Jamun by Kisan Forum Pvt. Ltd.

Jamun Sanjay Singh A K Singh H P Singh B G Bagle and T A More

Central Horticultural Experiment Station Regional Station of Central Institute for Arid Horticulture, Bikaner, Indian Council of Agricultural Research Vejalpur, Panchmahals, Godhra, Gujarat 389 340

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ICAR

Published by

Indian Council of Agricultural Research New Delhi

PRINTED : JANUARY 2011

Project Director : Dr T P Trivedi Incharge (English Editorial Unit) : Dr R P Sharma Editor : Ravindra Verma

Chief Production Officer : V K Bharti Technical Officer (Production) : Punit Bhasin

!SBN: 978-81-7184-100-0

Price: ?75

Published by Dr T.P. Trivedi, Project Director, Directorate of Knowledge Management in Agriculture, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi 110 012, Telephone: 011 25842787, Fax'. 011 25843285, e-mail: tptrivedi@icar.org. in. Lasertypeset at M/s Print-O-World, 2579, Mandir Lane, Shadipur, New Delhi 110 008 and printed at M/s Chandu Press, D-97, Shakarpur, Delhi.

Contents Preface

Chapter 1 Introduction Importance of the crop: Composition and uses Origin and distribution Area and production Soil and climate

TaxonomyReproductive biology Conservation of genetic diversity Antioxidant value of superior jamun genotypes Improvement Variety Plant propagation Seed propagation Raising rootstocks in polythene bags Rootstocks raised in the field Raising rootstocks in nursery beds Rootstocks Growing structures Vegetative propagation Micropropagation Rejuvenation of old/unproductive orchards

Chapter 2 Establishment of Orchard

Planting system Concept of high density planting system Layout of planting system Chapter 3 Agro-techniques Irrigation Nutrient management

1 3 5 5 5 7 8 11 12 13 15 15 16 17 17 17 18 19 24 25 26 26 26 27 28

viii

JAMUN

Chapter 4 Canopy Management Training Central leader Open centre Modified leader Pruning Weed management Intercopping/multistoreyed cropping and mixed cropping systems

31 31 31 32

Chapter 5 Flowering, Fruit Set, Fruit Drop and Harvesting Maturity indices Harvesting practices and yield

34 34

Chapter 6 Plant Protection Insect pest management Disease management

36 36 37

Chapter 7 Post-harvest Technology, Marketing and Export

32 32 32 33

Post-harvest handling, grading, packaging and transportation

Storage

39 39 40 40 40 40 40 41 41 42

Effect of calcium and GA3 on shelf-life of jamun fruits Processing for value-added products Juice making Nectar Waste utilization Wine making

Marketing practices Socio-economic consideration Future research needs References

Index

CHAPTER 1 Introduction TAMUN, Syzygium cuminii (L.) Skeels (Syn Eugenia jambolana Lamk.) is I one of the nutritious fruits and is excellent tree of agroforestry and social forestry. It is an indigenous fruit tree of family Myrtaceae and is found growing throughout the tropics and subtropics as an avenue plantation. In the wasteland development and dryland horticulture, it assumes great significance due to its multifarious uses and capacity to withstand adverse climatic conditions. At present, it is growing under forest condition or on the fringes of the cultivated land as an under exploited fruit and gives monetory reward to the farmers. The jamun, medicinally important underutilized fruit, is adequately rich in antioxidants and phytochemicals besides some essential nutritional components. The fruit is a good source of iron, sugars, minerals, protein and carbohydrate. Fully ripe fruits are eaten fresh and can also be processed into many value added products like jelly, jam, squash, wine and vinegar. Seeds contain alkaloid jambosin and glycoside, jambolin or antimellin, which reduce/stop the diastatic conversion of starch into sugars. Importance of the crop: Composition and uses The properties of the jamun species have been extensively studied, particularly with reference to the pulp and seed. Jamun has many valuable properties and virtually every part of the tree has been utilized by both urban and rural dwellers. The fruit is a good source of iron, sugars, minerals, protein and carbohydrate. Fully ripe fruits are eaten fresh and can also be processed into beverages like jelly, jam, squash, wine and vinegar. The jamun fruit has sub-acid spicy flavour and its squash is a very refreshing drink for quenching the thirst in the summer season. A little quantity of fruit syrup is much useful in curing diarrhoea. The vinegar prepared from juice extracted from slightly unripe fruit is stomachic, carminative and diuretic apart from having cooling and digestive properties. Small jamun fruits unfit for table use are found suitable for use in the beverage industry as they contained a high amount of acidity, tannins and anthocyanins (Anonymous 1986). The volatile oil from the jamun fruits can also be extracted (Vijayanand et al. 2001). Fruits are used as an effective medicine against diabetes, heart and liver trouble (Singh 2001). Glucose and fructose are the principal sugars in the ripe fruit, not even a trace of sucrose was detected. Malic acid is the major acid (0.59% of the fruit weight).In addition, a small

JAMUN

Experimental block of jamun

quantity of oxalic acid is present. Gallic acid and tannins account for the astringency of the fruit. The purple colour of the fruit is due to anthocyanin. The waxy component of the fleshy pericarp contains a sterol and a small quantity of essential oil. The major component appears to be a triterpenehydroxy acid and oleanolic acid. The blossoms are important source of honey from Apis dorsata in North India. Oleanolic acid is also found in the flowers. Three triterpenoids are reported to be present in the flowers namely acetyl oleanolic acid, eugenia-triterpenoid A and eugeniatritetrapenoid B. Jamun flowers also contain ellagic acid and the flavonoides; isoquercitrin, quercetin, kaempferol and myricetin. Leaves (collected in the winter) contain crude protein (9.1%), crude fiber (17.0%), ash(6.0%), Ca (1.3%), P (0.19%) and tannins 6.6%. Essential oil may be obtained by steam distillation of leaf. The yield and physical characteristics of the oil vary according to the season of collection. The oil contains terpenes, 1 -limonene and dipentene and sesquiterpenes of cadalane and azulene types. Seed contains crude protein (8.5%), crude fiber (16.9%), ash (21.72%), Ca (0.41%) and P (0.17%). Powdered seeds have also reputation of being useful in the treatment of diabetes. Patel et ml. (2005) mentioned that seeds contained alkaloid jambosin and glycoside, jambolin or antimellin, which reduce/stop the diastatic conversion of starch into sugars. It has also been named as diabetes fighter for its hypoglycemic (lowering blood sugar) properties. Oral administration of an aqueous jamun seed extract for 6 weeks caused a significant decrease in lipids, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and an increase in catalase and superoxide dismutase in the brain of diabetic rats (Prince et al. 2003).

Jamun seed can be used

INTRODUCTION

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concentrate for animals because it is rich in protein, carbohydrates and calcium (Thaper 1958). Leaf extract of jamun also reduces the radiation

induced DNA damage in the cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes (Jagetia and Baliga 2002). The stem bark contains betulinic acid, 13sitosterol, friedelin and a substance which is an ester of epi-friedelanol with a fatty acid. It also contains tannins (10-12%), gallic acid, ellagic acid and myricetin. A resin is also reported to be present. Extract of jamun roots has shown anti-diabetic effect on rats (Nikhat etal. 2008). Its wood is used for railway sleepers. The jamun timber is used in buildings, agricultural implements and providing base to the well work, as it resists the action of water (Chundawat 1990). Jamun fruits are also good source of antioxidants. Table 1. Nutritive value of jamun fruits

Moisture (%) Protein (%)

Fat (%) Calorific value per 100 g

TSS (°B)

84.50-86.4

Acidity (%)

2.1 -2.5

Pulp (%)

0.53-0.65

Pectin (%)

2.3-3.7

Calcium (%)

0.02

Vitamin A (IU)

74-100

Iron (%)

0.1

Vitamin C (mg/100 g)

30-40

Total sugar (%)

5.8-6.9

Anthocyanin (OD)

1.8-1.9

0.10 83

11-17

Phosphorus (%)

0.01

50-65

Source: Bose etal. 2001 and Singh etal. 1999

Origin and distribution The place origin of jamun is India. It is also found in Thailand, Philippines, Madagascar and some other countries. The jamun has successfully been introduced into many other tropical countries like West Indies, California, Algeria and Israel. In India, jamun trees are mostly found scattered throughout the tropical and sub-tropical regions including the

JAMUN

lower ranges of Himalayas up to an elevation of 1300 metres and in the Kumaon hills up to 1600 meters. It is widely grown in the larger part of India from the Indo-Gangetic plains in the north to Tamil Nadu in the south (Chaturvedi 1956, Singh et al. 1967). It is one of the most hardy fruit crops and can easily be grown in neglected and marshy areas, arid and semi-arid areas, resource-poor areas and wastelands where other fruits trees can not be grown successfully.

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INTRODUCTION

Area and production Information regarding area and production of this fruit in India is not available because it is not grown on plantation scale but trees in patches are common in the villages in many states. In Gujarat, few orchards of jamun may now be seen in Anand district and it is generally grown on fringes of the cultivable land. Trees of jamun can be seen growing in parks, on roadsides as avenue trees and as windbreak. The production in India is mainly concentrated in the drier states and the produce is collected by the villagers and sold in the local markets. Soil and climate The jamun is adapted to a wide range of soils. For high yield potential and good plant growth, deep loam and well-drained soils are needed. Such soils also retain sufficient moisture, which is beneficial for the optimum growth and good fruiting. The jamun has been observed growing equally well on alluvial as well as lateritic soils. The west coast of India has lateritic soil, which is well drained and suitable for jamun growing. Likewise, medium black soils of peninsular India are also suitable for jamun growing. With little or no cultivation, it can flourish in poor soils. It tolerates sodic and saline soils and grows in the ravines and degraded lands and shallower water table condition (Hebbara et al. 2002). Jamun trees may survive in alkali soils up to 10.5 pH (Singh et al. 1997). The soil having pH of 7-8 and water table below 2 metres is most suitable for jamun. It is adapted to a wide range of ecological conditions, reflecting its wide geographical distribution in the sub-tropical and semi-arid tropics. It can be grown in semi-arid subtropical region with an annual rainfall varying from 350-500 mm (Vashishtha 1991). The jamun requires dry weather at the time of flowering and fruit setting. In subtropical areas, early rain is considered to be beneficial for ripening of fruit and proper development of its size, colour and taste.

Taxonomy

Jamun belongs

to the important genus Syzygium of the family chromosome 2n=40. There are about 400-500 species, Myrtaceae having of which a few provide edible fruits (Chundawat 1990). Some important species in this genus are described below. Syzygium cuminii (L.) Skeels: It is a long lived large and evergreen tree attaining height up to 25-30 m. The trunk is thick and grayish white. The trunk has 3 to 4 m circumference with a semi-spreading crown up to 10 m in diameter. The branches are often wide spreading and drooping at the ends. It has deep tap root system. Main root is wiry, while the lateral roots are numerous, moderately long and distributed down the main root. Leaves opposite, simple and glossy, elliptic, pinnately veined with lateral veins close together. It bears with a few flowers in a panicle. Flowers are hermaphrodite and light yellow, borne in the axils of leaves on branchlet;

JAM UN

calyx lobes 4, calyx tube not extending beyond summit of ovary; petals 4, white, spreading, stamens many, ovary inferior and 2 celled (Bailey and Bailey 1978). Fruit is a berry, purplish red, ovoid and edible. Syzygium altemifolium (Wight) Walp. syn. Eugenia altemifolia Wight: A moderate-sized or large tree, 0.9 m in girth with 3 m bole, found in Assam, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Leaves alternate, sub-orbicular, thick, coriaceous, flowers in lateral, longish peduncle cymes; fruits subspherical of the cherry size. Syzygium aqueum (Burm.f.) Alston syn. Eugenia aquea Burm.f.: A much branched, 9 m high tree, found up to an altitude of 1350 m in Assam and Meghalaya and cultivated in Bengal. Bark smooth, ash coloured; leaves opposite, ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, coriaceous, gland dotted; flowers in terminal or axillary cymes, large, white, red or purple; fruits as big as a small apple, turbinate, flattened at both the ends, white or pale rose coloured, juicy and spongy pulp; seeds 3-6. There are two forms of the tree, one which bears white fruits and the other fruits of pale rose colour. The tree blossoms in March and bears fruits in May-June. The ripe fruit is eaten as such or processed into beverages. Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merrill Sc Perry, syn. Caryophyllus aromaticus L.; It is a conical ever green tree, 9-12 m high. Main stem is erect, 10 cm in girth, often forking at a height of 1.5-1.8 m, bark grayish smooth, leaves lanceolate, in pairs, acute at both the ends. Flower buds are borne in small clusters at the end of the branches. Syzygium bracteatum (Willd.) Raizada syn. Eugenia braeteata Roxb.: A shrub or small tree, found in Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya and Tamil Nadu. It is cultivated in many parts of India as an ornamental plant. Bark thin, pale brown, almost white to light grey; leaves oblong-lanceolate to elliptic, sub-rhomboid; flowers white, berries orange or red, globose with persistent calyx. Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merrill & Perry, syn. Eugenia malaceensis L.: A large, shrub sized tree (5-20 m high), with nearly straight trunk and densely foliaged crown, cultivated chiefly in the gardens in West Bengal and South India. Bark dark grey, leaves elliptic-oblong or obovate-oblong, coriaceous; flowers deep pink or red, faintly fragment in dense and short peduncle racemes. Fruits ellipsoid-globose, yellowish white when ripe; seeds 1-2, globose, brown. Syzygium samarangense (Blume.) Merrill & Perry, syn. Eugenia javanica Lam.: A tree, 5-15 m tall, with low branched trunk and widely branched crown, found in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. It is cultivated in many parts of India for its edible fruits. Leaves elliptic-oblong, glabrous, fragment; flowers yellowish white; fruits white or pink, depressed, pyriform, flattened at the apex, often seedless. Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston, syn. Eugenia jambos L. (Rose apple or safed jamun): The tree is ornamental. The fruits are light yellow-white and

INTRODUCTION

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Flowering and fruiting pattern in S. jambos

rose scented with persistent calyx. The trees are medium sized and evergreen. The leaves have very small petioles. The seeds are polyembryonic and it is being grown in Assam, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, coastal areas of Maharashtra and Gujarat. Syzygium jruitecosum (Roxb.) DC. : The trees are medium sized and evergreen. It is suitable for windbreak. Fruits are edible and small in size. Syzygium javanica Lam. (Water apple): The trees are medium sized and evergreen. This species is found in South India and West Bengal. Syzygium densiflorum Wall ex. Wight & Am.: The trees are medium sized and evergreen. It is suitable for use as a rootstock for Syzygium cuminii. It is resistant to attack of termites. Syzygium uniflora L. (Surinam cherry or pitanga cherry). It is also a small tree and bears small-sized fruits having bright red colour and aromatic flavour. The tree is found in South India. Syzygium zeylanicum (L.) DC. syn. Eugenia zeylanica Wight. : The tree is small and bears edible fruits. Leaves ovate or linear-lanceolate. Flowers white, in axillary and terminal, usually compact, many flowered cymes. Berries subglobose, white, the size of a pea. It is found in Western Ghats of India.

Reproductive biology n The new vegetative shoots jjgf in jamun emerge in 2 distinct flushes from February to May and from August to October H (Mishra and Bajpai 1971). Flowering in jamun takes place |§J in March-April. Flowers are hermaphrodite. The inflorescence is terminal or lateral and Si develops mostly on current

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Flowering in ‘GJ 2’

JAMUN

year growth, one year oid shoots and older branches. Flowers are regular, bisexual with five free sepals, 8 stamens and a simple style. Before opening, the flower bud attains a size of 5.2 mm in length and 5 mm in diameter and requires 28-30 days from the appearance of the flower bud till opening of flowers. The pollen grains are triangular in shape. Self cross and open pollination result in fruit set. The jamun is a cross-pollinated crop. The pollination is done by honeybees, houseflies and wind. The maximum fruit set is obtained when pollination is done one day after anthesis and thereafter, setting of fruit declines sharply (Mishra and Bajpai 1975). The maximum anthesis (18.71-43.08%) and dehiscence were recorded between 10 AM and 12 noon. The pollen fertility was higher in the beginning of the season. The maximum receptivity of stigma was observed one day after anthesis. The pollen fertility was higher in the beginning of the season. The highest level of pollen germination in jamun was obtained in 20% sucrose solution (Singh 1978). The insects such as the honeybee and housefly were most active at noon. The housefly was active over a longer period than the honeybee and its frequency of visits was also higher. Maximum insect activity during the day was between 11.00-15.00 hr. The major flowering time in water apple and rose apple is February-March but found to bear flowers in other seasons also. Under semi-arid ecosystem of Western India, Singh et al. (2007a) reported that the peak period of panicle emergence was recorded in February. Peak period of flowering and fruit set was recorded in the month of March in all genotypes. Highest panicle length (16.24 cm) and the maximum number of fruits set per panicle (25) were recorded in ‘GJ 19’. Time taken for complete development of flower bud ranged from 20-26 days being the maximum in CGJ 26’. Variable percentage of anthesis/ dehiscence was registered in different genotypes. Peak period of anthesis was recorded between 8.00 AM-1.00 PM in all genotypes. None of the genotypes showed anthesis before 7.00 AM and after 3.00 PM. Anther dehiscence commenced after opening of flowers, i.e. at 7.00 AM and continued till 4.00 PM. Peak period of dehiscence was recorded between 9.00 AM -2.00 PM in the genotypes. The flow'er length varied from 9.2513.21 mm, being the maximum in ‘GJ 25’. The stamen and style length varied from 5.20-9.00 mm and 7.25-8.90 mm respectively being at the maximum in ‘GJ 21’. Pollen viability ranged from 90.20-98.50% being highest in ‘GJ 24’. Pollen germination and pollen length ranged from 24.00-37.50% and 29.00-48.90 micron respectively. On the basis of different reproductive attributes studied, fruit set per panicle is considered as one of the positive traits while screening for the elite genotypes of jamun Conservation of genetic diversity Very little has been done to exploit the genetic resources of jamun. This crop is facing severe genetic erosion and extinction of several species as a

INTRODUCTION

Table 2. Flowering and fruit set pattern in jamun genotypes

Genotypes

Time of panicle

emergence Initiation Peak End ‘GJ ‘GJ ‘GJ ‘GJ ‘GJ ‘GJ ‘GJ ‘GJ ‘GJ ‘GJ

17’ 18’ 19’ 20’ 21’ 22’ 23’ 24’ 25’ 26’

15 F 21 F 17 F 14 F 17 F 18 F 23 F 10 F 15 F 17 F

10 F 7F 3F 4F 8F 18 F 2F 6F 5F

Time of fruit set

Time of flowering

Initiation Peak

26 F 10 M 7M 25 F 27 F 10 M 15 M 22 F 8M 9M

5M 13 M 10 M 6M 4M 8M 20 M 6M 9M 10 M

17 M 24 M 21 M 17 M 16 M 18 M 25 M 14 M 18 M 23 M

End 27 M 14A 10A 27 M 26 M 8A 16A 26 M 8A 11 A

Initiation Peak 12 M 20 M 17 M 14 M 12 M 16 M 27 M 14 M 17 M 19 M

25 M 30 M 28 M 26 M 26 M 27 M 31 M 20 M 26 M 30 M

End

5A 21 A 18 A 6A 5A 16 A 23 A 6A 17 A 19 A

F, February; M, March; A, April Table 3. Flowering and fruit set pattern in jamun genotypes

Genotypes

Days taken from panicle

emergence to flowering (peak)

‘GJ 17’ ‘GJ 18’ ‘GJ 19’ ‘GJ 20’ ‘GJ 21’ ‘GJ 22’ ‘GJ 23’ ‘GJ 24’ ‘GJ 25’ ‘GJ 26’ SEm ± CD (P= 0.05)

30 31 32 31 27 28 30 32 31 34

Days taken from flowering to fruit set (peak)

Panicle length (cm)

Days taken for bud development (From 15th March)

Fruit set per panicle (Number)

8 5 7 9 10 9 5 6 8

13.50 14.40 16.24 14.11 13.40 13.31 16.12 15.40 16.13 15.10 0.17 0.50

23 22 23 24 20 22 21 22 23 26

14.50 16.20 25.00 23.10 21.10 20.20 24.10 24.00 21.00 19.20 0.42 1.25

result of the activities related to the urbanization and intensive agriculture. The genetic diversity of the related wild species is of particular value in search for sources of resistance to physiological races of pathotypes of fungi, bacteria, viruses and nematodes besides winter hardiness, resistance to drought and salinity, etc. A large variability of seedling strains in respect of fruit shape and size, pulp colour, TSS, acidity and earliness available particularly in Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat and Maharashtra provide a good scope for selection of better varieties. The survey in Pune and Ahmednagar districts of Maharashtra revealed wide variation in fruit weight (3.5-16.5 g), pulp content (54.29-85.71%), TSS (4.5-17%) and acidity (0.16 - 0.55%) from

JAMUN

10 Table 4. Floral traits in different jamun genotypes Length of calyx tube (mm)

Breadth of calyx tube (mm)

Flower length (mm)

Flower breadth (mm)

12.10 ‘GJ 17’ 12.34 'GJ 18’ 11.25 ‘GJ 19’ ‘GJ 20’ 12.31 10.25 ‘GJ 21’ 11.24 ‘GJ 22’ 10.30 ‘GJ 23’ ‘GJ 24’ 9.25 13.21 ‘GJ 25’ 13.00 ‘GJ 26’ 0.04 SEm+ CD (P= 0.05) 0.11

10.00 10.23 9.23 9.50 9.80 10.21 10.00 9.00 9.32 9.80

8.21 8.95 7.90 7.50 7.80 8.21 8.39 8.94 9.00 8.50

4.20 4.56 4.50 4.21 4.20 4.62 4.50 5.00 5.10 4.56

Genotypes

Petal length (mm)

Petal breadth (mm)

4.00 4.25 4.23 4.00 4.23 4.52 4.50 5.21 5.20 5.00 0.03 0.09

3.00 3.21 3.50 4.00 3.51 3.20 3.50 3.60 3.50 3.60 NS

Table 5. Pollen characters in different jamun genotypes

Genotypes

Stamen length (mm)

‘GJ 17’ ‘GJ 18’ ‘GJ 19’ ‘GJ 20’ ‘GJ 21’ ‘GJ 22’ ‘GJ 23’ ‘GJ 24’ ‘GJ 25’ ‘GJ 26’ SEM+ CD (P= 0.05)

5.20 6.50 6.00 8.94 9.00 8.24 7.50 7.00 8.56 8.20 0.03 0.04

Ovary length (mm)

Ovary breadth (mm)

Style length (mm)

3.00 3.20 3.00 3.50 3.54 3.60 3.00 3.00 3.50 3.00

2.00 2.10 2.54 2.70 2.58 2.54 2.50 2.50 2.70 2.52

8.20 7.54 7.25 8.24 8.90 8.60 8.20 7.50 7.60 7.50 0.01 0.03

Pollen Pollen Pollen viability germination length (Micron) (%) (%)

92.00 90.50 90.20 95.00 98.00 98.00 97.50 98.50 92,00

92.50 0.02 0.05

25.00 25.80 30.20 35.00 32.00 36.00 28.00 37.50 24.00 25.50 0.36

1.05

29.00 34.20 39.00 37.00 45.00 48.90 45.00 46.20 47.80 45.00 0.18 0.54

where promising types No.15, 4, 14 and 13 were identified (Keskar et al. 1989). Ashraf (1987) reported that fruit shape in jamun varied from round to oblong and apex of fruits from flat to pointed one. He also observed great variability in physico-chemical characteristics of fruits offering possibility of selecting a variety suitable for fresh market and processing. Small seed size, high pulp content with better chemical properties are considered ideal characteristics. Singh et al. (1999) evaluated eight genotypes of jamun under Faizabad conditions and reported that oblong types had more fruit weight and relatively less seed weight. Among the locally available genotypes of jamun in West Bengal, Selection No.l (Oval shaped large fruit) and Selection No.2 (Cylindrical shaped medium sized fruit) proved to be better on the basis of yield and fruit quality attributes

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