KIRUNA / LOUSSAVAARA-KIRUNAVAARA AKTIEBOLAG
SØRVARANGER / KIRKENES
LKAB / KIRUNA
COMPARISON / CRUDE ORE // FINISHED PRODUCT
Source: Mining-technology.com
FROM A 100 % CRUDE IRON ORE YOU GET....
61% iron in LKAB /KIRUNA, in the form of IRON PELLETS
32 % Iron in SYDVARANGER/ KIRKENES, in the form of IRON CONCENTRATE
Luossavaara
Kiruna
Kiirunavaara
The town´s original name was Lousavare after the Loussavaara mountian; the mine is situated in between the mountians Loussavaara, Kirunavaara and Haukavaara.
Kriuna is a mining city founded between the two mountains of Kiirunavara and Loussavaara at the turn of the 19th century due to the large reserves of iron ore that was possible to extract after the invention of the Thomas-process, separating the phosphorus from the iron. The town of Kiruna was planned based on the climatic conditions, but without consideration of the geological conditions, leaving the city with a coice between continued mining or an extensive urban transformation in the present day. The heart of the city and numeous of Kirunas oldest buildings will have to be moved to a new site. The state owned mining-company LKAB are argumenting that the city should be moved well out of the vicinity of the mines in an urban transformation process that will take approximately 10 years.
1736
Kiruna timeline
Discovery of iron deposit
KIRUNAS HISTORY
1878
Invention of Thomas process phosporous seperate from iron ore.
Malmberget
1884
Railway construction started
1888
Ore railway between Kiruna and Navik joined. Narvik-Kiruna-Gällivare-Luleå was the worlds northernmost railway
1890
Luossavaara-Kiirunavaara Aktiebolag (LKAB) founded
1900
Architects’ (Per Olof Hallman and Gustaf Wickman) plan to the city was officially accepted
Narvik
Ofotbanen
City planning
Kiruna got it´s official name 1907
tram in operation
1910
Surface mining of Mountain Kiirunavaara In second world war , German used Kiruna to keep refugees and prisoners, the railway was used to ore and transport military equipment.
WWII bombing 1940s
1950 1953
Gropen
1960
City rights money from mines City renovation Kiruna Ariport Tourist industry developed LKAB start using Subsurface mining
1973 1970s
high record of LKAB iron production Steel Crisis mines at Svappavaara, Tuolluvaara and Luossavaara closed
Sources: http://www.kommun.kiruna.se Wikipedia
2000 2004 2007
Relocation of city center decided Actual work on moving started
KIRUNAS CONNECTED LOCATIONS
va pa
ap
FINLAND
책 le Lu
SWEDEN
Bo de
n
G
채l
liv
ar
e
Sv
Ki
ru
na
ar
N
a
av
ik
NORWAY
Sources LKAB Annual report 2010
LKAB EXPORTS // GLOBAL IRON PRODUCERS
Sources: LKAB Annual report 2010 Steelonthenet.com
6
THE IRON DEPOSIT IN KIRUNA
4 Luossavaara
2
Only mines at Kiirunavaara is still under operation. Mines at Svappavaara, Tuolluvaara and Luossavaara closed in 1977 after steel crisis due to increasing compeition from Asia, Africa, Australia, South America.
3
Lake Luossaj채rv
5
Kiruna (1), Luossavaara (2), Rektorn (3), Henry (4), Haukivaara (5), Nukutusvaara (6) and Tuollovaar (7)
Kiruna
http://www.geo.tu-freiberg.de/oberseminar/ os03_04/Ines%20Kurmies.pdf
Kiirunavaara The total of the original iron ore was 1800 Mt
The total of the current reserve of iron ore is approx. 800 Mt
1
7
Lu
le å
Bo de n
G
äl liv a
re
Ki ru
na Sv ap pa va ar a
av ik N
LKAB´S MINES
Svappavaara
Kiruna
N
Malmberget / Gälliväre
Sources: LKAB Annual report 2010 Google maps
LKAB LIFE EXPECTANCY / / ANNUAL PRODUCTION VS RESERVES Million tons (Mt) 40
LKAB annual production capacity
LKAB Annual Production pr 2010: 27 Mt LKAB annual production capacity: 38 Mt
35
30
LKAB iron ore reserves pr 2010; Crude ore: 1150 Mt Produce: 701 Mt
LKAB current annual production
Kiruna and Malmberget has 1150 Mt crude ore left (probable), which equals to 701 Mt iron produce, which is the data used for the calculations in the diagram.
25
20
15
10
5
2005
2010
2020
2030
2040
year
Sources: LKAB Annual report 2010 Mining-technology.com Calculations: Annabel Danson
PROGRESSION OF THE MINE
1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1965 1970 1980
1900
1960s
began of underground mining
1960-1970
The island called “Ön”, close to the mine, was already phased out during 1960- 1970´s and is now a part of the fenced-in industrial estate
1970s
Part of the lake Luossajärvi has been drained and the road to the LKAB industrial estate has been relocated due to deformations in the ground
1990
TODAY 2013
2000 2004
2005 Exploration pass 2012 1060m
1045m main haulage
Exploration drilling
1365m main haulage
2007
The mining company LKAB applied for changes in the comprehensive plan of central Kiruna The council also decided that the new Kiruna city centre should be situated north west of today’s city centre, at the foot of Mt. Luossavaara actual work on moving the town started
2009
comprehensive plan reviwed for new iron ore deposits
2010
Manicipal decided the city centre to be in eastern part, north-west for toursim and recreation
2011
Mine City Park approved, first part inaugurated in Sep.2011 location of city centre confirmed
THE ORE // PRODUCTION PROCESS
Mining type; sublevel caving mining (underground) http://www.infomine.com/publications/ docs/InternationalMining/Chadwick2010y.
Source: LKAB Annual report 2010
WASTE MANAGEMENT / / PRODUCTION
combustible
landfill
recover some apatite and rare-earth-elements
some rich in iron
waste rock: non-hazardous waste
Recirculation of water in outer system (approx. 75%)
unsorted waste reclaimable paper
mix with ore forms of the mine and are recycled
Water Cycle
non-combustible
tailing dumps: fine grained waste rock
Mine water pumped up from mine
>95% of site waste are sorted:
ENERGY CONSUMPTION* / / PRODUCTION PROCESS
Source: LKAB Annual report 2010
* Refers to Kiruna, Svappavaara, Malmberget, Lule책 and Narvik, excluding subsidiaries and sales to external end users. ** Approximately 25% of the electricity comes from surplus heat recovered internally
30 % COAL
50 % ELECTRICITY **
20 % OIL
DISTRIBUTION OF ECONOMIC VALUE 2010
Source: LKAB Annual report 2010
Taxes Net Sales Employees
Suppliers
LKAB profits
POPULATION GROWTH // LKAB EMPLOYEES In 1900 Kiruna had 222 inhabitants, of which 65 % spoke me채nkieli , 24% sami and 11 % swedeish-speaking. 40000
35000
30000 Kiruna Population 25000
20000
15000
10000 LKAB employees 5000
1900
1920
1940
1960
1980
2000
2020
2040
Sources: LKAB Annual report 2010 Mining-technology.com Wikipedia
MINING PROGRESSION // URBAN TRANSFORMATION Kiruna Chuch
city hall
railway 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1965 1970
1900 Ore processing plants
Railway to Navik
1980
TODAY 2013
2000
2023 2033
2050
1990
2005 Exploration pass 1060m
1045m main haulage Sea level
Exploration drilling
1365m main haulage
LANDSCAPE TRANSFORMATION // SHAKING GROUND ALL AROUND DEFORMATION
DUMPING
EXCAVATION
Sources: Kiruna Kommun Google maps Wikipedia
LANDSCAPE TRANSFORMATION // WATER EXPLOITATION AND CONTAMINATION PUTTING POLLUTION IN A SYSTEM Tornelven / Jukkasjärvi
Loussajärvi Kiruna
Loussajoki
Yli Lompolo
Ala Lompolo Source: Kiruna Kommun
LUOSSAJÄRVI
Loussajärvi is a 260 hectare lake, drained of water through mining process and becasue of cracks in the ground. Currently consists of large parts of bog, sulfates, nitrates, becasue of weathering of carbonate and sulfide containing materials. The water in the river Loussajoki is signifigantly reduced.
YLI LOMPOLO
1 meter deep, overgrown lake in the centre of Kiruna, downstream from Loussajärvi via Loussajoki. There are high values of merqury in the sediments due to wastewater from the mining-process in the 50ies.
ALA LOMPOLO
230 kg Merqury 10 tons zink 3 tons copper 1.6 tons lead 1 ton molbyden 33 kg cadmium Source: 17000 unstable grenades Wikipedia High values of PCB Kiruna kommun
PROGRESSION OF DEFORMATION
Source: http://www.wilhelmson.se/press.htm
LKAB urban transformation suggestion designed by Wilhelmson based on the comprehensive plan approved by the Kiruna municipality in 2007, which is now revised to a different site.
KIRUNA IN TRANSFORMATION the road to the LKAB industrial estate relocated Part of the lake Luossajärvi has been drained
1
1970’s the area called “Ön” (the Island) was emptied of residents and is now a part of the fenced-in industrial estate.
Mount. Luossavaara
3
Lake Luossajärv
The whole city of kiruna has to be relocated. eventually. The areas closer to the mine are in higher prioity.
Kiruna city centre
SInce LKAB began underground mining in 1960s. Kiruna undergoes contiuous transformtation.
Kiirunavaara
2
Train Iron deposit first affected area second affected area ultimate affected area
2000’s cracks appeared just a few centimetres of subsidence can damage electricity lines and water the first area pipes affected by deformations there are 313 apartments, cultural buildings, the City Hall, part of highway E10 and Mine City Park -buffer zone the railway between the city and the mine
Navik proposed new recreation & tourism center (2010)-Luossavaara
URBAN TRANSFORMATION ALTERNATIVES
northwest alternative proposed new city center (2007-2009) -foot of Mt. Luossavaara
In 2004, LKAB applied for change in comprehensive city plan, LKAB architect,Wilhelmson arkitekter suggested the Northwest alternative. The council also decided that the new Kiruna city centre should be situated north west of today’s city centre, at the foot of Mt. Luossavaara.
Mount. Luossavaara
Lake Luossajärv
In 2009, the plan was revised because of NEW FINDINGS IN IRON DEPOSIT under Mt. Luossavaara. In2010, the city is confirmed to be relocated to the east of the current city.
confirmed new city centre, the main part of new housing and public servic (2010) - eastern part of kiruna
Kiruna city centre
Kiirunavaara
E10 Highway
Mine City Park -buffer zone between the city and the mine
Iron deposit mine city park northwest alternative (2007-2009) confirmed new city centre (2010) border to industrial area
a new highway E10 and road 870 to be finished by 2015
relocation of new railway to be finished by 2012
Train Airport
train E10 highway Luleå
KIRUNA MUNICIPALITY PROPOSAL 2011
Source: http://www.kommun.kiruna.se/Stadsomvandlingen/Samhallsplanering2/Skiss/
TORNELVEN // URBAN TRANSFORMATION ALTERNATIVE ? Tornelven, also called Jukkasjärvi, is considered by some (not the municipality or LKAB) as an alternative, and maybe the best alternative for moving the city. It is a beautiful place, rich on natural experiences and activities. If there are no restritions to LKAB´s mining Tornelven might also be the most sustainable and logical place to move the city of Kiruna. It is well out of the vicinity of the iron ores and would not be within the zone of the deformations of the ground, following the mining process somewhat unpredictably into the centre of Kiruna at the currently. It is hard to say what the extrent of the iron ore is at the moment, and LKAB are showing no signs of considering to decrease their extraction of the ore; they are rather looking to expand their production as much as possible.
Kiruna Apporx. 10km
Source: LKAB profits LKAB Annual report 2010 12.281 MILLION SEK
Urban Transformation 2.997 MILLION SEK
OTHER INDUSTRIES IN KIRUNA
space tourisum?
space centre
Kiruna tourism New industry branches Car testing
Source: http://www.kommun.kiruna.se/Om-kommunen/English/Kiruna---Filled-With-Contrast/Research-and-Industry/