Pikansathi Vidravya Khate

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àm. Sm°. ~r. Eb. Am`ao M.Tech.Ph.D.

Sm°.~mimgmho~ gmd§V H moH U H¥ fr {dÚmnrR,Xmnmobr

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JmoS dm H¥ fr àH meZ ,nwUo-9

{dÐmì` IVo àH m{eH m : gm¡.hfm© aqdÐ H mQmob,o g§Mm{bH m, âb°Q Z§ 5, {Vgam _Obm,bú_rZmam`U AnmQ©_|Q , ñdmaJoQ ,nd©Vr, nwUo 9. \ moZ Z§:020-24428554/55 020-24428555 E-mail : godwa1@rediffmail.com, godwa@vsnl.com Website : www.godwa.com

Aja OwiUr : JmoS dm H¥ fr àH meZ _wÐH : JmoS dm H¥ fr àH meZ ,nwUo-9

Amd¥Îmr : 1 br 28gßQ|~a 2012 àH meZ H« _m§H - 144 (GKP-028009002012)

_yë` : 140 ê . © {dÐmì` IVo-`m nwñVH mVrb _OHy a ,Ë`mMm H mhr ^mJ,g§nUy © dm A§eV: ^mJ, boIH -àH meH mÀ`m nadmZJr{edm` H moUË`mhr ^mfoV d _mÜ`_mV nwZ_© Ðw rV qH dm à{gÜX H aVm `oUma Zmhr,Vgo AmTië`mg g§~{§ YVm§da H m`Xoera H madmB© H aÊ`mV `oBb © . [dX«mì` IVo / 2

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10. ^mOrnmbm bmJdSrgmRr {dÐmì` IV 1. Qmo_°Q mo {dX«mì` IVo / 3

5 23 32 38 52 71 76 82 82 85 87

87 94 97

101 104 104

{dÐmì` IVo àH m{eH m : gm¡.hfm© aqdÐ H mQmob,o g§Mm{bH m, âb°Q Z§ 5, {Vgam _Obm,bú_rZmam`U AnmQ©_|Q , ñdmaJoQ ,nd©Vr, nwUo 9. \ moZ Z§:020-24428554/55 020-24428555 E-mail : godwa1@rediffmail.com, godwa@vsnl.com Website : www.godwa.com

Aja OwiUr : JmoS dm H¥ fr àH meZ _wÐH : JmoS dm H¥ fr àH meZ ,nwUo-9

Amd¥Îmr : 1 br 28gßQ|~a 2012 àH meZ H« _m§H - 144 (GKP-028009002012)

_yë` : 140 ê . © {dÐmì` IVo-`m nwñVH mVrb _OHy a ,Ë`mMm H mhr ^mJ,g§nUy © dm A§eV: ^mJ, boIH -àH meH mÀ`m nadmZJr{edm` H moUË`mhr ^mfoV d _mÜ`_mV nwZ_© Ðw rV qH dm à{gÜX H aVm `oUma Zmhr,Vgo AmTië`mg g§~{§ YVm§da H m`Xoera H madmB© H aÊ`mV `oBb © . [dX«mì` IVo / 2

AZwH« _{UH m 1. IV ì`dñWmnZ 2. \ {Q©JoeZ V§Ì 3. {dÐmì` IVo H er AgmdrV ? 4. \ {Q©JoeZgmRr amgm`{ZH IVm§Mo àH ma d JwUY_© 5. [R~H qgMZmÛmao ~mJm`Vr {nH m§gmRr {dÐmì` IVo XoÊ`mÀ`m gwYmarV nÜXVr 6. {R~H qgMZmVyZ d \ dmaUrgmRr Cn`wº IV-hm`S´ moH° pëe`_ Zm`Q´ oQ 7. ’ dmaUr‘YyZ Úmd`mMr {dÐmì` IVo 8 - ZJXr {nH m§gmRr {dÐmì` IVmMm dmna 1. D g 2. H mnyg 9. \ i~mJogmRr {dÐmì` IVm§Mm dmna 1. Ho ir 2. Ðmjo 3. Smqi~ 4. g§Ìm, qb~y d _mog§~r

10. ^mOrnmbm bmJdSrgmRr {dÐmì` IV 1. Qmo_°Q mo {dX«mì` IVo / 3

5 23 32 38 52 71 76 82 82 85 87

87 94 97

101 104 104

2. dm§Jr 3. {_aMr 4. ^|S r 5. \w bH mo~r 6. gwaU 11. h[aVJ¥hm_Yrb {nH mgmRr {dÐmì` IVo 1. O~}am 2. Jwbm~ 3. H mZ}eZ 12. {dÐmì` IVm§À`m _mÌm H mTUo 13. {dÐmì` IVo nwadRm YmaH 14. g§X^© gyMr

[dX«mì` IVo / 4

111 112 114 116 117 120 120 122 129 133 140 142

1. IV ì`dñWmnZ dmTË`m bmoH g§»ògmRr nwag o o AÞYmÝ`, \ io, ^mOrnmbm, _m§g B. Am{U n`m©`mZo XoemMr AÞgwajm hr H mimMr JaO ~Zbr Amho. g§nyU© OJmMr AmOMr bmoH g§»`m 7 AãOmda nmohMbr Amho Am{U gZ 2060 n`ªV nmoMUma Amho 9 AãOmn`ªV OJmÀ`m bmoH g§»òV AWm©VM MrZ Am{U Ë`mImbmoImb ^maVmMm dmQm Amho. AmOÀ`m KQHo bm MrZMm dmQm 19.4 QŠHo , ^maVmMm Amho 17.5 QŠHo . OJmÀ`m EHy U ^y^mJMm {dMma H aVm, ^maVmH So \ ŠV 2.4 QŠHo O{_Z Am{U 4 QŠHo nmUr Amho. Ë`mda OJmVrb 17.5 QŠHo ì`ŠVr amhV AmhoV. 2011 À`m OZJUZoZwgma 1 _mM© 2011 amoOr ^maVmMr bmoH g§»`m 121 H moQ r hmoVr Am{U _hmamîQ—mMr bmoH g§»`m 11.25 H moQ r Amho. bmoH g§»òÀ`m ÑîQrZo _hmamîQ—mMm Xwgam H« _m§H bmJVmo. ^maVmVrb 9.3 QŠHo ì`ŠVr _hmamîQ—mV amhVmV. ^maVmgma»`m H¥ fràYmZ XoemV eoVr hm à_wI ì`dgm` Amho. òWrb 75 QŠHo bmoH eoVrda Adb§~yZ AmhoV. EH m ~mOybm ehamMr dmTVr bmoH g§»`m, Ë`m_wio eoVrImbrb O{_Z {Xdg|{Xdg H _r hmody bmJbr Amho. Ë`m_wio à{VhoŠQar CËnmXH Vm dmT{dÊ`mgmRr Jm§^r`m©Zo bj Úmdo bmJUma Amho. dmTË`m bmoH g§»òMm {dMma H aVm, Amnë`m XoemMo AÞYmÝ` CËnmXZ gZ 2020 n`ªV 300 Xebj QZmn`ªV nmohM{dUo Amdí`H Amho. _hmamîQ— ho H¥ fr úmoÌmVrb XoemV AJ«oga amÁ` Amho. amÁ`mVrb eoVH ar ZdrZ ZdrZ V§ÌmMm dmna Amnë`m eoVr_Üò Adb§~ H aÊ`mV AJ«oga AmhoV. ^m¡Jmo{bH n[apñWVrZwgma _hmamîQ—m_Üò Mma H¥ fr {dÚmnrRo AmhoV. {deof åhUOo amÁ`mV {d{dY àH maMr O{_Z, {d{dY àH maMo hdm_mZ, nmD g Agë`m_wio Odi Odi gd© àH maMr \ io, ^mÁ`m, V¥UYmÝò, ZJXr {nHo amÁ`mV eoVH ar KoV AmhoV. CnbãY O{_Z hr amîQ—mMr Z¡g{J©H gmYZ g§nËVr AgyZ {VMr gw{nH Vm d CËnmXZj_Vm {VÀ`m emñÌmoŠV ì`dñWmnZodaM Adb§~Zy Amho. A{YH CËnmXZ XoUmè`m OmVr§Mr bmJdS, gYZ eoVr, Xw~ma {nHo `mgma»`m gwYm[aV nÕVr_wio O{_ZrVrb AÝÝmÐì`mMo à_mU PnmQçmZo H _r hmoV Amho. åhUyZ noaUrnydu O{_ZrVrb CnbãY AÞÐì`mMm nwadRm H aÊ`mgmRr _mVr n[ajU H ê Z Ë`mZwgma IVm§Mm dmna H aUo AJË`mMo Amho. Ë`mMà_mUo H moUË`mhr {nH m§Mr qH dm \ iPmSm§Mr bmJdS H aÊ`mnydu, O{_ZrMr {dX«mì` IVo / 5

2. dm§Jr 3. {_aMr 4. ^|S r 5. \w bH mo~r 6. gwaU 11. h[aVJ¥hm_Yrb {nH mgmRr {dÐmì` IVo 1. O~}am 2. Jwbm~ 3. H mZ}eZ 12. {dÐmì` IVm§À`m _mÌm H mTUo 13. {dÐmì` IVo nwadRm YmaH 14. g§X^© gyMr

[dX«mì` IVo / 4

111 112 114 116 117 120 120 122 129 133 140 142

1. IV ì`dñWmnZ dmTË`m bmoH g§»ògmRr nwag o o AÞYmÝ`, \ io, ^mOrnmbm, _m§g B. Am{U n`m©`mZo XoemMr AÞgwajm hr H mimMr JaO ~Zbr Amho. g§nyU© OJmMr AmOMr bmoH g§»`m 7 AãOmda nmohMbr Amho Am{U gZ 2060 n`ªV nmoMUma Amho 9 AãOmn`ªV OJmÀ`m bmoH g§»òV AWm©VM MrZ Am{U Ë`mImbmoImb ^maVmMm dmQm Amho. AmOÀ`m KQHo bm MrZMm dmQm 19.4 QŠHo , ^maVmMm Amho 17.5 QŠHo . OJmÀ`m EHy U ^y^mJMm {dMma H aVm, ^maVmH So \ ŠV 2.4 QŠHo O{_Z Am{U 4 QŠHo nmUr Amho. Ë`mda OJmVrb 17.5 QŠHo ì`ŠVr amhV AmhoV. 2011 À`m OZJUZoZwgma 1 _mM© 2011 amoOr ^maVmMr bmoH g§»`m 121 H moQ r hmoVr Am{U _hmamîQ—mMr bmoH g§»`m 11.25 H moQ r Amho. bmoH g§»òÀ`m ÑîQrZo _hmamîQ—mMm Xwgam H« _m§H bmJVmo. ^maVmVrb 9.3 QŠHo ì`ŠVr _hmamîQ—mV amhVmV. ^maVmgma»`m H¥ fràYmZ XoemV eoVr hm à_wI ì`dgm` Amho. òWrb 75 QŠHo bmoH eoVrda Adb§~yZ AmhoV. EH m ~mOybm ehamMr dmTVr bmoH g§»`m, Ë`m_wio eoVrImbrb O{_Z {Xdg|{Xdg H _r hmody bmJbr Amho. Ë`m_wio à{VhoŠQar CËnmXH Vm dmT{dÊ`mgmRr Jm§^r`m©Zo bj Úmdo bmJUma Amho. dmTË`m bmoH g§»òMm {dMma H aVm, Amnë`m XoemMo AÞYmÝ` CËnmXZ gZ 2020 n`ªV 300 Xebj QZmn`ªV nmohM{dUo Amdí`H Amho. _hmamîQ— ho H¥ fr úmoÌmVrb XoemV AJ«oga amÁ` Amho. amÁ`mVrb eoVH ar ZdrZ ZdrZ V§ÌmMm dmna Amnë`m eoVr_Üò Adb§~ H aÊ`mV AJ«oga AmhoV. ^m¡Jmo{bH n[apñWVrZwgma _hmamîQ—m_Üò Mma H¥ fr {dÚmnrRo AmhoV. {deof åhUOo amÁ`mV {d{dY àH maMr O{_Z, {d{dY àH maMo hdm_mZ, nmD g Agë`m_wio Odi Odi gd© àH maMr \ io, ^mÁ`m, V¥UYmÝò, ZJXr {nHo amÁ`mV eoVH ar KoV AmhoV. CnbãY O{_Z hr amîQ—mMr Z¡g{J©H gmYZ g§nËVr AgyZ {VMr gw{nH Vm d CËnmXZj_Vm {VÀ`m emñÌmoŠV ì`dñWmnZodaM Adb§~Zy Amho. A{YH CËnmXZ XoUmè`m OmVr§Mr bmJdS, gYZ eoVr, Xw~ma {nHo `mgma»`m gwYm[aV nÕVr_wio O{_ZrVrb AÝÝmÐì`mMo à_mU PnmQçmZo H _r hmoV Amho. åhUyZ noaUrnydu O{_ZrVrb CnbãY AÞÐì`mMm nwadRm H aÊ`mgmRr _mVr n[ajU H ê Z Ë`mZwgma IVm§Mm dmna H aUo AJË`mMo Amho. Ë`mMà_mUo H moUË`mhr {nH m§Mr qH dm \ iPmSm§Mr bmJdS H aÊ`mnydu, O{_ZrMr {dX«mì` IVo / 5

`mo½`Vm VnmgyZ nmhUo AË`§V _hËdmMr ~m~ Amho. VgoM nmÊ`mMo n[ajU, gyú_ AÞÐì`mMo n[ajU, O{_ZrMo ^m¡{VH JwUY_©, {Oßg_ gma»`m ^wgYw maH mMm dmna BË`mXr ~m~rMm gImob {dMma H ê Z Z¡g{J©H g§nÎmrMr gwn{H Vm Am{U CËnmXZ j_Vm {MañWm`r {QH dyZ RodÊ`mgmRr Xj amhUo Amdí`H Amho. amgm`{ZH IVo … amgm`{ZH IVm§_Üò nmoîmH AÞÐì`m§Mo à_mU A{YH AgVo, VgoM Ë`mVyZ AÞÐìò {nH m§Zm bdH a CnbãY hmoVmV. {dgmì`m eVH mnydu amgm`{ZH IVm§Mm dmna OJmV H moR ho r Ho bm OmV ZìhVm. Vmon`ªV gZ 1900 n`ªV nSrH O{_Zr bmJdSrImbr AmUyZ AÞYmÝ`mMr dmTVr JaO ^mJ{dbr OmV hmoVr; Ë`mZ§Va nwT o AmUIr Z{dZ O{_Zr {nH mImbr AmUÊ`mg _`m©Xm Amë`m. gZ 1870 gw_mamg lr. bm`~rJ `m emñÌkmZo {nH m§Zm dmTrgmRr AÞÐì`m§Mr JaO AgVo Ago àW_ {gÕ Ho bo. nwT o AaZm°Z `m emñÌkmZo ZÌ, ñ\w aX, nmbme, gë\ a, _°½Zo{eA_, H° pëeA_, Am`Z©, qPH , _m°{bãSoZ_, ~moam°Z, _±J{ZO, H m°na, H m~©Z, h¡S —moOZ, Am°pŠgOZ `m 16 AÞÐì`§Mr JaO AgVo Ago {gÕ Ho bo. Ë`mV Ë`m§Zr `mn¡H s EImÚm AÞÐì`mÀ`m H _VaVo_o i w o {nH m§Mr dmT IwQ§ Uo, CËnmXZ H _r òUo Ago KSVo hohr {gÕ Ho bo. Ë`mM doir _w»`, Xwæ`_ Am{U gyú_ AÞÐì`m§Mr JaOhr {deX Ho br. O{_ZrV hr AÞÐìò {dnwb à_mUmV CnbãY AdñWoV AgVrb, Va Ë`m O{_Zr gwnrH Am{U `mn¡H s H moUË`mhr AÞÐì`mMr H _VaVm ^mgV Agë`mg Aem O{_Zr ZmnrH Agohr g§~moYbo. Ë`m_wio gd© OJäma AÞÐìò V`ma H aÊ`mÀ`m _mo{h_oH So g§emoYZ gwê Pmbo. H¥ {Ì_ AÞÐìò V`ma H aÊ`mH So emñÌkm§Mm H b {Z_m©U Pmbm. Ë`mVyZM amg`{ZH IVm§Mm OÝ_ Pmbm. gZ 1900 Z§Va Aem àH maÀ`m g§emoYZmg JVr {_imbr. gZ 1905 _Üò ZÌ IV {Z{_©VrMm Am{U gZ 1911 _Üò ñ\ waX IV {Z{_©VrMm n{hbm H maImZm `wamon_Üò gwé Pmbm. VoWyZM nwT o g|Ðr` IVo hr g§H ënZm H _r hmoV Jobr Am{U amgm`{ZH IV dmnaÊ`m~m~V OJâ àMma Am{U àgma gwé Pmbm. `wamon hoM gwédmVrÀ`m H mimV IV {Z{_©Vr Am{U VoWZy M amgm`{ZH IVm§Mr gwédmVrÀ`m H mimV {Z`m©V homD bmJbr. nwT o amgm`{ZH IVm§_wio CËnmXZ dmTVo hr g§H ënZm éOy bmJbr. Ë`m_wio {dgmì`m eVH mÀ`m nydm©Ym©V amgm`{ZH IVm§Mm dmna _`m©{XV ñdénmV hmoV hmoVm. gwédmVrÀ`m H mimV amgm`{ZH IVo dmnaÊ`mg eoVH ar V`ma ZìhVo; _mÌ g§o{Ð` IVm§À`m VwbZoV WmoS çm à_mUmV amg`m{ZH IVo dmnê Z CËnmXZmV dmT hmoV Amho Ago {XgyZ Amë`mda amgm`{ZH IVo dmnaÊ`mÀ`m à_mUmV dmT hmoD bmJbr. gZ 1964 À`m gw_mamg h[aVH« m§VrMo nd© gwwê Pmbo. `m_wio g§H [aV OmVtMm dmna gwéw Pmbm. Ë`m§Mr AÞÐì`m§Mr JaO A{YH Agë`mZo Vr

^mJ{dÊ`mgmRr amgm`{ZH IVm§Mr JaO dmTy bmJbr. amgm`{ZH IVm§Zm _mJUr OJâ dmTy bmJbr. XoemoXoer amgm`{ZH IVo ~Z{dÊ`mMo àH ën H maImZo Cô amhÿ bmJbo Am{U amgm`{ZH IVo hr OJâmÀ`m eoVrgmRr AÞÐì`m§Mm nwdRm H aÊ`mgmRr AZwHy b Rabr. Ë`mZwgma amgm`{ZH IVm§À`m dmnamÀ`m à`moJmVyZ {e\ maer hmoD bmJë`m. AmOhr Ë`mV {d{dY CnMmam§Mm dmna H ê Z à`moJ gwé AmhoV. gwédmVrÀ`m Qßß`mnmgyZ AmOVmJm`V ZÌ, ñ\w aX Am{U nmbme `m à_wI AÞÐì`m§À`m nwadRçm~mV â {Xbm Amho. 1.1 ^maVm_Yrb amgm`{ZH IVm§Mm dmna … ^maVm_Üò ^mV, Jhÿ, D g,~mJm`V H nmer {nH mgmRr IVm§Mm dmna gdm©{YH åhUOo 80 % Amho. åhUOoM OoWo nmUr dmna A{YH Amho, VoWo amgm`{ZH IVm§Mm dmna A{YH Amho. H moaSdmhÿ úmoÌmV IVm§Mm dmna H _r AWdm ZJÊ` Amho, IVm§Mr _mJUr {Xdg|{Xdg dmTV Amho. nwadRm _mÌ _`m©{XV Amho. Ë`m_wio `mnwT o A{YH amgm`{ZH IV {Z{_©VrMr JaO ^mgUma Amho. OmJ{VH IV dmnamV ^maV Xwgè`m H« _m§H mda Amho. ^maVmV n{hë`m h[aVH« m§VrZ§Va amgm`{ZH IV dmnamMo à_mU dmTVM Job.o IVmMm A{YH dmna Ho ë`mg {nH mMr CËnmXH Vm A{YH dmTVo, hm J¡ag_Ohr Ë`mg H maUr^yV Rabm. 1965-66 _Üò 78 hOma _o{Q—H QZ amgm`{ZH IVm§Mm dmna AgUmè`m ^maVmV 2009-10 _Üò Vã~b 265 bmI _o{Q—H QZ IVmMm dmna Pmbm. Om{J{VH nmVirda IVmÀ`m EHy U dmnamV MrZÀ`m ImbmoImb ^maVmMmM H« _m§H Amho. IV dmnamMm hmM Xa H m`_ am{hë`mg ^maVmbm 2020 _Üò 416 bmI _o{Q—H QZ IVmMr JaO ^mgob, Agm Am§VaamîQ—r` g§ñWm§Mm Aä`mg Amho. ^maVmV 1965 nydu amgm`{ZH IVmMm dmna A{Ve` {Z`§{ÌV hmoVm. eoUIVmMmM gdm©{YH dmna Ho bm Om`Mm. _mÌ h[aVH« m§VrMr KmofUm Pmbr d H| ÐmZohr amgm`{ZH IVmbm _moR çm à_mUmV AZwXmZ XoV A{Ve` _m\ H XamV eoVH è`m§Zm Vo CnbãY H ê Z {Xbo. `mM H mimV g§H [aV dmUm§Mmhr àMma d àgma PnmQçmZo Pmbm. {edm`, qgMZ j_VoV dmT H aÊ`mgmRr à`ËZ gwé Pmbo. amgm`{ZH IV CËnmXH H§ nÝ`m§Zr `m CÚmoJmMm dmTVm ngmam bjmV ¿moD Z XoemÀ`m H mZmH monè`mV {dVaH m§Mo Omio {dUbo, IVmMm XOm©hr gwYmabm. `m gdmªMmM EH {ÌV n[aUm_ åhUOo {nH m§Mo CËnmXZ d CËnmH Vm dmTbr. AWm©V, CËnmXZ dmTr_Üò A{YH CËnmXZj_ g§H [aV dmU d IVm§Mm dmna `m XmoKm§Mmhr hmV^ma hmoVm; na§Vw `mV OmñV n[aUm_H maH g§H [aV dmU H s amgm`{ZH IV Amho, `mdê Z AZoH _VôX AmhoV. Varhr amgm`m{ZH IVmÀ`m `mo½` d H mQoH moa

[dX«mì` IVo / 6

{dX«mì` IVo / 7

`mo½`Vm VnmgyZ nmhUo AË`§V _hËdmMr ~m~ Amho. VgoM nmÊ`mMo n[ajU, gyú_ AÞÐì`mMo n[ajU, O{_ZrMo ^m¡{VH JwUY_©, {Oßg_ gma»`m ^wgYw maH mMm dmna BË`mXr ~m~rMm gImob {dMma H ê Z Z¡g{J©H g§nÎmrMr gwn{H Vm Am{U CËnmXZ j_Vm {MañWm`r {QH dyZ RodÊ`mgmRr Xj amhUo Amdí`H Amho. amgm`{ZH IVo … amgm`{ZH IVm§_Üò nmoîmH AÞÐì`m§Mo à_mU A{YH AgVo, VgoM Ë`mVyZ AÞÐìò {nH m§Zm bdH a CnbãY hmoVmV. {dgmì`m eVH mnydu amgm`{ZH IVm§Mm dmna OJmV H moR ho r Ho bm OmV ZìhVm. Vmon`ªV gZ 1900 n`ªV nSrH O{_Zr bmJdSrImbr AmUyZ AÞYmÝ`mMr dmTVr JaO ^mJ{dbr OmV hmoVr; Ë`mZ§Va nwT o AmUIr Z{dZ O{_Zr {nH mImbr AmUÊ`mg _`m©Xm Amë`m. gZ 1870 gw_mamg lr. bm`~rJ `m emñÌkmZo {nH m§Zm dmTrgmRr AÞÐì`m§Mr JaO AgVo Ago àW_ {gÕ Ho bo. nwT o AaZm°Z `m emñÌkmZo ZÌ, ñ\w aX, nmbme, gë\ a, _°½Zo{eA_, H° pëeA_, Am`Z©, qPH , _m°{bãSoZ_, ~moam°Z, _±J{ZO, H m°na, H m~©Z, h¡S —moOZ, Am°pŠgOZ `m 16 AÞÐì`§Mr JaO AgVo Ago {gÕ Ho bo. Ë`mV Ë`m§Zr `mn¡H s EImÚm AÞÐì`mÀ`m H _VaVo_o i w o {nH m§Mr dmT IwQ§ Uo, CËnmXZ H _r òUo Ago KSVo hohr {gÕ Ho bo. Ë`mM doir _w»`, Xwæ`_ Am{U gyú_ AÞÐì`m§Mr JaOhr {deX Ho br. O{_ZrV hr AÞÐìò {dnwb à_mUmV CnbãY AdñWoV AgVrb, Va Ë`m O{_Zr gwnrH Am{U `mn¡H s H moUË`mhr AÞÐì`mMr H _VaVm ^mgV Agë`mg Aem O{_Zr ZmnrH Agohr g§~moYbo. Ë`m_wio gd© OJäma AÞÐìò V`ma H aÊ`mÀ`m _mo{h_oH So g§emoYZ gwê Pmbo. H¥ {Ì_ AÞÐìò V`ma H aÊ`mH So emñÌkm§Mm H b {Z_m©U Pmbm. Ë`mVyZM amg`{ZH IVm§Mm OÝ_ Pmbm. gZ 1900 Z§Va Aem àH maÀ`m g§emoYZmg JVr {_imbr. gZ 1905 _Üò ZÌ IV {Z{_©VrMm Am{U gZ 1911 _Üò ñ\ waX IV {Z{_©VrMm n{hbm H maImZm `wamon_Üò gwé Pmbm. VoWyZM nwT o g|Ðr` IVo hr g§H ënZm H _r hmoV Jobr Am{U amgm`{ZH IV dmnaÊ`m~m~V OJâ àMma Am{U àgma gwé Pmbm. `wamon hoM gwédmVrÀ`m H mimV IV {Z{_©Vr Am{U VoWZy M amgm`{ZH IVm§Mr gwédmVrÀ`m H mimV {Z`m©V homD bmJbr. nwT o amgm`{ZH IVm§_wio CËnmXZ dmTVo hr g§H ënZm éOy bmJbr. Ë`m_wio {dgmì`m eVH mÀ`m nydm©Ym©V amgm`{ZH IVm§Mm dmna _`m©{XV ñdénmV hmoV hmoVm. gwédmVrÀ`m H mimV amgm`{ZH IVo dmnaÊ`mg eoVH ar V`ma ZìhVo; _mÌ g§o{Ð` IVm§À`m VwbZoV WmoS çm à_mUmV amg`m{ZH IVo dmnê Z CËnmXZmV dmT hmoV Amho Ago {XgyZ Amë`mda amgm`{ZH IVo dmnaÊ`mÀ`m à_mUmV dmT hmoD bmJbr. gZ 1964 À`m gw_mamg h[aVH« m§VrMo nd© gwwê Pmbo. `m_wio g§H [aV OmVtMm dmna gwéw Pmbm. Ë`m§Mr AÞÐì`m§Mr JaO A{YH Agë`mZo Vr

^mJ{dÊ`mgmRr amgm`{ZH IVm§Mr JaO dmTy bmJbr. amgm`{ZH IVm§Zm _mJUr OJâ dmTy bmJbr. XoemoXoer amgm`{ZH IVo ~Z{dÊ`mMo àH ën H maImZo Cô amhÿ bmJbo Am{U amgm`{ZH IVo hr OJâmÀ`m eoVrgmRr AÞÐì`m§Mm nwdRm H aÊ`mgmRr AZwHy b Rabr. Ë`mZwgma amgm`{ZH IVm§À`m dmnamÀ`m à`moJmVyZ {e\ maer hmoD bmJë`m. AmOhr Ë`mV {d{dY CnMmam§Mm dmna H ê Z à`moJ gwé AmhoV. gwédmVrÀ`m Qßß`mnmgyZ AmOVmJm`V ZÌ, ñ\w aX Am{U nmbme `m à_wI AÞÐì`m§À`m nwadRçm~mV â {Xbm Amho. 1.1 ^maVm_Yrb amgm`{ZH IVm§Mm dmna … ^maVm_Üò ^mV, Jhÿ, D g,~mJm`V H nmer {nH mgmRr IVm§Mm dmna gdm©{YH åhUOo 80 % Amho. åhUOoM OoWo nmUr dmna A{YH Amho, VoWo amgm`{ZH IVm§Mm dmna A{YH Amho. H moaSdmhÿ úmoÌmV IVm§Mm dmna H _r AWdm ZJÊ` Amho, IVm§Mr _mJUr {Xdg|{Xdg dmTV Amho. nwadRm _mÌ _`m©{XV Amho. Ë`m_wio `mnwT o A{YH amgm`{ZH IV {Z{_©VrMr JaO ^mgUma Amho. OmJ{VH IV dmnamV ^maV Xwgè`m H« _m§H mda Amho. ^maVmV n{hë`m h[aVH« m§VrZ§Va amgm`{ZH IV dmnamMo à_mU dmTVM Job.o IVmMm A{YH dmna Ho ë`mg {nH mMr CËnmXH Vm A{YH dmTVo, hm J¡ag_Ohr Ë`mg H maUr^yV Rabm. 1965-66 _Üò 78 hOma _o{Q—H QZ amgm`{ZH IVm§Mm dmna AgUmè`m ^maVmV 2009-10 _Üò Vã~b 265 bmI _o{Q—H QZ IVmMm dmna Pmbm. Om{J{VH nmVirda IVmÀ`m EHy U dmnamV MrZÀ`m ImbmoImb ^maVmMmM H« _m§H Amho. IV dmnamMm hmM Xa H m`_ am{hë`mg ^maVmbm 2020 _Üò 416 bmI _o{Q—H QZ IVmMr JaO ^mgob, Agm Am§VaamîQ—r` g§ñWm§Mm Aä`mg Amho. ^maVmV 1965 nydu amgm`{ZH IVmMm dmna A{Ve` {Z`§{ÌV hmoVm. eoUIVmMmM gdm©{YH dmna Ho bm Om`Mm. _mÌ h[aVH« m§VrMr KmofUm Pmbr d H| ÐmZohr amgm`{ZH IVmbm _moR çm à_mUmV AZwXmZ XoV A{Ve` _m\ H XamV eoVH è`m§Zm Vo CnbãY H ê Z {Xbo. `mM H mimV g§H [aV dmUm§Mmhr àMma d àgma PnmQçmZo Pmbm. {edm`, qgMZ j_VoV dmT H aÊ`mgmRr à`ËZ gwé Pmbo. amgm`{ZH IV CËnmXH H§ nÝ`m§Zr `m CÚmoJmMm dmTVm ngmam bjmV ¿moD Z XoemÀ`m H mZmH monè`mV {dVaH m§Mo Omio {dUbo, IVmMm XOm©hr gwYmabm. `m gdmªMmM EH {ÌV n[aUm_ åhUOo {nH m§Mo CËnmXZ d CËnmH Vm dmTbr. AWm©V, CËnmXZ dmTr_Üò A{YH CËnmXZj_ g§H [aV dmU d IVm§Mm dmna `m XmoKm§Mmhr hmV^ma hmoVm; na§Vw `mV OmñV n[aUm_H maH g§H [aV dmU H s amgm`{ZH IV Amho, `mdê Z AZoH _VôX AmhoV. Varhr amgm`m{ZH IVmÀ`m `mo½` d H mQoH moa

[dX«mì` IVo / 6

{dX«mì` IVo / 7

dmnam_wio CËnmXH Vm dmTVo, ho _mÝ`M H amdo bmJob. Ë`mVM g§~§{YV IV CËnmXH H§ nÝ`m IVmÀ`mM dmnam_wioM CËnmXZ dmTë`mMm àMma H aÊ`mV èñdr Pmbm. eoVH è`m§Mmhr Ë`mda MQH Z {dídmg ~gbm Am{U _J Ë`mVyZM ^maVmVrb eoVH è`m§_Üò amgm`{ZH IV dmnamMr OUy MTmAmoT M {Z_m©U Pmbr. emgZ {Z`§{ÌV {H _Vr … H| Ð emgZmZo amgm`{ZH IVm§~m~V YmoaU {ZpíMV Ho bo. eoVH è`m§Zm bmJUmao IV AZwXm{ZV XamV {_imdo, hm Ë`m_mJrb CX²Xeo hmoVmV. Ë`mgmRr 1981 Vo 91 `m XeH mV IVmÀ`m qH _Vr RadyZ {Xë`m d Ë`m {Z`§{ÌV Rodë`m. `m H mimV Am§VaamîQ—r` ñVamda IVmÀ`m {H§ _Vr dmTë`m Agë`m Varhr emgZmZo hOmamo H moQ tMm {ZYr {Zìdi AZwXmZmnmoQ r `m `moOZoV IM© Ho bm. Ë`m_wioM Joë`m dfm©n`ªV (2010) eoVH è`m§Zm CnbãY hmoV Agboë`m IVm§À`m _yi {H _Vrnojm {H ËòH nQ AZwXmZ emgZmZo Ë`mgmRr IM© Ho bo hmoV.o {e\ maerà_mUo IV dmna H ê Z CËnmXZmV dmT H aVm `mdr, hmM Ë`m_mJrb CX²Xeo hmoVm. {nH m§À`m dmTr_Üò ZÌ, ñ\w aX d nmbme ho VrZ _w»` AÞÐì` KQH à_wI ^y{_H m ~OmdVmV. `m{edm`, Xwæ`_ d gyú_ AÞÐì`m§Mmhr dmna Ho bm OmVmo. na§Vw gdm©{YH dmna CnamoŠV VrZ KQH m§MmM hmoVmo. 2008-09 _Üò OJmÀ`m VwbZoV ^maVmZo ZÌmMm 15.3 QŠHo dmna Ho bm. ñ\w aXmÀ`m OmJ{VH dmnamV 19 QŠHo Va nmbmeÀ`m ~m~VrV ^maVmMm dmQm 14.4 QŠHo hmoVm. CËnmXZ dmTrÀ`m ÑîQrZo nmbmeMo \ m`Xo bjmV Amë`mZo AbrH SÀ`m H mimV Ë`mMr _mJUr d dmna dmTV Amho. ^maVm_Yrb amgm`{ZH IVmMm dmTVm dmna `mMr AmH Sodmar VŠVm H« . 1 _Üò {Xbr Amho. 1.2 {dÐmì` IVm§Mr JaO … ^maVmV Joë`m H mhr dfmªnmgyZ ^yObnmVir ImbmdV Mmbbr Amho. eoVH è`m§Mm H bXoIrb AmVm nmQnmÊ`mEodOr gyú_ qgMZmH So dmTbm Amho. Aem pñWVrV gZ 2000 nmgyZ {dÐmì` IVmMmhr WmoS çm\ ma à_mUmV dmna Ho bm OmVm hmoVm; na§Vw EHy U daIVmÀ`m VwbZoV Vmo A{Ve` ZJÊ` hmoVm. \ i~mJm§gmRrM Ë`mMm àm_w»`mZo dmna Ho bm OmV hmoVm. `m H mbmdYrn`ªV \ i~mJ bmJdShr \ ma dmTbobr ZìhVr. Z§Va _mÌ amîQ—r` \ bmoËnmXZ A{^`mZm§VJ©V \ i~mJ `moOZobm MmbZm {_imbr, AZoH amÁ`m§V Va hOmamo hoŠQaZo \ i~mJm dmTrg bmJë`m. Ë`mbmM gyú_ qgMZmMr OmoS hr {_imë`mZo `m Xw½YeH© am `moJm_wio à`moJerb eoVH è`m§Zr {dÐmì` IVm§Mm dmna gwé Ho bm; Varhr Vmo EH _`m©Xno jo m OmñV ZìhVm, ho dmñVd Amho. Amnë`m amÁ`mV gyú_ qgMZmMm dmna _moR çm à_mUmV hmoV Amho. amÁ`mV gmYmaUnUo 11 bmI hoŠQada gyú_ qgMZ V§ÌmMm dmna \ i~mJm, ^mOrnmbm, ZJXr {nHo , \w beoVr gmRr hmoV Amho. amÁ`mV nmUr, drO Am{U _Oyam§À`m g_ñ`m eoVH è`m§Zm

A{YH ôS gmdV AmhoV. Ë`mgmRr {R~H qgMZ V§Ì hm am_~mU Cnm` {gÕ hmoV Amho. {R~H {g§MZm~amo~a nmÊ`mV {daKiUmar IVo dmnaUo eŠ` hmoV Agë`m_wio 25 Vo 30 QŠHo amgm`{ZH IVm§À`m dmnam_Üò ~MV hmoVo. nma§nm[aH IVm§Mr H m`©j_Vm 40 Vo 50 QŠHo AgVo. nmÊ`mV [daKiUmar IVo {R~H {gM§Zmgmo~V dmnaë`mg IVmMr H m`©j_Vm 80 QŠHo n`ªV dmT{dÊ`mg _XV hmoVo. {dÐmì` IV ho _hmJ {_iVo, hm eoVH è`m§_Üò ngabobm gdmªV _moR m J¡ag_O hmoVm. na§Vw daIVmÀ`m dmTboë`m {H§ _VrÀ`m nmíd©^_y rda AmVm {dÐmìÌVmgmRr emgZmV\} H moUVohr AZwXmZ CnbãY Zmhr. na§Vw {dÐmì` IVo ho A{V g§Vá¥ (hm`br H m°ÝñQ—Qo So )Agë`mZo Ë`m§Mm dmnahr A{Ve` H _r à_mUmV H amdm bmJVmo, `mdahr MQH Z H moUr {dídmg Rodm`bm V`ma ZìhVo. AWm©V, EdTçm _moR çm joÌ\ imgmRr nrnrE_ ({_brJ«_° /{b)_Üò dmna H aÊ`mMr {e\ mag Agboë`m IVmMm {nH m§Zm H m` \ aH nSUma Aer H miOrdOm YmñVrhr eoVH è`m§Zm hmoVr, Ë`m_wio à`moJ H aUo åhUOo YmoH m nËH aUo d `mM H maUmñVd AZoH eoVH ar `mnmgyZ Xya am{hbo. dfm©Zdw f}, {nTçmZ{nTçm JmSçm â^ê Z amgm`{ZH IV AmUm`Mo, nmoVoÀ`m nmoVo eoVmV [aH m_o H am`Mr gd` bmJboë`m§Zm nrnrE_ Mm Smog nMZr nSUo Vgo AdKSM hmoV.o {dÐmì` IVmMm {e\ maerà_mUo dmna Ho ë`mg Vmo daIVmnojm ñdñV d {nH m§gmRr A{YH Cn`wŠV RaVmo, ho Iao Amho. {dÐmì` IVmMr gmRdUyH , dmhVyH , hmVmiUr dmna, Ë`mgmRr bmJUmar _Owar `m gd©M ~m~VrV Vo daIVmnojm \ m`Xoera Amho; _mÌ Varhr ~hþVm§e eoVH ar `mnmgyZ XyaM am{hbo. {dÐmì` IVmMo CËnmXH , {dHo« Vo, emgZ d emgH s` H¥ fr {d^mJ `m IVm~m~VÀ`m àMma d àgmamV H _r nSë`mZo ho Ë`m§Mohr Anè RaVo, AÝ`Wm Q§MmB©À`m ZmdmImbr Joë`m

[dX«mì` IVo / 8

{dX«mì` IVo / 9

VŠVm H« . 1.1 ^maVm_Yrb amgm`{ZH IVmMm dmna (_o{Q—H QZm§V)… df© IV dmna (QZ) 1965 - 66 78,000 1966-67 1,15,000 1970-71 22,60,000 1990-91 127,30,000 2000-01 168,00,000 2009-10 265,00,000 2020-21 416,00,000 (Ano{jV) (g§X^© -gH mi A°J«modZ, ~wY - 19 Am°ŠQmo 2011, nmZ H« . 11)

dmnam_wio CËnmXH Vm dmTVo, ho _mÝ`M H amdo bmJob. Ë`mVM g§~§{YV IV CËnmXH H§ nÝ`m IVmÀ`mM dmnam_wioM CËnmXZ dmTë`mMm àMma H aÊ`mV èñdr Pmbm. eoVH è`m§Mmhr Ë`mda MQH Z {dídmg ~gbm Am{U _J Ë`mVyZM ^maVmVrb eoVH è`m§_Üò amgm`{ZH IV dmnamMr OUy MTmAmoT M {Z_m©U Pmbr. emgZ {Z`§{ÌV {H _Vr … H| Ð emgZmZo amgm`{ZH IVm§~m~V YmoaU {ZpíMV Ho bo. eoVH è`m§Zm bmJUmao IV AZwXm{ZV XamV {_imdo, hm Ë`m_mJrb CX²Xeo hmoVmV. Ë`mgmRr 1981 Vo 91 `m XeH mV IVmÀ`m qH _Vr RadyZ {Xë`m d Ë`m {Z`§{ÌV Rodë`m. `m H mimV Am§VaamîQ—r` ñVamda IVmÀ`m {H§ _Vr dmTë`m Agë`m Varhr emgZmZo hOmamo H moQ tMm {ZYr {Zìdi AZwXmZmnmoQ r `m `moOZoV IM© Ho bm. Ë`m_wioM Joë`m dfm©n`ªV (2010) eoVH è`m§Zm CnbãY hmoV Agboë`m IVm§À`m _yi {H _Vrnojm {H ËòH nQ AZwXmZ emgZmZo Ë`mgmRr IM© Ho bo hmoV.o {e\ maerà_mUo IV dmna H ê Z CËnmXZmV dmT H aVm `mdr, hmM Ë`m_mJrb CX²Xeo hmoVm. {nH m§À`m dmTr_Üò ZÌ, ñ\w aX d nmbme ho VrZ _w»` AÞÐì` KQH à_wI ^y{_H m ~OmdVmV. `m{edm`, Xwæ`_ d gyú_ AÞÐì`m§Mmhr dmna Ho bm OmVmo. na§Vw gdm©{YH dmna CnamoŠV VrZ KQH m§MmM hmoVmo. 2008-09 _Üò OJmÀ`m VwbZoV ^maVmZo ZÌmMm 15.3 QŠHo dmna Ho bm. ñ\w aXmÀ`m OmJ{VH dmnamV 19 QŠHo Va nmbmeÀ`m ~m~VrV ^maVmMm dmQm 14.4 QŠHo hmoVm. CËnmXZ dmTrÀ`m ÑîQrZo nmbmeMo \ m`Xo bjmV Amë`mZo AbrH SÀ`m H mimV Ë`mMr _mJUr d dmna dmTV Amho. ^maVm_Yrb amgm`{ZH IVmMm dmTVm dmna `mMr AmH Sodmar VŠVm H« . 1 _Üò {Xbr Amho. 1.2 {dÐmì` IVm§Mr JaO … ^maVmV Joë`m H mhr dfmªnmgyZ ^yObnmVir ImbmdV Mmbbr Amho. eoVH è`m§Mm H bXoIrb AmVm nmQnmÊ`mEodOr gyú_ qgMZmH So dmTbm Amho. Aem pñWVrV gZ 2000 nmgyZ {dÐmì` IVmMmhr WmoS çm\ ma à_mUmV dmna Ho bm OmVm hmoVm; na§Vw EHy U daIVmÀ`m VwbZoV Vmo A{Ve` ZJÊ` hmoVm. \ i~mJm§gmRrM Ë`mMm àm_w»`mZo dmna Ho bm OmV hmoVm. `m H mbmdYrn`ªV \ i~mJ bmJdShr \ ma dmTbobr ZìhVr. Z§Va _mÌ amîQ—r` \ bmoËnmXZ A{^`mZm§VJ©V \ i~mJ `moOZobm MmbZm {_imbr, AZoH amÁ`m§V Va hOmamo hoŠQaZo \ i~mJm dmTrg bmJë`m. Ë`mbmM gyú_ qgMZmMr OmoS hr {_imë`mZo `m Xw½YeH© am `moJm_wio à`moJerb eoVH è`m§Zr {dÐmì` IVm§Mm dmna gwé Ho bm; Varhr Vmo EH _`m©Xno jo m OmñV ZìhVm, ho dmñVd Amho. Amnë`m amÁ`mV gyú_ qgMZmMm dmna _moR çm à_mUmV hmoV Amho. amÁ`mV gmYmaUnUo 11 bmI hoŠQada gyú_ qgMZ V§ÌmMm dmna \ i~mJm, ^mOrnmbm, ZJXr {nHo , \w beoVr gmRr hmoV Amho. amÁ`mV nmUr, drO Am{U _Oyam§À`m g_ñ`m eoVH è`m§Zm

A{YH ôS gmdV AmhoV. Ë`mgmRr {R~H qgMZ V§Ì hm am_~mU Cnm` {gÕ hmoV Amho. {R~H {g§MZm~amo~a nmÊ`mV {daKiUmar IVo dmnaUo eŠ` hmoV Agë`m_wio 25 Vo 30 QŠHo amgm`{ZH IVm§À`m dmnam_Üò ~MV hmoVo. nma§nm[aH IVm§Mr H m`©j_Vm 40 Vo 50 QŠHo AgVo. nmÊ`mV [daKiUmar IVo {R~H {gM§Zmgmo~V dmnaë`mg IVmMr H m`©j_Vm 80 QŠHo n`ªV dmT{dÊ`mg _XV hmoVo. {dÐmì` IV ho _hmJ {_iVo, hm eoVH è`m§_Üò ngabobm gdmªV _moR m J¡ag_O hmoVm. na§Vw daIVmÀ`m dmTboë`m {H§ _VrÀ`m nmíd©^_y rda AmVm {dÐmìÌVmgmRr emgZmV\} H moUVohr AZwXmZ CnbãY Zmhr. na§Vw {dÐmì` IVo ho A{V g§Vá¥ (hm`br H m°ÝñQ—Qo So )Agë`mZo Ë`m§Mm dmnahr A{Ve` H _r à_mUmV H amdm bmJVmo, `mdahr MQH Z H moUr {dídmg Rodm`bm V`ma ZìhVo. AWm©V, EdTçm _moR çm joÌ\ imgmRr nrnrE_ ({_brJ«_° /{b)_Üò dmna H aÊ`mMr {e\ mag Agboë`m IVmMm {nH m§Zm H m` \ aH nSUma Aer H miOrdOm YmñVrhr eoVH è`m§Zm hmoVr, Ë`m_wio à`moJ H aUo åhUOo YmoH m nËH aUo d `mM H maUmñVd AZoH eoVH ar `mnmgyZ Xya am{hbo. dfm©Zdw f}, {nTçmZ{nTçm JmSçm â^ê Z amgm`{ZH IV AmUm`Mo, nmoVoÀ`m nmoVo eoVmV [aH m_o H am`Mr gd` bmJboë`m§Zm nrnrE_ Mm Smog nMZr nSUo Vgo AdKSM hmoV.o {dÐmì` IVmMm {e\ maerà_mUo dmna Ho ë`mg Vmo daIVmnojm ñdñV d {nH m§gmRr A{YH Cn`wŠV RaVmo, ho Iao Amho. {dÐmì` IVmMr gmRdUyH , dmhVyH , hmVmiUr dmna, Ë`mgmRr bmJUmar _Owar `m gd©M ~m~VrV Vo daIVmnojm \ m`Xoera Amho; _mÌ Varhr ~hþVm§e eoVH ar `mnmgyZ XyaM am{hbo. {dÐmì` IVmMo CËnmXH , {dHo« Vo, emgZ d emgH s` H¥ fr {d^mJ `m IVm~m~VÀ`m àMma d àgmamV H _r nSë`mZo ho Ë`m§Mohr Anè RaVo, AÝ`Wm Q§MmB©À`m ZmdmImbr Joë`m

[dX«mì` IVo / 8

{dX«mì` IVo / 9

VŠVm H« . 1.1 ^maVm_Yrb amgm`{ZH IVmMm dmna (_o{Q—H QZm§V)… df© IV dmna (QZ) 1965 - 66 78,000 1966-67 1,15,000 1970-71 22,60,000 1990-91 127,30,000 2000-01 168,00,000 2009-10 265,00,000 2020-21 416,00,000 (Ano{jV) (g§X^© -gH mi A°J«modZ, ~wY - 19 Am°ŠQmo 2011, nmZ H« . 11)

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