Newcastle University Stage 2 Architecture Portfolio 17-18

ACA D EMIC

PORT FOL I O ARC 2001 Newcastle University, SAPL Ka Ching Leung 160012716

2 0 1 7/ 1 8

01

P2.3.1 Study Type

69

06

P2.3.2 Leith 2030

Apologia II P2.5 Exploring Experience

33

Apologia I P2.3.3 Dwelling Plus

106

Non-design Coursework

54

P2.3.4 Inhabit

118

58

P2.4 Engineering Experience

Learning Journal: Crafting Architecture

124

P2.6 Integrated Studio Technology

01

P2.3.1 Study Type

LT Josai | Naruse Inokuma Architects Nagoya, Japan

LT Josai is innovation encouraging young professionals to live alongside each other,sharing communal space instead of living alone. This consequently means they have more living space, thus an improved standard of living. The house is zoned into private areas: the bedroom. and shared, including the dining room and lounge.

As well as these larger spaces, there are more intimate areas for example the rug zone.

PRIVATE SPACE

Stairs to rug zone

Rug zone

INTEGRATION

COMMUNAL SPACE Detail Details

1:75 Dwelling

sionals to sequently house is d lounge. zone.

01 Academic Portfolio 17-18 | Study Type : LT Josai / Nagoya, Japan

1:200 Collective

Site Plan

Scale 1:1250

Study Type : LT Josai / Nagoya, Japan | Academic Portfolio 17-18

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1:200 Collective 1:75 Dwelling

Plan 1:50

03 Academic Portfolio 17-18 | Study Type : LT Josai / Nagoya, Japan

Section

1:500Street Street Elevation 1:500 Section

Study Type : LT Josai / Nagoya, Japan | Academic Portfolio 17-18

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02

P2.3.2 Leith 2030 23 Oct - 7 Nov 2017 Masterplan for Leith

07 Academic Portfolio 17-18 | Leith 2030: A neighbourhood plan

Leith, United Kingdom Leith is a city in Scotland and it is 15 minutes drive away from the city centre of Edinburgh. The city is a port city, busy with its import and export business. Leith is home for 26,000 people.

Leith 2030: A neighbourhood plan | Academic Portfolio 17-18

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09 Academic Portfolio 17-18 | Leith 2030: A neighbourhood plan

Independent shopkeeper ‘I like that Leith is diverse and multicultural. It’s close to the city centre, though new developments bringing more people to the area, attract chain stores, squeezing independent businesses out.

There already is green space nearby: Leith Links is a 10-minute walk away. However, a greater sense of community would improve the area.’

Letting Agent ‘There’s already lots of new builds bringing the same kind of people to the area, though these don’t currently incorporate social areas. More open space is needed and areas like playgrounds would be good. Parking is really bad around here, though this might change when the tram starts.’

Local ‘I’ve lived here for 36 years and have seen little positive change to the area, although things have changed a lot in this time, maybe too much. ‘

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Elevation of Baltic Street

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Leith 2030: A neighbourhood plan | Academic Portfolio 17-18

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Elevation of Constitution Street

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Leith 2030: A neighbourhood plan | Academic Portfolio 17-18

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skateboarding areas

elderly access

gardening/ outdoor activities

green areas

commercial areas

scrap disposal area

cyclist areas

quiet residential areas

parking spaces

outdoor social spaces

noiser, active areas

scrap materials storage area

Leith 2030: A neighbourhood plan | Academic Portfolio 17-18

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Old junction and the new square

17 Academic Portfolio 17-18 | Leith 2030: A neighbourhood plan

am pla nnin g Futu re tr

Bu

s

to

Sl

Bu

ive

st

rk

no

we

s

oE

din

gb

ur

gh

Bus route + future tram planning

Industrial area

Vehicle route

Green space

The main routes of the Leith The constitution street is the way to Edinburgh, it is just next to out site.

The bus stations are just 5 minutes walk away from the site. The tram of Edinburgh is planning to extend to Leith and the closes station will be outside the site. The green space of leith is not centralise, they are on the edge of the city, not easy to be access by the community

Leith 2030: A neighbourhood plan | Academic Portfolio 17-18

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19 Academic Portfolio 17-18 | Leith 2030: A neighbourhood plan

Leith 2030: A neighbourhood plan | Academic Portfolio 17-18

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Leith 2030: A neighbourhood plan 21 Academic Portfolio 17-18 | Leith 2030: A neighbourhood plan

Leith is a multi-cultural city which is redeveloping and finding its new character. The master plan is inspired by the surrounding area and the history of leith, the features of the master plan is to respond and create opportunity for the city to find a new position.

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Draft masterplan 23 Academic Portfolio 17-18 | Leith 2030: A neighbourhood plan

Old square Creating a new square that responds to the old ‘junction�; for the community to gather, Keeping the corn exchange and the old ware house in order to connects the masterplan with the historical context and culture.

Massing and materiality The massing of the buildings are following the slope of the site; stepping downwards the sea and create terraces in order to keep the view to the sea. The terrace space will be the farming space for the self grow purpose. Grey bricks will be the main construction material, the related to the surroundings and represent the diversity of Leith.

Gradience of privacy Arranging the open spaces like squares, market and the shops more close to the city centre, easier to access for the user. Also, put the more private area such as the residence, away from the square to have a more quite environment for them. In between the community acts as a bridge that connects the public and private space, provided space for the community, they could use the space for different activities.

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2022

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2027

Future planning

2030

Extend the road to the dock area which already has a plan for further development, and the road could connect the area to the tram station. More residential area will be add in order to cope with more people living in Leith.

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2017

Open Space Create the market and garden space on the ground floor, provide space connects to local business space for community and residents. The area will be linking the other existing green space in leith; the leith link and the park outside the ocean terminal.

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2027

Ground Floor Plan

Roof Plan

Private - Resedential

Private - Residential

Semi-Private - communal

Private - Roof Garden

Public - Commercial

Semi-Private - Roof Garden

Public - Existings

Final Masterplan

Leith 2030: A neighbourhood plan | Academic Portfolio 17-18

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Short Section

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Leith 2030: A neighbourhood plan | Academic Portfolio 17-18

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Long Section

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Leith 2030: A neighbourhood plan | Academic Portfolio 17-18

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APOLOGIA-I Semester one is about exploring the sense of community, exploring the neighbourhood around Leith. Even though Leith is very close to Edinburgh, but it has a completely different atmosphere. Edinburgh is historical, but Leith is small and you can still see the mark of the industrial period. But Leith is losing the sense of community, more and more people are moving into Leith but the city needs more of social space. In Leith 2030, we imagined the future of Leith, we initially think to regenerate the old land to be a new hub for local businesses and spaces for citizens to social and create the sense of community. We foresee a lively Leith with different vibes and culture. The idea for Dwelling plus and inhabit is about the studio theme "Selfbuilt, self-grow"; a self-sustained community. I could not feel the spirit, enthusiasm from the visit to Leith. The street was not crowded, the scrap yard is not working, no one is visiting the seafront. I proposed to design an urban farm in Leith to regain the sense of community and create a space to gather and interact. The idea of the urban farm is to let the farm owner have the flexibility to customise the farm according to their needs. From the beginning that spreading the block all over the site and developed to be a hanging farm in order to use the ground floor space to breed and farm.

03

P2.3.3 Dwelling Plus

Rehab:

Urban Farm in Leith

Farming is an important industry which supports our lives, the farm produce food and we need food to maintain our live. However, people prefer to live and work in the city, starting to forget about this industry and it is being decline. The idea of urban farm is to bring the farm into the city, everyone can experience farming easily, create a way to get away from their daily life and stress and get more people to learn farming.

35 Academic Portfolio 17-18 | Dwelling Plus / Rehab: Urban Farm

Regenaration The site area was a industrial area which connects to the dock, to import and export good. Although it is not a popular industry in Leith now, we could gather the past and regenerate the area to be a better space for the future.

Self-sustaining The participants grow the crops and they use the crops to feed the animals, residents can have the by-products of the animals, for examples, eggs and milk. These resources support their life, they can eat it or sell it to make income.

The owner of the farm can grow their own community by adding the dwelling blocks and taking them off if they do not want it.

Community

Boundary of site 3

Leith is lack of green space and open space in the city centre. Also, the city needs a greater sense of community.

Choosing to design in site 3 is to create an open green space for the local, and the facility of the farm could generate a better sense of community.

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Massing model #1

Massing model #2

Massing model #3 Site 3 has the most space among 3 sites, the space could provide my scheme a large open space to farm and keep animals. In the massing models, I was tying to create a large courtyard space the surrounded by the residents that everyone can know whats happening in the courtyard. But scale of the massing that I have tried out is too big for the brief. So, I developed them into three blocks.

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final massing model

Block massing model #1

Block massing model #2 However, the block is too heavy and looks too bulky and like a block, so, i decided to split it up to different blocks and hanging on a huge steel frame, let it looks loss and light. I used steel frame in order to responds to the context that it was a industrial area and the abandoned crane at the dock. The blocks are connected by some outdoor walkways that residents can enjoy the view even when they are moving around.

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Block massing model #3

Block massing model #4

Draft plan Each block of the three blocks in the massing represents a farm. In each block, there’s a family of 4 who manage the farm and live in a family flat. 11 participants who lives there for the experience of farming. To get a wider space on ground floor for the animals, I lift up the whole building.

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The ground floor plan

Materiality

The ground floor plan showing the areas for animals and crops. Using the block and it’s shadow to create shelter for the animals. Hall space for market to sell the products, cafe using the food the grow, workshop to teach farming.

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Ground Floor Render

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Dwelling Plus / Rehab: Urban Farm | Academic Portfolio 17-18

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43 Academic Portfolio 17-18 | Dwelling Plus / Rehab: Urban Farm

Final model

G/F +1500

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1/F +3000

2/F +4500

3/F +6000

4/F +9000

PLAN

SCALE 1:200

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Short Section

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Long Section

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Family flat The Family flat accommodates a family of 4 who manage the farm. There’s 2 single bedrooms and a master bedroom. 2 bathrooms are sharing between 4 of them. They are sharing the living room and the kitchen.

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SCALE 1:50

Shared flats

SCALE 1:50

There’s 5 single bedrooms and 3 double bedrooms accommodate 11 participants of the farm and each bedroom has their own bathroom. All of the bedrooms share the kitchen and the living room, each kitchen will be shared by 5-6 participants. The kitchen will be a place that gather the participants and they could social and share their story with others.

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04

P2.3.4 Inhabit

1:20 Detail

55 Academic Portfolio 17-18 | Inhabit / Rehab: Urban Farm

The detail section shows the movements and the moments at the entrance, the market hall on the left and the animal space on the right, shows the interactions between human and the building.

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05

P2.4 Engineering Experience

Proposed Presentation

Selected Scenes

Initial idea The initial idea of the short film we produced is to summarize Magnolia, a 3-hour long film into a 5-minute short film. The scene for the studio is the scene of Frog rain which refers to Exodus 8:2 in the Bible; “But if you refuse to let them go, behold, I will smite your whole territory with frogs.� which response to the plot, they are not trying to let things go.

Process of collaboration Our group collaborated with an artist, she helped us for getting the idea and giving advice for the composition and editing of the film. The collaboration enhance the level of aesthetico of the film.

Storyboard

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Maquette Design

Selected Scene This scene is selected to put into our short film, the ambulance hit on the hard shoulder on the road while the frog rain happening.

And then the ambulance roll around and stop in front of the Hospital, the film capture the movements inside the ambulance.

So then we created our maquette to recreate this scene in 1:5 with the view that looking out from the window. And the green soldiers represent the frogs falling from the sky.

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In order to make it suitable for filming, we create different layers on the cylinder to be used for setting the scene and set the camera in position.

The purple area at the bottom is where the window and water tank at, and the pink area is where we set the camera and film.

Filming Process Engineering Experience | Academic Portfolio 17-18

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1:5 Window and Water Tank The design of the window of 1:5 is the reproduction of the window that we are filming in 1:1. We tried to get the details of the window, such as the frame, the handle and the curtain. At first, we create the window with craft cards and spray the wall in matte off-white and the window frame in white colour. And then the curtain is created by a pair of pillowcases, sew them together with the wire on the top.

The water tank is created by acrylic plastic boards and put together with glass silicone glue. The water in the tank is a mix of transparent glue and water in a ratio of 3:7, this will let the water to be clear but still got the thickness that the plastic soldiers float around the tank. Also, we were trying different kinds of things to put into the tank, such as gummy bears, toy signpost, salt, soap and decoration-use eyes.

Actual window

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1:5 window Study models

Water +Transparent glue + Green Plastic Soldiers

Water + Transparent glue + Decoration eyes

Water +Transparent glue + Soap

Water +Transparent glue + Green Plastic Soldiers + Gummy bears

Water + Transparent glue + Signpost

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Stills

00:41

00:48

01:14

02:35

02:45

03:01

03:59

04:05

04:07

04:20

04:45

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01:45

02:12

02:26

03:45

03:52

03:53

04:13

04:15

04:17

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Reflection In the Engineering Experience project, we collaborated with an art student, she gave us precious advice for the idea and storyboard, and help us out with the filming and editing part. Collaborating with an artist is a brand new experience for me that she has a different kind of thinking method athat in an aesthetic and artistic way which is different than the engineering student that focuses on the structure. In the process of making the maquette, first time to try to use different tools and machines in the workshop, and the first time to build a model in such a large scale with timber and screws. It has been a challenge for myself in these three weeks to learn the making of the frame, and the maquette is done with the help of our group members. By learning the skill of woodwork, I could use the skill in the future to represent my project or present my thought with a timber model. I have enjoyed my part of making the set in detail; the window and the curtains, also test out the thickness of the water and the contents of the water tank.

The outcome of the window that shown in the film is successful which it does looks like the actual window in some scene. However, to figure out the thickness of the water is quite

challenging that we originally planned to use water only, but then water cannot create the movement of the plastic soldiers that let them be floating around the water tank. We would like to get the thickness of a snow globe, so we searched online and test it out. It is a good experience that design exploring something other than architecture or structure. Overall, the experience enhances my understanding of the engineering and mechanism for making large-scale maquette and how the light and space affect the experience.

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APOLOGIA-II Semester two is about exploring materials and the experience of exploring a space. Our studio is exploring lightness, such as glass, plastic and fabric.

Durham is close to Newcastle, but it has a historical atmosphere. Durham retains the feeling of its medieval period as most of the buildings were not demolished. Durham a fast growing fashion capital and Durham need a new atmosphere to correspond with its development. Durham will hold a fashion show every year, and this attracts fashion lovers to join the event. From the visit to Durham, I observe the medieval buildings and I found the finial on the top of the building which acts as a decoration is interesting. The finial on every building is different, they might represent the function, the religious, or some kind of beliefs. In terms of human, we wear jewellery every day, such as watches, necklaces, rings etc. The style of jewellery is representing the personality, the belief of a person. For example, a person who believes in Catholics might wear a Christian cross.

In exploring experience, I focused on the material glass and explore how glass influence the building atmospherically. Because glass is transparent and allows light to pass through, the colour of glass will be reflected on to the floor. So, the colour that created on the floor created a unique atmosphere for that space. By using the waste of glass, this could make the facade and inside the building filled with colour. For interaction, I would like to let visitors touch and interact with the jewellery, normally jewellery is stored in a glass showcase box. But glass curtain wall is too common, so I would like to make a twist to let the beads be on the facade so that it could be a showcase wall that is touchable.

06

P2.5 Exploring Experience

6

Durham, United Kingdom 4

71 Academic Portfolio 17-18 | Exploring Experience

Durham is a city in the North East England and it is 15 minutes away by train from Newcastle. The city is with a rich background of history and famous for its medieval architecture. Durham is home for 66,000 people.

Climate

Circulation

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History of buildings

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Dundee University

Glasgow School of Art

Durham

The Manchester College

Sheffield Hallam University Hereford College of Arts

Birmingham City University

University of Arts London There are 10~20 institutes provide education in jewellery design across the UK. However, none of the institute in North East of England provides education in jewellery design.

Plymouth College of Art

Higher Education in UK that provide courses in Jewellery Design Exploring Experience | Academic Portfolio 17-18

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1:500

Site 4 Section

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SITE 6 1:500

Site 6 Section

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Festival route

The festival route run through durham, starting from the train staion; numbers of jewellery showcases will be place in the city, showing works from the students which responding to the city. Each of these showcase is a guiding the visitors to the jewellery design school and celebrate the Year end show.

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Jewellery Design School Historical Treasure | Durham

Need of education

From the research of Higher education for jewellery design in the UK, it finds out that none of the institutes provides education jewellery design in the North East. The school will be collaborating with serval local artists based in Durham; they are going to teach 15-20 students each year to provide them with the best education.

Inhabitants The finial

A finial is an element marking the top of a medieval architecture, used to be a decorative feature and represent the religious or the use of the building.

These decorations often found on the buildings in Durham. To respond to this feature I choose jewellery as a programme to reflect Durham; these finials act as a decoration for architecture, same as human jewellery act as a decorative feature and reflect our personality.

2 Local Artists 15-20 Students Various Visiting Artists (Irreagular Visits)

Schedule of Accommodation Gallery 170m2 Design Studio 170m2 Workshop 150m2 Cafeteria 200m2 Washroom 18m2 Storage 20m2

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Gallery Design Studio Workshop Cafe Lecture room Reception

Massing model #1

Massing model #2

The 1st massing model gives an initial idea of what kind of spaces are needed. and give initial ideas of its form which merge into the slope.

The 2nd massing model is to explore more about the form and added more type of spaces into the school.

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Services

Gallery

The 3rd massing model was placed on top of the Prebends bridge. Gallery and design studio were placed beside the bridge in order to let pedestrian to observe.

Design Studio Workshop Cafe Lecture room Reception Services

Massing model #3

1/F

G/F

B1

B2

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The 4th massing model was placed on one side of the bridge and created void for double height space allows more daylight get into the building.

Gallery Design Studio Workshop Cafe Lecture room Reception Services

Massing model #4

G/F

B1

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B2

B3

The 5th massing model remained on the same side of the bridge and a light well is added to allow daylight reach the area at the back and enhance the interaction between the artists and visitors which visitors could see the movements under. A pier is added to created second entrance by boat.

Gallery Design Studio Workshop Cafe Lecture room Reception Services

Massing model #5

G/F

B1

B2

B3

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Gallery Design Studio Workshop Cafe Lecture room Reception Services

Massing model #6

Floor 0

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Floor -1

The 6th massing model redesign the ciculation of the building an public stair is added at outside of the building in order to give the experice of beads by touching them and observe the design studio. The design of bead facade is applied to this massing, adding an extra 700mm for maintenance of the facade. A service core is added to centralise the lift, stairs and the toilets.

Floor -2

Floor -3

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Final design

Render of Gallery

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Final model

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A`

A

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1/Gallery 2/Design Studio 3/Workshop 4/Cafe 5/Storage

1

1/Gallery 2/Design Studio 3/Workshop 4/Cafe 5/Storage

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5

2

1/Gallery 2/Design Studio 3/Workshop 4/Cafe 5/Storage

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3 4

1/Gallery 2/Design Studio 3/Workshop 4/Cafe 5/Storage

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Making of glass beads

Bead release sludge

Mandrel

1/ Prepare a mandrel that dipped into the bead release sludge for a length around 6cm.

Mandrel with sludge

WORK

BENCHES

Rod of glass

2/ Slowly and gently warm a rod of glass by touching the tip of the flame. Heat until a ball of glass is molten to a similar size as a pea.

3/ Place the tip of the molten glass rod on the mandrel. Wrap the glass on to the mandrel an turn it away from your body.

STORAGE

SAFETY

EQUIPMENTS

JEWELLERY-MAKING KILN

4/ To make a larger bead return the mandrel to the flame and heat it again until the glass glow. Then add another wrap of molten glass.

5/ Heat the glass again at the end to refine the shape of the glass bead. Place them into the kiln for cooling when it lost its glow.

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Workshop Plan @ Scale 1:50

WORK

BENCHES

Making of silver jewellery

JEWELLERY COOL-DOWN

1/ Place silver into a foundry crucible and heat it up with the flame of a torch until the silver transform into liquid.

2/ Pour the liqid of silver into a mould made by rubber. Place it on the cooling rack until it become solid.

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Ventilation at workshop

While the process of making beads and melting metals, heat will be produce. An effective ventilation is required for the workshop. Extrators will be installed above the work stations to extract the heat directly from the workshop through the light well.

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The glass beads facade For the beads which have scratches, chips, cracks, bubbles and inclusions; will be used as the facade on the wall. First, collecting from the start of an academic year, the facade should have done and provide shading when reaching to summer. The process starts with collecting the beads from the workshop and categories them by size; in order to place the beads in the best place to provide the best performance for thermal comfort. The beads will be placed into a hook which allows to hang on to the existing frame for the facade.

At the end of the academic year, the beads will be removed and give them as a souvenir to the visitors that come for the celebration.

Catagorise by its size

5~15mm

>15mm

hook

Precedents

RMIT Design Hub, Melbourne Silesian Museum, Katowice

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Non-design coursework

Precedent Study

Lo Cañas House | Francisco Abarca and Camilo Palma

This precedent study shows a floating house in Moscow, Russia. Although it is not a house that hanging up in the air, it shows a lightweight structure that could be floating on the water.

The main structure frame is made of laminated wood with milled ports, which is stable and light enough to be float on water. Also, using Polyurethane foam as insulation helps to decrease the weight of the house.

From the study of DD16, light insulation and skeleton frame structure are key elements to decrease weight but keep a good thermal performance and maintain the stability of the structure.

The Lo Cañas House by Francisco Abarca and Camilo Palma using timber cladding as facade and main construction material. Timber is light, low cost and easy to be assembled. Timber cladding is used to suits the environment and the theme of the design.

From the construction section of the house, it shows the layers of the external wall, that the how the timber claddings attached on to the timber frame structure, which makes it be easy and fast to assemble.

Santiago, Chile

3

Not to scale

Design Summary

ARC2009:Architectural Technology

160012716

Self build: Self grow

160012716

DD16 | BIO-architects Moscow, Russia

ARC2009 Architectural Technology 2.1: Construction in Detail

ARC2009:Architectural Technology

Construction Evaluation

ARC2009:Architectural Technology

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ARC2009:Architectural Technology

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Rehab: Urban Farm in Leith

Ground Floor Construction

Ground Floor Plan

Site Location

Not to scale

Not to scale

According to the site analysis of leith, we found out serval problems to tackle in leith, first, lack of green space and open space in the city centre and need a greater sense of community. So, the reason the I choose site 3 is to create an open green space for the local in order to generate a better sense of community.

External Wall Construction

Also, the reason of designing an urban farm is people prefer to live and work in the city. They are forgetting about farming which supports our lives, the farm produce food and we need food to maintain our live. The idea of urban farm is to bring the farm into the city, everyone can experience farming easily, create a way to get away from their daily life and stress and get more people to learning farming.

It is a self-sustain community, the participants grow the crops and they use the crops to feed the animals, residents can Have by-product from the animals, For examples, eggs and milk, these resources support their life, they eat it and sell it to make income. The owner of the farm can grow their own community by adding the dwelling blocks and taking them off if they don’t want it.

Upper Floor Wall Construction

1 ARC2009:Architectural Technology

4

160012716

Roof Construction

G/F

Plans

1/F

2/F

3/F

4/F Window

Not to scale

Suggested Improvement The ground floor construction should be changed to the one on the left, which has a better rating overall. It is less ecotoxicity to freshwater and land. It has a higher percentage of recycled content, 59% of the structure is using recycled material. Large improvements are shown in most areas (from C/D to A), which means it is a better construction method to the environment. Choosing power float for the ground floor public area, it is less prone to cracks, suits for the public area which a lot of people will access the area, which makes it more durable and avoid other pollution for repairment.

Section

Not to scale

2

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Design Declaration

ARC2009:Architectural Technology

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Design Declaration

ARC2009:Architectural Technology

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ARC2009:Architectural Technology

160012716

Upper floor & External wall

Tectonic Intent The considerations of my design are the weight, stability, thermal comfort and method to assembly. Technically, my design is hanging up in the air supported by wires and a steel truss frame. Each of the dwelling blocks has to be light but stable to support the loading inside. So, I decided to use steel as main structure frame to provide stability, comparing to bricks and concrete steel is light and more suitable to hang up in the air, and Expanded Polystyrene Styrofoam is used as insulation to provide thermal comfort, in order to suits the weather in Leith, the EPS is durable, lightweight and easy to install. Aesthetically, to respond to the programme as a farm and surroundings which I decided to use timber as cladding. Timber cladding is light, low-cost and easy to be found in surrounding area. The self-grow of the urban farm is about the growth of the dwelling blocks the owner of the farm can add blocks when they want to, so the blocks have to be easily assembled, the chosen materials; light steel frame and timber claddings are easy for them to assemble.

6

Design Declaration

ARC2009:Architectural Technology

160012716

Roof & Gutter

9

Design Declaration Foundation & External wall

7

Design Declaration

ARC2009:Architectural Technology

160012716

Double-glazed Window

10

Bibliography, reference list & list of illustrations

ARC2009:Architectural Technology

160012716

Anderson, J., Anderson, J., Shiers, D. and Steele, K. (2009). The green guide to specification. 4th ed. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.

ArchDaily. (2011). Lo CaĂąas House / Francisco Abarca and Camilo Palma. [online] Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/190104/lo-canas-house-francisco-abarca-and-camilo-palma [Accessed 13 Jan. 2018].

ArchDaily. (2017). DD16 / BIO-architects. [online] Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/877265/dd16-bio-architects [Accessed 13 Jan. 2018].

ArchDaily. (2016). 50 Impressive Details Using Wood. [online] Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/800218/50-impressive-details-using-wood [Accessed 13 Jan. 2018].

Loversiq.com. (n.d.). Flat Roof Flashing Details Ideas 11139 Housejpg Com ~ loversiq. [online] Available at: http://www.loversiq.com/o/214271146/roof-flashing-details/214271/ [Accessed 12 Jan. 2018].

Nge.press. (n.d.). Roof Gutter Detail Spec Butylclad Product Data And Downloads Lights Wonderful Vents Types Lights Concrete Flat Roof Gutter Detail Wonderful Vents Types.jpg concrete flat roof gutter detail roofs. [online] Available at: http://nge.press/concrete-flat-roof-gutter-detail/roof-gutter-detail-spec-butylclad-product-data-and-downloads-lightswonderful-vents-types-lights-concrete-flat-roof-gutter-detail-wonderful-vents-types-jpg/ [Accessed 10 Jan. 2018].

ProTradeCraft. (n.d.). Sill, Head, and Jamb Details for New Windows in Old Holes. [online] Available at: https://www.protradecraft.com/detail/sill-head-and-jamb-details-new-windowsold-holes [Accessed 13 Jan. 2018].

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ARC2009 Architectural Technology 2.1: Construction in Detail | Academic Portfolio 17-18 108

RMIT DESIGN HUB

| CASE STUDY

CASE STUDY

| RMIT DESIGN HUB

RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia Sean Godsell

ARC2009 Architectural Technology 2.1: Construction in Detail

BIBLIOGRAPHY

| RMIT DESIGN HUB

Franklin, H. (2013). [image] Available at: https://www.detail.de/artikel/ plug-and-play-designzentrum-von-sean-godsell-11444/ [Accessed 29 Apr. 2018].

HM Government (2013). Approved Document K: protection from falling, collision and impact. [London]: HM Government.

HM Government (2014). APPROVED DOCUMENT L2A. [S.l.]: NBS RIBA ENTERPRISES. Margaretha, E. (2013). Plug and Play: Designzentrum von Sean Godsell. [online] Detail.de. Available at: https://www.detail.de/artikel/ plug-and-play-designzentrum-von-sean-godsell-11444/ [Accessed 27 Apr. 2018].

ARC2010 Architectural Technology 2.2: Construction and Energy Efficiency

Fig 1 - Parti Plan Diagram

RMIT. (2011). Design Hub official photos | RMIT University. [online] Av a i l a b l e a t : h t t p s : / / w w w. fl i c k r. c o m / p h o t o s / r m i t / a l b u m s / 72157631517121078 [Accessed 22 Apr. 2018].

ILLUSTRATIONS

| RMIT DESIGN HUB

ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN

| RMIT DESIGN HUB

Figure 7-8,23-25,28,32.

Image on Page 6,8

Fig 2 - Parti Sectional Diagram

UNI ID: 160012716

UNI ID: 160012716

ARC2009 / ARC2010 Semester 2 Assessment

ARC2009 / ARC2010 Semester 2 Assessment

SITE SUMMARY

| RMIT DESIGN HUB

RMIT DESIGN HUB | SPATIAL SUMMARY

A`

According to the Approved Document L2A (HM Government, 2014), The required U-value is 2.2W/m2K; Outer leaf Glassolution SATINOVO frosted glass Lamda value: 0.96 W/mK U-value of a circular opaque glass= 5.8W/m2K Inner leaf ThermaLine Double Glazed Low E Window Lamda value: 0.96 W/mK U-value of a double glazed low-e window= 1.9 W/m2K Opaque glass has been used for the outer leaf facade which could decrease the sun glare in the building.

The facade is a movable system that allows the disc to move and let air ventilating through the double skin design. The outer will be considered for shading use, this doesn’t provide any insulation for the building.

Therefore, the U value of the building will be acceptable that only the U value of the inner facade will be counted. To archive a better thermal conductivity Low E triple glazed window can be installed to replace to original double glazed window.

A

Fig 3 – Site Analysis Plan

Fig 4 – Site Section AA` Double glazed window

The RMIT design hub in Melbourne, Australia is designed by Sean Godsell and opened in 2012. The building is located in downtown nearby the Queen Victoria Market and State Library Victoria. It is only 2 mins walk from the closest light rail station (Queensberry St/ Swanston St.) to the design hub. The building has an unique double skin facade that the outer skin is made up of a duplicate set of double glazed circular discs.

Fig 5 - Floor Plans

2 22

3

RMIT DESIGN HUB | ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN

SPATIAL SUMMARY

Fig 7 - Lecture Hall (RMIT, 2011)

Fig 9 – Massing Diagram

| RMIT DESIGN HUB

Fig 6 – Key Section

4

21

RMIT DESIGN HUB | PROGRAMME SUMMARY The RMIT Design hub is to provide space for design education and reach.The building contains serval exhibition space, research space and teaching space. The hub contains 9 floors in total, 2 storeys underground and 7 storeys on the top which demand for high level of comfort to stay in the space which contains the research rooms and exhibition space. The diagram shows the zoning of the building that the major space are placed on the top and other spaces for storage or services are placed underground. The floor plan of the building is mostly the same, a research space is placed beside a long room which act as a exhibition space as well as a circulation space. A long room could be used to show the work of each research unit have done. Also, a bench is placed beside the window in the long; this bench could let visions to sit on and enjoy the exhibition.

Fig 8 -Facade (RMIT, 2011)

ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN

| RMIT DESIGN HUB + +

-

A/ Winter daytime

B/ Summer daytime

C/ Winter night time

D/ Summer night time

Fig 10 – Plan to Section Diagram

Bench at long room (RMIT, 2011)

To reduce CO2 emission, the building is with a double glazed curtain wall which could insulate the building with heat gain with solar radiation. The double skin system could let fresh air to ventilate the building with its intake and outlet vent, this could reduce the need of chilled air. The design of the outer facade is an efficient way to control daylight that it is move and completely wrap up the building maximising the use of daylight and save energy. Also, in the future the circular glass disc could be replaced by PV cell to produce electricity for the building. These design could reduce the CO2 emission of the building.

20

Frosted glass facade

Fig 13 – Circulation To Use Diagram Fig 11 – Additive Subtractive Diagram

Fig 12 – Symmetry & Balance Diagram

5

6

Fig 14 – Hierarchy Diagram

Environmental Design Illustrations

19

109 Academic Portfolio 17-18 | ARC2009 Architectural Technology 2.1: Construction in Detail | ARC2010 Architectural Technology 2.2: Construction and Energy Efficiency

RMIT DESIGN HUB

| ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN

PROGRAMME SUMMARY

The RMIT Design Hub is designed with a double skin system on its facade. The double skin system is made up of two layers of glass; a double glazed curtain wall and a movable circular glass facade. The movable glass facade could open to ventilate the build and let light in. Close the facade to prevent sun glaze and control the amount of light in the building. The research space (Dark green) and long room (Pink) for exhibition and circulation use located at two side of the building. Also four seminar room will be on the top floor as a part of the rooftop.

The research space and the long room will be the main space for the building and the design given them window same length as the building that could maximise the use of daylight in order to save energy and reduce operating cost during the day. The use of double skin on this design created its unique facade which contain 16254 circular glass disc in total and 9288 of them are movable. The repetition of the circular facade give the building different appearance at different in a day.

RMIT DESIGN HUB | LANGUAGE SUMMARY

| RMIT DESIGN HUB

The building is designed in a rectangular form (Fig. 18) that a concrete service core is located in the centre of the building supporting other usages surrounded the core (Fig. 20).

The building is wrapped up by a glass facade with repetitive circular glass panel (Fig. 19) ,the glass facade give a clarity (image on the right) to the building that a light could get through the building soften the mass of the building.

Seminar room

STRUCTURE

| RMIT DESIGN HUB

Secondary Structure

Warehouse Tertiary Structure

Long room

Clarity of the building (RMIT, 2011)

Lecture Hall

Primary Structure- Concrete Core, Steel Column Secondary Structure- Steel and concrete floor slab, Steel Beams Tertiary Structure- Double Skin Glass facade

Fig 15- Zoning Diagram Facade Orientation

North West

South East

South West

Total (m2)

Total surface area of 21*41=861m2 facade

North East

51*41=2091m2

21*41=861m2

51*41=2091m2

5904

Overall area of glazed 21*41=861m2 openings

51*41=2091m2

21*41=861m2

51*41=2091m2

5904

Fig 16 – Parti Diagram

Programme Analysis Diagram

18

v

RMIT DESIGN HUB

| STRUCTURE

7

LANGUAGE SUMMARY

| RMIT DESIGN HUB

Fig 17 – Geometry Diagram

8

RMIT DESIGN HUB

17

| DESIGN INTEGRATION

Respecting to the environment is one of the most important design intents for RMIT to achieve all over their educational buildings. RMIT design hub is used the moveable double skin facade as the core technology approach to achieve the design intent. It offered thermal comfort and lowered damage to the environment, for example; lower the CO2 emission or use recycle materials to build. The double skin system not only become an engaging facade surface observing from the street, it could ventilate the building without using chilled air produced by air-conditioner or warmed air produce by heater, fostering thermal comfort. The outer skin of the facade as mentioned as movable, controlling the amount of sunlight, heat gain and the amount of fresh air to get into the building. It become another outstanding facade looking building along with other RMlT buildings all around the city but with its own identity and environment concern.

The RMIT Design Hub is built by mainly steel and concrete, the building is supported by steel frame columns and a concrete core in the centre of the building which act as a service core contains lifts, stairs and toilet. The floor is a steel-concrete slab which could increase the speed of construction, saving time of casting in-situ.

The building contains of the research spaces and long room for exhibitions which required space that without column in the room, this method of construction could fulfil this requirement. The floors are supported by the concrete core and the steel frame which create a huge space without columns.

The double skin system is supported with tertiary structure which made up by a light steel frame and carries estimated 17000 pieces of glass panels which controls the daylight. The tertiary structure system is supported by the primary steel frame columns, but a supplementary steel frame is used to hold up the glass panel and the panel will be installed on the service walkway which connected with

Primary Structure Fig 33 - Structure Diagram

Fig 18 - Linear form

Fig 19 - Repetition facade

ARC2009 FOCUS Landing

Fig 27 - HM Government (2013)

Fig 20 - Centralised organisation

Fig 29 - HM Government (2013)

Fig 28 - Tactile Paving(RMIT, 2011) Fig 31 – Structure Diagram

Fig 32 -Outer skin facade (Franklin, 2013)

Fig 21 – Unit To Whole Diagram

Fig 22 – Repetitive to Unique Diagram

RMIT DESIGN HUB

| ARC2009 FOCUS

DESIGN INTEGRATION

Fig 30 - HM Government (2013)

Fig 23 – Movable glass facade (RMIT, 2011)

9

16

| RMIT DESIGN HUB

| RMIT DESIGN HUB

10

RMIT DESIGN HUB

15

| ARC2009 FOCUS

ARC2009 FOCUS

| RMIT DESIGN HUB

Stairs and Ramps (Part K) The main stairs in the design hub is a pathway access the ground floor from the basement. The is right next to the service core of the building and this is an entrance to the building from the basement which connects to the lower block besides. The stairs width is 2000mm which doesn’t require a division for the flight (Fig. 30). Also the shortest headroom for the stars is when it reach ground floor, the height of the headroom is 4100mm which meet the requirement of Approved Document K (Fig. 29). The stairs contain 53 steps and 3 landings. A landing will be seen for every 12-14 rise, which didn’t fulfil the requirements of Approved Document K (Fig. 26). But the length of the landings are 2100mm which fulfilled the document (Fig. 27). For the flight, each step rises 160mm and go 280mm, this fulfilled the regulation (Fig. 26). Moreover, the stairs installed the tactile paving (Fig. 28) at the edge of each landings and at the start of the stairs. This approach enhance the safety of blind users.

A set of handrail is installed on the right handsome of the staircase, it seems suitable to use from the image as further details of the stairs cannot be found.

Fig 26 - HM Government (2013)

No. of riser

Stairs A

Stairs B

Stairs C

Stairs D

Going

280mm

13

14

14

12

Rise

160mm

B

C

Stairs Section

A/ Width of the stairs= 2000mm B/ Headroom of the stairs= 4100mm C/ length of the landing= 2100mm

Fig 24 – Research Space (RMIT, 2011)

14

A

11

12

Fig 25 - The main stairs (RMIT, 2011)

ARC2009 Focus Illustrations

ARC2010 Architectural Technology 2.2: Construction and Energy Efficiency | ARC2009 Architectural Technology 2.1: Construction in Detail | Academic Portfolio 17-18

13

110

ARC2020 Dissertation Studies and Research Methods

Foreign domestic helpers gathered under the HSBC building on a Sunday in Central district. (Lee, 2017)

Investigating the relationship between architectural considerations at Central district (HK) and cultural behaviours among the Filipinos domestic helpers.

ARC2020 Dissertation Proposal dE_11 Displaced Practices Name: Ka Ching Leung Student No. 160012716 Tutors: Dr Zeynep Kezer and Dr Christos Kakalis Word count: 1129 words 

111 Academic Portfolio 17-18 | ARC2020 Dissertation Studies and Research Methods

Introduction

Aims and Objective

Labour export is a policy that providing opportunities to let a country to export their nationals to work in a foreign country. There are countries that exporting labours to stimulate the economy and

The aim of this dissertation is to investigate the relationship between architecture around Central and the cultural behaviour among the Filipinos domestic helpers. The cultural behaviour can

reduce poverty across the countries, such as Indonesia, China, Vietnam, the Philippines and North

be divide into religious, language and mode of social contact. The architectural considerations can be

Korea. The Philippines has exporting labours since the 1970s, in order to solve the economic crisis

divide into micro-objectives and macro-objectives. Micro-objectives are aspects of daylight,

and reduce the unemployment rate by their remittance incomes. According to the Commission on

ventilation, materiality and flexibility; Macro-objectives included the aspects of size, circulation flow

Filipinos Overseas (CFO) in 2013, estimated that approximately 10.2 million of Filipino descent lived or worked abroad.1 They usually work as a nurse, a Caregiver, a technician or a domestic worker that

and orientation.

Filipinos domestic workers usually work aboard in Asia and the Middle East, such as Qatar, Kuwait,

Methodology

Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong and Taiwan. The experience of displacement is uncanny that they came to work for a foreign family and live with them, to learn to cook foreign dishes and take care of the household. Such experiences are mystery challenges that they have to overcome with their displacement.

In the situation of Hong Kong, the policy of admission of Foreign Domestic Helpers (FDHs)

was introduced in 1973, as Hong Kong was facing shortage of live-in domestic

helpers.2

The FDHs

release local females from housework for productive work in the job market, making an invaluable contribution to economic development.3 In a typical middle-class family, both of the parents have to go to work and the family is maintained by one of these domestic workers. The domestic helpers are displaced for more than half of their life, to work in a different country from their 20s until they retired.

On every Sunday, most of the Filipino domestic helpers gathered in the park, on the footbridge or underneath of a building in Central, to enjoy the only day in a week to meet their friends from the Philippines.

Although these activities may not be regarded as the official history of Hong Kong, this kind of

displacement has become a collective memory for the generation in Hong Kong that many children are raised or accompanied by them. Creating a collective memory for the city, the formation of those particular behaviours is remain unclear. The dissertation will be investigating the relationship between architecture and spaces around Central district and the cultural behaviours among the Filipinos domestic helpers, and focusing on the logic behind of choosing Central as the destination of gathering and the occur of the gathering.

This dissertation proposed as an 8000 words report that based on a study of relevant academic literature including books, and articles and case studies. Books and article are good resources which provide information about the culture of Filipinos and the architectural consideration of the Central district in Hong Kong. Literature review will be conducted mainly on fields of anthropological theories, sociology theories, environment psychological theories and architectural theories, to demonstrate an understanding of the relationship between space and human behaviour.

In addition, the research will adopt an observational study of Central. This will be carried out

by using mapping to show how the surroundings affect the movement of the domestic helpers and the how architecture influence their cultural behaviour. The main intention of the study will be investigating the relation between surroundings and the open spaces that they gathered. Observation will be recorded at 3 most popular open space. The intended output will be showing how the surroundings influence the decision of the places they chose to gather.

Limitation

There are numerous open spaces could be observed and analysed in Central. However, due

to limited time for the research, not all mentioned aspects and places will be analysed. The selection of aspects will be corresponding to their relevance and importance to the topic. Also, The observation can only be carried out throughout the summer due to limited research time, unable to observe if there are any changes affected by the weather in winter.

Commission on Filipinos Overseas (2013). Stock estimate of overseas Filipinos As of December 2013. [online] Commission on Filipinos Overseas. Available at: http://www.cfo.gov.ph/images/stories/pdf/StockEstimate2013.pdf [Accessed 10 Mar. 2018].

1

2

Ng, S. (2015). Labour law in Hong Kong. 2nd rev. ed. Den Haag: Kluwer Law International.

3

Research Office, Legislative Council Secretariat (2017). Foreign domestic helpers and evolving care duties in Hong Kong. Hong Kong.

Literature Review

According to the Planning Department in Hong Kong in 2016, only 24.3% of of its total

territory of 1100 km2 was developed as an urban area.4 The regulation that prohibited developments on vegetated land made Hong Kong became a relatively dense city. Central is regarded as the Central business district (CBD) which is well developed for businesses and filled with skyscrapers. Over developing with skyscrapers made the district lacking of open space for public to use. Referring to Cheung, D. and Tang, B., the definition of open space is; “Open space takes on various forms and refers to different meanings under various contexts including parks, green spaces, green ways, waterfront areas, plazas and playground.” 5

The use of open space in the urban area draws people together for passive enjoyment.6 This is rare to be found on a normal weekday in Central ,but on every Sunday the Central district has became a ‘Little Manila’ in Hong Kong.7 They completely changed the place with a festival atmosphere.8 The Filipino culture brings a different vibes into the CBD which is joyful and pleasurable. A Hong Kong Filipino Newspaper described the Central district on Sunday as follow; “Just to go the Square, then you can feel you’re in Luneta, Quiapo or Divisoria in the Philippines” 9

The Filipinos domestic helpers bring Filipino food and share with their friend, they sing and dance with their friends and they enjoy their only day off in a week with their friends. Referring to Yu, who interviewed some Filipino domestic helpers during 2002-2003; when the Severe acuted respiratory syndrome (SARS) breakout in Hong Kong, whether they would prefer to stay indoor for their Sunday gathering if indoor facilities were provided, but most of their answer were “No.” and expressed that ‘Gathering outside is our culture’.10 It showed that a gathering in a outdoor space on every Sunday is an essential for their life in Hong Kong. However, the Filipinos domestic helpers required a massive amount of space to gather on every Sunday. One of the reason is the shortage of open space made them to utilise the existing spaces that they could use. They used the space in the square, on the footbridges, underneath the skyscrapers, the highway and the foot bridges. What are the major factors that cause Filipinos to gather in these open spaces? Why these place is chosen to gather remain unanswered.

Reference Commission on Filipinos Overseas (2013). Stock estimate of overseas Filipinos As of December 2013. [online] Commission on Filipinos Overseas. Available at: http://www.cfo.gov.ph/images/stories/pdf/ StockEstimate2013.pdf [Accessed 10 Mar. 2018].

Constable, N. (2007). Maid to order in Hong Kong. 2nd ed. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Cheung, D. and Tang, B. (2016). Recreation Space or Urban Land Reserve? Land-Use Zoning Patterns and the Transformation of Open Space in Hong Kong. Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 142(3), p.04016004.

Jackson, J. (1985). Vernacular Space. Texas Architect, 35(2), pp.58-61.

Law, L. (2001). Home Cooking: Filipino Women and Geographies of the Senses in Hong Kong. Ecumene, 8(3), pp.264-283.

Lee, T. (2017). Foreign domestic helpers gathered under the HSBC building on a Sunday in Central district.. [image] Available at: http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/law-crime/article/2119429/ thousands-filipino-domestic-helpers-see-arrival-hong-kong [Accessed 10 Mar. 2018].

Madamba, V. (1993) “On Friday Afternoon at the Square”, Diwaliwan, vol. 1, no. 5, p. 56 Ng, S. (2015). Labour law in Hong Kong. 2nd rev. ed. Den Haag: Kluwer Law International.

Planning Department. (2016). Land Utilization in Hong Kong 2016. [online] Available at: https:// www.pland.gov.hk/pland_en/info_serv/statistic/landu.html [Accessed 13 May 2018].

Research Office, Legislative Council Secretariat (2017). Foreign domestic helpers and evolving care duties in Hong Kong. Hong Kong.

Yu, X. (2009). Influence of Intrinsic Culture: Use of Public Space by Filipina Domestic Helpers in Hong Kong. Journal for Cultural Research, 13(2), pp.97-114.

Planning Department. (2016). Land Utilization in Hong Kong 2016. [online] Available at: https://www.pland.gov.hk/pland_en/info_serv/statistic/ landu.html [Accessed 13 May 2018].

4

Cheung, D. and Tang, B. (2016). Recreation Space or Urban Land Reserve? Land-Use Zoning Patterns and the Transformation of Open Space in Hong Kong. Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 142(3), p.04016004.

5

6

Jackson, J. (1985). Vernacular Space. Texas Architect, 35(2), pp.58-61.

7

Law, L. (2001). Home Cooking: Filipino Women and Geographies of the Senses in Hong Kong. Ecumene, 8(3), pp.264-283.

8

Constable, N. (2007). Maid to order in Hong Kong. 2nd ed. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

9

Madamba, V. (1993) “On Friday Afternoon at the Square”, Diwaliwan, vol. 1, no. 5, p. 56

Yu, X. (2009). Influence of Intrinsic Culture: Use of Public Space by Filipina Domestic Helpers in Hong Kong. Journal for Cultural Research, 13(2), pp.97-114.

10

ARC2020 Dissertation Studies and Research Methods | Academic Portfolio 17-18

112

ARC2024 About Architecture: Cities, Cultures & Space

The Skyline of Manhattan http://uk.businessinsider.com/megaprojects-new-york-city-2017-1?r=US&IR=T

The Generic New York: Manhattan Island Student Number: 160012716 Student Name: Ka Ching Leung Date: 29/01/2018 Word Count: 2852 words Question Attempted: Choose a city that has been addressed in one of the lectures in this block, and through a careful reading of its history and the development of its urban form, examine, through the Koolhaas text, the question of how that city has come into being, and how it may, or may not be considered to have areas or quarters of a ‘generic’ nature.

113 Academic Portfolio 17-18 | ARC2024 About Architecture: Cities, Cultures & Space

New York is one of the most busiest city in the world. The city has been divided into five “The generic city is on its way from horizontal to

areas; Manhattan, Queens, Brooklyn, the Bronx and the Staten Island. It is substantial in scale and has been developed successfully with its grid. It can be argued that has the characteristic of a

verticality. The skyscraper

generic city. Designed with a fractal grid planning and skyscrapers, it was made to be a well-known

looks as if it will be final, definitive typology. It has swallowed everything

city in the world. Moreover, as the commercial, financial and cultural centre, it has been a leading role in these industries. By reading through the text “The Generic City”, written by Koolhaas, and

else. It can exist anywhere:in a rice field, or downtown- it makes no difference anymore.”5

analysing the history, culture, urban form, architectures and the evolution of Manhattan Island of New York City, the city may be considered with a generic nature.

The New York City was one of the Dutch Colonies

As the “first skyscrapers”; the

named New Amsterdam as a part of the New Netherland before 1664,

Equitable Life Assurance

that the Kingdom of England took over the

Society Building (1870)

control of the city and renamed it as New York. The City has

Figure 3. Equitable Life Assurance Society Building (1870) http://www.nyc-architecture.com/GON/ GON079.htm

Figure 4. Western Union Building (1875) http://www.nyc-architecture.com/GON/ GON053.htm

(Figure 3.), the Western Union

become a part of the United States after the American

Building (1875) (Figure 4.) and the Tribune Building (1875)

Revolution war in 1777. Before the Commissioner’s Plan of

(Figure 5.), raised in New York in the 1870s, had broken through

1811, New York city grew naturally like other European cities,

the skyline of New York that buildings were only ten-storey tall

that it was settled at the south part of the Manhattan island. It

and massive in mass.6 Although the “first skyscrapers” on the

was situated next to the city its dock which was there since the

Manhattan Island had been demolished, replaced with new

Dutch settlement. The streets of the city are short and

buildings, these actions have the generic nature that Koolhaas

complex, shaped by the context and lack of consistency. 1 The

has mentioned;

population of New York increased after the Revolution because of the economic accomplishment of the dock; In

“The Generic City destructive cycle of dependency: it is nothing but a reflection of present need and present ability….If it gets

1790, the population of Manhattan was only 32,328, but

too small it just expands. If it gets old it just self-destructs and renew….like a Hollywood studio lot, it can produce a new

between 1790 and 1810, the population of Manhattan tripled to 96,373. 2 The Common Council established a new

identity every Monday morning.”7

administration department for planning the layout of the city, checking the expenses that the property owner had to pay and

“The great originality of the Generic City is simply to abandon whats doesn’t work”8

maintain the street in 1800. 3 The Commissioner’s Plan of 1811

Figure 5. Tribune Building (1875) http://www.nyc-architecture.com/GON/ GON021.htm

(Figure 1.) was to cope with the rapid increase of population . that a generic city will just abandon the architecture and structures

The city had to be expanded in order to accommodate the

that they do not need or not in-use anymore, or they demolish the old buildings and rebuild a more

population. The plan outlined the city with a grid system that

massive one on the original location. The Western Union Building was demolished in the 1910s and

was clear for the government to manage with it’s numbering system and the streets are easier to manage. The grid

Figure 1. Commissioner’s Plan of 1811 http://www.esperdy.net/auto-pilot-withoutcruise-control/

planning system is the most common way to plan a city in the

5

Koolhaas, p. 1253 (see note 4)

Sarah Bradford Landau and Carl W Condit, Rise Of The New York Skyscraper, 1865-1913 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999), p.

62 6

1

Hilary Ballon, The Greatest Grid-The Master Plan Of Manhattan (New York: Museum of the City of New York, 2012), p.17

2

Ballon, p. 27 (see note 1)

7

Koolhaas, p. 1250 (see note 4)

3

Ballon, p.17 (see note 1)

8

Koolhaas, p. 1252 (see note 4)

!2

United State. Started to be used in 1682 for the

replaced by a 29-storey high

planning of Philadelphia, the gird planning has been

tower. New York at that period

used for Chicago, San Francisco, New York and

was experiencing a rapid

others major cities in the America. The reason of

expansion of the city, the

using a grid system is these cities were expanded

population had been increased

extensively fast and it is a manageable

way to

from 942,292 when it was built

govern a city. For example, in New York, the

to 2,331,542 when it was

horizontal pathways are called streets and sorted ascending in numbers from south to north (Lower

!4

demolished.9 New buildings

Figure 2. Grid planning of Barcelona (1859) http://www.planum.net/cultural-identities-barcelona-spain

were required in order to cope

Manhattan to Upper Manhattan). The vertical

with the growth of population

pathways that getting through the island are called avenues; sorted in ascending order with

which developed to be the

numbers from east to west. Koolhaas mentioned his view of urban form in “The Generic City” as

building boom on Manhattan

follows;

Island in 1920s. Starting from

Figure 6. Flatiron Building (1902) http://nyc-architecture.com/GRP/ GRP024.htm

the 20 century, the age of “Sometimes an old, singular city, like Barcelona, by oversimplifying its identity, turns Generic.The generic city is fractal, an endless repetition of the same simple structural module; it is possible to reconstruct it from smallest entity.”4

Figure 7. Woolworth Building (1912) http://nyc-architecture.com/GRP/ GRP024.htm

skyscraper has been started, that some of the well-known buildings were built in this

Koolhaas expressed his view of the urban form of an generic city of repeating the street blocks in a

period, for examples, the Flatiron

similar dimension and form which was reducing the uniqueness of the city, and the city turned

Building (1902) (Figure 6.), the

generic due to the same urban form that could be built in anywhere. He gave an example that

Woolworth Building (1912)

Barcelona in Spain was oversimplifying its identity and turned generic by reason of the expansion of

(Figure 7.) and the Trinity

the city. Barcelona expanded the city with a square grid planning (Figure 2.) to create the

Building (1907) (Figure 8.); They

environment that was unchallenging to manage unlike the old town area which had narrow streets

are built because of the

and were complex, but the grid planning of Barcelona was relatively confusing because each side of

achievements on maturity of

the blocks has the same length and the street all looked similar as the styles were constrict by the

techniques, architectural

local regulation. Therefore, Barcelona turned generic. Relating back in New York, the city’s grid is in

confidence, and to achieve

rectangular form and repeating the same shape of blocks all over the island, it is not difficult to get

height that never been reached.10 The economic boom after the

distracted because the blocks are similar red brick buildings. However, the system that naming the

World War II, United State has became one of the well developed countries in the world. More and

streets helps people to identify their locations. Despite the assist of the naming system of the streets

more skyscraper were built because of the following reasons; Firstly, it responds to the high land

and avenues, the grid planning itself still has a sense of generic that Koolhaas mentioned.

values of the metropolitan area of New York City, when the land has a higher value, the building has

Figure 8. Trinity Building (1912) http://www.nyc-architecture.com/LM/ LM054.htm

Figure 9. Chrysler Building (1930) http://www.nyc-architecture.com/LM/ LM054.htm

to be taller in order to gain the revenue and fully utilise the land; Secondly, the Skyscrapers could be ARCHITECTURE AND SKYLINE

used to show off the wealth and power that the skyscraper acts as a monument in the city. 11

New York City is famous of its architecture and skyscrapers. After the expansion of the city, the skyscrapers came in the city next. Koolhaas made his view on skyscrapers of generic city as follows;

4

Rem Koolhaas, “The Generic City” in Small, Medium, Large, Extra-Large, 2nd edn (New- York: Monacelli Press, 1998), p. 1251

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Chrysler Building (1930) (Figure 9.) is one of the examples that it is iconic and unique as a building Laura K. Yax Population Division, Population Of The 100 Largest Cities And Other Urban Places In The United States: 1790 To 1990, Census.Gov, 1998 <https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0027/twps0027.html#citypop> [22 January 2018].

9

10

Landau and Condit, p.298 (see note 6)

11

Jason M Barr, Building The Skyline: The Birth And Growth Of Manhattan's Skyscrapers (Oxford University Press, 2016), p. 272

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114

only multiracial, also multicultural. That’s why it comes no surprise to see temples between slabs, dragons on the main boulevards, Buddhas in the CBD (central business district).”15

in Art Deco style, it has become one of the iconic monuments in the metropolitan area. A numbers amount of iconic skyscrapers were built in the 1930s, which made the skyline of New York City famous, becoming one of the

New York is a place that multicultural and multiracial, different cultures gather and live together, for

symbolic places that could represent the New York City. The

example, the Chinatown in New York City embodies a good illustration as Koolhaas described, that

symbolic part of a city usually makes it to be an icon of the city

the it decorates with the features of traditional Chinese architecture, signs of the shops in Chinese

illustrating to the world, Koolhaas expressed his view as follow;

and the Temples between the buildings (Figure 14.). Multicultural made a city generic city in terms of merging with other cultures and original identities or its own characteristic are lost, which becomes

“The unique parts of all generic cities together have created a universal souvenir, scientific cross between Eiffel Tower, Sacre

same as other generic city.

Coeur, and Statue of Liberty…”12

URBAN PLANE

The skyline, the Statue of Liberty

Although the city has a lot of areas or parts that matching with the Koolhaas text that with a

and the Time Square are few of the

sense of generic, the urban plane and the history of the city may not be generic.

examples that usually be shown on the souvenir or the postcards; they were used to represent the city.

New York is famous of its traffic congestion that too many vehicles are centralised into the

More and more skyscrapers were

Manhattan island, making it to become the busiest place as the business area. It is situated in the

being built in New York, the city had

south part of manhattan Island so that travellers and residents can visit and gather in the heart of

more representable buildings, and

the city. The urban plane of the Manhattan island is as the following statement by Koolhaas;

was approaching to different styles “The urban plane now only accommodates necessary movement, fundamentally the car; highways are

and getting more unique. For examples, the 8 Spruce Street (2011) (Figure 10.) that designed by

a superior version of boulevards and plazas, taking more and more space;”16 Figure 10. 8 Spruce Street (2011) http://nyclovesnyc.blogspot.co.uk/ 2011/02/8-spruce-street-newyorks-tallest.html

Figure 11. MoMA Expansion Tower (2012) http://nyclovesnyc.blogspot.co.uk/ 2011/02/8-spruce-street-new-yorkstallest.html

However, the urban plane of New York not only

Frank Gehry, the MoMA Expansion

accommodates the necessary movement, New

Tower (2012) (Figure 11.) designed

York’s urban plane has other contributions, for

by Jean Nouvel and the Steinway

examples, the Central Park (Figure 15.). The

Tower (2018) (Figure 12.) designed

Central Park is one of the largest parks that sits

by SHoP Architects. These new

noticeably right in the city centre. Also, the

buildings had new approaches of

urban form of the city of the

design and the arrangements, that

road on manhattan island cutting diagonally and

they were built as an irregular form

to get intersect with a total of six streets. Those

like a box. According to Koolhaas,

Figure 15. Central Park http://www.centralparktoursnyc.com/interesting-facts-aboutcentral-park/

intersections have created public spaces, for examples, Union Square, Madison Square and Times

and aimed to attempt things that never been tried before and not just

Broadway is a

Figure 12. Steinway Tower (2018) https://www.dezeen.com/2017/07/28/worlds-skinniest-skyscraper-111-west-57thstreet-stalls-20-storeys-tall-shop-architects/

Square.

these buildings could be defined as interesting buildings in the generic city;

12

Koolhaas, p. 1257 (see note 4)

15

Koolhaas, p. 1252 (see note 4)

16

Koolhaas, p. 1251 (see note 4)

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“There are interesting and boring building in the Generic city, as in all cities. Both traces their ancestry back to Mies van der Rohe; the first category to his irregular Friedrichstadt tower (1921) (Figure 13.), the second to the boxes he conceived not long afterward. This sequence is important: obviously, after

HISTORY

initial experimentation, Mies made up his mind once and for all against interest, for boredom…The Generic City proves him wrong: its more daring architects have taken up the challenge that Mies abandoned, to the point where it is now hard to find a box. ”13

at the start of the text;

The interesting skyscrapers are now buildings all over the island,

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History of New York City affirmed the argument of Koolhaas text’s relating to the generic city

“It is the city without history."17

He made this statement to express his view of the characteristics that a generic city should include.

and it is hard to find a building like a box. They are now in curves

He argued that history should not be existed in a generic city. However, history is inevitable when it

and interlocked with each other. The development of Manhattan is

comes to the development and constructing a city. New York is a city that with almost 500 years of

not just about the skyscrapers, that at the water front has became

history and could be traced back to 1524, the European Settlement.18 The City has been grow for

a place that for people to escape from their daily life, such as the

almost 500 years, passing through different phases, it had been a British colony from 1664 to 1783,

Battery Park at the south tip of the island, located just next to the

the American revolution war come in next from 1765 to 1783, the Federal of United established in a

business area, provides a green space for everyone to escape

year after the American Revolution. Then, the City had been through the World War One and World

from their busy life.

War Two. Into the modern age, the city grew swiftly and became the New York today. In spite of the fact that New York has the nature of generic on its planning or physically, it is a city that contains

“Each Generic city has a waterfront, not necessarily with water-it can also be with desert, for instance- but at least with an edge where is meets another condition, as if a position of near escape is the best guarantee of its enjoyment….”

fruitful and seminal history, being unique for its irreplaceable identity, the story only belongs to New Figure 13. Friedrichstadt tower (1921) http://www.laits.utexas.edu/berlin/ buildings3.php

York City.

New York has been transformed from a colony that only was developed at the south tip of The waterfront of Manhattan island are mostly parks or piers. The piers are there for connections from the island to other places in New York City; the parks are placed at this position to balance the life of the residents or any workers on the island, to give them a way to escape.

the island, to now had turn into be one of the largest city in world, with skyscrapers and the famous downtown attracting over millions of tourist to visit New York City every year. Globalisation influenced the rapid development in the past two centuries. In the modern age, globalisation is undoubtedly inevitable that the reason the generic city has been born; the rapid exchange of

THE PEOPLE

knowledge, information and culture, the generic cities are applying the strength of others cities

New York, one the magnificent cities in the

have, to maximise the efficiency of the city as the generic city. It is usually a city being large in scale

world, has residents from different regions of the

and being capable to accommodate over millions of residents. Therefore, they need to get the most

world. People are seeking for opportunities and

efficient way to allow the city operating. New York, as being one of the largest and most influential

trying to settle down in the New York making the

cities in the world, needs to be well-planned with its infrastructure and architecture. To summarise,

city to be multicultural. The population included

the New York may be considered as a generic city that Koolhaas described, referring to its urban

26.6% Black, 44.7% White, 9.8% Asian, 4.9%

form, architecture and culture matched with what he had mentioned in his text “The Generic City” in

mixed race and 14% other,14 although the data is

the book “S, M, L XL” published in 1998.

not exactly like what Koolhaas described below; Figure 14. Chinatown in Manhattan http://new-york-chinatown.info/chinatown-photos/

“The generic city is seriously multiracial, on average 8% black, 12%white, 27%Hispanic, 37% Chinese/ Asian, 6% indeterminate, 10% other…Not 13

Koolhaas, p. 1260 (see note 4)

Data (DADS), U.S. Census Bureau Census 2000, Factfinder.Census.Gov, 2000 <https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/ pages/productview.xhtml?src=bkmk> [23 January 2018].

17

Koolhaas, p. 1250 (see note 4)

18

Samuel Eliot Morison, The European Discovery Of America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 490.

14

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115 Academic Portfolio 17-18 | ARC2024 About Architecture: Cities, Cultures & Space

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BIBLIOGRAPHY Ballon, Hilary, The Greatest Grid-The Master Plan Of Manhattan (New York: Museum of the City of New York, 2012)

Barr, Jason M, Building The Skyline: The Birth And Growth Of Manhattan's Skyscrapers(Oxford University Press, 2016)

(DADS), Data, "U.S. Census Bureau Census 2000", Factfinder.Census.Gov, 2000 <https:// factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=bkmk> [23 January 2018]

Landau, Sarah Bradford, and Carl W Condit, Rise Of The New York Skyscraper, 1865-1913(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999)

Mau, Bruce, Rem Koolhaas, Jennifer Sigler, and Hans Werlemann, Small, Medium, Large, ExtraLarge, 2nd edn (New- York: Monacelli Press, 1998), pp.937,1248-1264

Morison, Samuel Eliot, The European Discovery Of America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 490

Population Division, Laura K. Yax, "Population Of The 100 Largest Cities And Other Urban Places In Theunited States: 1790 To 1990", Census.Gov, 1998 <https://www.census.gov/population/www/ documentation/twps0027/twps0027.html#citypop> [22 January 2018]

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08

Learning Journal: Crafting Architecture

Site-reading workshop

Skills in practice

I learnt to do site mapping and represent the site features by using different colours and mediums. I did enjoy the part that we actually went out for a walk around Newcastle and record the experience that we had. I learnt how to use colour to represent the important features of the site by editing the map with photoshop.

Workshop output

Futu

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am

pla

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Skills in practice

Bu

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119 Academic Portfolio 17-18 | Learning Journal: Crafting Architecture

o

Sli

Bu

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st

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no

we

s

oE

din

gb

ur

gh

Diagram workshop

Skills in practice

I learnt to simplify the message that I would like to bring out through different kinds of diagrams.

I simplified the relationship that I wrote down in the workshop to a diagram, which is easier to read and understand. I used the diagram in Dwelling plus to represent the relationship between the programme and the participants. I enjoy the workshop that leading myself to think how to simplify an idea.

Workshop output

Gallery Design Studio Workshop Cafe Lecture room Reception Services

Learning Journal: Crafting Architecture | Academic Portfolio 17-18 120

Detailing workshop

Workshop output

I learnt the properties of glass on the workshop and tried to cut off a piece of glass by myself.

I really enjoyed the experience of cutting the glass by using a glass knife, it enhanced my acknowledgement to glass. After the workshop, I tried to melt a piece of plastic by using a heat gun, to test out the flexibility of plastic.

1/ Prepare a piece of glass, a glass knife and some light oil.

Skills in practice

2/ Apply pressure to the glass from the tip of the glass knife and cut along the glass with its carbide wheel.

3/ To break the glass, apply low pressure the wrist to brake the glass from the score.

121 Academic Portfolio 17-18 | Learning Journal: Crafting Architecture

Structure workshop

Skills in practice

I learnt structure details of a glass building referring to my case study building. The workshop reminds me to be aware of the detail of a double skin building. So this had improved to suit my design with a glass bead facade, helps me to revise the technical detail.

Workshop output

Learning Journal: Crafting Architecture | Academic Portfolio 17-18

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09

P2.6 Integrated Studio Technology

Structural strategy The building will be a mix of concrete and steel frame structure. The concrete structure is used for the parts that at the which hide in the soil, the building needs a thicker wall the retain from the soil. The steel frame structure is used for the double skin system which is light to let daylight to get into the building and support the double-glazed curtain wall system. The section on the right showed the double skin system, how the beads act as a facade to control the sunlight and how the air exchanged.

125 Academic Portfolio 17-18 | P2.6 Integrated Studio Technology

Detail section Scale 1:40 P2.6 Integrated Studio Technology | Academic Portfolio 17-18

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