FIELDS OF EXPLORATION - LIMITS OF EXPLOITATION +
Master Studio in Landscape Architecture Oslo School of Architecture and Design Winterspring 2012
4 COLLECTION Reflections
+
D&U
Xin Su: China in the Arctic. China in the world of minerals. Irene Crowo Nielsen: Drill drill drill Ingrid Aas: Scars and Masses Patrycja Perkiewicz: Cross Border Mining Jingyuan Hu: Opportunity out of the extreme Francisco RodrĂguez Saa: Cross-Border Stories in Kvalsund, Norway Annabel Danson: MINEOPOLIS Annisah Solihah: Upgrading Svalbard Mathilde Grellier: Mine & City or Mine vs City Hao Liang: The Northern Mining Landscape--- Type/Transformation/Reuse Kit Ting Karie Yu: Kiruna on the move Kari Sanne Havnevik: Chasing endorsment Linn Riise Handal: Hidden Complexity of the Northern Landscape Hanne Johnsrud: Confrontation Ahead
A ! E N V U O R I M K E H T ON E
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GE U F E
Y R O ST
OR N IN
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DE WE
KIT TING KARIE YU
2012
under the ground
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stadshuset (city hall). Kiruna kyrka (church)
OUT!
CITY CENTRE
but where?
e: n u mm king! o K ! na ac Kiru nd is cr ove out grou ave to m we h
BUT WH .... ERE ?
RESIDENCE FOR 18,000 ?
LKAB in favor of moving north
Kiruna Kommune decieded to move east 203
0
201
5
relocation of city centre
under the ground
+
s r e v
e n ng
i v o M
! p to
RESIDENCE FOR 18,000 ?
2030
OUT!
WH
ERE
Deformation never stop after relocation of city centre and areas with higher threat. In 2060, half of the city space will be under deformation. The municipality needs to look for space to relocate the ‘refugees’.
206
0
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A ! E N V U KIR HE MO T N O Underground mining continues, deformation became more severe. The Old Kiruna will be totally “eaten up by crack�.
New Kiruna is on the threat. Mines in different sites have started drilling for a while, and most of the neighboring area are bought by mining companies for explorations and drilling. Seems there is no save ground to move?
2090
A ! E N V U KIR HE MO T N O Where to move THIS TIME?
A ! E N V U KIR HE MO T N O How big is the scale of this move?
Because of unfavourable living condition,people (especially youth) move out of Kiruna every year.
Because of mining, the Kiruna city is moving and expected to be on move every decades.
KIT TING KARIE YU
A ! E N V U KIR HE MO T N O
If Kiruna is just a mining town three possible sceniros in 2090:
population unchanged
RESIDENCE FOR 18,000 ?
+
New technology development, on site mining workers are no longer needed, the city of Kiruna may not be needed, population decreased dramatically. RESIDENCE FOR 1,000 ?
CITY CENTRE
Development of neighbour mining sites brings labours to the area, Kiruna develops as the HUB of the northern Scandinavia
The dream of MODEL CITY? RESIDENCE FOR 38,000 ?
A ! E N V U KIR HE MO T N O Speculation: Moving Kiruna is not about moving house. It is about regeneration of the social landscape and eco-system. Is the current ‘refugee way of relocation’ a sustainable way to rebuild a city? Kiruna was built to be an ideal town, Mining , created the town but it ‘s also destroying. Can mining and the city co-exist sustainably? Where does Kiruna go the next? Or .... does Kiruna still exist in the next century? Where is the dream of model city? What are we going to do with the after-mined and deformed landscape?
KIT TING KARIE YU
Chasing endorsement? Kari Havnevik AHO 2012
Introduction Bigjovagge copper and goldmine in placed in a green rock belt in Finnmark, on the border of Troms municipality. The mine is about 2,5 km long, and is located 40 km North-East of Kautokeino. The mine has been exploting copper and gold over two periods of time, and is now planning to reopen. The first period of extraction from 1970-1975 the mine was only extracting copper. When Finish Outokumpu acquired the mine in -84 they started to extract a lot more gold, but because of the low copper price on the market they had to close down. Today the Swedish firm Artic Gold AB has bought the mine and is planning to operate by 2013. There has been a protest from the indigenous hearding people in the area together with locals and nature environment directorate. The conflict occurs because the mine is located in the hearding area for the reindeers, and one of their moving tracks goes through the mining area. The process of opening a mine is long and demanding. Since 2010 have Arctic Gold been struggling to get all the permits and permissions they need to reopen the mine. The new mineral act was implemented in 2009 and has improved the laws to be better, more simple and precise. The mineral law is not the only legislative power in the process. There are other acts and laws the companies has to get permits and permissions from in order to get their operation permit which leads them to the next step in the process.
Conflict area Bidjovagge
Reisa Nationalpark
Spring pasture 1
Spring/Autum pasture 1
Jorba
Autum pasture 1 Autum pasture 2 Autum/Winter pasture 1
Kautokeino Moving tracks
The map is showing the location of the regulated mining area, and how it collide with the reindeers spring pastures and their moving track from south to north.
Actors involved in the opening of Bidjovagge 17
128 9 3 71 111 10
46 1 5 16 35
Placement of headquartes
1
Directorate of Nature Management
10
Sami Parliament
2
KLIF- Directorate of Climate and pollution
11
Kautokeino Municipality
3
NIKU- Norwegian Institute of culture heritage reserch
12
Nordreisa Municipality
4
Road managment
13
The Norwegian Parliament
5
NIVA- Norwegian Institute of Water Research
14
Arctic Gold AB
6
Statskog
15
Outokompo
7
Fefo- Finnmarkseiendommen
16
Directorate for Mineral management
8
The Reindeer Management
17
Dalradian Resources
9
Local residents
18
Dalradian Resources
3 3 25 1353 2 4 5
15 14
18
How far is Arctic Gold in the process of reopening Bidjovagge? The Mineral act Exploration permit Extraction permit The operating license for the commencement of mining
Planning and building act Zoning and environmental impact assessment Building permits and land acquisition / Delin
Pollution Act Discharge Permit (water / noise / dust)
Water Resources Act / Energy Act The license for the extraction of water The license for the performance of power line
Biedjovagge Nordreisa
KLIF
The King Kautokeino Sametinget
NIVA Reindrift
Statskog/Fefo
Private companies are challenging the municipal zoningplan and planning program in Kautokeino municipality.
Dig, Dug, Digged
National scanning Global market
Chain of acts Political pressure
The interests of Bidjovagge depend on the global marketprice of gold and copper. Is this exploitation more valueble than the landscape, culture and enviroment in this area?
Operation permit
Other regulations and acts
This temporary klondike are creating conflicts in the temporary society. Reopening the mine upsets the raindeer hearders. They are fighting for their “right� of the area.
Planning and Building act
$$
Legislation for exploration The Mineral act
Corporations all over the world will be able to buy rights to exploration. Global intrests are taken care of, what about the indeginous and local interest?
Klondike
Enviormental Ministry decides
The Norwegian government are allowing free search rights. A principle of first come, first served. International actors will be in control of Norwegian exploitation.
Global interest
Securing Sami interests
Free search rights
Free search rights
Global interest
Free searching right Everyone has the right to explore for minerals deposits of state ground as long as they do not performing damage to the ground which can cause damage of significance Minerals Act ยง 2. The explorers must always notify the property owner and user of the ground no later than one week prior to exploration initiated. In certain areas, exploration is prohibited or it is required permission from the landowner, the user and competent authority Minerals Act ยง 47.
In addition to the requirements of the Minerals Act ยง 47, the activities associated with exploration being prohibited or restricted by other legislation, such as:
Cultural Heritage Act Nature Pluralism Act The Motor Traffic Act
Free search
Global access to exploring rights in Norway
The King
Finnmark does not provide the the right to explore or take samples before the Directorate of Mining has given a specific permission.
Sametinget Statskog/Fefo
$$
Enviormental Ministry decides
Securing Sami interests
Klondike
The explorer must apply to the Directorate of Mining for an exploration permit. Prior exploration work in Finnmark can start, it is also required a special permit from Directorate of Mining Minerals Act ยง 17. The purpose is to clarify and adapt the operations in relation to indigenous interests.
Culture and Interests
Examines should take reasonable steps to obtain information on directly affected Sรกmi interests in the area to be examined. Special permission may be refused if the interests of Sami interests speaks against the processing application. In the assessment there should be significant emphasis on Samiculture, reindeer herding, commercial activity and social life. If the application is granted, conditions may be imposed to satisfy these concerns.
By processing the application will the Directorate of Mining give the landowner, the Sami Parliament, the municipality and the administration of the area and the reindeer hearders an opportunity to comment. If the Sami Parliament or the landowner opposes the application is granted, the Environmental Ministry will decide. If the Ministry grants the application in the circumstances mentioned, an appeal to the King from the Sami Parliament or the landowner that will have a suspensive effect on the process.
In addition to the requirements of the Minerals Act ยง 47, the activities associated with exploration being prohibited or restricted by other legislation, such as
Cultural Heritage Act Nature Pluralism Act The Motor Traffic Act
Legislation for exploration
Operation permit
Other regulations and acts
Planning and Building act
The Mineral act
Enviormental Ministry decides
Dig, Dug, Digged
In Norway you do not need a permit to look for minerals. In order to get exploration rights you need to go through a though application process. The planning and building act regulate areas for different purposes. These purposes are made to create a good plan of society on a municipal scale.
Legislation for exploration needed:
The acts demand a sustainable and efficient municipal operation which corresponds with the regional and govern tasks.
If all the requirements above are approved the explorer will get the
The goal is to build a good local society where all authorities and interests are taken care of. The mineral act is the legislative power in terms of exploring minerals. But this act does not work alone. There are nine other laws the developer need permits and permission from in order to start exploring.
Handeling the regulation plan and impact study takes time, while waiting the companies use the time to obtain the other needed permits. If the company gets all of the permits and permissions it will get their operation permit to start.
Search- and exploration rights An approved regulation plan and an impact study Obtain all the other permits and permissions
Operation permit
It all comes down to the opertation permit...
Culture Heritage Act
Secure culture heritage sights and environments
Regulate areal planning and manage building permits
Sami culture memory automatically preservation if older than 1000 years If there is any Conflict
County administration
Sami parliament
The Directorate for Cultural heritage decides
Soil act
The Planning and Building Act
Secure areal operations
Automatically preservation if a memory is older than 1537,
Necessary legislation to explore and exploit mineral resources in Norway
Plan decision
Exploring and searching
Obligation to report
Regulation for raw materials
Culture Heritage Act
Secure rearranging tillage and infield areas
Exploration or searching in the top soil layer is an exception in the act
Motor Traffic Act
The Planning and Building Act
Soil act
Secure biological, geological, ecological processes and landscape
Regulation plan Operation permit
Municipality
Timeconsuming These two processes work parallel
Dispention
Impact study and Regulation plan Obtain other required permits
Motor traffic in the outlying fields and close to water systems
Cautious movement in the hearding area
Searching methods requires vehicles like helicopter and heavier cars
Result
Reindeer Act
Operation permit
Motor Traffic Act Pollution Act
Movingcamps must not be shut down
Secure the environmental areas for emissions, pollution and waste
The Mineral act
Discharge permit KliF (gov. minerals)
Fylkesmannen County governor (ind. minerals)
Water Resource Act
Water Resource Act Pollution Act Deposit in the sea
Planning and building act
Frame Directive for water and management
Grunnloven §110
Extracting masses in the area of lakes or water course could affect the ground water by drainage
Deposit on land
Finnmark Act Secure biological, geological, ecological processes and landscape
FN and ILO Declarations Municipal, Regional and Governmental Considerations
Classifying the waste
Natural Pluralism Act
Considering sami culture, industry and social life Finnmark Act
Manage the property of natural resources in a balanced and ecological sustainable way
Society and areal planning
Management of naturalresources
Demand of carefulness
Demand of knowledge Proactive
Planning and Building Act
Seccure the social interests of use and management of water systems
Permit
Mineral Waste Directive
Obligation to report and impact study
Sustainability
Areal management in the hearding area
Protect the general interests of a lake or water way
Larges emission problems
Natural Pluralism Act
Reindeer Act
Secure the reindeer operating area in the Sami reindeer herder area as the industry’s most important resource basis
Sustainable
Management Types of nature
Ecosystems
Species
Total impact The most environmental friendly techniques and localization
Ecological
decision
This bearing shows all the acts you need to pass in order to get a exploration right. A bearing cannot function without all the all the pellets. When all pellets are in the bearing can start twirling.
Finnmarksproperty Fefo, owns 95% of the land in Finnmark.
Change of use of outlaying land must be a physical and practical change
Sami parliament and Finnmark county council runs Fefo
Take care of Sami interests
Summary of the most used words in the Mineral Act
Future endorsement? The focus of mining in Norway has increased the last couple of years after the new mineral act was implemented in 2009. The act states the limits of exploration and secures the resources, and demand to maintain indigenous interests. The new act is simplified and improved in order to easier understand and clarify the laws. Has the new mineral act made it easier to go through the application process and start operating? Is it the mineral act or the other legislative laws that secures the landscape and environment? The additional powers are the ones to set boundaries for decreased impact of the nature. The Environmental Ministry has right to endorse or disallow the application. There are no rules for how many times you can apply for the sanction. Will the procedure of applying become stricter over the years, or will the Ministry loosen up and pass more applications? The Norwegian and indigenous people trust them to maintain our interests and secure our environment and culture heritage.
Sources: The Mineral Act: http://www.lovdata.no/all/hl-20090619-101.html#11 Guide to The Mineral Act: http://www.regjeringen.no/upload/NHD/Vedlegg/ Veiledninger%20og%20brosjyrer/mineralloven_ veileder_des2011.pdf Reindeer management: reindrift.no Arctic Gold AB’s Regulation plan and impact study
HIDDEN COMPLEXITY OF THE NORTHERN LANDSCAPE REINDEER HERDING Linn Riise Handal
THE DISCUSSION IS GOING STRONG. IS IT POSSIBLE TO COMBINE MINERAL INDUSTRY AND REINDEER HERDING, OR WILL ONE OF THE INDUSTRIES HAVE TO GIVE UP? WHY ARE POLITICIANS STATING SOMETHING ELSE THAN THE REINDEER HERDER? DO THEY ACTUALLY KNOW HOW THIS LANDSCAPE IS BEING USED? WHY CAN THE REINDEERS NOT MOVE TO THE OTHER SIDE OF THE MOUNTAIN?
Limitations of grazing The limitation of grazing and the high preassure on the used herding areas is the main argument against a “new” mineral industry in the North. Why do they need these big areas? Reindeer herding has access to approximately 40% of land area in the Norway. The reindeers are adapted to an environment where almost nothing can grow, and this is why they are constantly on the move over large areas. They feed on different crops in different seasons, and the reason for this is the nutritional value the plants have according to the time of year, the climatic conditions whichvary from place to place, and the amount of insects which are different from place to place. This way of following natures processes is the reason why the reindeer industry is devided in eight pasture seasons.
The coastal mountains has - Green pastures - Cool and moist climate - Lots of snow and ice in winter - Few insects that irritates the animals
Spring is the starting period of a new year in the reindeer industry. In the spring time mooving of the animals is easy and goes fast, while in the atumn it takes more time. The landscape surroundings affects how the animals behave. For example in the calving period, in spring, they thrive in landscapes with small hills, no rivers and no steap slopes. When it gets warmer in the summer the animals gather in bigger groups while they move to higher terrain to reduce irritation from insects. The reindeer herder relates to the animals natural way of using the landscape. They know when to gather them for slaughter and when to move them to the winter pastures. The herders has a multifunctional way of using the landscape and they know where their own animas are allowed to graz related to the organization of the industry. Topographical conditions as well as lakes and rivers is the reason why mooving between pastures normally takes place through the same herding routes every year. The herding routes follow ancient traces, and this has given them a stong protection through § 22 Flyttleier (herding routes). In some places the animals will have to move through narrow passages or through built-up areas. Barring of a herding route may in worst case mean that adjacent pastures no longer can be used.
The Inland areas have - Sparse vegetation with lots of lichens - Dry climate and low rainfall - Cold winters - Hot summers - Lots of insects in summer
Today there is a great pressure on the animal’s grazing land. Intervention and interference in the grazing areas makes it hard for the animals to access areas where they have usually been eating. The Lichens pastures in the autumn and spring districts is completely dilapidated, while Lichens pastures in the winter districts is greatly reduced. Due to the grazing pressure the production of lichen resources are greatly reduced, which again affects the animals and the quality of the meat.
Bruk av land og vann i Finnmark i historisk perspektiv, Statens trykking, Oslo 1994 reindrift.no
Organization of work When looking at this map we understant that there is much more happening in the wilderness areas than meets the eye. A landscape which looks hardly used, is actually full of information. How is the reindeer industry organized? Why can not the herders in the affected area just move to another pasture?
grazing district much used tent area gamma herders cabin slaughter plant label and slaughter fence
closed fence tracking route herding route gathering area transport
1 2 3 4 5
summer pasture atumn pasture atumn - winter pasture winter pasture spring pasture
Norway consists of six grazing areas, which are again devided in several grazing districts. In the grazing district different Siida’s are operating. A Siida is a group of one or several families, which are often related, and have reindeer in one herd. The Siida sheme plays a key role in defining the distribution of grazing areas as well as the patterns for moving between the seasonal pastures. Traditionally grazing distribution was respected within the industry, but over the past decades the internal distribution of grazing has been characterized by conflict. The conflicts occur because of preassure on the areas. New roads and cabins fragments the pastures, which leads to an internal justice discussion. The past years Siida’s have started grazing on others pastures, especially on Finnmarksvidda.
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http://www.sof.ntnu.no/SOF_R03_08.pdf reindrift.no http://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinbeitedistrikt
http://www.sof.ntnu.no/SOF_R03_08.pdf http://www.eoearth.org/article/Climate_change_and_reindeer_nomadism_in_Finnmark,_Norway http://www.sametinget.no/ http://www.regjeringen.no/nb/dep/ad/dok/regpubl/stmeld/2001-2002/stmeld-nr-33-2001-2002-/14.html?id=327466
Conflicting wishes?
Based on the national obligations under the Constitution § 110 a, international obligations under ILO Convention No. 169 concerning indigenous peoples, and UN conventions such as Convention on Civil and Political Rights, Article 27; reindeer herding is seen in a general Sami and social policy context. Reindeer policy is therefore based on both the industrial production policy and the politics regarding sami culture value.The Planning- and Building Act is the most important policy to secure the resource base in the reindeer industry. The Act states that the herders, through the herding district, must take part in discussions in the process of planning. Even though reindeer herders have the law to deffend them, the law does not deny development, which is the industries main challenge. The sum of many small interventions is here much bigger than each intervention would indicate. The fragmentation of pastures does not go together with the reindeers need for big free areas and tracks for mooving. As we see it is not only the big plans for future mining clustures that are threathening this traditional industry. The reindeer is extremely sensitive to anything foreign. Tourism, electricity lines, windmill parks and development such as roads are other threaths. While new development is interfering with the industry, the result of this is that also the reindeer industry develops and finds new strategies. Most of these are actually not for the best. To make the herding go easier use of snowmobile and also motorcycle has become normal. Driving on bare ground has led to increased wear on the nature and thus pastures. Another affect of development is the increased use of fences, which further damages the grass. The Sami parliament has hopes for development and new jobs; the reindeer husbandry is a growing industry, and the plans for northern exploration is only increasing. Is it only a question of time for this industry? We do not know where the limits of eploitation goes. Future planning in case of coexistence is strongly needed.
1950
1970
Servey work regarding reindeer herders in Sør-Trøndelag, Nord-Trøndelag og Vest-Finnmark
In Finnmark almost 35% of the reindeer habitat has been lost over the last 60 years. The future speculations is showing projected development of infrastructure, roads and houses. The scenario is based on the historical development of infrastructure, the distribution and density of the human population, the existing infrastructure, the known location of natural resources, distance from the coast, and vegetation type. Illustrations are based on maps made by The International Arctic Science Committee.
2000
2030
2050
Confrontation. (con路fron路ta路tion) noun 1. an act of confronting. 2. the state of being confronted. 3. a meeting of persons face to face. 4. an open conflict of opposing ideas, forces, etc. 5. a bringing together of ideas, themes, etc., for comparison.
CONFRONTATION AHEAD
Any new map launches new realities. The resource mapping adds new pressure to the landscape. In order to confront this, we need to draw the alternative maps, launch the other realities, gather knowledge and make strategies for visualisation and democratisation. Kjerstin Uhre, 21.11.2011, Facebook
The lines we draw on a map The way we draw a landscape changes its story, adds a new narrative. The map of Finmark, with the superimposed grid of mineral exploration rights resembles colonial maps of north Africa or the American mid-west. The straight connecting lines of the point grid erase shape and scale of the landscape, and ignore the flows and traits of the lives lived in it. The grid renders a powerful and quantifiable terminology of landscape, of something that is, or is not. And the exploration map confronts us with the reading of Finnmark as a source of unlimited mineral exploitation.
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Map data: ©Norges Geologiske undersøkelse / ©Statens kartverk
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The new mineral law has been followed by heavy investment in magnetic and radiografic exploration surveys on land and offshore. The swung geological lines are translated into point references. The green stone belts of Finnmark are marked in blue.
Looking beneath the surface. Geological maps exceed national borders, the timespan of human history and the scales of nature. As the quest for natural resources continues under ground, maps of fish stocks, fresh water streams, waterfalls, arable lands and bountiful forrests are replaced by magnetic and radiomagnetic maps of mineral deposits. Gradually changing the perceived reality
Snapshot of exploration rights 28.03.12 Dalradian Resources LTD Greenland Gold Resources LTD Sydvaranger Gruve AS Arctic Gold AB Antaeus AS Scandinavian Resources AB NUSSIR ASA Mineralia ANS Kimberlitt AS Metallica Mining ASA Store Norske Gull AS Heli Holding AS REE Mining Drake Resources LTD Kiruna Iro AB Nordic Mining ASA Terra Control AS Norwegian Resource Ventures Ailu Fuchsit AS Pending applications
Below the ground and above our heads? While underground territories are explored according to the UTM aligned grid, a fluid constellation of international investment and mineral exploration companies is forming above ground. Capital flows across national borders and between the companies active in the search for new mineral resources. Companies change owners and exploration rights change hands at the ebb and flow of global economy.
Bog asure, 1:15
ver survey The land co
ino ihas of Kautoke
been carr
ied out by
e re. Map m rid structu g a f o s an
000
me
Forest
Lake BiggejĂĄvri Bog
Open area
Lake
The quiet stakeholder At latitudes north of the polar circle, low temperatures and short seasons leads to slow growth and decomposition of organic material, resulting in meager soils and slow revegetation. Reindeer lichen grows very slow, only 3–5 mm per year and may take decades to return once overgrazed or trampled. It easily crumbles when it is cold or dry. Lake
Open area
Every plant is a result of a process of adaptation to the conditions and to the geologically formed landscape. A cliff can give shelter from the wind and store heat from the sun; a shadovy vale can retain snow meaning more water, and a shorter growth season, the slow weathering of rocks adds minerals to the soil and water. Redused pasture areas, overgrazing and motorisation, this is already an exhausted landscape.
Bog
Bog
g
cin
fen
collecti ng area
One year is not another’s brother
tagging and slaughter
g rin sp
top og rap hic line s
much used sites for lĂĄvvu
her di n gr ou tes
fol low
re tu
s pa the
spring pasture: calving area, preferably hilly without cliffs and rivers, dry ground and open landscape
collecting area
reindeer herder cabins
Jahki ii leat jagi viellja. sami proverb The practice of reindeer herding has developed over time, as a flexible organisation in continous interaction with the variations in seasons, vegetation and precipitation and the number of animals. The choice of route followed between seasonal pastures are negotiated with topography, composition of the herd, availability of pasture, snow cover and customary agreements between herding families. Increased pressure on pastures and routes, motorized herding and fencing are changing the terms of this negotiation.
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In autumn, the reindeer migrate inward from the coast, feeding on pasture autumn grasses and mushrooms.
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vinter pasture: herds are split during winter to find food as the snow changes from light and dry to packed and icy. LANDSCAPE OF EIGHT SEASONS
Photo: Thomas Vermes, ABC Nyheter
In summer, the reindeer migrate towards the coast and higher ground. Does and calves travel separately from the bucks, more slowly across easier routes
60 SOSI standard 4.0: <<CodeList>> ArealressursArealtype
+ Built area and infrastructure = 10 + Built area = 11 + Infrastructure = 12 + Agriculture = 20 + Fully cultivated land = 21 + Superficially cultivated land = 22 + Home fields grazing = 23 + Forest = 30 + Open firm ground = 50 + Bog = 60 + Glacier = 70 + Water = 80 + Fresh water = 81 + Ocean = 82 + Not surveyed = 99
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99 ka sjoh Kara
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99 Karasjok Municipality.
30 60 60
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Land resource data are used in impact assessments and area planning. The standards of the general feature catalogue uses suitability for agriculture as its measure for mapping land resources
11 Karasjok 60
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Drawing a map with the tractor ra
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The pattern of farming along the Karasjohka river has develped in a negotiation with the meandering river, the terrain and geology of the valley and developments in farming equipment. Contrary to the sami reindeer herders, the farmers own the land, and have continously worked within the same boundaries, to the edge of their property and the limits of cultivated soil. Negotiation with nature continues, as farming becomes less profitable and former home field grasslands are reclaimed by the forest.
The road to Náránaš
In 2002, the municipality of Kautokeino decided to build a road to the natural stone quarry at Náránas, centrally located, north east of the town of Kautokeino. The newspaper trail revealed a case of coolliding economic, cultural and spatial interests. Involving local, regional and national decicionmakers, public and private stakeholders, conservation and preservation in conflict, global economic impacts and a bridge that was too short.
Area council
The Area council: objected to alternative 1 as the road crosses three herding routes and cuts through a vinter pasture area
Gievdneguoika
The ministry of agriculture: followed up on the opposition from the reindeer industry to alt. 1 The county governor: alternative 1 is not wanted The quarry company: costs of keeping the longest route might mean an end to operation
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The Sami Parliament: opposed the municipal decision as the planned road would disturb a sami cultural heritage landscape at Heammonjávvi
Herding district
The municipality: had planned Náránaš as an area for rawmaterial exploitation and see this industry as a source of income and work places. Establishing a new road was a political priority and the planned alternative 2 was adopted in 2002
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The area council: objected to alternative 3 as it would cut through hitherto intact vinterpastures The ministry of agriculture: supports the area council opposition to alt. 3.
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The existing road cross three herding routes and cut through vinter pastures
Following the line of argument Exploitation of mineral resources impacts the specific site of extraction, but the infrastructural implications extend much further. Mines or quarries in remote areas may be relatively small in their actual footprint, while the roads for transporting the resources out disrupt existing spatial relationships over a large area.
Undisturbed pasture area used for dividing the up the herds after crossing the river. 20-30 000 reindeer pass through this area every spring
Area council
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bridge, 7,5MM d, 90 m roa Gardejohkka
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Heammonjávvi is a living cultural landscape with two sami inland farms, an unique and particularily diverse vegetation and 24 buildings of which 12 are automatically protected.The area is listed as a nationally important cultural landscape
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The Sami Parliament: considered alternative 3 to be acceptable in regards to sami cultural heritage.
Verde Lapponia | Lappia Green | Atlantis The green Masi quartzite has a folded structure with colour variations from white to emerald green. The green colour is due to the green, chromium-rich muscovite called fuchsite
The Directorate for Cultural Heritage: reccomended to reject alt. 2 as the road cuts through the coherent cultural landscape of Heammonjรกvvi. A bridge across the river would disturb this landscape. Noise and dust from the traffic might negatively influence the continued habitation and farming
Mineralutvikling A
The county governor: reccomended under doubt alternative 2, with the added decision to keep the road closed between 1. Nov. and 15.
Detailing of the bridge revealed the need for deeper ancoring of pilars. Instead of 90 meters, the bridge is now 120 meters, divided in three spans of 40 meters. A rental agreement with the mineral companies that uses the road should cover the repayment of construction loans taken up by the municipality.
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Site inspection 13. March 2003
The road to Nรกrรกnas: 4 km long x 4 m wide, gravel
Mineralutvikling AS
Herding district
Area council
The Ministry of environment: Confirmed the original municipal decision giving priority to the importance of local industrial development. none of the alternatives were concidered a better solution.
The expence of income
Photo: ร se Pulk, NRK
The reindeer industry: preferred alternative 2 as long as the existing road would be discontinued and revegetated
Area council
The quarry company: preferred alternative 2 as the shortest, least expensive to upkeap and easiest to transport men and machinery. Herding district
Mineralutvikling AS
The deposits are presently operated by Fuxit AS, a subsidiary of Terra Control AS, and MQ Granite AS that took over operations after Mineralutvikling AS went bancrupt with failing demand.
The grid of the exploration map is a snapshot of the rush for access to resources in the north. It is however placed on top of an already pressured landscape, where the definition and prioritisation of resourses and not least the rights to access them are highly conflictive. instead of a a slow process of negotiation and adaptation, there is a constant confrontation of values, interests and needs. Wherever the grid meets the ground, new confrontations will find place. This time with multinational corporations at the table, supported by strong national interests and governmental strategies.
The new mineral strategy must not be seen and written solely from the resource perspective of the mineral industry and government industrial strategies. The multi-layered interests already at play in the north, must be part of the discussion. A strategy for minerals can not only be about when,, how and where, but should also be strong enough to say, where not, how not, and why not. The mineral strategy sets the scope for mineralexploitation, it should also establish the limits of exploitation
Retracing the steps, references Unless otherwise statet on the image: All aerial photos from Nord atlas, Fylkesatlas for Finmark, http://www.nordatlas.no/ default.aspx?gui=1&lang=2 Digital maps from: Norge digitalt, Statens kartverks kartdata, N50, elevation, administrative borders, FKB, heritage registration, reindeer herding, land resources http://www.statkart.no/ Norge_digitalt/Norsk/Metadata/Nedlasting_av_data/ Geological data from: Norges Geologiske undersøkelser, NGU, http://www.statkart.no/Norge_digitalt/Norsk/Metadata/Nedlasting_av_data/ Information on Mineral exploration: Directorate of Mining, http://www.dirmin.no/default.aspx Information on reindeer herding: Reindriftsforvaltningen: http:// www.reindrift.no/ Information on Finmark kultural and natural landscapes: Miljøstatus i Finnmark, Naturområder, http://finnmark.miljostatus.no/ msf_themepage.aspx?m=4480 (accessed 24.03.2012) Information on Kautokeino municipal plans: http://www.kautokeino.kommune.no/finnmark/kautokeino/kautokeinok.nsf/id/ 74E8232B903CA91241256C4B004DFD82?OpenDocument Inspiration from: Corner, J. and MacLean, A.S., Taking Measures Across the American Landscape, Yale University Press, October 1996, 208 p Lecture notes and discussions with students and teachers during the Studio course, Field of Exploration, Limits of Exploitation Hanne Johnsrud, 29. March 2012