4 NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS OF ANIMALS
NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS OF PIG
ICAR
Indian Council of Agricultural Research New Delhi
PRINTED : JULY 2013 THIRD EDITION 2013
Project Director Incharge (English Editorial Unit) Editor
Chief Production Officer Technical Officer (Production)
Cover Design
Dr Rameshwar Singh Dr R P Sharma Reena Kandwal
Dr V K Bharti Punit Bhasin Dr V K Bharti and Punit Bhasin
Correct Citation:
Nutrient Requirements of Animals - Pig (ICAR-NIANP), 2013
Š 2013, All rights reserved Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi
ISBN: 978-81-7164-139-0
Price: sMOO
Published by Dr Rameshwar Singh, Project Director, Directorate of Knowledge Management in Agriculture, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi 110 012; Lasertypeset at M/s Dot & Design, D-35, Ranjeet Nagar Comm. Complex, New Delhi 110 008 and printed at M/s Royal Offset Printers, A-89/1, Naraina Industrial Area, Phase I, New Delhi 110 028.
CONTENTS SI No.
Title
Page No.
1.
Introduction
1
2.
Feeding System Creep Feed Grower Ration Finisher Ration Feeding of Pregnant and Lactating Sows Feeding of Boars Nutrient Requirements Crossbred pigs Exotic pigs Indigenous pigs Crossbred (Landrace X desi) Pregnant Gilts Crossbred (Landrace X desi) Lactating Sows Conclusion
1
3.
4.
5. 6. 7. 8.
9.
References
2 2 3 3
4 4
5 8 8 10 10
11 12
Annexures
A1 Ingredient and nutrient composition of weaner piglet ration (up to 15kg) A2 Ingredient and nutrient composition of Grower piglet ration (35 -60kg) A3 Ingredient and nutrient composition finisher pig ration (60kg and above) A4 Chemical composition and energy value (% or kcal/kg) of vegetables, fruits, roughages, tubers, pulps, etc. (on DM basis) A5 Chemical composition and energy value (% or kcal/kg) of concentrates (on DM basis) A6 Composition of minerals in different feedstuff’s (as fed basis) A7 Amino acid composition of certain feedstuff's (as fed basis) List of Tables
15
15 16 16
17
19 20 22
Introduction
Pig farming is an effective enterprise for improving the socio-economic of resource-poor farmers in the developing countries. Commercial pig farming is gaining popularity in India during the recent times, mainly due to increased demand for pork in north-eastern hills, Kerala and Goa. Pig population in India was 13.92 million, of which 2.18 million were crossbred and exotic pigs (Livestock Census, 2003). However, as per the reports of 18th Livestock Census (BAHS, 2010, Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying & Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, India), the pig population has decreased to 11.13million with Assam having the highest population (2 million, 17.97%) followed by Uttar Pradesh (1.35 million, 12.13%). Most of the pigs are indigenous and are reared by the weaker sections of the society. However, with increased awareness on progressive organized farming for higher returns and self employment, population of crossbred and exotic purebreds are increasing day by day and better feeding practices are evolved. Efficient utilization of nutrients depends on adequate supply of energy, protein and amino acids, which is of paramount importance in determining the productivity of pigs. Nutrient requirements depend on body size and growth or production potentials of pigs, environmental condition and quality of feed. Temperature, humidity, sunshine and wind velocity may increase or decrease the nutrient needs depending upon the region. Nutrient requirement of pigs under Indian condition differ from those of temperate countries because ofdifferences in genetic makeup, mature body size, growth rate, quality of feeds and climatic variations. Moreover, rearing of pigs needs to be eco-friendly with the prospective of conservation of environment and ecosystem. Scientific knowledge on precise nutrient supply is essential for maximizing nutrient utilization and to minimize the excretion of nutrients.. Therefore, the current knowledge of nutrient requirements of Indian pigs and availability of common feedstuffs and their composition for optimum nutrition during different phases of life-cycle (i.e., creep, grower and finisher pigs, sows and boars) are addressed. status
Feeding Systems
Pigs are rearedunder scavenging, semi-scavenging andintensive systems of production. Major population comprises indigenous pigs which are rearedunder free-range scavenging system with little or no input. Indigenous and crossbred pigs are also reared under semi-intensive system wherein they are allowed to scavenge for the whole day and are supplemented with household kitchen or hotel waste, rice bran, wheat bran and broken wheat (da-lid) , pressmud, etc. Under intensive system, pigs of exotic breeds, elite
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NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS OF PIG
crossbreds and small breeds are reared with concentrate feeds, hotel and kitchen wastes, cereal byproducts, vegetable wastes, root crops like boiled sweet potatoes, rhizomes, etc. Good remunerative price of pork in certain places of India and tariff facilities for live pigs have encouraged organized intensive farming of late. Creep Feed
Practice of early weaning of piglets, at 6 weeks of age or even earlier, is already popular in some western countries for optimum and earlier economic returns. In India, piglets are weaned at 8 weeks of age under intensive feeding system (Bhar et al., 2009). However, weaning is advantageous on weight basis rather than on age basis as traditionally practiced. In India, phase or split weaning are being practiced in such a way that heavier piglets could be weaned at 5-6 weeks, followed by weaning of lighter piglets at 8 weeks (Abraham et al., 2004). Such split weaning practice reduces the stress of negative energy balance of lactating sows and facilitates faster growth of light piglets. Creep (pre-starter) feeding is essential for suckling piglets for faster growth andattainment of satisfactory weaning weight. Successful creep mixtures have been presented by different workers (Ranjhan, 1981; Bhar and Pathak, 2005). Piglets should have easy access to creep feeds for ad lib intake. They contain 20% protein (BIS, 1987) and 3,265 kcal ME/kg (NRC, 1998) fortified with adequate minerals and vitamins. Creep feed is generally mixed with ferrous sulphate at the ratio of 9:1 and fed to prevent piglet anemia. Creep mixtures are introduced at 7-14 days of age and are fed till weaning. Piglets fed on creep attain 12-15 kg body weight at 8 weeks of age in Landrace and Yorkshire pigs (Ranjhan,1981) and about 9-10 kg body weight at 6 weeks in Landrace x desi crossbreds (Bhar et al., 2009; Bhar and Mondal, 2010). During suckling period, piglets are more prone to anaemia. A dose of iron injection (iron dextran) may be given on 4th and 14th days as sow’s milk does not contain enough iron to take care of piglets requirement in 1st and 2nd week of their age; moreover, the intake of creep feed is inadequate at early age. An alternate method of supplementing iron to the new born piglets is to , paint the sow’s udder with liquid oral iron supplements (EAO, 2009).
Grower Ration After weaning with creep feed on attainment of about 12-15 kg at 8 weeks of age, piglets are switched over to grower ration. At this stage pigs consume considerably more feed. On careful management once a pig attains about 20 kg of body weight, it would be thrifty in appearance and would
NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS OF ANIMALS
I [
3
almost pass the nutritionally critical period. Thereafter, it performs well on relatively simple rations under optimum management condition.
Finisher Ration On attainment of finisher body weight (35-50 kg) pigs are switched they attain market weight of 60-70 kg. I Slaughtering pigs at 60-70 kg may be more economical than at 90 kg I followed in some western countries (Kumar et al., 1976). For the ! indigenous pigs slaughter at about 45 to 50 kg was recommended (AICRP I on Pigs, IVRI, 1993). On attainment of slaughter weight, finisher pigs | should be fed on restricted diet or low energy diet, so that the intake is f economically controlled within the required limit and pigs are not obese due to overfeeding. The composition of different finisher rations fed I successfully to indigenous pigs has been reported by Ranjhan (1981), Bhar and Pathak (2005) and Bhatia (1996).
I
over to the finisher ration till
Feeding of Pregnant and Lactating Sows
Feeding schedules recommended for finisher pigs may be followed for breeding sows with higher level of vitamins, as the breeding animals require enhanced vitamin levels in the feed. Feeding of pregnant sows and gilts should match their nutrient requirements. Feed offered needs to be [ restricted to 2 to 2.5 kg per day, because higher quantity of feeding may lead to embryonic mortality (Ranjhan et al., 1972). AICRP on Pigs (1986), however, recommended 2.0 kg of grower/finisher ration ยง- (containing 16% CP, 3,000 kcal DE/kg diet, 0.7% lysine) for 15 days for flushing of breedable gilts or sows before mating followed by 1.5 kg till f farrowing. On the day of farrowing, 250 g of wheat bran could be offered for proper lactation. Thereafter, for the next 3 days increasing quantities of the above recommended ration could be offered in such a way that by 4th day sow could get at least 2.0 kg of that feed. From 5th day onwards sows should be fed to appetite by offering the daily quota of feed twice daily. The interval between two feedings should be 8 hours. Such feeding j is continued till weaning of the piglets. Thereafter, sows should again be fed 1.5 kg of feed daily till the breeding season. Good quality succulent fodder (berseem, lucern, etc.) at the rate of 5-6 kg per pig may be offered along with concentrate mixture. Lactating sow should be offered additional feed for early recovery of the body condition (body weight loss) and for milk production. For a lactating sow 3.5 kg of meal with 0.2 kg meal per piglet in the litter may be sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements I (Ranjhan, 1981). !
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NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS OF PIG
Feeding of Boars
Breeding boars may be fed on finisher diets. However, the amount of feed offered may be restricted to 2.5 kg/head/day (Ranjhan, 1981). The rest may be of green berseem or lucerne as in sows. Overfeeding of boars must be avoided. AICRP on Pigs (1986) recommended 1.5 to 1.8 kg of grower or finisher ration (containing 16% CP, 3,000 kcal DE/kg diet, 0.7% lysine) for breeding boars depending upon the condition of boars. Nutrient Requirements
Growing pigs are fed as per different growth phases depending upon age and body weight. Previously NRC (1973) suggested four different phases (5-20, 20-35, 35-60 and 60-100 kg) up to 100 kg body weight. However, six growing stages (3-5, 5-10, 10-20, 20-50, 50-80, and 80120 kg) have been specified by NRC (1998) up to 120 kg body weight for growing finisher pigs. For Indian conditions, Ranjhan (1981) recommended only three stages viz. weaning (5-12 kg), growing (12-50 kg) and finishing (50-100 kg) up to 100 kg body weight. BIS (1987) also recommended three phases for feeding of growing finishing pigs. Bhar, 1998 recommended feeding of grower ration up to 35 kg body weight and shifting to finisher ration thereafter. Phasing of feeding varies with respect to body weight, mainly due to differences in the performance under different agro-climatic conditions and genetic makeup. Studies have been conducted at different research institutes to determine suitable rations for various categories of pigs. Systematic studies have been conducted (Reddy et al., 1981, 1982; Sharda et al., 1982; Sharda and Sagar, 1986; Ranjhan et al., 2003; Kumar et al., 2012) based on performance and intake data (Paul et al., 2006) in India for the determination of nutrient requirements of pigs. ICAR (1998) included the requirements of CP, TDN and DE, mainly based on the work of Sharda and Sagar (1986). Requirements of minerals and vitamins for Indian pigs could not be recommended due to non-availability of experimental data. Paul et al. (2007) compiled data from 27 feeding trials conducted on growingpigs from different research institutions across India. Data collected were subjected to mixed model regression analysis to derive requirements of DE, CP and essential amino acids for maintenance and body weight gains. The estimated maintenance requirement of DE was in the range of 123.3 kcal (516 kj) to 167.8 kcal (702 kj) per kg W째-75for different body weights. The estimate from the whole database was 164.4 kcal (688 kj) per kg W0-75. The above values seem to be slightly higher. The comparable DE values of 110 kcal (460.24 kj) and 109.46 kcal (458 kj) per kg W째-75for
NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS OF ANIMALS
5
maintenance requirements of pigs have been recommended by NRC i (1998) and ARC (1981), respectively. These values of maintenance requirements specified by ARC or NRC were preferred over values of Paul et al., (2007) as these values were mostly based on calorimetric studies I along with comparative slaughter studies. Thus, the value of 110 kcal DE I (106 kcal ME)/kgW째-75/day was adopted as maintenance requirement of E growing pigs. For the calculation of maintenance requirements of protein I(CP) a value of 8.97 g/kgW째-75/day was used (Paul etal, 2007). As growth I pattern, body composition and carcass traits (carcass weight, carcass length, i back-fat thickness, loin-eye area) of Indian crossbred and indigenous pigs E are different from those of elite exotic pigs, eventually their requirements will also vary. Thus, for the calculation of DE, CP and amino acid requirements for daily gain, values suggested (per gram of average daily i gain) by Paul et ml., (2007) at respective phases of growth have been taken Iinto consideration. Accordingly the requirements of DE, CP and limiting B amino acids for maintenance (g/kg W째 75/day) and for growth (g/g gain) at K different body weights and gains were calculated for tabulation. Body B weight changes of native and crossbred pigs recorded up to 32 weeks of age at different centres were used. Ingredient composition of diets of pigs varies from one region to another due to variation in agro-climatic conditions and availability. The nutrient requirements are presented in accordance with the variations in feed intake and feed: gain ratios at respective age and body weight.
Crossbred Pigs The growthpotentiality of crossbred pigs (Landrace x native andLarge White Yorkshire x native) rearedunder different crossbreeding programmes varied, ranging from a live weight of 43 kg (lower to medium growth potential) to 56 kg (medium to higher growth potential) at 32 weeks of age. However, the Landrace crossbred pigs maintained at IVRI attained an average live weight of 110 kg at 32 weeks of age, as it contained more than 75% of exotic blood. Requirements of cross bred pigs having lower to medium growth potential are presented in Table 1, medium to higher growth potential in Table 2 and higher growth potential in Table 3. Very less information is available on the requirements of minerals and vitamins in India. Therefore, the values suggested by NRC (1998) were adopted (Table 3) with safety margin of 10-20% to take care of variation in feed type and quality. These values may also be used for other categories of growing pigs during the respective growth phases (starting, growing and K finishing). Nutrient requirements (g/day) of CB pigs have been calculated separately for maintenance and for average daily gain in three phases, i.e. I 8-16, 16-24 and 24-32 weeks of age.
NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS OF PIG
6
Table 1 . Dietary requirements (as fed basis) of crossbred pigs having lower to medium growth potential Age ( weeks) Body weight (kg) Av weight (kg) BW gain (g/d) Av daily feed intake (g/d) Feed :Gain Nutrient requirement DE (kcal/kg diet) DE (kJ/kg diet) ME (kcai/kg diet) ME (kJ/kg diet) CP (%) Lysine (%) Methionine (%) Methionine +Cysteine (%) Cysteine (%) Threonine (%) Tryptophan (%)
8 to 20 9 to 22 15.64 155 610 3.98
21 to 24 23 to 28 25 224 1120 5.0
25 to 32 29 to 43 36 263 1430 5.0
3,345 13,993 3,210 13,433 21.4 0.91 0.65 0.98 0.33 0.68 0.22
2,727 11,408 2,617 10,951 15.2 0.77 0.48 0.76 0.27 0.57 0.17
2,377 9,944 2,282 9,546 14.1 0.81
0.53 0.77 0.23 0.62 0.23
Source: Paul etal. (2007), NRC (1998), ARC (1981).
Table 2. Dietary requirements (as fed basis) of crossbred pigs having medium to higher growth potential Age (weeks) Body weight (kg) Av weight (kg) BW gain (g/d) Av daily feed intake (g/d) Feed :Gain Nutrient requirement DE (kcal/kg diet) DE (kJ/kg diet) ME (kcal/kg diet) ME (kJ/kg diet) CP (%) Lysine (%) Methionine (%) Methionine +Cysteine (%) Cysteine (%) Threonine (%) Tryptophan (%)
8 to 16 10 to 21 15.52 189 640 3.37 3,550 14,840 3,400 14,250 22.7
0.91 0.70 1.04 0.35 0.74 0.23
Source: Paul etal., (2007), NRC (1998), ARC (1981).
17 to 24 22 to 38 29.15 298 1,350 4.53
25-32 39 to 56 46.56 323 1,760 5.44
2,785
2,360 9,885 2,270 9,490 14.0
11,648 2,670
11,182 15.2 0.75 0.47 0.75 0.26 0.57 0.17
0.81 0.53 0.77 0.23 0.61 0.22
NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS OF ANIMALS
7
'"arte 3. Dietary requirements (as fed basis) of crossbred pigs having higher grc wth potential
Age (weeks) Body weight (kg) Av .veight (kg) 0W gain (g/d) A < daily feed intake (g/d) Feed :Gain 'ÿtutrient requirement 2= (kcal/kg diet) DE (kJ/kg diet) ME (kcal/kg diet) ME (kJ/kg diet) := (%) Lysine (%) Methionine (%) Methionine +Cysteine (%) Cysteine (%) Threonine (%) Tryptophan (%) Calcium (%) Phosphorus (%) A i. Phosphorus (%) Sodium (%) CMoride (%) Potassium (%) Cooper (mg/kg) Manganese (mg/kg)
8 to 16 11.5 to 44 27.675 577 1,550 2.70
17 to 24 45 to 80 61.737 640 2,400 3.74
25 to 32 81 to 110 95.119 553 3,360 6.07
3,685 15,417 3,537 14,801 21.4
3,185 13,328 3,058 12,795
2,125 8,890 2,040 8,535 12.6 0.73 0.48 0.20 0.69 0.55 0.20 0.50 0.45 0.20 0.11 0.10 0.20 4.0 2.5 50 55 0.16 0.15 1,500 150 12 2.2 8 1.2 1.2 8 0.32 0.06 7 350
ton (mg/kg) Zinc (mg/kg) Se enium, (mg/kg) liodlne (mg/kg) ."tarnin A (lU/kg) Vitamin D (lU/kg) Vitamin E (mg/kg) Riboflavin (mg/kg) Miacin (mg/kg) amin (mg/kg) Py-doxine (mg/kg) Ptantothenic acid (mg/kg) Foie acid (mg/kg) Biotin (mg/kg) /‘tarn n ES,2 (meg/kg) Chotine (mg/kg) Sauce: Paul etal. (2007), NRC (1998), ARC (1981).
0.70 0.66 0.34 1.0 0.77 0.21 0.70 0.60
0.30 0.14 0.14 0.26 5.0 3.0 70 70 0.20 0.15 2,000 200 15 3.0 12 1.2 1.5 9 0.32 0.06 15 400
16.5 0.79 0.51 0.28 0.82 0.63 0.19 0.60 0.50 0.25 0.11 0.10 0.22 4.0 2.5 60 60 0.16 0.15 1,600 160 12 2,5
10 1.2 1.2 8 0.32 0.06 10 350
NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS OF PIG
8
Exotic pigs Nutrient requirements of exotic pigs (Landrace and Large White Yorkshire) under Indian condition were calculated based on age-wise body weight changes. Pigs attained an average body weight of 74 kg at 32 weeks of age. Age-wise body weights and body weight changes were used for the calculation of nutrient requirement (Table 4), using the values for maintenance and gain as discussed earlier.
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Table 4. Dietary requirements (as fed basis) of exotic pigs under Indian agro-climatic conditions Age (weeks) Body weight (kg) Av weight (kg) BW gain (g/d) Av daily feed intake (g/d) Feed : Gain Nutrient requirements DE (kcal/kg diet) DE (kJ/kg diet) ME (kcal/kg diet) ME (kJ/kg diet) CP (%) Lysine (%) Methionine (%) Methionine +Cysteine (%) Cysteine (%) Threonine (%) Tryptophan (%)
8 to 16 10 to 25 17.7 255 960 3.79
17 to 24 26 to 48 36.3 410 1,560
3,000 12,579 2,886 12,075 18.4 0.70
3,180 13,311 3,054 12,779 16.7
2,600 10,883
0.65 0.51 0.29 0.80 0.62 0.19
0,60
0.56 0.29 0.85 0.62 0.19
3,80
25 to 32 49 to 75 61.0 475 2,170 4.58
2,497 10,447
15.0 0.50 0.26 0.76 0.62 0.19
Source: Paul etal. (2007), NRC (1998), ARC (1981).
Indigenous pigs Based on the records of body weight changes of indigenous pigs in different centres (Table 5) nutrient requirements were derived. Average daily body weight gains were worked out as 0.152, 0.186 and 0.262 kg
NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS OF ANIMALS
9
x2
:-
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during 6-20, 20-30 and 30-60 weeks of age. Accordingly, nutrient requirements (g/day) of indigenous pigs were calculated for three phases of growth (8-20, 20-30 and above 30kg BW (Tables 5 & 6). Table 5. Body weight changes (kg) of indigenous pigs Age (week) Birth 4 8 12 16 20 24 28
Jabalpur 0.7 3.61 7.59 9.3 13.16 16.27 21.99 24.72
Tirupati 0.78 4.07 8.12
11.47 15.83 22.47 30.82 35.24
Izatnagar 0.68 3.95 7.32 10.75 14.7 20.81 25.5 31.35
Khanapara 0.83 3.96 8.01 10.98 17.39 22.59 28.36 32.56
Average 0.75 3.90 7.76 10.63 15.27 20.54 26.67 30.97
Source: Bhatia (1996).
Table 6. Dietary nutrient requirements (as fed-basis) of desi (native) pigs Age (weeks) Body weight (kg) Daily feed intake (g/d) Feed : Gain Nutrient requirements DE (koal/kg diet) DE (kJ/kg diet) ME (kcal/kg diet) ME (kJ/kg diet) CP (%) Lysine (%) Methionine (%) Methionine+Cysteine (%) Cysteine (%) Threonine (%) Tryptophan (%)
610 4.01
8 to 20 6 to 20 650 4.30
700 4.57
2,780 3,170 2,950 13,252 12,350 11,622 3,040 2,830 2,670 12,720 11,857 11,160 20. 18.65 17.50 0.83 0.73 0.77 0.54 0.61 0.57 0.92 0.81 0.86 0.65 0.60 0.57 0.31 0.60 0.57 0.19 0.18 0.20
Source: Paul etal. (2007), NRC (1998), ARC (1981).
21 to 28 21 to 30 950 900 5.10 4.86
29 to 32 31 to 40 1350 1400 5.33 5.18
3,030 2,570 2,495 3,185 13,325 12,698 10,741 10,439 2,900 2,470 2,395 3,060 12,792 12,190 10,311 10,022 18.70 17.80 15.30 14.95 0.79 0.76 0.94 0.99 0.57 0.58 0.59 0.61 0.84 0.81 0.89 0.94 0.68 0.66 0.65 0.69 0.24 0.66 0.65 0.34 0.19 0.25 0.24 0.20
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NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS OF PIG
Crossbred (Landrace x Desi) Pregnant Gilts As the nutrient requirements of crossbred gilts or pregnant sows have not yet been worked out in India, they were derived based on body weight
changes (Prasanna, 2006). Tabulation of fortnightly body weight changes of gilts during the gestation period was used to derive overall average body weight for the calculation of nutrient requirements in two phases viz. 0-75 and 75-114 days of gestation. Gilts were bred at about 78 kg live weight. Pregnant gills (crossbred) attained live weight of about 130.6 kg at 111 days of gestation. The recommended maintenance requirement (NRC, 1998) of 110 kcal DE/kgW째-75/day of growing-finishing pigs was comparable for pregnant or even lactating gilts/sows. For the calculation of CP and amino acid requirements for daily gain, values suggested (per gram of average daily gain) by Paul et al. (2007) at respective growth phases (60-128 kg) was taken into consideration. Feed intake and feed: gain ratios of gilts at different body weights during pregnancy are also tabulated (Table 7). Table 7. Dietary nutrient requirements (as fed-basis) of crossbred (Landrace x desi) pregnant gilts Days of Gestation Body weight (kg) Av Weight (kg) Av Daily Feed Intake (kg) Feed : Gain DE kcai/kg DE MJ/kg ME kcal/kg ME MJ/kg CP (%) Lysine (%) Methionine (%) Methionine + Cysteine (%) Cysteine (%) Threonine (%) Tryptophan (%)
0 to 75 78.00 to 112.3 94.3 2.20 4.80 3,440 14.40 3,300 13.84 18.84 0.80 0.65 0.99 0.34 0.70 0.21
75 to 111/114 120.5 to 130.6 126.3 2.50 5.20 3,420 14.30 3,280 13.74 18.92 0.83 0.70 0.99 0.35 0.72 0.22
Source: Paul efa/.(2007), NRC (1998), ARC (1981).
Crossbred (Landrace x Desi) Lactating Sows
Body weight changes of crossbred lactating sows (Prasanna, 2006) used for calculating nutrient requirements in two phases (during 21day of an early lactation and last 35 days before weaning). Nutrient requirements (g/day) of sows were calculated separately for maintenance and average daily loss in body weight. Accordingly, the requirements of were
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