Ornamental Fish Farming
Saroj K. Swain N. Sarangi S. Ayyappan
:: ICJ
Published by Directorate of Information and Publications of Agriculture Indian Council of Agricultural Research Krishi Anusandhan Bhavan Pusa, New Delhi 110 012
www.icar.org.in
PRINTED : MAY 2010
AUTHORS
Dr Saroj Kumar Swain Principal Scientist Incharge of Ornamental Fish Culture Unit and CIFA Aquarium Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneshwar (Orissa) 751 002 E-mail: swainsaroj2002@rediffmail.com
Dr N. Sarangi Former Director Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneshwar (Orissa) 751 002 E-mail: sarangi012@rediffmail.com
Dr S. Ayyappan Director-General Indian Council of Agricultural Research Krishi Bhavan, New Delhi 110 114
E-mail: dg.icar@nic.in
Project Director
Incharge (English Editorial Unit) Editor
Chief Production Officer Technical Officer (Production) Incharge (Art Unit)
Dr T.P. Trivedi Dr R.P. Sharma Shashi A. Verma
V.K. Bharti Punit Bhasin B.C. Mazumder
Š 2010, All rights reserved Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi
ISBN: 978-81-7164-061-4
Price: Rs 300
Published by Dr T.P. Trivedi, Project Director, Directorate of Information and Publications of Agriculture, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi 110 012, Telephone: 011 25842787, Fax: 011 25843285, E-mail: tptrivedi@icar.org. in Lasertypeset at M/s Print-O-World, 2579, Mandir Lane, Shadipur, New Delhi 110 008 and printed at M/s Chandu Press, D-97, Shakarpur, Delhi.
Contents Page Preface 1. Ornamental fish farming - present scenario
iii 1
2. Commercially important fishes
10
3. Egg-laying fishes - breeding and culture
37
4.
Live-bearing fishes propagation
49
5. Establishment of fish breeding and culture unit for entrepreneurship development
56
6. Ornamental fishes - food and feeding
64
7. Indigenous fish diversity, export and breeding protocols
76
8. Ornamental fishes - marketing possibilities
92
9. Propagation of aquarium plants
100
10. Aquarium construction, accessories, maintenance and care
107
11. Ornamental fish farming - possibilities of commercialization
129
Suggested reading
137
Subject index
141
1 Ornamental Fish Farming Present Scenario /ÿXRNAMENTAL fishes
form an important commercial component of the aquaculture, providing for aesthetic requirements and upkeep of the environment. Aquarium fish-keeping began in 1805 with the first publi display aquarium opened at Regent’s Park in England in 1853. Development of aquaria picked up further, and by 1928, there were 45 aquaria displayed in public, and presendy over 500 aquaria are functioning worldwide. However, the market for the ornamental fishes in the world for public aquaria at present is less than 1%, and over 99% of the market for ornamental fishes is still confined to hobbyists. In India, the hobby of ornamental fish-keeping is nearly 70 years old. The brilliant, flamboyant colour and exotic appearance of fishes appeal to everyone; children and aged alike. According to psychiatrists, placing aquaria with ornamental fishes in patient’s house could treat certain types of mentally disordered persons. And relatively minimum requirement of space and attention compared to other pet animals is the reason of growing interest all-over in keeping aquaria. Further, setting-up of an aquarium is still relatively inexpensive, and it can be fitted at any location of the house, where there is diffused light. At present, modern materials, equipment and air transport have made it possible for hobbyists as well as for display-aquaria to obtain a wide variety of fishes from all-over the world and to maintain these with a high degree of success. WORLD TRADE OF ORNAMENTAL FISHES The trade of ornamental fishes has been increasing since 1980s. It was estimated at US $ 4.5 billion in 1995 and grew further with an annual growth rate of about 14% per year (FAO, 1999). According to FAO (2000), the world trade of ornamental fishes was estimated at US $ 9 billion, out of which the total retail trade was at about US $ 3 billion (liveanimals for aquarium).
European Union The European Union (EU) is the largest market with over 3.2 million houses possessing aquaria. And the Netherlands is the largest market among the European Union countries; 20% of the Dutch houses have aquaria. The
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ORNAMENTAL FISH FARMING
EU or Western Europe is currently the largest trade block for ornamental fishes. It imported US$ 121.1 million worth of ornamental fishes in 2002, representing 51% of the world production. Popular species of fishes are neon tetra, cardinal tetra, guppy, platy, swordtail, Siamese fighter, angel, corydoras, rasbora, gourami and loach. The top-importing countries in 2002 were Germany (20.1% of imports), UK (17.2%), France (17.2%), Belgium (8.4%), Italy (8.5%) and the Netherlands (8.2%). Keeping aquarium is most popular now in Germany, which is the largest import market among the European Union countries. The major suppliers to EU markets are Singapore, Czech Republic, Israel, Japan, Malaysia, Indonesia, China (Hong Kong), Sri Lanka, Thailand, USA and Brazil.
United States of America It has been estimated that 1.2 million aquarists with more than 10% (9.4 million houses) in the USA keep fish in their houses, and 40% of these houses have more than one aquarium. In 2002 US market was the largest single market accounting for US$ 40 million worth of imports. Important freshwater species are the main imports, with mainly two species, guppy and neon tetra, accounting for 40% of the market. Other important species are molly, swordtail, discus, angel, African cichlid, zebra danio and platy. The major suppliers to this market are Singapore, Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia and Brazil. About 80% of the imports to USA originate from Asia and the rest from South America, which contributes over 80% of bred freshwater varieties and 15% of wild caught fishes.
Japan Japan is the second largest single market constituting around 10% (1.2 million houses) that keep aquarium. In 2002 Japan imported ornamental fishes worth US $ 25.6 million; 28% of Japanese market comprises only guppy varieties. Other demanded species are tetra, tiger barb, harlequin rasbora, discus, angel, fighters, gourami, platy, swordtail and corydoras. The top suppliers are Singapore, Brazil, Indonesia, Malaysia, USA and China (Hong Kong). Asian Countries Based on the Singapore Primary Production Department’s announcement in 1998, about 73 million Singapore dollars worth ornamental fishes were exported and 60% of this was contributed by Malaysian breeders. Singapore, the world’s largest exporter of ornamental fishes with more than 30% of the global supply, has already produced numerous lucrative new varieties through selective breeding. At present, 60% of the total export trade of aquarium fishes is from Asian countries. According to Singh (2005), the total world exports of ornamental fishes were valued at US$ 189.5 million in 2002; with Singapore (21.9%), Malaysia (9%), Czech Republic (7.1%), Indonesia
ORNAMENTAL FISH FARMING-PRESENT SCENARIO
3
(6.7%), China (Hong Kong) (5%), Japan(44%) and USA (4%) and Sri Lanka (3%), Peru (3%) and Philippines (3%) as main exporters, and total imports were US$ 234.2 million with main importing countries being USA (16.0%), Japan (10.9%), Germany (10.4%), UK (10.1%), France (8.9%), Singapore (4.8%), Italy (4.4%), Belgium and the Netherlands (4.3%), China (4.1%), and Canada (2.8%). Since 1982, the value of world exports increased markedly from US $ 44.5 million to almost US $ 204.8 million in 1996. The exports dropped to US $159.2 million in 1998; this was due to financial crisis in the world. The exports in 2002 again rose to US$ 189.5 million. World import trends World import of ornamental fishes increased markedly from US $ 50 million in 1982 to a peak of around US $ 330 million in 1994-96 (Infofish International No. 3, 2005; Table 1.1). Imports from then had fallen to US$ 262 million in 1998. And total imports stood at 234.2 million in 2002. Main importers were United States (16.9%), Japan (10.9%), Europe, Germany (10.4%), the United Kingdom (10.11%) and France (8.8%). Other important destinations were Singapore (4.8%), Italy (4.4%), Belgium (4.3.%), the Netherlands (4.3%), China (4.1%) and Canada (2.8%). Table 1.1. Main ornamental fishes suppliers of Asia in 2002
Country Singapore Malaysia Indonesia China Japan Sri Lanka Thailand Taiwan India
Percentage 37.0 16.0 11.0 10.0 7.0 5.0 , 5.0 2.0 1.0
Source: Infofish International Number 3/2005, p. 12
On an average, 90% of the freshwater species are farmed, against 10% collected from wild. For marine species, almost 99% are collected from wild and just 1% are reared. World turnover of ornamental fish aquaculture is estimated at US $ 200 million. In terms of value, freshwater species represent about 90% against 10% of marine species in the international trade. Consequently the species that dominate market are all of freshwater, particularly of families Poeciliidae, Characidae, Cichlidae and Cyprinidae. And marine species are becoming more and more popular, particularly of the families Pomacentridae, Acanthuridae, Labridae, Pomacanthidae, Chaetodontidae, Balistidae, Syngnathidae and invertebrates. According to many experts, marine aquarium with live-coral reefs is the trend for the 21st century.
4
ORNAMENTAL FISH FARMING
COMMON FRESHWATER INDIGENOUS AND EXOTIC ORNAMENTAL FISHES Indian water possesses a rich biodiversity of about 2,118 fish species, out of which more than 600 species exist in freshwater; besides possessing a rich diversity of colourful ornamental fishes with over 100 varieties of indigenous species and same number of exotic species that are bred in captivity. The vastness of the country’s natural resources comprising 2.36 million ha of ponds and tanks, 1.3 million ha of beels, jheels and derelict waters, in addition to 0.12 million ha of canals, 2.05 million ha of reservoirs and 75,000 km of river stretch (FAO, 2000) in comparison to those of potential countries, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Indonesia and many African countries, offer great scope for exploitation and commercial production. The major share of country’s exports is captive collections from the north-eastern states, which comprise as much as 85% of the total trade. Rest 15% is contributed by exotic varieties, mainly from southern India. The domestic market of indigenous fishes is limited due to preference of exotic varieties. The most demanded species are loaches, barbs, eels, catfishes and gobbies. Among attractive Indian fishes, about 28 species of loaches, 40 of catfishes, 7 of eels, 20 of barbs, 6 of danios, 3 of rasboras, 13 of gobbies, 5 of puffers, 5 of gouramis, 11 of snakeheads and 9 species of cichlids are available in different water-bodies of the country. About 33% of these species are available in the north-eastern region, 24% in the southern region, 23% in the eastern region, 6% in the western region, 3% in the northern region, 2% in the central region and 10% throughout India. Exotic ornamental fishes acclimatized in captivity range from cheap guppies to costly neon tetra, discuses etc., which too are bred by aquaculturists and are available with retailers at every city and town. Most of the popular varieties of tropical ornamental fishes are only about 3-4-cm long, and can be kept in a considerable number within a modestly sized aquarium. An aquarium of 60.9 cm x 38.1 cm X 30.05 cm (24 X 15 x 12 inches) can easily contain about 25 fishes of different varieties with a wide range of colours, shapes and behavioural patterns. A separate tank of the same size can be used as a breeding tank, which can provide adequate space for rearing potentially large number of fry. But for commercial production, one requires a number of cement tanks, aerators, overhead tanks, electric/diesel pump, a hatchery shed and other necessary items. One may require Rs 80,000 to a few lakhs of rupees for commercial production, depending on the capacity. Aquarium fishes are mainly grouped into two egg-layers (oviparous) and live-bearers (ovo-viviparous); though some are categorized under egglayers with no-care (non-guarders), egg-layers with care (guarders), egg buriers, mouth-incubators, nest-builders and egg-carriers. Important groups of egg-layers are barbs, rasboras, goldfishes, tetras, danios, bettas and gouramis and major five-bearers are guppies, platies, mollies and swordtails.
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ORNAMENTAL FISH FARMING-PRESENT SCENARIO
5
Most barbs are known to have originated from India, viz., rosy barb (Puntius conchonius), melon barb (P.fasciatusfasciatus) , aruli barb (P. wrulius) etc. Among exotic barbs, tiger barb (P. tetrazona) and its aquarium developed strains like green tiger barb and red tiger barb are fascinating. The major species of danio group include zebra danio (Bmchydcmio rerio ), pearl danio (B. albolineatus), giant danio {Danio aequipinnatus), turquoise danio (D. devario) and malabar danio (D. malabaricus) . Zebra danio is one of the typical examples of ornamental fish species of Indian origin, which can be bred and reared easily. Among rasboras, slender rasbora (Rasbora daniconius), glowlight rasbora (R. pauciperforata ), harlequin rasbora (R. heteromorpha) and scissors tail (R. trilineata ) are important ones. The gold fish, Carassius auratus, is the most commonly available fish, preferred by hobbyists because of its attractive colouration, ranging from pure gold to red, orange, black and albino. Further, various types of morphological characteristics like divided caudal and anal fins of varying sizes, egg-shaped
body due to shortened vertebrae, enlargement and protrusion of eyes, presence of pearl-like glittering scales, thickening of skin on the top of the head, absence of dorsal fins, transparent and dazzling colours, obtained through cross-breeding or selective-breeding, make species more attractive. Some of the common varieties of gold fishes available are comet, lion-head, oranda (a modification of lion-head), fringe tail, veil tail, fantail, shubunkin (scale-less hybrid), telescopic eye, etc. These fishes grow up to 20 cm, but start breeding when they are only 6-cm long. Many aquarium bred strains of ornamental koi, Cyprinus carpio (var. koi ), can be bred easily by available hormone injections. Their origin is from East Asia but strains like orenji ogon, kin matsuba, kohaku and shiro-bekoo are being cultured worldwide. The tetras are small fishes, 3-8-cm long; majority of which have originated from South America. The most common species of the group are black widow tetra {Gymnocorymbus temetzi ), serpae tetra {Hyphessobrycon sarpae), lemon tetra (H. pulchripinnis), flame tetra (H.flammeus), neon tetra (Paracheriodon innesi), cardinal tetra (P. axelrodi), black neon tetra {Hyphessobrycon herbertaxelrodi) and pretty tetra (Hemiprammus patcher) . Betta splendens, commonly called as Siamese fighter fish, occurs in green, red, blue colours and is also albino, and sometimes with a combination of two or three colour shades. Attractive colour and its hardiness are the characters for its wide adoption by hobbyists. Males are brightly coloured with beautifully spread-over fins. They show aggressive behaviour only when other males are present. Angel fish, Pterophyllum altum and P scalare, are important candidate species widely preferred for aquaria with different developed varieties such as black, veil tail, gold and black marble, platinum, gold pearl, pink ghost and albino. Filamentous lower fins and their compressed body shape with elegant movements are pleasant to look at. Among gouramies, threespot gourami (Trichopaster trichopterus), pearl gourami, (27 leen ), moon-light gourami (27 microlepis), snakeskin gourami (77 pectorails)1 dwarf gourami {Colisa lalia ), honey gourami (C. sota), striped gourami (C. fasciata) , noble gourami {Ctenops nobilis) and kissing gourami
6
ORNAMENTAL FISH FARMING
(Holostoma temmincki) are important. Bettas and gouramies are most popular among nest-builders, characterized by possession of accessory respiratory organs, thus making species hardier. Among catfishes, exotic variety of sucker-mouth catfish (Plecostomus spp.) is very popular. Being originated from South and Central America, it is available with every aquarist. Catfishes like butterfly catfish (Ham ham), dwarf anchor (H. jerdoni), cheetah catfish (Laguvia shawi), copper catfish ( Glyptothorax telchitta) and many others are beautifully coloured and are available in Indian waters. Live-bearers are second group of ornamental fishes, giving birth to young-ones, and producing only a few number of offspring in comparison to egg-layers. Their breeding is relatively easy. Development of young-ones takes place inside female body and released after about four weeks. Livebearers include guppy (Poecilia reticulata ), molly {Poecilia velifera), swordtail (Xiphophorus helleri) and platy {X. maculatus). The number of babies produced by a live-bearer are normally 40-60 only, though some larger swordtails and guppies may produce as many as 100. If the live-bearers are fed properly with natural food and supplemented with better artificial feed, the female produces more than 100 young-ones. Soon after coming out, young-ones have to be separated out to reduce mortality caused by predation by the female.
ORNAMENTAL FISH FARMING IN INDIA Ornamental fish breeding and culture is concentrated in and around metro cities of India; Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai. Recently, in Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Kerala, Asom and Bihar, people have started producing freshwater ornamental fishes at a commercial scale. This could be possible due to training and guidance provided by various Central Institutes, Universities and State Fisheries Departments. Kolkata is the first city, and so to say a gateway of popular aquarium fishes, imported from different countries, from where they are distributed to other places. In Kolkata, breeding of ornamental fishes is mostly focused on live-bearers, gold fishes and gouramis. A number of backyard units consisting of 2-6 cement tanks are utilized for breeding live-bearers. The secret of the good production of ornamental fishes can be associated to the abundance of live-foods, Tubifex and zooplankton. Besides exotic species, Kolkata is the gateway for export of indigenous fishes. Most of the wild-caught popular fishes from the north-eastern states are exported to Europe and other countries. A few exporters also have farms where they acclimatize wild-caught fishes before shipment. There are farms in Chennai, which produce live-bearers, koi carps, cichlids at a large scale. The farms use plenty of bloodworms collected from nature that are fed to fishes. Also a farm at Tuticorin produces a wide range of cichlids for export and internal markets. In Mumbai, many breeders breed only rare and expensive fishes angel, discus and tetra. Due to non-availability of natural live-food, breeders
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ORNAMENTAL FISH FARMING-PRESENT SCENARIO
7
depend on brine shrimps (Anemia, nauplii) and often-prepared artificial feeds for the fishes. Presently, the Mumbai-breeders are breeding some costly ornamental fishes: silver dollar, emperor tetra, rummy nose and neon tetra, besides a variety of discus strains. Also small-scale units have been started in various places like Bhubaneshwar, Cuttack, and other nearby places in Orissa. About 10-15 small-scale units (investment of rupees 80 thousand to 2 lakh) have come up for production in rural areas. Since the units are located nearer to the CIFA, they avail all technical guidance from the Institute as and when required (Fig. I).
Production Technology Feed Formulation & Nutrition
Wholesaler
Packaging & Transport
Aquaponics
Aquarium fish industry Aquatic & Animal Health Management
Research & Development
Aquarium & Accessories
Export Indigenous Ornamental Fish Inventory
Fig. I. Various components of the Aquarium Fish Industry
Prospects for Commercial Production Wide range of ornamental fishes of international demand are available in Indian waters. Apart from this, exotic species that are acclimatized in various farms are of high economic importance.
8
ORNAMENTAL FISH FARMING
Several species of Indian barbs, catfishes, danios, rasboras and anabantids are very popular in the international trade. The export of ornamental fishes at present is mainly confined to freshwater varieties and limited to fishes from the north-eastern states (85%) and a few species of exotic-bred varieties (15%). Country possesses vast resources of natural water-bodies and species diversity, and there is a great potential to increase export from captive collection and farm-reared ornamental fishes. The Central Fisheries Research Institutes such as CIFA, Bhubaneshwar; CIFE, Mumbai; and CMFRI, Kochi, are playing a major role in organizing training programmes on ornamental fish breeding and culture. The CIFA has already conducted several national training programmes; both in-campus and off-campus. The participants were private entrepreneurs, State Government officials, MPEDA officials, bank officials, NGO staff, College and University teachers, farmers, women-entrepreneurs, farm-women and students. They have been offered comprehensive information on ornamental fishes, practicals on farm breeding, nutrition, feed formulation, diet preparation, health management, suitable water chemistry for breeding and rearing, engineering aspects for farm construction, and packing and modern transportation methods.The Institute has also adopted several ornamentalfish farms in Orissa, Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal, where technical guidance is being provided to farmers and upcoming private entrepreneurs of other states. Institute has also prepared a couple of films on ornamental fish farming in English, for SAARC countries, and in the regional language for people of Orissa. Major Constraints 1. Lack of technical manpower and proper information disemination by extension personnel. 2. Non-availability of supplementary diet and medicines specific for ornamental fishes in commercial scale as that of shrimps. Lack of knowledge for harvesting live wild stocks. 3. Non-existence of major production centres with organized marketing system in different parts of the country. 4. Non-availability of modern equipments for aquarium at affordable prices. 5. Difficulties in institutional finance for farmers, intending to take up ornamental fish farming. 6. Lack of awareness among the traders about the potential of damage that exotic carnivorous ornamental fishes present and no such regulations to dictate conditions of import.
Suggestions for improvement 1. Popularization of enterprise through regular training programmes, workshops, seminars, symposia is exhibitions. 2. Interested farmers/entrepreneurs are given freehand long-term loans from various agencies like banks to develop infrastructure for farming.
ORNAMENTAL FISH FARMING-PRESENT SCENARIO
9
3. Survey of different natural resources, and assessment and identification of indigenous species is essential. 4. In many places, indigenous colourful ornamental fishes are used for food due to ignorance. So extension officials and various NGOs should create general awareness about their commercial value as ornamental fishes. 5. Since indigenous fishes have more export value and fetch more prices, judicious harvest from nature should be done and handed over to organized co-operative societies or fish-farmer federations, so that the harvester gets better price. The same may be applicable for exotic fish
producers. 6. Strong regulation is required for importing and selling exotic large carnivorous fishes, which may damage aqua-biodiversity. 7. Public aquaria should be developed in every state capital from touristpoint-of-view throughout the country, and the revenue generated from this can be utilized for construction of low-cost units for rural landless
poor. 8. In every potential state, export license should be given to interested persons, so that they can collect and export indigenous ornamental fishes. 9. Genetic and biotechnology studies with regard to indigenous ornamental fishes are necessary to study genetic characterization, gene mapping and selective breeding, besides colour gene identification. 10. Greater emphasis on research thrust should be given through international collaboration. 11. Considering high potential of ornamental fish culture for domestic markets as well as exports, it is necessary to provide a greater research and development support. 12. The ornamental fish farming should be integrated with earthworm culture to get multi-crops like fish, earthworms, vermi-liquid and compost. 13. Live-food culture of earthworms, Tubifex, zooplankton should be encouraged through training. 14. Packing and acclimatizing centres should be constructed for ornamental fishes near to major international airports. 15. Greater international connectivity in terms of airports is needed. Looking at the potentiality of ornamental fish culture, emphasis must be given on systematic cataloguing of commercially important aquarium fishes, bringing new ornamental fish species for diversification, detailed studies on breeding, biology and behaviour aspects, nutrition and feed formulations, disease diagnosis and comprehensive health management, fabrication of aquarium and associated equipments through education and training. It would be possible to exploit potential of ornamental fish culture sector in the country to capture a suitable place in the world market in future.
Commercially Important Fishes * I ''HERE are about 30,000 species of fishes so far reported worldwide from
JL a wide range of habitats comprising all water-bodies. Among these, about 800 species are popular as ornamental fishes, which are grown by farmers, hobbyists and others in the world. And among these most of the fishes available with the freshwater aquarists are from 8 closely related families, Anabantidae (Labyrinth fish), Callichthyidae (armoured catfishes), Characidae (characins), Cichlidae (cichlids), Cobitidae (loaches), Cyprinodontidae (killifish), Cyprinidae (barb-like fishes) and Poeciliidae (live-bearers) (see Table 2.1). ANABANTIDAE (Labyrinth Fishes) Fishes under this group often inhabit oxygen-depleted waters of Asia and Africa. Their accessory respiratory labyrinth organ is a folded mass of bone and a capillary-rich tissue, situated internally near gills. The function of this organ is to store air and extract oxygen. Most anabantids are peaceful fishes and swim gracefully. Gouramis have thread-like pelvic fins with taste cells at tips. A few Asian species make croaking noises during breeding or when they are removed from water. African species are larger and are predatory in nature. Most anabantids are bubble-nest builders and egg depositers. An exception is the mouth-brooding chocolate gourami. Some species like pearl gourami or betta are very popular aquarium fishes. Like cichlids, they engage themselves in a very interesting male-parental care. Siamese fighter (Betta splendens; Family: Belontiidae) Length - 6 cm Distribution - Sluggish waters of Thailand Description-Aggressive male shows long flowing fins to make a complete circle of perfect specimen. The female has much shorter fins. Wild males and females are brown with red-and-green highlight and shorter fins (Fig. 1). Food habit Omnivorous
Fig. 1. Siamese fighter
Fi r s tf e wpa ge soft hi sbooka r epubl i s he d onki s a n. c ombyi t spubl i s he r . I fyouwi s ht opur c ha s eaha r dc opy oft hi sbook,pl e a s ec ont a c tt hepubl i s he r .
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