FIELDS OF EXPLORATION - LIMITS OF EXPLOITATION +
Master Studio in Landscape Architecture Oslo School of Architecture and Design Winterspring 2012
1 ATLAS The Big Picture
+
D&U
Teachers: Knut Eirik Dahl Kjerstin Uhre Espen Røyseland Øystein Rø www.dahluhre.no www.0047.org www.aho.no http://www.fieldsofexploration.blogspot.com/
students: Irene Crowo Nielsen, Annabel Danson, Mathilde Grellier, Linn Riise Handal, Kari Sanne Havnevik, Jingyuan Hu, Hanne Johnsrud, Gudrún Lilja Jónsdóttir, Hao Liang, Patrycja Perkiewicz, Francisco Rodríguez Saa, Annisah Solihah, Xin Su, Kit Ting Karie Yu, Ingrid Aas
Fields of Exploration, Limits of Exploitation The 9 week studio took off from the global appetite and dependency on metals and minerals, and related it to national initiatives and strategies for mineral extraction as they now are in the making in Northern Norway. During 2012 the Norwegian government will present its own mineral strategy. The studio aimed to unfold the social, legal and environmental implications of an increased extraction seen through the lenses of the landscape architect. Through the themes The Big Picture, the Perforated Landscape, the Multi Layered Landscape, and a collection of individual Reflections the studio discovered how a new version of the territory are being mapped, described and conceived. Mining doesn’t only denote big profits; its industry also entails large scale impacts on landscape, nature and society. The notion of actuality, on taking part in the debate and acting in the world while things are happening discusses the landscape architects agency in taking part in the shaping of futures. For å få utsagnskraft i forhandlingen om framtiden må arkitekturen med sine verktøy agere i den delen av nåtiden der framtiden er i spill. Gjennom 9 hektiske vårvinteruker, der informasjon om raske endringer i det globale og økonomiske mineralbildet hele tiden kom strømmende mot oss, gjorde studioet sammen med 20 eksperter i feltet en oppdagelsesreise i overlappingen mellom forskjellige kunnskapsområder som angår mineralindustrien. Gjennom temaene Det store bilde, Det Perforerte Landskap, Det flerprogrammerte Landskap, og en samling av individuelle Refleksjoner utforsket studioet hvordan en ny versjon av Nord-Norge er i ferd med å bli unnfanget, kartlagt og beskrevet gjennom nasjonale tiltak og strategier for resursutvinning. Det oppdaget hvilket mulighetsrom Regjeringens kommende mineralstrategi bereder grunnen for og hvilket press dette legger på kultur og landskap.
Kursets oppbygging /Course structure: DET STORE BILDET Studioets første fase fokuserer på kartlegging av gruvedriftens globale systemer gjennom å bygge opp et atlas. Vi studerer drivkreftene bak gruvedrift, det økende ressursforbruket, mineralnæringens globale nettverk og infrastruktur og ser på hvordan dette utspiller seg i sirkumpolare områder. THE BIG PICTURE The first phase of the course is about mapping and building up an atlas on the global system of mining. We will study the forces that drive mining, the increased resource consumption, mining’s global network and infrastructure and how this plays out in the circumpolar areas.
DET PERFORERTE LANDSKAP Den andre fasen bygger opp en katalog over gruvedriftens innvirkning på landskapet, nye geologiske undersøkelser, forskjellige typer gruvedrift, livssyklusen til en gruve og kortsiktige og langsiktige miljøvirkninger. THE PERFORATED LANDSCAPE The second phase creates a catalogue on mining’s impact on the landscape, study new geological surveys, modes of mining, the life cycle of a mine and mining’s environmental impacts.
DET FLERPROGRAMMERTE LANDSKAP I denne fasen vil vi undersøke virkningen av gruvedrift på lokalsamfunn, den overlappende arealbruk, lovverk og urfolksrettigheter og konkurrerende landskapsbruk ved å lage et magasin med kronikker. THE MULTILAYERED LANDSCAPE In this phase we will examine the impact of mining on communities, the indigenous dimension, the overlapping use of land, legislation and competing activities by making a magazine of chronicles.
REFLEKSJONER Basert på kunnskapsinnhenting, studiereise, samtaler og workshops med kursets lærere og eksterne eksperter formulerer studentene sine refleksjoner sammensatt av de kunnskapene som er tilført studioet. Kolleksjonen viser bredden, dybden, muligheten og konsekvensene av dette nye nasjonale initiativet i Nord-Norge. REFLECTIONS Based on research, study travel, conversations and workshops with course teachers and external experts, the students formulate reflections composed of the knowledge acquired during the studio. The collection shows the breadth, depth, possibilities and impacts of this new national initiative in Northern Norway.
PROSJEKTNETTVERK/ Forelesere PROJECT NETWORK/ Lecturers 20 kapasiteter som på forkjellige vis har ekspertise på temaet mineralressurser, samfunn, kultur og planlegging holdt forelesninger og workshops gjennom hele kurset. 20 capabilities that in different fields have expertise on the subject of mineral resources, community, culture and planning gave lectures and lead workshops throughout the course.
Ivar Bjørklund, sosialantropolog, UiT Rognvald Boyd, geolog, NGU Karianne Bråten, biolog, UiT Jeff Corner, geolog, UiT Kelly Doran, arkitekt, Regional Architects Chrisopher Eads, senior editor, Economist Intelligence Unit Elisabeth Gammelsæter, Gen. Sek. Norsk Bergindustri Brynhild Granås, forsker, Høgskolen i Alta Siri Hermansen, kunstner Luba Kuzovnikova, daglig leder, Pikene på broen Hadi Lile, Senter for menneskerettigheter, UiO Harald Martinsen, Utviklingsdir. Sydvaranger Gruve AS Thomas Nilsen, Redaktør, Barents Observer Svein Helge Orheim, Daglig leder, Barents Institute Lina Persson, kunstner Philippe Rekacewicz, kartograf, Le Monde Diplomatique Øystein Rushfeldt, Direktør, Nussir Tore Tanum, Spesialrådgiver, UD Jack Ødegård, forsker, SINTEF Bente Aasjord, Spesialrådgiver, Fagforbundet Critics: John Palmesino, Territorial Agency / AA Ann-Sofi Rønnskog, Territorial Agency / AA
Early earth
The Big Picture xistence human e
ATLAS
Ice Age began, ended 20k years ago. Ice caps in both poles began to grow Notable in the context of offshore oil drilling Chalk mineral found Calcium carbonate found Coal noticeable Sedimentary rock formed (Quartz and Feldspar)
250 Ma
a
2.5 M
Ma
Triasic
Annisa Solihah, Follow the ore, Hao Liang, Xin Su 23
Paleogene
Follow the Ore
Triasic
Quaternary
a
0M
20
Follow the Money
Jurassic
Jurassic
CENOZOIC
35 Ma
Quaternary
Follow the politics
Neogene
MESOZOIC
Francisco Rodríguez Saa, Guðrún Lilja Jónsdóttir, Jingyuan Hu, Kari Havnevik,
Annabel Danson, Follow the politics, Hanne Johnsrud, Kit Ting Karie Yu, Mathilde Grellier, Paleogene
Ma 14 5.5
55
Ma
Ingrid Aas, Irene Crowo Nielsen, Linn Riise Handal, Patrycja Perkiewicz, 65.5 Ma
Cretaceous
“Future”
Follow the Flow
Cretaceous
Prentice Hall, Inc 2003
FOLLOW THE ORE Annisa Solihah Hao Liang Xin Su
Mineral Distribution
Ore Super-heated magma inside the earth triggering formation of the rocks, and of course, the mineral inside rocks. There are three basic transition that will distinguish type of rocks; Transition to sedimentary, Metamorphic, and Igneous
An ore is a type of rock that contain material
Rock Cycle
include metal in such quantities. Iit can be mined and worked commercially to extract
Svalbard, by Surya Dharma
that metal. The metal is
Transition to sedimentary
usually contained in
Weathering
chemical combination
Sedimentary rock can
with some other element
be formed from the lithification (pressing and
or
nsp Tra
compacting process) of
n tio
in addition to various
ta
impuritie.
fragments of rock / grain / organism.
Igneous rock (extrusive) Pluton
Deposition and compaction
Transition to metamorphic
wikipedia
Consolidation
Metamorphism Crystalization
Igneous rock (intrusive)
Transition to igneous.
Sedimentary rock
Magma, both from earth’s mantel and from melted rock will cooling down below the surface, then solidify into an igneous rock. Magma which comes out from the earth, as known as
Melting pressure
Magma
Metamorphic rock
Rock exposed to high temperature and pressure from igneous that heats up. Metamorpich rock also can be formed from crystalization by the heat of magma.
lava, at some point will cooling down and turn to solid rock.
Early earth xistence human e Ice Age began, ended 20k years ago. Ice caps in both poles began to grow Notable in the context of offshore oil drilling Chalk mineral found Calcium carbonate found Coal noticeable Sedimentary rock formed (Quartz and Feldspar)
a
250 Ma
Triasic
23
Ma
Paleogene
2.5 M
Triasic
Jurassic
Cretaceous 14
Ma
65.5 Ma
Cretaceous
“Future�
55
5.5
Ma
Paleogene
Jurassic
CENOZOIC
35 Ma
Neogene
MESOZOIC
Quaternary
a
0M
20
Quaternary
Prentice Hall, Inc 2003
Classification of Rock
Clastic
Sedimentary
Chemical Biologic Intrusive
Igneous
Limestone Dolostone Evaporites Coal Chert
Gabbro Diorite Granodiorite Granite
Extrusive
Basalt Andesite Dacite Rhyolite
Foliated Metamorphic
Slate Schist Gneiss
Non-foliated
stone-network.com
Conglomerate Breccia Sandstone Siltstone Mudstone Shale
Quartzite Marble
mohdabubakr@hotmail.com
essentiallyeducation.co.uk
Plates of the World Eurasian plate
North America plate
Cocos plate Pasific plate Indian-Australian plate
Nazea plate South America plate
African plate
Antartic plate
Divergent Boundary
Convergent Boundary
Transform Boundary
http://www.age-of-the-sage.org
Volcanic centers active within the last one million years.
Geology on Circumpolar Arctic Mainly sedimentary rocks Mixed volcanic, pyroclastic and sedimentary Mainly volcanic rocks Plutons Intrusive and metamorphic terrains
Tectonic assemblages, schist belts, melanges Ice Unclassified
Maps
SOUTH AMERICA Aluminum Chromium Coal Copper Gold Iron Lead Lithium Manganese Nickel Platinum REE Silver Tin Titanium Uranium Zinc Zirconium
Earth Tectonic Plates Contiental Convergent Boundary Contiental Rift Boundary Continental Transform Fault Oceanic Convergent Boundary Ocean Spreading Rift Ocean Transform Fault Subduction Zone
Holocene Volcanoes
Earthquake Last100 Days
Ore Location
AFRICA Aluminum Chromium Coal Copper Gold Iron Lead Lithium Manganese Nickel Platinum REE Sil Silver Tin Titanium Uranium Zinc Zirconium
Earth Tectonic Plates Contiental Convergent Boundary Contiental Rift Boundary Continental Transform Fault Oceanic Convergent Boundary Ocean Spreading Rift Ocean Transform Fault Subduction Zone
Holocene Volcanoes
Earthquake Last100 Days
Ore Location
ASIA Aluminum Chromium Coal Copper Gold Iron Lead Lithium Manganese Nickel Platinum REE Sil Silver Tin Titanium Uranium Zinc Zirconium
Earth Tectonic Plates Contiental Convergent Boundary Contiental Rift Boundary Continental Transform Fault Oceanic Convergent Boundary Ocean Spreading Rift Ocean Transform Fault Subduction Zone
Holocene Volcanoes
Earthquake Last100 Days
Ore Location
EUROPE Aluminum Chromium Coal Copper Gold Iron Lead Lithium Manganese Nickel Platinum REE Sil Silver Tin Titanium Uranium Zinc Zirconium
Earth Tectonic Plates Contiental Convergent Boundary Contiental Rift Boundary Continental Transform Fault Oceanic Convergent Boundary Ocean Spreading Rift Ocean Transform Fault Subduction Zone
Holocene Volcanoes
Earthquake Last100 Days
Ore Location
NORTH AMERICA Aluminum Chromium Coal Copper Gold Iron Lead Lithium Manganese Nickel Platinum REE Silver Tin Titanium Uranium Zinc Zirconium
Earth Tectonic Plates Contiental Convergent Boundary Contiental Rift Boundary Continental Transform Fault Oceanic Convergent Boundary Ocean Spreading Rift Ocean Transform Fault Subduction Zone
Holocene Volcanoes
Earthquake Last100 Days
Ore Location
OCEAN Aluminum Chromium Coal Copper Gold Iron Lead Lithium Manganese Nickel Platinum REE Sil Silver Tin Titanium Uranium Zinc Zirconium
Earth Tectonic Plates Contiental Convergent Boundary Contiental Rift Boundary Continental Transform Fault Oceanic Convergent Boundary Ocean Spreading Rift Ocean Transform Fault Subduction Zone
Holocene Volcanoes
Earthquake Last100 Days
Ore Location
World Production
Coal
World Total Production (2009)
Coal, a fossil fuel, is the largest source of energy for the generation of electricity worldwide, as well as one of the largest worldwide anthropogenic sources of carbon dioxide releases. Gross carbon dioxide emissions from coal usage are slightly more than those from petroleum and about double the amount from natural gas. Coal is extracted from the ground by mining, either underground by shaft mining through the seams or in open pits.
6,938,000,000 ton
RUSSIA POLAND
GERMANY
KAZAKHSTAN
USA CHINA INDIA
Top 10 producer of coal (2009) T 1 CHINA
3,050,000,000
2 USA
975,153,000
3 INDIA
566,157,000
4 AUSTRALIA
415,252,000
5 RUSSIA
198,000,000
6 SOUTH AFRICA
250,581,674
7 INDONESIA
245,000,000
8 GERMANY
184,828,142
9 POLAND
135,172,766
10 KAZAKHSTAN
INDONESIA
AUSTRALIA SOUTH AFRICA
91,493,082
World total production of coal (1941-2009)
8000000000
1941
1950
Applications: 1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
-Fossil fuel -Industrial purposes
6000000000 4000000000 2000000000 0
Source: British Geological Survey
Fe
World Total Production (2009)
It is the most common element (by mass) forming the planet Earth as a whole, forming much of Earth’s outer and inner core. It is the fourth most common element in the Earth’s crust. Iron’s very common presence in rocky planets like Earth is due to its abundant production as a result of fusion in high-mass stars, where the production of nickel-56 (which decays to iron) is the last nuclear fusion reaction that is exothermic.
2,248,000,000 ton
RUSSIA CANADA UKRAINE USA CHINA
IRAN
INDIA
Top 10 producer of iron (2009) T 1 CHINA
880,171,400
2 AUSTRALIA
394,069,000
3 BRAZIL
327,000,000
4 INDIA
213,370,900
5 RUSSIA
92,000,000
6 UKRAINE
66,452,000
7 SOUTH AFRICA
55,313,053
8 IRAN
38,200,000
9 CANADA
31,699,000
10 USA
26,000,000
BRAZIL
AUSTRALIA SOUTH AFRICA
World total production of iron (1941-2009)
1500000000 1200000000 30000000
1941
1950
Applications: 1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
-Transportation, -Packaging -Household -Electronic shell -Electrical transmission
600000000 300000000 0
Source: British Geological Survey
Al
World Total Production (2009)
Aluminium is the third most abundant element (after oxygen and silicon), and the most abundant metal, in the Earth’s crust. It makes up about 8% by weight of the Earth’s solid surface. Aluminium metal is too reactive chemically to occur natively. Instead, it is found combined in over 270 different minerals. The chief ore of aluminium is bauxite.
36,900,000 ton
RUSSIA
NORWAY
CANADA
USA CHINA BAGRAIN UAE
INDIA
Top 10 producer of aluminium (2009) T 1 CHINA
12,846,000
2 RUSSIA
3,815,000
3 CANADA
3,030,269
4 AUSTRALIA
1,943,000
5 USA
1,727,200
6 BRAZIL
1,535,900
7 INDIA
1,302,100
8 NORWAY
1,090,000
9 UAE
1,009,800
10 BAHRAIN
BRAZIL
AUSTRALIA
850,000
World total production of aluminium (1941-2009)
40000000 30000000 20000000 10000000 0
1941
1950
Applications: 1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
- Transport manufacturing industry - Packaing - Water treatment - Construction - Cooking utensils - Electrical transmission lines _Electronics, CDs and transisSource: British Geological Survey
Ag
World Total Production (2009)
Silver is a soft, white, lustrous transition metal, it has the highest electrical conductivity of any element and the highest thermal conductivity of any metal. The metal occurs naturally in its pure, free form (native silver), as an alloy with gold and other metals, and in minerals such as argentite and chlorargyrite. Most silver is produced as a byproduct of copper, gold, lead, and zinc refining.
22,236,000 ton
RUSSIA CANADA
POLAND KAZAKHSTAN USA CHINA MEXICO
Top 10 producer of silver (2009) T 1 PERU
3,854,019
2 MEXICO
3,553,841
3 CHINA
2,900,000
4 RUSSIA
1,400,000
5 BOLIVIA
1,325,730
6 CHILE
1,301,018
7 USA
1,238,800
8 POLAND
1,150,000
9 CANADA
630,897
10 KAZAKHSTAN
618,100
PERU BOLIVIA
CHILE
World total production of silver (1941-2009)
25000000 20000000 15000000
1941
1950
Applications: 1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
- Precious metal - Electrical contacts and conductors - Mirrors - Catalysis of chemical reactions - Photographic film
10000000 5000000 0
Source: British Geological Survey
Cr
World Total Production (2009)
Chromium is the 21st most abundant element in Earth’s crust with an average concentration of 100 ppm.[6] Chromium compounds are found in the environment, due to erosion of chromium-containing rocks and can be distributed by volcanic eruptions. Although rare, deposits of native chromium exist.
18,700,000 ton
RUSSIA
FINLAND
KAZAKHSTAN ALBANIA TURKEY CHINA INDIA
OMAN
Top 10 producer of chromium (2009) T 1 SOUTH AFRICA
6,864,938
2 INDIA
3,372,000
3 KAZAKHSTAN
3,333,197
4 TURKEY
1,770,029
5 OMAN
730,000
6 BRAZIL
700,000
7 RUSSIA
416,194
8 CHINA
280,000
9 ALBANIA
274,140
10 FINLAND
247,000
BRAZIL
SOUTH AFRICA
World total production of chromium (1941-2009)
25000000 20000000 15000000 10000000 5000000 0
1941
1950
Applications: 1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
- Form stainless steel - Chrome planting - Dye and pigment - Wood preservative - Tanning - Refractory material - Catalysts Source: British Geological Survey
Cu
World Total Production (2009)
Copper has been in use at least 10,000 years, but more than 95% of all copper ever mined and smelted has been extracted since 1900. As with many natural resources, the total amount of copper on Earth is vast. However, only a tiny fraction of these reserves is economically viable, given present-day prices and technologies. Various estimates of existing copper reserves available for mining vary from 25 years to 60 years, depending on core assumptions such as the growth rate.
15,800,000 ton
RUSSIA CANADA
POLAND
USA CHINA
Top 10 producer of copper (2009) T 1 CHILE
5,389,600
2 PERU
1,274,725
3 USA
1,204,000
4 CHINA
1,029,000
5 INDONESIA
988,530
6 AUSTRALIA
854,000
7 RUSSIA
675,700
8 ZAMBIA
601,200
9 CANDA
494,524
10 POLAND
439,000
INDONESIA PERU ZAMBIA
AUSTRALIA CHILE
World total production of copper (1941-2009)
15000000 12000000
1941
1950
Applications: 1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
- Electronics and related devices - Archetecture and industry - Alloys - Antibiofouling application
9000000 6000000 3000000 0
Source: British Geological Survey
Zn
World Total Production (2009)
Zinc makes up about 75 ppm (0.0075%) of the Earth’s crust, making it the 24th most abundant element. The element is normally found in association with other base metals such as copper and lead in ores. Zinc is a chalcophile, meaning the element has a low affinity for oxides and prefers to bond with sulfides. Chalcophiles formed as the crust solidified under the reducing conditions of the early Earth’s atmosphere.
CANADA
11,400,000 ton
KAZAKHSTAN USA CHINA INDIA
MEXICO
Top 10 producer of zinc (2009) T 1 CHINA
3,091,600
2 PERU
1,509,129
3 AUSTRALIA
1,290,000
4 USA
735,700
5 CANADA
698,901
6 INDIA
677,069
7 MEXICO
489,766
8 BOLIVIA
430,879
9 KAZAKHSTAN
418,600
10 NAMBIA
244,400
PERU BOLIVIA
NAMIBIA AUSTRALIA
World total production of zinc (1941-2009)
12000000 9000000 6000000
1941
1950
Applications: 1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
- Galvanizing - Brass and bronze - Alloys - Chemicals - Semi-manufactures - Miscellaneous
3000000 0
Source: British Geological Survey
Pb
World Total Production (2009)
Lead is a soft, malleable poor metal. It is also counted as one of the heavy metals. Metallic lead does occur in nature, but it is rare. Lead is usually found in ore with zinc, silver and (most abundantly) copper, and is extracted together with these metals. The main lead mineral is galena (PbS), which contains 86.6 % lead by weight. Other common varieties are cerussite (PbCO3) and anglesite (PbSO4).
3,900,000 ton
RUSSIA CANADA
USA CHINA MEXICO
INDIA
Top 10 producer of lead (2009) T 1 CHINA
1,610,000
2 AUSTRALIA
506,000
3 USA
405,800
4 PERU
302,142
5 MEXICO
143,838
6 BOLIVIA
84,538
7 INDIA
84,025
8 RUSSIA
78,000
9 SWEDEN
69,293
10 CANADA
68,763
PERU BOLIVIA AUSTRALIA
World total production of lead (1941-2009)
40000000
1941
1950
Applications:
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
- Building construction - Batteries - Alloys - Bullets and shots - Weights
30000000 20000000 10000000 0
Source: British Geological Survey
Au
World Total Production (2009)
Gold is a dense, soft, shiny, malleable and ductile metal. Pure gold has a bright yellow color and luster traditionally considered attractive, which it maintains without oxidizing in air or water. It is one of the least reactive solid chemical elements. The metal therefore occurs often in free elemental (native) form, as nuggets or grains in rocks, in veins and in alluvial deposits. Less commonly, it occurs in minerals as gold compounds, usually with tellurium.
2,460,000 ton
RUSSIA CANADA
UZBEKISTAN
USA
CHINA
GHANA Top 10 producer of gold (2009) T 1 CHINA
320,000
2 USA
223,323
3 AUSTRALIA
222,000
4 RUSSIA
205,236
5 SOUTH AFRICA
197,628
6 PERU
182,390
7 INDONESIA
127,716
8 CANADA
97,367
9 GHANA
97,197
10 UZBEKISTAN
73,000
INDONESIA PERU
AUSTRALIA
SOUTH AFRICA
World total production of gold (1941-2009)
30000000 24000000 18000000
1941
1950
Applications: 1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
- Jewellery - Investment - Industrial uses - Dentistry and medicine - Catalyst and nanotechnology
12000000 600000 0
Source: British Geological Survey
Ni
World Total Production (2009)
nickel is reactive with oxygen that native nickel is rare on Earth’s surface, being mostly confined to the interiors of larger nickel–iron meteorites that were protected from oxidation during their time in space. On Earth, such native nickel is always found in combination with iron, in keeping with those elements’ origin as major end products of the nucleosynthesis process in supernovas. An iron–nickel mixture is thought to compose Earth’s inner core.
1,412,000 ton
RUSSIA
CANADA
CUBA PHILLIPINES Top 10 producer of nickel (2009) T 1 RUSSIA
261,900
2 INDONESIA
202,800
3 AUSTRALIA
166,000
4 PHILLIPINES
137,350
5 CANADA
136,594
6 NEW CALEDONIA
92,570
7 COLOMBIA
72,000
8 CUBA
67,000
9 BRAZIL
65,000
10 SOUTH AFRICA
34,610
COLOMBIA INDONESIA BRAZIL NEW CALEDONIA AUSTRALIA
SOUTH AFRICA
World total production of nickel (1941-2009)
2000000 1500000 1000000 50000 0
1941
1950
Applications: 1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
-Electroplanting applications -Alloys -Household -Construction -Chemical and food-processing industries - Batteries, jewellery and electrical components Source: British Geological Survey
Pt
World Total Production (2009)
Even though it has six naturally occurring isotopes, platinum is one of the rarest elements in the Earth’s crust and has an average abundance of approximately 5 μg/ kg. It is the least reactive metal. It occurs in some nickel and copper ores along with some native deposits, mostly in South Africa, which accounts for 80% of the world production.
429,000 ton
RUSSIA CANADA
USA
Top 10 producer of platinum (2009)
T 1 SOUTH AFRICA
271,393
2 USA
116,485
3 RUSSIA
112,759
4 ZIBABWE
13,393
5 CANADA
13,340
6 COLOMBIA
929
7 AUSTRALIA
726
COLOMBIA
ZIBABWE AUSTRALIA SOUTH AFRICA
World total production of platinum (1941-2009)
1941 600000 500000
1950
Applications: 1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
- Jewellery - Elecronics industry - Chemical industrial - Investment
400000 300000 200000 100000 0
Source: British Geological Survey
Sn
World Total Production (2009)
Tin is the 49th most abundant element in the Earth’s crust, representing 2 ppm compared with 75 ppm for zinc, 50 ppm for copper, and 14 ppm for lead. Tin does not occur as the native element but must be extracted from various ores.
279,000 ton
CHINA
VIETNAM Top 10 producer of tin (2009) T 1 CHINA
MALAYSIA
128,000
2 INDONESIA
46,078
3 PERU
37,530
4 BOLIVIA
19,581
5 AUSTRALIA
13,269
6 BRAZIL
10,000
7 CONGO
9,400
8 VIETNAM
5,400
9 RWANDA
3,154
10 MALAYSIA
CONGO
RWANDA
INDONESIA
BRAZIL
PERU BOLIAVIA
AUSTRALIA
2,412 120000
150000
World total production of tin (1941-2009)
25000000
1941
1950
Applications: 1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
- Solder - Specialized alloys - Tin plating
20000000 15000000 10000000 5000000 0
Source: British Geological Survey
REE
World Total Production (2009)
Despite their name, rare earth elements are relatively plentiful in the Earth’s crust. However, because of their geochemical properties, rare earth elements are typically dispersed and not often found in concentrated and economically exploitable forms. The few economically exploitable deposits are known as rare earth minerals. It was the very scarcity of these minerals that led to the term “rare earth”.
123,190 ton
RUSSIA
CHINA INDIA
MALAYSIA
BRAZIL
Top 10 producer of rare earth element (2009) T 1 CHINA
120,000
2 RUSSIA
2,500
3 BRAZIL
650
4 MALAYSIA
20
5 INDIA
20
World total production of rare earth element (1941-2009)
150000
1941
1950
1960
Applications: 1970
1980
1990
2000
- Consumer electronics - Environmental technologies - Military applications
120000 90000 60000 30000 0
Source: British Geological Survey
U
World Total Production (2009)
Uranium is a naturally occurring element that can be found in low levels within all rock, soil, and water. Uranium is also the highest-numbered element to be found naturally in significant quantities on earth and is always found combined with other elements. Along with all elements having atomic weights higher than that of iron, it is only naturally formed in supernovae. The decay of uranium in the Earth’s mantle is thought to be the main source of heat that keeps the outer core liquid and drives mantle convection, which in turn drives plate tectonics.
50,700 ton
RUSSIA
CANADA UKRAINE
KAZAKHSTAN UZBEKISTAN
USA
CHINA
NIGERIA
Top 10 producer of uranium (2009) T 1 KAZAKHSTAN
14,020
2 CANADA
10,173
3 AUSTRALIA
7,982
4 NAMIBIA
4,626
5 RUSSIA
3,564
6 NIGERIA
3,243
7 UZBEKISTAN
2,429
8 USA
1,453
9 UKRAINE
840
10 CHINA
750
NAMIBIA AUSTRALIA
World total production of uranium (1941-2009)
60000 45000 30000
1941
1950
Applications: 1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
- Production of electricity in nuclear power stations - Propulusion of ships - Research - Desalination - Military ordnance
15000 0
Source: British Geological Survey
Distribution of 14 Minerals
Coal
Cu
REE
Sn
Fe
Au
Ag
Pb
Al
Ni
Zn
Cr
Pt
U
10,000,000,000
World total production of 14 minerals (1941-2009)
80,000,000
6,000,000,000 Coal
60,000,000 40,000,000
2,000,000,000 0
World total production of the “others” minerals (1941-2009)
100,000,000
8,000,000,000
4,000,000,000
120,000,000
Iron Others
20,000,000 0
Source: British Geological Survey
Cu
REE
Sn
Fe
Au
Ag
Pb
Al
Ni
Zn
Cr
Pt
U
Coal
Growth Rate of Minerals (1990-2009)
Indian Ocean Earthquake Dissolution of the Soviet Union
The Gulf War
1990
1991
1992
Iraq War
The formation of World Trade OrganThe Euroization pean Union was formally established
1993
1994
1995
September 11, 2001 attacks
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
global financial crisis
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Follow the Money Group Jingyuan Hu Kari Havnevik Guðrún Lilja Jónsdóttir Francisco Rodríguez Saa
World Overview
2003
file:///Users/amy/Dropbox/jj/commodity/stream.html 2004 2005 2006 2007
Gordon Brown became prime minister of Great Britain
Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy
North Korea claims nuclear test
FIFA World cup
Hurricane Katrina in Amercica
9.0 Asia quake leaves 212,000 dead European Union expanded
Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece
Conflic in Suan escalated into war
Start of the colour revolutions
U.S. launches war against Iraq
Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, U.S.
Switzerland joins United Nations
002
FIFA World cup
2008 2009 2010
2003
Winter Olympics in Vancouver, Canada
FIFA World cup
2002
The shutdown of the UK tabloid News of the World
GM enters kankruptcy protection
Barack Obama wins election IMF: Global economy worst in 60 years
Lehman Bros files for bankcruptcy
Global economic crisis
Summer Olympics in Beijing, China
Quake death toll 22,000 in China
2011
Tohoku earthquake and tsunami in Japan 2004
Iqaq War is declared formally over
England riots
Streamgraph
nickel lead iron gold copper aluminium zinc uranium tin silver
2/1/12 8:18 AM
nickel lead iron gold copper aluminium zinc uranium tin silver
World Economy
fuel price
industrial inputs price commodity price Page 1 of 1
Coal
Energy and Coal
Real cost of coal
Coal burning has existed for centuries, and its use as a fuel has been recorded since the 1100s. It powered the Industrial Revolution, changing the course of first Britain, and then the world, in the process. In the US, the first coal-fired power plant – Pearl Street Station – opened on the shores of the lower East River in New York City in September 1882.1 Shortly thereafter, coal became the staple diet for power plants across the world.
Value
in Process
thermal/ steam
electricity genernation
metallurgical, coke
Cost
steel production
thermal/ steam cement manufacture
mining
preparation
transport
type
use
in US The Annual Economically-Quanti!able Costs of Coal
Electricity
Emission
Land Disturbance: Carbon & Methane
$ 5.5B [Hg] Mercury Impacts
40%
However, coal combustion caused
In 2009, of the world electricity is generated by coal
2%
Chemical and petrochemical
2%
Iron and steel
7%
Cementation metallic mineral product
4%
Energy sector
3%
Residential
74%
Electricity transformation
3%
Other
80%
GHG emission in electricity generattion
$ 187.5B
$ 1.8B
$ 2.2B
$ 74.6B
Fatalities Among the Public Due to Coal Transporation by Rial
Public Healthy Burden in Appalachian Communities
Emissions of Air Pollutants from Combustion
$ 8.8B
$ 3.2B
Abandoned Mine Lands
Subsidies
$ 61.7B Climate Contribution from Combustion
$ 345B and More
Coal is pretty cheap on the electronic bill, however, in reality we are paying a much higher cost in the long run, if we look at the big picture. The whole process and its impact on human being and environment can somehow tell the true cost of coal.
30 coal miners dead in America in 2008, 3200 in China. The death rate of coal mining is much higher than imagined
As in the graph, American actually spent a lot on different issues and problems that brought by coal mining. Though the number is roughly calculated, it reveals the truth behind the “cheap coal”. The high death rate of coal mining is also a serious problem.
Nuclear Oil
Coal
population coal consumption
1950
1965
1980
1995
2010
2010
2000 Export 206114
Import
Export
Japan Korea, South 67944 Taiwan 50410 Germany 39386 Russia 28323 United Kingdom 26377 Canada 26303 India 25736 Netherlands 25461 Spain 24014
Australia Indonesia Russia United States South Africa Colombia Canada Kazakhstan Vietnam China
168586
World shar of coal consumption
Australia China 77450 South Africa 77061 63332 Indonesia United States 59634 43981 Russia Colombia 39522 Kazakhstan 37990 Canada 35695 Poland 29474
Import
206702 195062
122095 83178 76683 76380 36920 36305 24676 22658
125807 101563 71130 55154 30030 29358 23734 22831
million tons
China is developing fast as well as its domestic demand. Its energy supply replies on coal resource. It has transformed from a big coal exporter to a giant importer through the last decade.
Export vs Imprt
Transforming China
Japan China Korea, South India Taiwan Germany Turkey United Kingdom Italy Netherlands
328131 316151
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Iron
2010
2001
Dom. R.
M
Ve
G
Ta
Pe
Br
Za
Bo N
Ch
Dom. R.
M
Ve
Ar
Iron Ore - Production
G
Ta
Pe
M
Br
Za
Bo
Zi
Ch
Sa - V
Ar
M Zi
N
B
B Sa - V
Mauritania Venezuela Mexico Kazakhstan Iran Canada Other countries United States South Africa Ukraine Russia India Brazil Australia China
Mauritania Kazakhstan Sweden South Africa Canada Ukraine United States India Other Countries Russia Australia Brazil China 0
50
100
150
200
0
250
200
400
600
800
1200
Cast Iron Sub Part or Sub- component
From Coal Metallurgical Coke is used as fuel
Annual Report 2010 S&B Industrial Minerals S.A.
Assemblage
Iron Ore 3rd. Shipping
2nd. Shipping
1st. Shipping
4th. Shipping
Foundry Refractory Bricks & Monolithics
Iron ore
1000
Pelletizing machine
Pig Iron ingot
Automotive Industry
Cast Iron Auto Part
Iron Ore Pellets
Ship Building
Blast Furnace
Pig Iron
Formed Steel Continuous Casting
Other ingredients Cast Iron Scrap +
Reinforced Concrete
2010
Dom. R.
M
Ve
G
Ta
Pe
Br
Za
Bo N
Ch
M
Iron ore is the source of primary iron for the world's iron and steel industries. It is therefore essential for the production of steel, which in turn is essential to maintain a strong industrial base. Almost all (98%) iron ore is used in steelmaking. Iron ore is mined in about 50 countries. The seven largest of these producing countries account for about three-quarters of total world production. Australia and Brazil together dominate the world's iron ore exports, each having about one-third of total exports.
15
Za
Bo
Zi
N
Ch
Imports Iron Ore - Demanding Countries (Consumers) Importers
10
Ta Br
B Sa - V
5
G
Pe
Albania New Zeland Norway Mexico Philiphines Venezuela Peru Chile Kazakhstan Bahrain United States Ukraine South Afirca Sweden Canada India Australia Brazil 0
Iron Ore Price
Ar
20
25
30
35
200 180 160 140 120 100 Series1
60 40 20
Dec 2001 jun.02 Dec 2002 jun.03 Dec 2003 jun.04 Dec 2004 jun.05 Dec 2005 jun.06 Dec 2006 jun.07 Dec 2007 jun.08 Dec 2008 jun.09 Dec 2009 jun.10 Dec 2010 jun.11 Dec 2011
0
Sa - V
5
10
15
20
25
30
Over the last 40 years, iron ore prices have been decided in closed-door negotiations between the small handful of miners and steelmakers which dominate both spot and contract markets. Traditionally, the first deal reached between these two groups sets a benchmark to be followed by the rest of the industry
US Geological Survey 2011 Annual Report Iron Ore Worldwide
80
Ar
M Zi
B
Malaysia Finland Spain Slovakia Oman Turkey Argentina Romania Netherlands Canada Poland Austria Czech Republic Belgium United States Italy France Germany Japan China 0
In 2009, China imported almost two-thirds of the world’s total iron ore exports and produced about 60% of the world’s pig iron. Since international iron ore trade and production of iron ore and pig iron are key indicators of iron ore consumption, this demonstrates that iron ore consumption in China is the primary factor upon which the expansion of the international iron ore industry depends.
Iron Ore - Market
Dom. R.
M
Ve
Exports Iron Ore - Supplying Countries from the ore (before sub-parts or sub-components are made)
2010
This benchmark system has however in recent years begun to break down, with participants along both demand and supply chains calling for a shift to short term pricing. Given that most other commodities already have a mature market-based pricing system, it is natural for iron ore to follow suit. Although exchange-cleared iron ore swap contracts have developed over the past few years, to-date no exchange has established a proper futures market for the largely seaborne $88 billion a year iron ore trade.[6]
35
40
To answer increasing market demands for more transparent pricing, a number of financial exchanges and/or clearing houses around the world have offered iron ore swaps clearing. The CME group, SGX (Singapore Exchange), London Clearing House (LCH.Clearnet), NOS Group and ICEX (Indian Commodities Exchange) all offer cleared swaps based on The Steel Index's (TSI) iron ore transaction data. The CME also offers a Platts based swap, in addition to their TSI swap clearing. The ICE (Intercontinental Exchange) offers a Platts based swap clearing service also. The swaps market has grown quickly, with liquidity clustering around TSI's pricing. By April 2011, over US$5.5 billion dollars worth of iron ore swaps have been cleared basis TSI prices.
2006 Northwest Territories British Columbia Ontario Michigan Nevada Saskatchewan Arizona
Bolivia Dominican Republic Venezuela Argentina Brazil Peru Chile Mexico
North America
South America
5 - 14 %
NW. Territ
13% of Net R. 2% of Net P.
Bri. Colum.
10 %
Ont.
2-7% 2-5% 5 % of Net P. 2%
Europe 5%
India Mongolia China Myanmar Papua New Guinea Philippines Indonesia
Ghana Mozambique Botswana Namibia South Africa Tanzania Zambia Zimbabwe
Sweden Greenland
1-6%
Mining Royalties & Mining Taxation
Africa
Bo
Ve
0-3%
Ar
0,2 - 3 % Br NV
0-3%
Saskatch.
India
2.5-7.5%
Mon
1- 4 %
Ch
Variable SA - V Ta 0-5%
1-7.5%
Mya
2%
Za
2%
N. Gui, Phi
0%
Zi
3-12 %
MI Pe Ch, M AR
Australia 0.4-20 %
GM
Dom. R.
3-4%
Northern Territories New South Wales Western Australia Queensland
Asian & Pacific Countries 3-10 %
B
5-10 %
N
18 %
4 - 7 % N. S. Wales 2.5-7.5% W. Aus. 2.7 %
0% Sw, Gr
Unit Based Indo.
NW. Territ. Bri. Colum.
Saskatch.
Ont. Mon
MI NV
Ch
AR
India
Dom. R.
M
Mya Phi
Ve
G N. Gui Ta
Pe
Br
Za
Bo N
Indo
M Zi
B W. Aus.
Ch
Ar
SA - V
“Many nations impose royalty tax, but some nations -as diverse as Chile, Greenland, Mexico, Sweden, and Zimbabwe- do not. In most nations that impose royalty tax, policy nakers are interested in determining whether the level of royalty and its computational method are competitive and efficient.� Mining Royalties A Global Study of Their Impact on Investors, Government, and Civil Society.
North. Territ.
North. Territ. Queensl.
Queensland
Steel
EU 27 China Japan South Korea India Russia Ukraine USA Canada Brazil
Exp
Import
Import and Export of Steel between 1999-2006 shown in %
600
600
500
500
500
400
400
400
400
300
300
300
300
200
200
200
100
100
100
600
600
500
200 100 0 1998
2002
2006
0
0
2008
1998
600
600
500
500
400
400
300
300
200
200
100
100
0 1998
2002
2006
2008
2002
2006
1998
2008
2002
2006
0
2008
1998
2002
82 %
Production
0 1998
2002
2006
2008
1998
2002
2006
2008
62 % 55 %
55 %
25%
South America Latin America
600 500 400
EU 15
Asia
(not Asia)
China
20 %
World
Utilization in steel production
Degree of consolidation of steel between the world regions
Consolidation is less pronounced in China. In China the top five producing companies have a market share of aprox. 20 %.This is a relatively low level reflects that there is more room for consolidation in the steel industry in China.
2008
Utilization Capacity
Capacity and production are displayed in million tonnnes. Utilization is calculated as percentage of production to capacity. Thus the the two x axes are showing production and capacity on the left side and procentage on the right which applies to utilization.
The EU15 steel industry is highly consolidated with a marked share higher than 60 % for the top five regional companies. Consolidation in the steel industry in Latin America is even higher. The market share of the top five producing companies is higher than 80%. The comparative figures for North America and Asia (not China) are approximately 55%.
2006
300 200 100 0 1998
2002
2006
The largest EU steel production contries 2007
5,1%
3,6 %3,5 % 3,4 %
5,1 %
Poland
Chech Republic
Romania
23,3 %
1989
6,9 %
9,1%
2000
15,4% 9,2% -30,5 %
-59,7%
-66,7%
Top World Exporters, million of Rolled Steel, tonns
The change in the steel production in the New member States of EU from 1989-2000
Production in New EU member states Particularly the large steel producing regions in the New Member States, Poland, the Czech Republic and Romania have experienced massive restructuring and reorganization since the collapse of the planned economies. From 1989 to 2000 total steel production decreased by between 30-66 % in these major steel producing countries. Outdated capacities were dismantled and former volume output has increasingly been shifted towards quality-output. From 2002-2007, total steel production in the new EU Member States has stabilized.
Germany
2009 2008 2007
South Korea
2009 2008 2007
Ukraine
2009 2008 2007
Russia
2009 2008 2007
Japan
The largest EU steel producing countries are Germany, Italy, France, Spain, the UK, Belgium, Poland, Austria, Nederland and the Czech Republic. These relative positions have been steady for years. All together, the output level among New Member States are modest compare to the largest producing steel companies the EU 15 and only two New Member States are in the top 10.
2009 2008 2007
15
25
35
al 55 .8
ln Stee
& Co Coke
8.8
Iron Ore & Pellet 136.2
g yclin
Limestone 13.1
Rec l for Stee
Lime 8.1
rted Expo
Steel Collected for Recycling 91.7 ll ot Co
Recovered Steel from Recycling 94.5
ected 5.8
d
rte po Im g Pi n Iro 3. 5
Consumtion of Pig Iron and Recovered Steel 196.8
l in M f Stee
o Import
ctured
anufa
BO Exported Pig Iron 0.6
BF Slag 24.1
rt eel Impo Crude St
Recovered Steel from Production
F9
EA
F6
9.3
Steel in Society
9.8
Recovered Steel from Manufactured Goods
s
Good
Constr
uction
Consum
er Good
s
Others
hed
is i Fin
em &S hed 5.3 s i n i 1 of F cuts 1 ort u Imp l Prod e Ste
Machin
ery
Packag in
g
Automo ti
ve
Illustration of Steel Flows in EU 15, 2004
Crude Steel Consumtion 161.8 Cru de Ste el E xp ort
Production of Finished and Semi Finished Steel Products 156 Steel in Manufactured Goods
Export
Exp
ort o
f Fin
ishe
d an
of Stee
l in Ma
nufactu
red Go
ods
d Se
mi F inish
ed S
teel Prod u
cts 1
23.7
Gold
223,000
4000
4000
3. Australia
222,000
3500
3500
3000
3000
90,000
10. Ghana
86,000
11. Papua N.Guinea 12. Brazil
20
500
BIGGEST GOLD PRODUCERS (bykg)
66,000
60,000
13. Mexico
1000
0
51,000
14. Colombia
18. Tanzania
40,000
JEWELLERY 52%
19. Philippines
37,000
20. Kazakhstan
22,000
1000 500
SUPPLY AND DEMAND Gold demand in the third quarter of 2011 reached 1,053.9 tonnes, an increase of 6% compared to the same period last year. This equates to US$57.7bn, an all-time high in value terms. Demand growth was driven by investment demand, which rose by 33% year-on-year to 468.1 tonnes, generating a record quarterly value of US$25.6bn.
42,000 40,000
1500
0
47,000
17. Chile
2500 2000
(Year 2010)
Mine Net production producer Total hedging mine Official supply sector Recycled sale Total gold supply
47,000
15. Argentina
DEMAND
Total supply
9. Uzbekistan
Recycled gold
1500
97,000
Official sector sales
8. Canada
16. Mali
2000
130,000
$4,000
7. Indonesia
Total mine supply
6. Peru
SUPPLY &
2500
182,000
Technology
190,000
$4,151
5. Russian Federation
Jewellery
197,698
Mine production
4. South Africa
Total demand
2. United States
Total bar & coin demand
320,000
1. China
PRIVAT INVESTORS 19% CENTRAL BANKS HOLDINS 16%
WHOBUYSTHEGOLD?
INDUSTRIAL USE 11% LOST 2%
30 years ago the price of gold went up by more than 250% in one year, hitting an all time record of $850 per ounce. Then almost as320,000 quickly it collapsed.
20%
GOLD IS COMMODITY MONEY Gold has intrinic value because it is used in industry and in the making of jewelry. Historically gold has been a common form of money because it is relatively easy to carry, measure, and verify for impurities.
$2000
Gold price continues to rise and further grow of the price is predicted.w
$1500
August 1999 – Gold falls to a low of $251.70 on worries about central banks reducing their gold reserves and mining companies selling gold in forward markets to protect against falling prices.
$1000
Gold price falls, massive global economic recession after the collapse of Lehman Brothers.
December 2003 – January 2004 gold breaks $400, reaching levels last traded in 1988. Investors increasingly buy gold as risk insurance for portfolios.
Gold price rises, driven by a weaker dollar and economic uncertainty.
n.82
1982
Dec 1982
1983
Dec 1983
1984
Dec 1984
1985
Dec 1985
1986
Dec 1986
1987
Dec 1987
1984
1984
$ pr/ounce
1984
1984
$500
1988
Dec 1988
1989
Dec 1989
1990
Dec 1990
1991
Dec 1991
1992
Dec 1992
1993
Dec 1993
1994
Dec 1994
1995
Dec 1995
1996
Dec 1996
1997
Dec 1997
1998
Dec 1998
1999
Dec 1999
2000
Dec 2000
2001
Des 2001
2002
Dec 2002
2003
Dec 2003
2004
Dec 2004
2005
Dec 2005
2006
Dec 2006
2007
Dec 2007
2008
Dec 2008
2009
Dec 2009
2010 2011 Dec
Dec 2010
FOLLOWINGTHE
GOLD
Still hold the record as the biggest gold miners in the world. Based on Toronto, Canada. Operates 27 mines worldwide. The second largest gold producer in the world with headquartered in Denver, Colorado , USA. For first 9 months, their production of gold was 4,715 million ounces that came from 9 location worldwide.
3 OF THE TOP 10 MINERAL PRODUCTING COUNTRIES IN THE WORLD ARE SITUATED IN THE ARTIC
GLOBAL MINERAL POLICY STRATEGIES; MAPPING OUT TENDENCIES USA Major mineral producer Major consumer Looking to import and invest globally Sees recycling and substitute-materials as a future potential Is more preoccupied with the affairs of “mainland” America and consideres it´s arctic territories somewhat of a periphery. Has shown an increasing interest in the arctic lately. Canada: Major mineral producer Relatively self-sufficient on minerals, with some exceptions. Asia; Approximately 50% of the world mining production, with China and India as top producing countries. China; Major producer Major consumer Looking to invest, especially in Africa and now in the potential mining possibilities opening up in the Arctic. Signalised a signifigant reduction of exports of Rare Earth minerals in 2010, the same year as they reached a 95% near monopoly on the production of Rare Erth minerals. Understandably this gave the rest of the world a nasty suprise(Ref: http:// geology.com/articles/rare-earth-elements/). Definite interest in the Arctic; Mining in Greenland, access to the opeing shipping routes and applying for observer status in the Arctic council. India; Major producer, but in Chinas shadow. Japan: Is not a major mineral producer and is therefore interested in the artic, also because of the potential new shipping routes; has an independent arctic institute. Africa: Interest in investments from China and India (Asia) 95% of investment in Africa comes from mining, oil and gas
EU; Minor producer, except from Poland, which are one of the top 10 mineral producing countries in the world. Mineral strategy announced in 2008 Looking to import and invest globally 80% import dependant One of the major mineral-political strategies is recycling Also applying for observer status in the Arctic council Russia; Major mineral producer Norway: Major Petroleum Industry Minor Mineral producing and lacking in a broad competence
GLOBAL MINERAL SITUATION
USA
Canada
production
Russia
China
India
Australia
production
production
production
production
consumption
Africa
consumption
consumption
export
export
import
import
export
EU
export
export
export
import
import
export
export
import
The selection of countries in the diagram is based on the top 6 mineral producing countries in the world, including the EU as a major consumer (and prorelatively relatively relatively relatively ducer), and the whole of Africa, as a continent where there is a lot of mineral production.
insufficient
self sufficient
self sufficient
insufficient
self sufficient
self sufficient
insufficient
Sources: Production: Based on statistics about the 10 top most mineral producing countries (British Geological Survey 2009) Consumption: Based on statistics on the world consumption from 2007 (Crowson 2008)
Export/Import: Based on a comparative analysis of the world 7 top most countries exporting and importing minerals by Irene Crowo Nielsen.
Thus the whole scheme is not directly comparable, but displays a general tendency, shedding a clearer light on the various countries mineral strategies.
GLOBAL MINERAL POLITICAL STRATEGY
Canada
USA
Russia
?
China
India
Australia
Africa
EU
? Resulting Policy research
Legend
extrovert
introvert
open
Looking outside country boarders to invest and import
Protecting ceirtain resources for domestic use
Open to outside investments and exporting resources
closed
recycling
? Researching new possibilities and technologies
Closed to outside investments
Interested in using recycling as a source of future resources
Source: This diagram is based on extracts from and on the independent mineral strategies of the USA and EU, analysis of the import/export diagrams and conversations with the Norwegain Foregin Ministry, Polar department (26.01.2012), Andreas Østhagen from the Arctic Insitute (25.01.2012), Jack Ødegård from SINTEF (18.01.2012) and Christopher Eads from the Economist Intelligence Unit (1.02.2012), all in Oslo.
ARTIC MINERAL SITUATION AND POLITICAL STRATEGIES
USA
Canada
Russia
Greenland
Norway
major producer
major producer
major producer
future producer?
minor producer
export
export
export
export
export
import
import
import
import
import
?
?
Iceland
EU
producer
Source: This diagram is based on the same sources as the Global Mineral Strategy Diagram and the Global Mineral Situation Diagram.
GLOBAL EXPORT AND IMPORT FLOW The selection of countries in the diagram is based on the top 6 mineral producing countries in the world, including the EU as a major consumer (and producer), and the whole of Africa, as a continent where there is a lot of mineral production that isn´t legal, and thus is partly unrepresented in the general statistics.
Canada
USA
In addition, Japan is included as a major consumer, and Norway as the country we will eventually zoom into later on in the process.
Russia
Norway Japan
EU
The statistics used does not focus solely on mineral exports and imports, but as it includes the countries where the theme is relevant it displays a clear tendency, though it must be read critically.
China
Africa
India
Main source (2005-2006): http://www.exportnation.com/research/ EU source (2010): http://ec.europa.eu/trade/creating-opportunities/ bilateral-relations/statistics/
Australia
Africa supplementation source (2010): http://www.economywatch.com/world_economy/africa/ export-import.html US supplementation source (2012): http://economics.about.com/cs/1/a/importexport.htm
EXPORT - IMPORT
USA EU NORWAY CANADA RUSSIA AUSTRALIA CHINA AFRICA INDIA JAPAN
-
EU USA EU USA EU CHINA USA JAPAN CHINA USA JAPAN EU JAPAN EU US US CHINA CHINA US
These countries are dependent on the other countries SUPPLY AND DEMAND
EXPORT
USA - CHINA JAPAN CANADA EU EU - CANADA RUSSIA AUSTRALIA - INDIA These countries are dependent on the other countries DEMAND
IMPORT
JAPAN USA NORWAY CHINA EU EU AUSTRALIA JAPAN
-
RUSSIA USA CANADA CHINA INDIA EU AUSTRALIA
These countries are dependent on the other countries SUPPLY Why is it not vice versa? Because the other countries do not have the same dependency on their supply and demand, with the exception of EU and USA, who are dually dependent on each other´s supply and demand.
Otherwise it is interesting to note that both China and Africa have the same dependency on Japan, EU and USA; India and Japan both have the same dependency on China and the US, whilst no one is dependent on Canada, Russia and Australia (even though they are major mineral producing countries)
ARCTIC REGION ARCTIC CIRCLE The Arctic Circle is the circle of latitude at 66 degrees 33 minutes N (2606 kilometers/1619 miles from the North Pole) that encloses a northern area about 8 percent of Earth s surface. The Arctic Circle is the southern limit of the midnight sun, where north of the circle there is at least one day each year when the sun does not set. ARCTIC REGION There is no fixed boundary for the arctic region. The definition of arctic determined by the specific aspects of the region. The most commonly refered boundary is AMAP Boundary. AMAP BOUNDARY The Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) “area” essentially includes the terrestrial and marine areas north of the Arctic Circle (66°32´N), and north of 62°N in Asia and 60°N in North America, modified to include the marine areas north of the Aleutian chain, Hudson Bay, and parts of the North Atlantic Ocean including the Labrador Sea. Within the AMAP area, 10 “key areas” have been identified that are a special focus for coordinated and harmonized monitoring and research activities. AHDR BOUNDARY Some extent of the Arctic as a region was determined by the use of biophysical criteria. While some was determined by cultural, economic, or political terms. for instance the Arctic Human Development Report (AHDR). In the AHDR Arctic. It encompasses an area of over 40 million square kilometers or about 8% of the surface of the Earth, a sizable domain by any standards . But the human residents of this vast area number only about 4 million, of whom almost half are located within the Russian Federation 10oC and TREE LINES are determined by the use of biophysical criteria.
A
A
A source: - http://arcticportal.org/en/amap - Arctic Human Development Report (AHDR) Oran R. Young, University of California at Santa Barbara,U.S.A., and Níels Einarsson, Stefansson Arctic Institute, Iceland - Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), Arctic Pollution Issues: State of the Arctic Environment Report (AMAP, Oslo, 1997). - T. Armstrong, G. Rogers, G. Rowley, The Circumpolar North (Methuen, London, 1978).
1 Arctic Circle AMAP Boundary AHDR Boundary 10C July line Tree line
T
THE ARCTIC COUNTRIES SAILING ROUTES
USA
SAILING ROUTES
RUSSIA
USA USA
RUSSIA
CANADA
CANADA CANADA
GREENLAND
GREENLAND GREENLAND FINLAND
Accoriding to the international legal instrument governing maritime jurisdiction and boundary delimitation United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) which entered into force in November 1994, a coastal state is entitled to a sovereign territorial sea extending up to 12 nautical miles (nm) from its coastal baseline. The normal baseline is the low200-mile line area water line along the coast as marked on large-scale charts, but equidistance line straight baselines can also be drawn across the mouths of rivers and some bays, and along coastlines which are “deeply indentedagreed border 200-mile line area and cut into� or fringed with islands. claimed continental shelf equidistance line Beyond the territorial sea, the coastal state is entitled to 200-mile line area unclaimed agreed border claim an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) extending up to 200 nm equidistance line claimed continental shelf from its baselines. agreed border
unclaimed Where zones of jurisdictional entitlement overlap, the states in claimed continental shelf question need to agree a maritime boundary. unclaimed
source: http://www.lecerclepolaire.com/articles_archives/Pratt_maritime_Arctic. html
ICELAND NORWAY ICELAND
FINLAND NORWAY
ICELAND NORWAY
SAILING ROUTES
SAILING ROUTES
ASIA
In the summer 2011 the Arctic Sea Ice melt-down reached a new record low since the beginning of satellite data record ranging back to 1979 as well as other recorded data ranging back to the 50’s.The Northern Sea route is vastly free of ice. Russians are taking advantage of that, sending numerous vessles through the route, amongst them the largest ever tanker to go through the route.Shipping in the Arctic is becoming a reality and all the Arctic nations are getting ready. The shipping and sailing will only increase with less sea ice. source: http://www.arcticportal.org/arcticshipping-maps
AMERICA
ice surface 2010-30 EUROPE
ice surface 2040-60 ice surface 2070-90 north-west passage north-east passage northern sea route future central arctic shipping route
POPULATION
RUSSIA 1980 000
ALASKA (USA) 649 000
Almost half are located within the Russian Federation. Russia thus consider itself as the major country of arctic and takes aggressive approaches to the arctic policies.
CANADA 130 000 The biggest proportion of area lies in Canada terriotories. The arctic population however is comparatively low. Canadianarctic policy focus on ecosystema and resources.
GREENAND (DANMARK) 57 700 Majority of Greenland population are indigenous, the policy to indigenous people is in high priority in Danmark Arctic policy.
In the area of over 40 million square kilometers or about 8% of the surface of the Earth (AHDR Arctic). Human residents of this vast area number are about 4 million, which is about 0.057% of world population. source: Arctic Human Development Report (AHDR)
indigenous-people
ICELAND 290 000
FAROE ISLAND (DANMARK) 47 700
NORWAY 380 000 Norway has comparatively high arctic population and one of the most active countries to arctic policies.
FINLAND 201 000 non-indigenous people
RESOURCES IN THE ARCTIC
potential oil & gas
There is rich storage of resources in the arctic-oil/gas, fish, minerals. Thanks to the melting ice the resources is more accessible than before, the interests to the arctic from different nations and organization are therefore increase. source: http://arcticportal.org/en/amap
fishing area
<10%
very low
10%-30%
low
50%-100%
medium
100%
high
MINERAL ACTIVITIES
The diagram is showing the changes from 1992 to 2007. Because of the ice melting in arctic and Chinese decresing mineral export, there will be a new mineal arctivity trend in the coming decades in the arctic. source: Arctic Human Development Report (AHDR)
changes in mineral activities 1992-2007 200% or more increase
1-99%decrease
100-199% increase
no mining
1-49% increase
new production
ACTORS IN THE ARCTIC ACTORS IN THE ARCTIC
ARCTIC COUNCIL
BARENTS EURO ARCTIC COUNCIL
BARENTS REGIONAL COUNCIL
NORDIC COUNCIL
CAPITALS OF THE MEMBER COUNCTRIES
Norwegian Constitution Capitulation of Russia to Japan _ end of Tsarism _ Frirst Russian Revolution, democratisation
1814 1905
01/06/1990
1990
15/01/1988
1984
Single maritim boundary agreed
Geopolitic on the Kola Peninsula : strengthening of the national minorities and indigenous rights Nordic countries but also in Russia
Bilateral agreement on environmental protection
Nordic Council
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
10/12/1982
Islandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) agreed Continental shelf boundary and joint zone agreed
Fisheries boundary following the
28/01/1980 22/01/1981
Continental Shelf boundary agreed 17/12/1973
strat of a Nordic economic cooperation, Finland didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t take part at the beguining
Continental Shelf boundary agreed
The Nordek plan :
joint the Nordic Council as members of, respectively,
Inauguration of the Nordic House in Reykjavik, design by Alvar Aalto
Agreement on a Nordic Cultural Fund Support cultural projects involving a minimum of three Nordic countries
Nordic Constitution, known as the Helsinki TreatyThe joint Nordic labour market
Nordic Passport Union : more clearly defined than the Passport-free travel
Maritime boundary partially delimited
Nordic Council Nordic Convention on Social Security
Passprt-free travel was introduce between the Nordic countries
Nordic Council ratified
The Danish Prime Minister Hans Hedtoft, at the Nordic Interparliamentary Association proposed the creation of The Nordic Council a consultaion body in which Nordic parliamentarians would meet on a regular basis
Failed negociation to a Nordic Defence Alliance => part of NATO
=> Northern war
Changes of the border Finland-Soviet Union, Norway occupied by Germany, Alliance Finland-Germany
Changes in the geopolitical situation
1971
1970
08/1968
30/01/1966
1955
15/02/1957
1955
1952
19/08/1951
1949
(Russia-Finland)
WWII + Winter War
Treaty of Svalbard/Spitsbergen
End of constant competition and warfare between Denmark, Sweden and Russia => New period of agricultural colonisation of the north. New Swedish constitution
1809
09/02/1920
Sea way to the white sea in northern of Russia by The English Compagny of Merchant Adventurers
Transformation from ethnic communities to states comunities.
Local autonomy : differents ethnics groups competed and cooperated, establishment of territorial states and Christiany
1553
16th century
9th century
TIMELINE OF ARCTIC GEOPOLITIC
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Creation of the Barents Region with the Barents Cooperation The Kirkenes declaration establish Barents Euro Arctic Council and Barents Regional Council United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) in force Continental shelf and fisheries boundary agreed Arctic Council with the Ottawa Declaration Continental shelf and Fisheries boundary agreed Tripoint agreed
09/05/1992 11/01/1993
16/11/1994 18/12/1995 19/09/1996 11/11/1997
Commission Communication on the European Union and the Arctic Region
20/11/2008
Agreement on the maritim boundary in the Barents Sea Ocean signe but still not ratified Conference Statement of the Ninth Conference of Parliamentarians of the Arctic Region 15/09/2010
12/05/2011
Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue (SAR) agreement, Arctic environmental protection strategy
Nuuk Declaration by the Arctic Council
security prospects in the Arctic region, particularly the military aspects of the High North
Security
NATO's new Strategic Concept, approved by Heads of State and Government at the Lisbon Summit
Statement on Canada's Arctic Foreign Policy 28/08/2010
Environment
11/2010
Finland's strategy for the Arctic Region 04/06/2010
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) USA's Responsible Arctic Energy Development Act
Canadian Northern Strategy Canadian Act to amend the Arctic Waters Pollution Prevention Act
08/2009
Economy
2010
Russian national security strategy until 2020 05/2009
American National Security Presidential Directive, Homeland Security Presidential Directive
Boundary
09/01/2009
USA's Arctic Oil Spill Research and Prevention Act USA's Arctic Marine Shipping Assessment Implementation Act
Basics of the state policy of the Russian Federation in the Arctic for the period till 2020
12/09/2008
Minorities and Indigenous policies
2009
Ilulissat Declaration adopted at the Arctic Ocean Conference
28/05/2008
Joint Danish and Greenlandic strategy for the Arctic
Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples by the United Nations General Assembly
13/09/2007 05/2008
Extention of the Norway-Russia maritime boundary
11/07/2007
Norwegian Government's Strategy for the High North
Partnership Agreement
Continental shelf and fisheries boundary agreed
Policy of countries and different organisations
2007
20/02/2006
(Svalbard)
New Baltic Sea
09/04/1992
Nordic Sami Convention
EU membership
12/03/1992
2005
EU membership
01/06/1991
History EU relations
+
(R
1
INTERACTION BETWEEN THE DIFFERENT ACTORS IN THE ARCTIC
INTERACTION BETWEEN THE DIFFERENTS ACTORS IN THE ARCTIIC
Official inter-parliamentary body in the Nordic Region Globalisation , Climate, Freedom of movement, East of the baltic
ARCTIC COUNCIL
Denmark, Finland, Island, Norway, Sweden
Canada, Denmark (Greenland, Ilses Faroe), Finland, Island, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia, United States
NORDIC COUNCIL
Global politic Arctic Contaminants Action Programme (ACAP) Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) Conservation of Arctic Flora end Fauna (CAFF) Emergency Prevention. Preparedness and Response (EPPR) Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment (PAME) Sustenaible Development Working Group (SDWG)
BARENTS COOPERATION Day to day politic
BARENT REGIONAL COUNCIL Sweden, Norway, Finland, Russia, working Groop on Indigenous Poeples (Saami of norway) interregional cooperation on 6 frame sector programmes : Forestry, Mining and minerals, Oil and gas, Tourism, EastWest logistics, Higher education
BARENT EURO
CHINA
ARCTIC COUNCIL Denmark, Finland, Island, Norway, Russia, Sweden, European Commission intergovernmental cooperation on issues in the Barents Region : energy, environment, indigenous peoples, economy
EU EU
The “Arctic Five” and the Arctic Council
The 1996 Ottawa Declaration created the Arctic Council, which is comprised of eight states, six permanent indigenous organizations and several “observer states.” While China and EU apply for permanent observership to the Arctic Council, with particular reference to the governance of the northern sea routes, the five Arctic Ocean costal states have met as the “Arctic Five” to discuss issues like searchand rescue capabilities, oilspill cleanup capabilities and maritime shipping regulations.
Chinese research vessel Snow Dragon
The Five have agreed to be committed to existing Law of the Sea adjudication of competing sovereignty and resource claims and the coastal states see “no need to develop a new comprehensive international legal regime to govern the Arctic Ocean,”
“The Arctic belongs to all the people around the world, as no nation has sovereignty over it... China must play an indispensable role in Arctic exploration as we have one-fifth of the world’s population.” Foreign Ministers of the Coastal Arctic states meet in Chelsea, Canada. March 29, 2010.
Chinese rear admiral Yin Zhuo, March 2010
Norway Arctic Policy 2011 The High North, Visions and Strategies 100 most used words
Norwegian foreign policy is based on the respect for international law and cooperation. As one of the five Arctic littoral states, Norway has a strong position in the Arctic Council and the strategy of cooperation has been confirmed by the establishment of a permanent secretariat for the Arctic Council in Tromsø.
Murmansk, 15. Sept. 2010. Norway and Russia signing the treaty on maritime delimitation and cooperation in the Barents Sea and the Arctic Ocean.
The main drivers for the Norwegian arctic policy are: Climate change - establishing northern Norway as a laboratory for climate change. A polar research hub Resources - partly a consequence of the first, access to and knowledge about new resources become available. The expectations of oil and gas and consequences for regional development are only rivalled by the environmental concerns. Relationship with Russia - “Norway’s policy with Russia is based on pragmatism, interests and cooperation.”
Denmark Arctic Policy 2011 Strategy for the Arctic 2011-2020 100 most used words
Greenland achieved self-rule status in June 2009. This gave the Greenlanders recognition as a distinct people with the right to self-determination and more control over its gas, gold and diamond reserves, while security and foreign policy remain the competence of Denmark. In view of the self-rule, the policy paper is using the term Kingdom of Denmark, referring to Denmark, Greenland and the Faroe Islands. Like the Norwegian policy, cooperation is high on the agenda, as is climate and research. Among the main words are also oil, exploitation, gas, industry and mineral. EU and Canada are the only partners that make it on the list.
USA Arctic Policy 2009 National Security Presidential Directive-66 on Arctic Region Policy 100 most used words
The United States is a major Arctic player through the state of Alaska. But as the Senate has failed to ratify the UN convention on the Law of the Sea, the US has not been able to join in as other countries have sent in territorial claims in the region. Nuuk, 11. May 2011 Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton arrives at the 7th Ministerial Meeting of the Arctic Council,
The Arctic policy calls for a more active and influential presence to protect US interest and to secure free passage through the Northwest Passage and the Northern Sea Route.
Canadian and US research vessels on joint programme in the Arctic ocean
Canada Arctic Policy 2009 Our North, our Heritage, our Future 100 most used words
Russia Arctic Policy 2008 The Fundamentals of state policy of the Russian Federation in the Arctic in the period up to 2020 and beyond 100 most used words
Russia’s Arctic strategy emphasizes the region’s importance to Russia’s economy as a major source of revenue, mainly from energy production and profitable maritime transport. Defining the limits of the country’s continental shelf by 2015 is listed as a top priority. Among other strategic goals the document points at developing the transport and communication infrastructure in the region, particularly connected to the Northern Sea Route as a national, integrated transportationcommunication system
President Putin at Franz Josef Land to tag a polar bear in April 2010
The European Union has three memberstates in the Arctic sone, Finland, Sweeden and Denmark. But as Greenland opted out, the Union has no Arctic coastline. The Parliament resolution of 2011 argues that a future accession of Iceland to the EU would transform the Union into an Arctic coastal entity and that this represents a strategic opportunity. Iceland is however not concidered one of the Arctic littoral states among the Arctic Five. The EU seeks a closer cooperation with, and status as permanent observer in the Arctic Council. There is no dispute as to the soveregnity of the Arctic states, but the prospect of northern shipping routes makes the northern dimension increasingly important.
European Union policy 2006 The Northern Dimension 100 most used words
European Parliament in Session
EU Parliament 2011 Resolution on a sustainable EU policy for the High North 100 most used words
THE BIG PICTURE New technology China increases manufacturing
Increased demand for ICT
Call for environmentally sustainable solutions Strict environmental regulations
Climate change
Increased demand for REE and other minerals
China reduces export quotas
China h 95% o olds f REE! !
Green mining New shipping lanes across the arctic Ocean
Arctic Ice cap is melting
New N orwegian mineral law 2009 New Arctic harbours
Access to new Visibility of Need for delineation recources climate change of borders and attracts political responsibilities attention
Financially viable to explore deposits and (re-)open mines Norwegian mineral strategy in Norway and Barents in 2012
Norway Arctic strategy International cooperation and legal order
Value creation Tromsø as Polar and employment resarch hub and Sustainable use Arctic capital of resources UN law of the seas UiT - AHO cooperation
Foster sustainable supply of raw materials from European sources achieve globally diverse supplies Barents Euro Arctic Council Infrastructure development in Barents area
UNCLOS 1994 AC-Secretariat Research and development of new knowledge and technology
Arctic Council 88 member states
6 permanent indigeneous organisations
USA mineral strategy
EU raw materials initiative
Access to markets
Norway-Russia border treaty 2010
Mineral prices sky rocket
Global scare on mineral supply chain disruption
Norwegian Sametinget Saami Council
Exploring the Arctic for new mineral sources
identify substitute minerals
Improve capacity for recycling, reuse and more efficient use of materials
Investment in and development cooperation with African mining countries
AHO 03.02.2012
TOP SELLERS THE TOP 7 EXPORT COUNTRIES OF MINERALS
EXPORT DEFINITION: “ship the goods and ser- vices out of the port of a country. In international trade “export”refers to selling goods and ser- vices produced in home country to other mar- kets” This illustrates the trends of the top 7 exporting countries worldwide. Australia comes out on top with Canada close behind. According to world trade organization, worldwide mineral export has grown rapidly over the years. For example; the volume grew by 4.1 % annually from 1950- 2003.
NO. 1 2 3 4 5 COAL
IRON
COPPER
ZINC
GOLD
ALUMINIUM
SILVER
URANIUM
CHROMIUM
NICKEL
REE
6
7
PLATINUM
source: www.indexmundi.com, , www.usgs.gov, www.mbendi.com, www.thebusinessofmining.com, www.infomine.com
THE HUNGER THE TOP 7 IMPORT COUNTRIES OF MINERALS
IMPORT DEFINITION: “To bring in the goods and services into the port of a country. An import is any good or service brought in from one country to another coun- try in legitimate fashion”
Usa and China are number ones on importing. Europe is close behind. There is a visible tendency for less developed countries from southern hemisphere to almost not take part in import of minerals.
NO. 1 2 3 4 5 COAL
IRON
COPPER
ZINC
GOLD
ALUMINIUM
SILVER
URANIUM
CHROMIUM
NICKEL
REE
6
7
PLATINUM
source: www.indexmundi.com, , www.usgs.gov, www.mbendi.com, www.thebusinessofmining.com, www.infomine.com
WORLDWIDE MINERAL SHIPPING ROUTES
JAPAN/PACIFIC OCEAN
PORT OF VLADIVOSTOK
EUROPE
NORTH & SOUTH AMERICA
PORT OF BERGEN PORT OF PETERSBURG
PORT OF VANCOVER PORT OF LOS ANGELES
PORT OF DOVER
PORT OF HOUSTON
PORT OF ROTTERDAM PORT OF MANZILLO PORT OF KOLKATA
PORT OF BUSAN
PORT OF LISBON PORT OF KOBE
PORT OF HAIDAR PASH
PORT OF COLON PORT OF VENEZUELA
PORT OF JEBEL ALI
PORT OF SHANGHAI PORT OF HONG KONG
PORT OF COLOMBIA
PORT OF YANGON PORT OF KAMSAR
PORT OF PERU PORT OF CHILE
PORT OF TANJUNG PRIOK
PORT OF BUENOS AIRES PORT OF PERTH
PORT OF CAPE TOWN PORT OF NEWCASTLE
Shipping routes reflect world trade flows. In this case mineral shipping across the globe. Busiest port in the world is Shanghai, China with 561.1 million tonnes of cargo enter-足 ing. Rotterdam is the busiest port in Europe with an annual shipping tonnage of 401.1 million tonnes cargo and Port of Vancouver is the largest port on the west coast of North America with 76,5 million metric tonnes cargo entering. We might see changes in these flow patterns of cargo if the Artic ice meltdown opens up for new and shorter connections between West & East.
source: www.infranetlab.org
EXPORT WEIGHT COMPARISON Comparison of the top 7 exporters worldwide to give an impression of the differences in weight and scale
source: www.indexmundi.com, , www.usgs.gov, www.mbendi.com, www.thebusinessofmining.com, www.infomine.com
HOW MUCH IS 1 TON OF THE MINERAL? Average weight of a human: 70 kg
298 tonnes COAL
205 000 000 000 tonnes IRON
16 500 000 000 tonnes COPPER
876 548 tonnes ZINC
2 188 tonnes GOLD
1.9 tonnes ALUMINUM
2 620 tonnes SILVER
4 257 people
2 928 571 429 people
235 714 286 people
12 522 114 people
31 257 people
27 people
37 428 people
7 490 000 tonnes CHROMIUM
107 000 000 people
250 000 tonnes NICKEL
3 571 428 people
30 184 tonnes REE
163 tonnes PLATINUM
431 200 people
2 328 people
source : www.eduarea.wordpress.com , www.globalsecurity.org, www.worldsalaries.org, ogy Survey, ‘World Statistics on’ ‘Mine Injury and Work time, Quarterly’ U.S. Department of Labor 2010, ‘International Mining Fatality Database’ Patrick MacNeil
FOLLOW THE FLOW 2 Transportation to shipping port
HOW DEEP CAN YOU GO?
1 Extraction from the mines 4 Processed at factories
3 Shipped off to desired location
5 Desired product
source: www.LiveScience.com , www.nkmz.com, www.fas.org
THE CIRCLE OF MINERAL LIFE
source: ‘Minerals and Metals Management 2020’International Council of Mining and Metals
source:www.usgs.gov, ‘World Mineral Production’ British Geological Survey, www.mbendi.com
...IN THE END THERE WAS A PRODUCT
THE DEATH OF THE MINERAL
source: www.kristw.yellowpigz.com, British Geology Surveys on Minerals,
TO PRODUCE 1 TONE OF THE MINERAL YOU NEED...
source:‘Mining waste generated from aluminum production’ maps.grida.no, World Watch Institute
I WANT TO RIDE MY BICYCLE
Mined in Brazil as bauxite
Aluminium works in Swe-足 den
Made into tubes in Asia
Handlebar in the USA
Taiwan to be fit-足 ted to the bike
Europe for sale
source : Abfahren magazine
FOLLOW THE FLOW BIKE FLOW -足 AN ALUMINIUM EXAMPLE
THE STORY BEHIND AN iPHONE
source: studio9consumption.ning.com, www.mapsofworld.com
THE DARK SIDE OF MINERAL FLOW
Every cellphone and computer contains important minerals, several of these come from the ores in Kongo. Lot of these minerals are smuggled ille-足 gal across the borders to neighbouring countries. Smuggling points are controlled by armed groups (mafia), they earn money by tax and stealing .
From this point the minerals are mainly shipped il-足 legal out of Africa and towards Asia When reached desired destination the minerals are refined and mixed with other minerals. By doing this it is al-足 most impossible to trace the origin of the minerals and they are sent to countries all over the world for further developments of different components.
source: www.gao.gov, www.bloodinthemobile.org, www.crossedcrocodiles.wordpress.com
THE GOLD TOUR
NEW CONNECTIONS
source: www.maps.grida.no, www.timetoast.com
Less ice opens up for new and shorter transportation routes be-足 tween East and West. New sea lines of communication have al-足 ready opened up through the North East passage. There will also be routes straight across the North Pole. In a few years the shortest sea transport passage will be via the Barents Sea. It will reduce the distance between Asia and the western world by more than 7000 kilometres, and significantly reduce sailing time.
source: www.maps.grida.no
THE RE-DISCOVERY OF NEW POTENTIAL
INFRASTRUCTURE POTENTIAL
source: www.eternalmoonlight.net