. Yam bean 9. Yams
V.
...
394 396 399 403 407 409 413 416 418 422 428 434 436 437. 442 446 449 454 456 459 461 463 464 471 474 478 482 488
492
499 501 505 507 509 512 517 519 522
VI MUSHROOMS Mushrooms
526
x
CONTENTS VII ORNAMENTAL PLANTS 1. Annual flowers 2. Anthurium 3. Carnation 4. Chrysanthemum 5. Gladiolus 6. Jasmine 7. Orchids 8. Rose VIII MEDICINAL PLANTS > 1. Asgand 2. Dill 3. Guggal 4. Henbane 5. Isabgol 6. Khasi kateri 7. Liquorice 8. Opium poppy 9. Periwinkle 10. Pipali 11. Rauvolfia 12. Senna
IX AROMATIC PLANTS 1. Ambrette seed or muskdana 2. Celery
3. Chamomile 4. Davana
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
13. 14.
15.
French jasmine Indian basil Java citronella Kewada Lemon grass Mint Palmarosa oil grass Patchouli Rose geranium Scented rose Vetiver
X PLANTATION CROPS 1. Arecanut 2. Cashew
533 544 548 555 562 569 573 578
583 -584
586 588 589 591 593 595 597 599 601 603
605
606 607 609 610 612 614 616 618 620 623 625 627 629 631
633 637
CONTENTS 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Cocoa Coconut
x.i 642 647 652 661 686 670 67-7
Coffee Oil palm Paimyrah palm Rubber Tea
S3 SPICES 1. Betelvine 2. Black pepper 3. Cardamom (small) 4. Cardamom (large) 5. Cinnamon 6. Clove 7. Coriander S. Cumin 9L Fennel
'
10L Fenugreek
11- Ginger 12. Nutmeg IS. T—i hnl 14. Turmeric
688 692 696 700 705 708 710 713 715 717 719 722 724 726
XII DISEASE AMD PEST MANAGEMENT L. Fruit Crops 1 1 Fungal and bacterial diseases management in tropical and
729
safatnapkal fruit crops 1.1 Fungal mu bacterial diseases management in temperate fruits p Lasma disease management in fruit crops 1 m: 1.4 r est aLBm.ge,ru=u:
736 741 746
£ Vegetable Crops 11 Fungal mi be. “anal disease management 1 1 Viral sue ny “plasma disease management 2.3 Pest management
1 Potato 3.1 Diseasese management 3.2 Pest management 4. Tropical Tuber
770 777 785
800 804
Crops
4.1 Disease management 4.2 Pest management
806
809'
xii
CONTENTS 5. Mushroom 5.1 Disease management 5.2 Pest management
813 814
6. Ornamental Crops 6.1 Disease management 6.2 Pest management
815 825
7. Medicinal Plants 7.1 Disease management 7.2 Pest management
834 840
8. Aromatic Plants 8.1 Disease management
8.2 Pest management
843 846
9. Plantation Crops 9.1 Diseases management 9.2 Pest management
851 863
10. Spices 10.1 Diseases management 10.2 Pest management
874 883
11. Nematodes management in horticultural and plantation crops 12. Management of pesticide residues in vegetables and fruits 13. Biological control
888 896 904
XIII POSTHARVEST MANAGEMENT Postharvest management of fruits and vegetables Processing of fruits and vegetables Postharvest management of potato Postharvest management of tropical tuber crops Postharvest management of mushrooms Postharvest management of flowers 7. Postharvest management of plantation crops 8. Postharvest management of spices 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
XIV REVISED HORTICULTURAL DATA Appendix I List of contributors Index
930 941 952 957 964 969 982 993 999 1037 1039 1057
I. GENERAL HORTICULTURE
L Horticulture industry in India -
I
TInaiA has a wide variety of climate and soils on which a large number of horti-
A rnlmral crops such as fruits, vegetables, potato, tropical tuber crops, mushroom,
and betel-vine are grown. After attaining independence in 1947, major emphasis
I liny tlae Government of India was laid on achieving self-sufficiency in food production
I pwii in i ilTy in cereals. After the Green Revolution in the sixties, it however, became I oear that horticulture for which the Indian topography and agroclimate are wellI Bfillmd. is an ideal method of achieving sustainabihty of small holdings. However, Sue r.eed for diversification was acknowledged by Government of India only in employment for rural masses and women, and optimize the utilization of resources (soil, water and environment). Past efforts have been rewarding im terms of increased production and productivity of horticultural crops. India has Merged as the larges: producer of coconut, arecanut, cashew and tea, and second faiiHJt-Jt producer of fruits and vegetables in the world. The changing scenario mo: rages private investment. Resultantly, horticulture has moved from rural cwnfines to commercial venture attracting youth since it has proved to be iiiteEectuahy-sadsfying and economically-rewarding.
...
ADVANTAGES is a best option as there are several advantages of er: wrr.g horticultural crops. These crops: produce higher biomass than field crops per unit area resulting in efficient utilization of natural resources, are highly remunerative for replacing subsistence farming and thus alleviate poverty level in rainfed, dryland, hilly, arid and coastal agro-ecosystems, potential for development of wastelands through planned strategies, have • • need comparatively less water than food crops, provide higher employment opportunity, • are important for nutritional security, are environment-friendly, • are high-value crops with high potential of value-addition, • have high potential for foreign exchange earnings, and make higher contribution to GDP, i.e. 24.5% from 8.5% area under these crops. Ds«rsj36cation in horticulture
• •
• •
R & D IN HORTICULTURE Horticultural research and development was at a very low ebb till the third fivejwar plan and received meagre attention even thereafter, However, the plan investment in horticultural research and development increased significantly since :he seventh five-year plan which resulted in considerable strengthening of R & D infrastructure.
Budgetary support The plan allocation for research in horticultural crops by the ICAR which
6
HANDBOOK OF HORTICULTURE
and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal and Arunachal Pradesh. The share of apple in respect of total area and production of the country is 6.2 and 3.13% respectively (1998-99). While the total area under apple is highest in Himachal Pradesh, its productivity is highest in Jammu and Kashmir. Increase in area and production between 1991-92 and 1998-99 has been 21.05 and 20.0% respectively.
Guava Guava is fifth important fruit covering an area of 1.511akh/ha with a total production of 18.0 lakh tonnes, 4.05 and 4.09% of the total area and production respectively. The increase in area and production in guava over 1991-92 is 66.66 and 63.63% respectively. Papaya
Papaya ranks sixth in area and production, occupying 0.68 lakh ha (1.82%) and 15.82 lakh tonnes (3.59%) respectively. The increase in area and production over 1991-92 level has been 40.00 and 97.00 % respectively. The phenomenal increase both in area and production has been due to the development of several gynodioecius and high-quality varieties in different states of the country. Grape
Grape occupies 1.14% of the total area with 2.56% of the total production of fruits. The total area and production during 1998—99 were 0.43 lakh ha and 10.83 lakh tonnes respectively. Though primarily grown in Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, it is also grown on a limited area in the plains of northern states. The increase in area and production during 1991-92 to 1998-99 have been 33.33 and 61.19 % respectively. Litchi Litchi is assuming importance owing to its high economic returns and export potential. It occupies 1.5% of the total area and 0.97% of total production of fruits (1998-99). It is largely grown in Bihar but it has potential for its expansion in Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. The increase in area and pro¬ duction of litchi during 1991-92 to 1998-99 has been 20.0 and 79.16% respec¬ tively. The area and production of litchi during 1998-99 is reported to be 0.56 lakh ha and 4.29 lakh tonns area. Pineapple and sapota Pineapple and sapota are other major fruits covering 0.74 and 0.50 lakh ha with tottal production of 10.06 and 6.68 lakh tonnes respectively. Their share in area and production is 1.99 and 1.35% respectively. They also contribute 2.28 and 1.52% respectively to the country's total fruit production. These are grown mostly in coastal belts of the country, Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Gujarat being major states. The increase in area and production of these crops between 1991-92 to 1998-99 has been 16.66 and 29.87% in pineapple and 133.33 and 65.0% in sapota respectively. Comparatively less increase in productivity in sapota is pos¬ sibly due to large areas yet to come to bearing.
Arid fruits The arid zones of the country are becoming potential areas for aonla, ber, pomegranate, data palm, fig and annona. There has been a steady increase in area and production of these fruits particularly under aonla, ber and pomegranate in the country as a result of identification and development of suitable varieties and production technologies. There are a large number of indigenous fruits such as jackfruit, jamun (,Syzygium cumini), bael (Aegle marmelos), kamrakh (Averrhoa carambola), phalsa
i
1
HORTICULTURE INDUSTRY IN INDIA
7
!(((fii/rrrrwiiUBK(aii[..'j8iH«lHiiim»i[i(«fi«a~:„~ÿ:,,- ) . wood-apple (Limonia acidissria), mulberry (Moms alba ) annul StoMfim era) . These fruits have diverse uses, besides being hardy and ii; nun BfflilEi different agroclimatic conditions and stress situations.
... illtai
-
IT
rami fears,
olive and kiwi fruits have been successfully introduced in
Buss : f Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh.
Hill
have been Kinnow mandarin and low-chilling varieties plum, which have become very popular in subtropical zones of DMQÿIfaiigminiiiiiniilliBHmiaisi. A number of tropical, subtropical and temperate fruits eg., avocado, linmiRnnnmtlilteiimramai mint, mangosteen, rambutan, pecanut and a wide variety of berries in the country have yet to be commercially exploited. iilWMupv Brtuie of growing fruits in India is the climatic variability which iaaaiiwlB>»MiiiiiiHliinBiiBinjl fiur extending harvesting time. For instance, aonla can be harvested inHmpiiiiimiiidkniiate from September to November while in subtropical climate from February. Similarly, Dashehari mango grown in south India is availiilta l!1 •mx.ias- earlier than its crop in North India. This climatic variability could Dun iiMMiimmsigfUIy utilized for extended harvesting period of these fruit crops.
mi
Table 5. Export of major fruits from India (1998-99)
ffimiit
Quantity (tonnes)
Value (lakh Rs)
liifc
11,093.89 7,017.46 21,103.10 23,679.79 42,894.93 5,599.73 2,649.77 3,879.60
1,145.72 1,267.82 1,705.30 6,452.27 7,359.61
1,17,917.27
24,714.38
Bkmmu
CiiltWUUIE GapeISairngio ~"::«n~‘granate SapQita ' whole+kernel)
feiiMEt Task
860.85 292.12 5,630.69
luring 1998-99, 1,17,917.27 tonnes of fruits and nuts valued at Rs 24,714.38
Utile were exported. Mango has been our traditionally exported fruit for more
I
Ska® half a century. It still occupies the premier position in exports with 42,894.93 valued Rs 7359.61 lakh (Table 5). Other fruits which have attained signifi:ia* : union in exports are grape, walnut, citrus and apple. Small quantities of Siasana. pomegranate, sapota, litchi, custard-apple, pineapple and papaya have ai» d rmand in the export market. VEGETABLE CROPS
Mm* than. 40 vegetables belonging to Solanaceous, Cucurbitaceous, Leguminous, Cruciferous (cole crops), root crops and leafy vegetables are grown in Indian woifBcal subtropical and temperate regions. Important vegetable crops grown in
at* CE usrtry are onion, tomato, brinjal, peas, beans, okra, chilli, cabbage, cauliflower, pumpkin, bottlegourd, cucumber, muskmelon, watermelon, radish, carrot, palak 'sai lamethi tadia is next only to China in area and production, contributing 13.38% to the 1 production. India occupies first position in cauliflower second in onion III in i1 iiBBrd in cabbage in the world. The estimated crop-wise area production and iiiiiriiiiifacku:;- of major vegetables during 1991-92 and 1998-99 is given in Table 6. 'Hue ps’ffiseru area is estimated at 58.70 lakh ha with a production of 875.30 lakh Hiiminaes t.nd average productivity of 14.9 tonnes/ha. West Bengal, Orissa, Uttar
8
HANDBOOK OF HORTICULTURE Table 6. Crop- wise area, production and productivity of major vegetable crops (1998-99) Area (lakh ha)
Vegetable
Production (lakh tonnes)
Productivity (tonnes/ha)
1998-99
1991-92
1998-99
1991-92
1998-99
1.77 Cauliflower 2.03 Okra 2.22 Onion 3.32 Peas 1.78 Potato 11.35 Tomato 2.89 Others 26.00
4.96 2.40 2.55 3.26 4.81 2.82 12.80 4.66 20.44
27.71 29.98 18.86 47.06 12.96 181.95 42.43 224.36
78.81 56.24 46.91 33.80 54.61 27.04 224.94 82.71 270.20
15.70 14.80 8.50 14.20 7.30 16.00 14.70 8.60
15.90 23.40 18.40 10.40 11.40 9.60 17.60 17.70 13.20
Total
58.70
585.31
875.26
1991-92 Brinjal Cabbage
51.36
Pradesh, Bihar and Maharashtra are major vegetable-growing states, contributing 18.75 and 5.82% respectively (Table 7).
Table 7. State-wise area, production and productivity of vegetable crops (1998-99) State/UT’s
Bihar Maharashtra Orissa Uttar Pradesh West Bengal
Area
Production
(lakh/ha)
Per cent
(lakh/ha)
Per cent
6.16 3.41 8.83 6.40 11.00
10.51 5.82 15.07 10.92 18.75
94.18 44.79 100.87 126.80 163.67
10.76 5.12 11.52 14.49 18.69
Productivity (tonnes/ha)
15.3 13.1 11.4 19.8 14.9
Adoption of high-yielding cultivars, hybrids and disease and pest resistant varieties with suitable production technologies have largely contributed to higher production and productivity. Per caput consumption of vegetables has also in¬ creased from 95 to 175g/day. The area and production-wise largest vegetable-grow¬ ing states are West Bengal, Orissa and Uttar Pradesh.
Tomato Tomato as the most important crop is grown across the length and breadth of the country. The area under its cultivation is 4.66 lakh ha with a production of 82.71 lakh tonnes, contributing 7.95% of total area and production. Bihar, Karnataka, Orissa, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh are major tomato-growing states. Brinjal Brinjal is second major vegetable crop. It is grown almost throughout the country, covering an area of 4.96 lakh ha with a total production of 78.81 lakh tonnes. It contributes 8.45 and 9% to the area and production. Major brinjal grow¬ ing states are West Bengal, Orissa and Bihar.
Cabbage Cabbage is the third major vegetable crop primarily grown in the winter season. The total area under cabbage cultivation in India is 2.40 lakh ha with a production of 56.24 lakh tonnes, covering 4.10 and 6.42% of total area and production respec¬ tively. Major cabbage-growing states are West Bengal, Orissa, Bihar, Assam and
Si : nx'n
mwiuilll
...........
...... .....
. t ™ «* .
r
~
;?TEY ES* INDIA
9
•
film jimmimiiifffi' pawitacsi :: cabbage has risen to 23.4 tonnes/ha as a a— » * ayiatids.
"I!
IDiimiiiuoimi
Dimuiaann
wmm
limmiuiraii
in
iiiiiiu irna
*
::nn*r::al vegetable crcp covering an area :: 54.61 lakh tonnes, contribution 8.19 and 6.24% : n. The major onion-producing states are Gujarat pad Karnataka. Onion is grown in kharif, late kharif (Aon. 60 1 : production comes from rabi crop.
:nr:ni:r
r us mil *»QSC important vegetable crop of the country primarily mUttarseiasciL Iris grown over an area of 2.55 lakh ha with a producUtt iBinnes attributing 4.35 and 5.36% of the total area and prolia Mil ...! of heat tolerant varieties, cauliflower can now be grown immuamiinmiin.. ttusdllUm' irailll HBW xfee country. ";.imuuiuiiii[l:um>«
BPMfrarjiiin;
Till
illl
[Kill
® it"":; * sixth important vegetable crop cultivated throughout the country. .ABMhwmiiiiiinmiimtH1 |niwmitinii-t.a.ii.ir. :krais 3.26 lakh ha and 33.80 lakh tonnes respectively, is 10.40 tonnes/ha. It contributes 5.50 and 3.86% of total annul p®*dlm«M3in. respectively. Productivity of okra has increased from 4.6 5 to 10.1 tonnes/ha in 1998-99 after the commercial culiinmmmiEihiiii arsa* - 96 mean- mosaic resistant varieties. aiiiiHiiiiniiiiiiii iini1
""“Hill
HfflHtai
wry special position because of its importance both as a vegwdliaas a pulse crop. It is grown over an area of 2.82 lakh ha with a liiiMiiiiitllliiiK: Minis :nii’ : ml 07.04 lakh tonnes, contributing 4.81 and 3.09% of total total
inmniiiiliiB
;BH
ipraidnacn t respectively. '
"Bible 8. Export of major vegetables from India (1997-98) Granin OitaBUinnrttanr jjwrkia ) 'IGiinintiilliii! (Bmiffiimi
HBliiBiltm mCnai wasjKables Tlimniuiii
Quantity (tonnes) 10,765.91 2,436.77 3,33,348.97
Value (Rs in lakh) 1,783.76
219.68
862.55 17,956.51
20,246.10 41.38 1,923.00
3,65,370.71
24,213.92
I
Flesh vegetable exports have been on the rise. During 1997—98 total vegetable amounted to 3,65,370.71 tonnes valued at Rs 24,213.92 lakhs. During 3,33,348.97 tonnes of onion valued at Rs 20,246.1 lakhs were exported. J®tar introduction of gherkin cultivation in India only a decade back, cucumber iBBiiigjkerkin exports have increased our export significantly touching all time high '(iiiuriing 1997-98. These exports accounted 10,765.91 tonnes valued atRs 1,783.76 I ther vegetables exported accounted 10,765.91 tonnes valued atRs 1,783.76 llmlfchi. Garlic and tomato are other exporting vegetables (Table 8).
BiSl-SS..
POTATO
nhiim. ranks fifth in area and production of potato with 224.95 lakh tonnes from lakh ha in 1998-99. Potato is grown in India in almost all the states and ’Utmifer very diverse conditions. Nearly 90% of potatoes are grown in the vast Indo-
10
HANDBOOK OF HORTICULTURE
Gangetic plains of north India during short winter days from October to March. About 6% area under potato cultivation is in the hills, where it is grown during long summer days of April-October. Plateau region of south-eastern, central and peninsular India constitutes about 4% area where potato is grown as a rainfed kharif crop during rainy season (July-October) or as an irrigated rabi crop during winter (October—March). Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and Bihar account for nearly 71% of the area and 76% of the production. In Nilgiris and Palney hills of Tamil Nadu, potato crop is grown round the year both as an irrigated and rainfed crop covering an area of about 4,000 ha. The crop is grown in vast endemic area of Darjeeling hills also.
Table 9. Export of potatoes from India (1998-99) Item
Quantity (tonnes)
Value (Rs in lakh)
Frozen potato Potato fresh Potato seed
20,883.80 431.64
110.36 903.70 46.90
Total
22,905.74
1,060.96
1,590.30
With increase in production of potato and near self-sufficiency in potato seed, exports of potatoes for different purposes have picked up. During 1997-98, total exports of potato as seed, fresh and frozen amounted to 22,905.74 tonnes valued at Rs 1,060.96 lakh (Table 9). TROPICAL TUBER CROPS
Tuber crops are most important food crops after cereals and grain legumes. There are 15 different tuber-producing crop species grown in our country. These include 2 major crops (cassava and sweet potato); aroid species (Colocasia, Amorphophallus, Xanthosomas, Alocacia and Cyrtosherma sp.); yams (lesser, greater and white yam) and minor tuber crops (yam bean, coleus, arrowroot etc). These crops have the potential to produce more food per unit area and are adapted to drought and mar¬ ginal lands. Cassava and sweet potato cover 40 lakh ha with yield potential of 15 tonnes/ ha. Cassava has been an important crop in south India as a staple food. But change in dietary habit has been noticed. However, Industrial uses are increasing. The area under cassava has been more or less stable since 1976. However, productiv¬ ity has risen from 9 tonnes/ha in 70’s to 17.7 tonnes/ha in 80’s to 22.6 tonnes/ha in 90’s. The Salem belt of Tamil Nadu and Smalkot belt in Andhra Pradesh are known for cassava as an industrial crop. The world production of sweet potato is estimated at 126.18 million tonnes from an area of 9.28 million ha. The leading continent is Asia with 80% of world area and 92% production. The area and production of sweet potato has been dwindling because of competition from cereals. The crop is grown in most parts of India, though leading states are Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, c Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka. Commercial culC vation of yams and aroids is popular in Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, West Ben" - *
Uttar Pradesh and Orissa. In the context of food security, the role of tuber crops may seem to be triW However, being concentrated sources of energy, they can definitely turn out to be saviour of hunger in times of food crisis and famines. MUSHROOM Mushroom production in India had a beginning in late sixties in Himachal Pradesh
1
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