THESIS - Creating Capabilities through Participatory Democracy

THESIS RESEARCH Katie Livermore MArch 6th Year MSAp

CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1: Introduction

Page no.

Valuing Affective Labour; Critical texts 5th - 6 year Research Focus Inspiration Matrix Spatial Investigations; What are the barriers faced by migrants?

Migrant’s right to the city The theory of Migration: an imagined concept?

4 5 6-7 8-9 10-13 14-15 16-17

CHAPTER 2: Global analysis Types of Migrant International Migrant Stock

18-19 20- 23

CHAPTER 3: Meso analysis - Trends of UK migration History of UK Migration Migration Trends Media Coverage UK Policy: Visas & Asylum process Public view on immigration; Question time Interview with Mark Davies, UKIP Macro-Meso Conclusions

26-27 28-31 32-33 34-39 40-41 42-43 44-45

CHAPTER 4: Micro Analysis - Manchester

Page no.

History of Manchester migration Sense of arrival: anecdotal research What facilities exist for migrants?

90 degrees citizen event Advice Anonymous Interview with Bethan Harries Project focus Diverse Manchester: Statistics

50-51 52-67 68-69 70-71 72-73 74-75 76-77 78-79

CHAPTER 5: Nano Analysis - Cheetham Hill Cheetham & Crumpsall welcome centre, Trinity church Cheetham Hill Statistics Facilities Creating Capabilities Working Models: Indische & Lostock How can this be applied to Cheetham hill?

Key Actors Programme Process, Project, Product Initial Sites

82-91 92-99 100-103 104-107 108-111 112-113 114-115 116-117 118-119 120-121

CHAPTER 6: LOVED CITY Loved City Doll’s House

122-127

Engagement timeline Appendix Bibliography

128-129 130-135 136-137

3

THE LOVED CITY: Valuing Affective Labour TEXT: The Affective Turn: theorising the social Michael Hardt

The introduction to Patricia Ticineto Clough’s text ‘The Affective Turn’ introduces ‘affects’ as things that draw attention to the body & emotions; relating to both reason and to passion. The affective turn is trying to address the mind’s power to think, the body’s power to act; the power to act and be affected. Affective labour is the emotional, intellectual and physical labour vested into an idea or action. How can we value this contribution? How can we make the intangible, tangible?

SEMINAR: (film recording) What is the Creative Act? Gilles Deleuze Deleuze explores what it is to have an idea (in cinema). He introduces ‘ideas’ as being types of potentials which engage in a form of expression. Often ideas are specific to certain treatments; methods which affect their audience in the most appropriate manner. Deleuze utilises the concepts of cinema to demonstrate the ‘affective labour’ implicit within cinematic ideas. Film can affect both mind and body.

TEXT: Bad Architects Steal, Good Architects Redistribute Not Content: Projects for a Shared City, Stefan White The concept of affective labour is further examined in White’s analysis of OMA’s (Office for Metropolitan Architecture) design methodology. The practice manipulates precedents (in size & basic arrangement) and ‘sits’ them on their sites. Is this plagiarism? Is this utilising existing designs as a stimulant for the creative process?

Architectural knowledge consists of embodied & emotional labour. It should not only be the final product which is valued but the overall labour involved; whether emotional, aesthetic, compositional, technical, invisible.

5th YEAR - 6th YEAR My 5th year project attempted to explore the affect infrastructure has on the distribution and access to public services. Theories established by the Situationist International provoked an investiation into ‘social encounters’ in the city as well as ways in which to loosen the controls of public space. The new airport tram line serving Wythenshawe, Manchester was identified as an infrastructural barrier upon which 3 interventions were proposed in order to loosen the conventions of public transport, to allow greater fluidity of services throughout Wythenshawe and Manchester.

SOCIAL ENCOUNTERS BREAKING BARRIERS LOOSEN CONTROL

Broadly distributed contact, lack of centre, focus and facilities

PLACE + IDENTITY TRADE + SKILLS + ADVICE DISTRIBUTION OF PEOPLE

STATIC + MOBILE FACILITIES

Defined service distribution, Flexible facility with several centres

5

RESEARCH FOCUS

A study into the concept of MIGRATION. My THESIS will aim to ask: 1. To what extent is ‘migration’ an imagined concept?

2. What are the barriers faced by migrants in relation to the development of their ‘internal capabilities’ as well as social, physical, economic, political and spatial environments?

3. How can a framework be implemented to introduce resolution to these issues through intervention within the built environment on a local level?

4. Are there spatial territories related to race/ ethnicity? How are they?

5. How can these (built environment) interventions respond to spatial territories?

To try to answer these questions I propose to examine the Macro to Micro affects and responses to global migration. What is happening in the UK in context to a global level? What is the sense of arrival for migrants and what policy affects their arrival.

• How does the media perception of migration translate to what occurs in reality?

• What aspects of life cause the most hostility?

• Where in manchester is there a high level of migrant population? How have facilities been racialised to suit the local demographic? How can a framework be established to develop a fair, good quality of life assessment for all?

• How can these questions translate programmatically to inform an architectural solution?

7

INSPIRATION MATRIX

Liu Boilin

cts ite ch Ar

Beijing artist Liu Bolin questions the environment around us by disappearing into it. He particularly focuses on socio-political issues in China. His ‘Liu Bolin hides’ collection tries to question the inter-cancelling relationship between civilisation and its development.

’ ‘Laid Off

F MU

Liu Bolin Artist

M ob i

Jen

nif er

le

Ur ba n

Ro b

ins on

ARCHI & T AR

ism

MEMO

ercock

Franck & Stevens

N

TE

XT

S

rcu s

e

Ri gh th t to el t ay he c ere i Pet d c ty, er Ma ity

ad nS o Sim

A DV

AL

‘We live in a time when it is not only animal species that are disappearing; so too are the words, expressions and gestures of human solidarity.’

at itu S e Th

ity tC s i ler ion

TIC

Donald Trump

evens Q. St & k anc K. Fr

C RI

Looser control permits qualities of possibility, diversity and disorder to animate city living. The concept de-regulates both space and function; opening up chance happenings as well as social encounters.

pace Loose S

ROUPS H A V EO

Loose space explores informal happenings in day to day life which permit places to become ‘loose’; separating space from its original function and appropriating it in alternative ways.

Donald Trump

Leonie Sa nd

ING COMMUNIT IST IES X E .

fferen ce

IGATING T S VE IN

Reno vatio n or Gentrifi cation of New York.. .

(in)di

MIGRATION

Cities of

Du e Do lls gg an Ho M use orr is A rch ite cts

Virtual Migran ts

‘Passeng er 12’

Duggan Morris Architects

Th

Duggan Morris’ ‘The Dolls House’ is a series of three dimensional plans which connect both horizontally & vertically in numerous ways. The dolls house was built as part of a fundraising event for Charities Catherdral and Kids.

ITECTUR E

What interests me most about the composition of this piece, is its interactive and changeable nature. The user of the dolls house is able to manipulate spaces according to what best suits their desire.

ORY

EW

IAL SOC

M

ie

et rre Jeun Jean-Pie

100 Flowers H idden Deep Chen

US

IC

VIC E

Amel

FILM

POPULATIO N S BILE & MO N

TIC & MOBILE STA A T L I O U NS POP

S

G THE A FFE CT

So Gla H d ot

Ch ip

Kaig

e

Chen Kaige Kaige’s film 100 flowers hidden deep demonstrates the power of memory on personal experience & knowledge of a changing cityscape. Can nostaliga be a powerful tool for re-establishing positive aspects of the city, or is it a warped yearning for an imagined past?

To See You

Th

a Sp sic Ba XX e

ce

l apabi ing C Creat ities

baum C. Nuss Martha

9

MOBILE POPULATIONS: WHAT ARE THE BARRIERS FACED BY MIGRANTS?

BARRIERS Migration (human) is the movement of people from one place in the world to another for the purpose of taking up permanent or semipermanent residence, usually across a political boundary

ECONOMIC Cultural SPATIAL

Social

11

BARRIERS: Obstructing pathways

What difficulties are faced when arriving in a new place? How do you begin to settle somewhere new; whether in a familiar country or not? Do existing communities feel threathened as a result of an influx of new social groups? What kinds of barriers do these things create within urban space?

This relief model aims to spatialise territories and physical barriers. Pathways or routes are visible from each ‘part’ of the model, however, each route appears to be blocked, unobtainable.

13

EDUCATION

CULTURAL MARKERS

SHARING ADVICE

EMERGING CULTURAL TRAITS

HOW DO YOU SETTLE SOMEWHERE NEW?

CONFLICTING CULTURES

LIFE EXPERI

BUDDY networks

PROTE

MIGRANT’S TO THE CITY ADAPT SOCIETY OR BE ADAPTED BY SOCIETY?

INTEGRATION

WOMEN: ALLOWING EVERYONE A VOICE

IENCE

Y SCHEMES DEALING WITH RACISM

ECTION

RIGHT Y

MENTAL & PHYSICAL WELL-BEING

friendship

COMMUNICATION BREAKING ISOLATION

WORK PROSPECTS

IDENTITY

WHY DO PEOPLE MIGRATE? freedom

WAR

POLITICAL UNREST RELIGION education

FLOOD

NEW START

ESCAPE NATURAL DISASTERS

FAMINE

environmental

15

Is Migration an imagined concept?

What are the issues faced by people from other places?

17

TYPES OF MIGRANT

SEASONAL MIGRATION Temporarily migrating to fulfil seasonal tasks - from city worker to crop harvester

INVOLUNTARY/ FORCED MIGRATION When governments/ guerilla groups force people out of a country - Asylum seekers - Refugees

IMMIGRATION / EMIGRATION Emigration - the act of leaving one country to move to another

UNDOCUMENTED MIGRATION ‘Irregular’ migrants - Illegal immigrants

Immigration - the act of entering/ moving into a new country; crossing a political boundary

19

INTERNATIONAL MIGRANT STOCK Where do people move to and how far?

In 2013, 232 Million International Migrants

Lived Abroad...

... That’s 3.2% of the World’s

Population

Europe: 72,449,908

Canada: 7,284,069

Asia: 70,846,771

USA: 45,785,090

Latin America & Caribbean: 8,548,070

Africa: 18,644,454

Oceania:

(Australia, New Zealand & Pacific Ocean Isalnds)

7,938,121 World International Migrant Stock, 2013:

The number of migrants living within each global region

48%

52%

Sources: http://www.unhcr.org/52a722c49.html http://esa.un.org/unmigration/wallchart2013.htm http://www.unhcr.org.uk/about-us/key-facts-and-figures.html

74% are of working age (20 to 64 years)

2/3rds of International Migrants Worldwide reside in:

EUROPE

INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION BY MAJOR AREA

MILLIONS 80 OF PEOPLE

ASIA

2013 2000 1990

60

40

The majority of International20Migrants (IM’s) born in Europe & Asia live in a country within their region of birth; 65% of 58 Million IM’s born in Europe, live within Europe. 58% of 92 million IM’s born in Asia, live within Asia.

EUROPE

ASIA

NORTH AMERICA

AFRICA

LATIN AMERICA & the CARIBBEAN

OCEANIA

0 From further analysis of the distribution of International Migrants, it can be seen that around 50% of IM’s live within just 10 of the world’s countries. 4 of these countries reside within Europe; of which the United Kingdom is the 2nd highest. The remaining are spread across the other continents, with a high concentration in the USA & Canada, the Middle-East (United Arab Emirates & Saudi Arabia) and the Russian Federation.

No central, eastern, south-eastern or southern Asian countries are within the top 10 highest for migrant stock; despite Asia being the second largest host region of international migrants. Within Asia, it could be argued that the majority of IM’s reside within the western countries of Asia (The Middle-east on a global scale) and perhaps the eastern Russian states. Further analysis into the Refugee population overleaf will expand on the general distribution of the world’s mobile population.

KEY

50

Top 10 Countries with largest Migrant Stock 2013 2000 1990

40

30

20

10

USA

Russian Federation

Germany

Saudi Arabia

United Arab Emirates

UK

France

Canada

Australia

0 Spain

Millions of People

21

INTERNATIONAL REFUGEE STOCK This global data begins to highlight current trends in world migration. It must be highlighted, that the relative size and overall population of each country should be taken into account when considering the data.

In 2013, Germany obtained the 6th largest number of refugees worldwide. It is the only European country within the ‘top 10 countries with the largest number of refugees’. In comparison to 2.5% in the United Kingdom, 5.8% of Germany’s international migrant stock are refugees. However 12.4% of the UK’s overall population are international migrant stock compared to Germany’s 11.9%.

France follows closely with 11.6% of its population being migrants (2.8% of migrants being refugees) and Sweden having 15.9% migrant population (5.7% of migrants being refugees)- a larger percentage of the population but in a larger, less densely inhabited country.

(It should be noted that the author is aware of many other European countries with similar or higher migrant population percentages when compared to the UK, however the majority of these have very small refugee populations and/ or are disparately sized countries; making a comparison more difficult to quantify.)

KEY: Number of Refugees

15.4 MILLION Worldwide REFUGEES

<500,000 (2012)

250,000<500,000 100,000<250,000 10,000<100,000 <10,000

Refugee hosting countries, 2012

Top 5 countries of Refugee Origin: Afghanistan, Somalia, Iraq, the Syrian Arab Republic and Sudan

6.7% of International Migrants Sources: http://www.unhcr.org/52a722c49.html http://esa.un.org/unmigration/wallchart2013.htm http://www.unhcr.org.uk/about-us/key-facts-and-figures.html

worldwide are Refugees

80% of Refugees

. . . 1 in 4 is AFGHAN, 95% of which are located in PAKISTAN and IRAN (2012)

Reside in DEVELOPING COUNTRIES . . .

Top 10 Countries with largest number of Refugees (2013)

Number of people

0

400,000

800,000

1,200,000

1,400,000

2,400,000

1,800,000

China Chad (Africa) Lebanon Kenya Germany

571, 685

Iran Syrian Arab Republic

Pakistan State of Palestine Jordan

1,702,700 2,189,520 2,565,233

General Data Analysis The majority of people born within Europe and Asia tend to remain within these global regions. Although obtaining the highest number of migrants, the majority of migrant stock living in the USA were born in Mexico. In addition, the comparible size and human density of the USA equates this to only 14.3% of the overall population; a figure exceeded by many other countries. The countries with the highest intake of refugees in 2013 resided in the middle-east & east Africa; where relatively close or neighbouring countries were in conflict, persecution or had human rights violations.

In conclusion, the majority of international migration is continental; movement from one country to another within the same global continent (eg from Eastern Europe to Western Europe). Within a global context, the United Kingdom is a popular destination for emigration. Its land size relative to countries with similar migration figures is substantially smaller, prompting an interest in what ways large numbers of immigrants are having an affect on services, housing & jobs, if at all? In contrast, it can also be seen that many other European countries (in north and western Europe particularly) have similar population percentages of international migrants, demonstrating a trend of continental migration, it could be suggested to more affluent European countries.

An analysis into UK migration trends will begin to develop a better understanding of what is happening at a national level and what issues may be occuring as a result.

23

MESO ANALYSIS: UK

25

HISTORY OF UK MIGRATON 1500 -1700

1713 -1772

1833

African slave trade began to grow due to the creation of plantations in the Americas. Black slaves became more frequent in the UK once plantation owners began to send their children to be educated in England. As a result of this, an entourage of servants and slaves emigrated to Britain.

Merchants from Liverpool, Bristol, Glasgow and London rapidly expanded the slave trade. An increase of African migrants in the UK - not just slaves - bought about a movement to abolish slavery.

All slavery was banned across the British Empire Black and Chinese Seamen formed small communities in British Ports. The Manchester shipping canal often led them to settle in Manchester.

1833 - 1850

The Irish arrived in Britain; fleeing poverty and famine

1892

The first non-white MP: Dadabhai Naoroji was elected into the House of Commons (of Indian origin)

1900’s

Wartime Britain - WW1 & WW2 • • •

1.3 million Indian soldiers served for WW1 60,000 Indian merchant seamen served WW2 During this time there were no clear rules on immigration.

Post WW1 At the end of the first world war, there was a surplus of labour (particularly Seamen). British Seamen felt jobs were being stolen from them by immigrants. This threat was augmented by the widespread lack of housing . available.

Migrants were offered lower rates of pay and endured extremely poor living & working conditions. As a result, the British unions blamed them for undercutting white workers wages.

There was also fear of miscegeneration (inter-racial marriage/ sexual relations) The lack of work, housing & money, together with the threat of immigrants ‘stealing’ women from the white British men accumulated into segregation and hostility. Even women associating with black immigrants were pushed to the peripheries of society.

1990 - 2000

A rise in asylum seeker applications has augmented the number of immigrants into the UK; often to escape wars, persecution and violence.

1987

4 non-white politicans were elected into Parliament

1981

Nationwide Riots

Young black men in Brixton were being targeted more and more by police. Riots in Liverpool, Manchester and the Midlands also occurred.

The Scarmen report was published:

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;racial disadvantage is a fact of current British lifeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

1976

The Commission for Racial Equality;

1972

To settle in Britain, an overseas British passport holder had to have a work permit & prove a parent/ grandparent had been born in Britain.

a statutory body was established for tackling racial discrimination

The Government began to tackle prejudice; issuing 2 race relations acts 1950 -1971

Mass immigration continued in 1950s. Prejudice and hostility continued especially in Birmingham, Nottingham & West London.

Legislation made it progressively harder for non-white people to emigrate to the UK 1946 -1948

Post WW2 Labour shortages in Britain together with work shortages in Europe became the catalyst for Polish and Italian people to emigrate to Britain for work.

During this time West Indian & Caribbean immigrants also came to Britain.

1919

Race riots 1st Janurary - 1st August

27

UK MIGRATION TRENDS IMMIGRATION

POPULATION

(mid 2012 estimate)

EMIGRATION

(2012)

(2012)

497,000

63.7 million

321,000

INTERNATIONAL MIGRANT STOCK

7.8 million

12.4%

AVERAGE AGE

EEA IMMIGRANT

NON-EEA IMMIGRANT

34

33

RECENT EEA

UK population of

are international migrant stock

RECENT NON-EEA

26

26

International Migration Trends in the UK Since 1964 1976

1993

The 1976 Race Relations Act is implemented

The Maastricht Treaty; extends freedom of movement to econmically inactive EU nationals as well as workers

International Migration Trends to the UK Since 1964

1970

1964

1980

UK Recession

1999

Early 80’s Recession

800,000

2009

The Euro comes into existence 1990

1994

2000

2011

600,000

400,000

200,000

ration E m ig Im m igration

Net Migration

-200,000

1964

The Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962 restricts immigration of Commonwealth and Empire citizens

1969

The Peak of the ‘Ten Pound Poms’ scheme

1971

1981

Greece joins the European Economic Community

The Immigration Act 1971 restricts immigration into UK to noncommonwealth entrants.

1986

1996

The Asylum & Immigration Act 1996 makes employers criminally liable for illegal employees

The stock exchange ‘big bang’ reforms London’s financial markets

2004

The EU8 (Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia & Slovenia), Malta & Crypus also joined

Portugal & Spain join the European Economic Community

Sources: ONS - International Migration Data Timeline Graphic based on source from ONS Data Visualisation Centre 1. CReAM report2013: Dustmann, Christian and Frattini, Tommaso, ‘The fiscal effects of Immigration to the UK’. 2013. http://www.cream-migration.org/publ_uploads/CDP_22_13.pdf

SKILLED WORKER

CHILD

STUDENT

REFUGEE

LOW- SKILLED WORKER

What is the Migrant Demographic?

The immigration status of migrants in the UK is not an available public data e.g identifying what percentage of migrants are students, skilled workers, here on work visas etc. Therefore it cannot be established what percentage of international migrants fall under each category. The author has not established an adequate analysis of migrants with different immigration status’ to evaluation their economic and social impact at a national scale. Further analysis at a local scale will begin to focus these interests.

However, in Dustmann & Frattini’s report for CReAM: ‘ The fiscal effects of immigration to the UK’; an analysis of immigrants’ net governmental revenue contribution between 1995 and 2011, it has been established that overall, immigrants are having a positive fiscal effect on the UK.1 As seen in the graph below, since 2001 the percentage of non-UK born population is increased from 9% to 13% in 2011. Of this 13%, only a third of the immigrant population are EEA (European Economic Area) immigrants.

(To see the educational comparison between UK natives and immigrants, see APPENDIX 1)

Proportion of UK Residents Percentage UK population at home and abroad Born in the UKofand Abroard,birth 2011 100%

100%

90%

9%

13%

91%

87%

90%

‘The perhaps most important finding of our analysis is

immigrants are overall less likely than natives to receive state benefits or tax80% credits, and similarly likely to live in social housing as

80%

70%

natives in the same region. Some differences do emerge, however, between immigrants from the European Economic 70%

60%

Area (EEA) and those from outside Europe (non- EEA).

Whereas EEA immigrants have made an overall positive fiscal contribution to60% the UK, the net fiscal balance of non-EEA immigrants is negative, as it is for natives.’

(Dustmann et al. 4, 2013)

50%

40%

30%

20%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

2001

2011

29 10%

UK MIGRATION TRENDS:

Ethnicity by Proportion of Population, 2011 Excluding “White British/English/Welsh/Scottish/Northern Irish”

20%

30%

p cG ro u 50%

70%

80%

Et h er O th An y

Af ri

er O th

60%

Ca rib be an O th er Bl ac k Ar ab

e es in

ca n

As ian

ni

40%

Ch

Ba ng

sta ni Pa ki

te ;

W hi

10%

lad e

sh

i

G yp s te ;

Iri sh

W hi

te ; W hi

yo rI ris O h th Tr er W av W hi ell te hi er te an d Bl W ac hi k te Ca an rib d Bl be W ac an hi k te A an fri d ca As n O ian th er M ixe In d di an

ORIGIN & DISTRIBUTION OF UK POPULATION

90%

100%

England

North West

London

Ethnicity by Proportion of Population, 2011 Excluding “White British/English/Welsh/Scottish/Northern Irish” Indian

+52%

er

since 2001 Polish

10%

p 80%

Et h 90%

O th An y

b

er

Bl ac k er

O th

ib Ca r

Af ri

ca

n

be

an

As ia er

70%

Nigerian

Ar a

n

60%

O th

se ne

Ch i

gla

de

sh 50%

Ba n

an i ist Pa k

an In di 40%

i

d

n M ixe

As ia

O th

er

an d

te

hi

W

hi

te

since 2001

30%

ni c

Af

k

an d

Bl ac

+56%

20%

G ro u

rib Ca k

Pakistani

W

W

hi

te

an d

Bl ac

hi

W er

O th te;

W

hi

te; hi W

W

hi

te;

Iri s

G yp

h

sy

or

Iri s

te

h

since 2001

ric an

be

Tr a

an

ve ll

+897%

100%

+120%

since 2001 England

North West

Top non-UK Countries of birth, 2011

Sources: London ONS - http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk 1. CReAM report2013: Dustmann, Christian and Frattini, Tommaso, ‘The fiscal effects of Immigration to the UK’. 2013. http://www.cream-migration.org/publ_uploads/CDP_22_13.pdf

42% of the immigrant population live

in London1

KEY:

Non-UK population as a percentage of the usual residents by local authority, England & Wales, 2011

Newcastle upon Tyne 86.6% UK-born 1.2% Middle-East 1.2% India 1.17% China 0.94% Pakistan 0.8% Bangladesh

15% and over 10 to <15% 7.5 to < 10% 5 to < 7.5% 2.5 to < 5% < 2.5

Manchester 75% UK-born 4% Pakistan 1.7% Ireland 1.4% Poland 1.3% China 1.3% Nigeria

Birmingham 78% UK-born 5.2% Pakistan 2.5% India 1.9% Caribbean 1.3% Bangladesh 1.1% Middle-East

Hackney 61% UK-born 3.7% Caribbean 3.6% Turkey 2.7% Nigeria 1.7% South America 1.7% Poland

Bristol 85% UK-born 3.8% Poland 1.16% Somalia 0.9% Caribbean 0.9% India 0.7% ‘other’ EU Accession Croydon 70% UK-born 3.64% India 3.3% Caribbean 1.9% ‘other’ South & East Africa 1.5% Ghana 1.4% Pakistan *Information indicated on map represents percentages for UK-born residents and the top 5 migrant countries of birth, beginning with the highest

31

UK MEDIA COVERAGE:

WHAT PERCEPTION OF MIGRATION IS PORTRAYED TO THE GENERAL PUBLIC?

The media; newspapers, the internet, radio, social media & television news has a huge influence on the perceptions and opinions of the wider UK public. Often politcally charged statements in headlines may misconstrue facts and ‘twist’ them to shed a negative light on a subject. The topic of immigration is regularly covered within the media; challenging changes in government policy, the tensions caused in relation to jobs and social housing or imagined ‘pressures’ immigrants are putting on the government financially.

As highlighted in the CReAM report: ‘The fiscal effects of immigration on the UK’ (and analysed on page 29), these media accusations are often misguided as it has been proven that in general immigrants make a positive contribution to the financial status of the country.

In addition, the presence of migrants also generates jobs for the native population.

An investigation into the various immigration status’ of people moving to the UK will highlight the reality of their accessibility to employment, housing, education and services.

33

UK VISAS:

THE 5 TIER POINTS-BASED IMMIGRATION SYSTEM

The United Kingdom offers various ways in which you can apply for entry into the country.

Swiss and EEA nationals have a right to live and work in the UK. This, naturally is called ‘right of residence’ and is valid if: • you are working in the UK, or • you are not working, but have enough money to support yourself without help from UK public funds.

If you are working, you do not need a work permit but may need to register as a worker under the ‘Worker’s Registration Scheme’ (WRS).

Residence Permits confirm you have a right to live in the UK under European Community Law. The permit is normally valid for 5 years. If you are from an E8 country, you will register under the WRS before applying for a residence permit.

NON-EEA MIGRANT ENTRY INTO THE UK If you are not a Swiss or EEA national, you are required to apply for a Visa to gain entry into the United Kingdom. There are various different visas one could apply for, whether it is one of the points based Visas or a working Visa outside of these categories; non-points based, for example, if you have gained off-shore employment but require a visa to valid your stay in the UK. To demonstrate the intricacies of the immigration system, this analysis will focus on the different categories within the 5 tier points-based system. Associated documentation and financial implications for each category will also be briefly highlighted. Applicants for these categories are scored on various attributes, dependent on each tier.

APPLYING FOR INDEFINITE LEAVE TO REMAIN Once issued with a visa, you can apply for one under another category, for example tier 4 student - tier 2 skilled worker.

Tier 1 & tier 2 visas are eligible to apply for indefinite leave to remain. However, from 2016 onwards, people who earn over £35,000 will only be able to apply for permanent resident status.

COST OF VISA APPLICATION It is also important to emphasise that there is often a hefty cost implication to applying for a visa; without the security of it being granted a successful application! In Appendix 2, the cost of various visa applications if set out to confirm this.

In conclusion, the process of gaining a UK visa is mostly dependent on the applicant’s success of either gaining work, education or sponsorship. Without at least one of these securities, the author imagines gaining entry into the UK for more than a holiday could be extremely difficult! The point-based system is heavily weighted on ability, experience and financial attributes; allowing what seems, ‘only the best’ into the country.

Visas and work permits are only one route into the country. Migrants from countries at war, or victims of persecution are able to enter the country on grounds of Asylum. An analysis of this immigration system will enable a full understanding of the processes different types of migrants have to go through to live in the United Kingdom.

In addition, a further investigation at a local level will begin to explore how migrants settle into a place, what difficulties they face, how spatial territories are formed and whether local facilities are responsive to both the needs of natives as well as the needs of newcomers.

Sources: http://www.workpermit.com/uk/uk-immigration-tier-system.htm http://www.ukba.homeoffice.gov.uk/policyandlaw/guidance/ecg/wrk2/

TIER 1 VISA: HIGHLY SKILLED MIGRANTS, ENTREPRENEURS, INVESTORS Tier 1 visas are for eligible entrepreneurs, investors, and for the very small number of people who can come under the ‘Exceptional Talent’ visa category.

TIER 2 VISA: SKILLED MIGRANTS Tier 2 visas are for people already with a job offer in the UK. Applicants are also required to have a sponsor (often their future UK place of employment) and sponsorship.

Both Tier 1 & 2 applicants are scored on their abilities, experience and age.

TIER 3 VISA: UNSKILLED TEMPORARY MIGRATION Tier 3 visas are for low-skilled workers filling specific temporary labour shortages. However, the Government has never allocated any visas under this category and therefore one could not apply for a tier 3 visa!!

TIER 4 VISA: STUDENTS Tier 4 visas are for applicants 16 years and older wishing to study in the UK. To apply for this visa, one should already have a place at a UK educational establishment. In addition, applicants must have an acceptable level of the English language as well as sufficient finances to cover fees and living expenses.

Post gradutation, Non-EEA nationals can also apply for the Internation Graduates Scheme (IGS), which allows them to remain in the UK for 1 year to gain ‘valuable work experience’. This scheme is also a method of encouraging graduates to stay and take a career in the UK. The scheme is described by government as a transitional route in another visa category.

TIER 5 VISA: TEMPORARY WORKERS, WORKING HOLIDAY MAKERS The Tier 5 visa is further sub-divided in 6 categories: • Creative and sporting • Charity worker • Religious worker • Government authorised exchange • International agreement • Youth Mobility scheme Applicants are awarded points for having a sponsor and sponsorship. They must also be aged between 18 -30 years in addition to having £1,800 in cleared, available funds.

35

UK PROCESS UK ASYLUM ASYLUM PROCESS Apply for Asylum after entry into UK Application made to asylum screening unit in Croydon, London

Apply for Asylum upon entry into UK ports (report to the Immigration Officer)

Screening interview Initial accommodation can be provided First reporting event

Asylum interview

Initial decision (in person)

POSITIVE - STATUS GRANTED ASYLUM REFUSAL - but allowed temporary humanitarian protection ASYLUM REFUSAL - but discretionary leave (3 years max stay in UK) ASYLUM GRANTED - for an initial 5 years

NEGATIVE - STATUS NOT GRANTED

All asylum seekers are at risk of DETENTION at any point during their asylum claim.

Non-suspensive appeal cases often detained through “fast-track” asylum process will receive a decision in 7-10 days with no in-country appeal.

“Straight-forward” cases often detained throughthe “fast-track” asylum process will receive a decision in 3-4 days.

(AIT: Asylum & Immigration Tribunal)

Appeal logged with AIT

AIT case management review

AIT full appeal

Appeal decision

AIT full appeal hearing

(with 3 immigration judges)

Appeal decision

STATUS NOT GRANTED

INDEFINITE LEAVE TO REMAIN (ILR)

STATUS NOT GRANTED

- Immigration status has been granted to someone admitted to UK without any time limit on his/stay

Application for AIT

Application for AIT refused

AIT recommendations

High Court

- Right to employment/ study without restrictions Court of Appeal

Source: GMIAU: Greater Manchester Immigration Aid Unit & UKBA: UK Border Agency

REMOVAL OR VOLUNTARY RETURN

Number of applicants (thousands) 10,000

8,000

6,000

4,000

2,000

0 Q1 2004 Q2 2004 Q3 2004 Q4 2004 Q1 2005 Q2 2005 Q3 2005 Q4 2005 Q1 2006 Q2 2006 Q3 2006 Q4 2006 Q1 2007 Applications for asylum in the UK, excluding dependants, Q1 2004 - Q4 2012

Q2 2007 Q3 2007 Q4 2007 Q1 2008 Q2 2008 Q3 2008 Q4 2008 Q1 2009 Q2 2009 Q3 2009 Q4 2009 Q1 2010 Q2 2010 Q3 2010 Q4 2010 Q1 2011 Q2 2011 Q3 2011 Q4 2011 Q1 2012 Q2 2012 Q3 2012 Q4 2012

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UK BROADER ASYLUM PROCESS

evade UK border control

illegally reside in UK

border control

granted entry into UK

stay in UK

application for asylum at border

detained / granted temp. asylum while application processed

granted asylum

refused entry

application for asylum in UK

removed / departed volutarily

refused asylum

visa national

non-visa [i.e. UK / EU]

returned to country of nationality / safe country

granted settlement

application for indefinite stay [settlement]

application for extension of stay

breach of leave / criminal offence

permanent residence in UK - no restrictions

refused settlement

granted extension of stay

breach of immigration rules

refused extension of stay

illegally reside in UK

eforcement / removal action

removed / departed volutarily

return home / further travel

39

7.11 2013 BBC 1 Boston, Lancashire

TV DEBATE:

QUESTION TIME Topic: Immigration Q: What about the working class and the unemployed people already in Britain?

A: ‘Why are there so many people in our coutry who choose not to work?’ Conservative MP Anna Soubry A: ‘Immigration managed properly has huge benefits for this country’. Labour MP Emily Thornberry

Conservative MP Anna Soubry

Labour MP Emily Thornberry

‘My family have lived in Boston for nearly 200 years now and we have to fight for services that seem to get handed to new comers on a plate. How can this be right?’

FACTS: Changes in 70s and 80s with social housing and the right to buy resulted in the amount of housing stock to decline. In addition the increase of population has also resulted in the deficit of housing stock in the country; both private and social.

Panel: Nigel Farage MEP - UKIP Vicky Pryce - Economist Anna Soubry MP - Conservative Emily Thornberry MP - Labour Benjamin Zephaniah - Poet & Author INTEGRATION: A man who emigrated to the UK and has been here for a while addresses integration and migration. People arriving the the UK and not wanting to learn English.

‘As a foreigner, I try to teach them [his children] the things in English culture.’ “ I’ve heard them say: ‘There’s a lot of money in England, I’m gonna take as much as I can!’”.

‘Integration is a big problem and the government has to address this issue to make it clear to people when they come to England, ‘cos we’re gonna lose the identity in the British way.’

ISOLATION ‘It takes a bit of time for you to get confidence, it takes time for you to settle and have financial freedom and confidence to move on.’ Benjamin Zephaniah

Benjamin Zephaniah

Audience member

PRE-MATURE RESPONSIBILITIES OF MIGRANT CHILDREN Children and teenagers who moved over with family often have to take on adult responsibilties within their family unit; especially if their parents have limited knowledge of the English language. The teenagers have anxiety having to deal with the households responsibilties; the council, the gas board etc. They end up becoming the adults within their home. They lose their childhood. Should the government be looked at what happens when immigrants arrive and what infrastructure could be put into place to begin to east these difficulties for young people??

Emily Thornberry (Labour MP): Children have no problem learning English as they are able to pick it up and become fluent through school and interaction with other children. Its the parents that have difficulty. In her constituency, they attached english learning classes for parents to the school. Mums wanted to be able to speak to the teachers, so this facility was an incentive to do this.

41

INTERVIEW

MARK DAVIES, UKIP

A telephone interview discussing views on UK immigration, after email correspondance Wednesday 22nd November 2013

As a continuation to understanding the wider public view on immigation I tried to get in contact with local representatives from a variety of political parties. Receiving their views in relation to my research would bring to light general perceptions of the British public.

On 14th November I wrote to Stephen Farndon; UKIP Trafford Councillor, to ask about his party’s policy and views on immigration. On 22nd November, Mark Davies; a UKIP member got back into contact with me via telephone on behalf of Mr. Farndon. This page is a documentation of the discussions we had. None of the other political parties I contacted replied to my emails.

My conversation with Mark Davies began with an overview of UKIP’s views and intentions on the control of migration into Britain.

Davies emphasised that throughout our conversation, he was an acting representative of UKIP but the points he was making were his opinions, and should not be quoted against the political party as a whole.

HOLT ON IMMIGRATION UKIP’s main stance on immigration is that there should be a complete holt on people entering the country until the process is properly regulated. At present, members of this party feel this process is uncontrolled; resulting in a mass of foreign people entering the country.

As a result, it is felt that the country cannot handle the influx of people.

ALLOCATION OF RESOURCES The topic of access to resources and pressures placed upon publicly services was widely discussed. Davies spoke about social housing being distributed on a ‘needs-based criteria’ which was framed to benefit migrants; due to their larger family units amongst other considerations.

Fiscal contribution was a pressure point frequently ‘pushed’ in our conversation. It was felt by Davies (and perhaps UKIP alike) that access to services; particularly the NHS should not be granted to an individual unless they have made contributions through national insurance. This approach to providing healthcare (like many other countries in Europe, it was argued) would allow the current limited resources to benefit working people. In contract to this, Davies discussed that if you were born in the UK, you would be entitled to health care and other facilities regardless of whether or not you are working.

BRITISH CITIZEN PERSPECTIVE - TO BE FIRST IN THE QUEUE FOR EVERYTHING

‘COMMON-SENSE IMMIGRATION’

FACTS OR SCARE-MONGERY?

‘Because more immigration hurts immigrants and the poorest the most.’

INTEGRATION Integration was discussed at length. Davies wanted to emphasise that as a half Caribbean, British born, working class man his opinions on immigration and integration were not racially charged. He felt that people no longer had a desire to integrate, they wanted to express their own culture or religion and in so doing ‘people coming in reject the British way’. Davies felt that this in particular caused the most conflicts at a local level.

‘STEPPING STONE’ SOCIAL HOUSING As a continuation of points raised with regard to access to services, I asked about UKIP’s views on social housing. Davies responded.

‘We have too many people who havent worked and havent for so long.’ Incentives to get people back into work were discussed, together with the idea of jealousy amongst those who have very little fuelling racial hostility.

Supply lead demand was considered as a way of alleviating the pressures on lack of social housing. In addition, establishing social housing as a stepping stone method to personal improvement was felt a positive way to help people, help themselves as opposed to it being a permanent right.

43

2/3rds of International Migrants

Worldwide reside in: EUROPE & ASIA

EUROPE

‘Because more immigration hurts immigrants and the poorest the most.’ (Davies, 2013)

Swiss and EEA nationals have a right to live and work in the UK. This, naturally is called ‘right of residence’ and is valid if: • you are working in the UK, or • you are not working, but have enough money to support yourself without help from UK public funds.

‘immigrants are overall less likely than natives to receive state benefits or tax credits, and similarly likely to live in social housing as natives in the same region. ....Whereas EEA immigrants have made an overall positive fiscal contribution to the UK, the net fiscal balance of non-EEA immigrants is negative, as it is for natives.’ (Dustmann et al. 4, 2013)

MACRO-MESO CONCLUSIONS

UK immigration has increased together with the overall UK population. Annual net-migration in the UK is only 176,000 people; just 0.3% of the current estimated UK population (ONS, 2012).

With 42% of immigrant population living in London the rest of the migrant stock in the UK have increased density in other major cities, university cities and areas of industry or agriculture. South and central England hosts the highest concentration and spread of immigrants.

Britain is host to the second largest migrant stock in Europe. Scaremongery within the media often casts a negative light on these migrants, when recent reports have proven that their fiscal contribution has had a positive effect on the UK; even in times of budget deficits (Dustmann et al. 2013). The majority of migrants come to the UK to work; so in effect they do take jobs. However, it has also been proven that the presence of migrants in the UK also creates jobs for the native population; through the increase of specialised shops, activities, employment in business etc. However the argument that immigration into the UK should be tightened is still ongoing. Some, like UKIP members, would like immigration stopped completely until adequate monitoring is put into place. Others advocate a society beyond borders; where people are able to live in any country of their choice. In my opinion, neither point of view is realistic or fair. The processes, realities and ethics which constitute this topic are complicated, but currently work in the favour of people that are better educated and more financially stable. In addition, although the analysis in this thesis did not cover other European countries immigration systems, the question as to why their migrant stock is substantially lower than the UKâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s is a personal point of interest.

The immigration system grants visas to migrants based on attributes and experiences, resulting in a higher percentage of migrants having obtained degree level qualifications than natives (EEA=32%, Non-EEA=43%, Native= 21%). This being said, both EEA and non-EEA immigrants with â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;low educational attainmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; are still entering the country (EEA= 21 %, non-EEA= 21%, recent EEA = 10%, recent non-EEA= 17%, Native= 52%).

The question arises; to what extent is the real concern? Why do tensions with regard to immigration come about? The most contention generates around fiscal contribution; which in turn essentially affects social housing, jobs/ benefits and services. An analysis at a local level will begin to put these issues into context; spatialising these concerns will begin to generate a programmatic guide for this thesis design.

Is it about migrants at all? Is it about spatial territory? Is it about equal opportunities to facilitate individual human development?

45

47

MICRO ANALYSIS: MANCHESTER

49

HISTORY OF MIGRATON IN MANCHESTER

Many settled in ‘Little Ireland’ a slum area in Ancoats. In 1845, Engels said this area was ‘the most disgusting

sport of all!’

POST WW1

Office & Halal shops are established around Market Street

Moroccan Cloth Traders set up businesses

Some Jewish & Polish settlers moved to St. Bees Street area of Moss side and Cheetham hill.

Irish Immigrants arrived in Manchester to escape poverty and famine.

1844 The opening of Manchester Victoria Rail Station allowed a continuous, relatively cheap link between Russia, Eastern Europe and the United States.

As a result, Eastern European Jews migrated to Britain (often on the way to the U.S) to escape poverty and persecution.

Many ‘Stiebls’ (places of worship for first immigrations at the turn of the 20th Century) were established in Manchester.

These were a source of material & social support for new arrivals.

1945 PanAfrican Congress

These areas were also centres for post WW2 Commonwealth immigrants.

Often Jewish Landlords took on ‘coloured people’ as tenants or factory workers.

1900s

1940s First Immigrant Seamen work at Salford Docks

1950s & 60s: a largex number of Hakka-speaking Chinese immigrants arrive

A new wave of Chinese immigrants arrive to join family & friends already settled in the city South-Asian immigrants arrive to work in the mills.

Many settle in Longsight & Rusholme

1950s

Manchester Race Riots:

1960s

West Indian & Caribbean immigrants arrived in Manchester after the UK began to ‘open up’ the Commonwealth countries

1970s

1981

1964 Population of Manchester = 659,170 ‘Coloured Population’ = 20,000

From 2001, the Accession State countries were welcomed into the EU; bringing about an increase in Eastern European migrants into Manchester

2001 2001 Manchester Race Riots: Oldham

1967 ‘Young & coloured in Manchester’ Report by the youth development trust

Black people were often banned from religious places, bars, dance halls, public & private accommodation. As a result, a number of clubs were started

by African entrepreneurs.

Ras Makonnen: An Important Figurehead for establishing the Black Community within Manchester Makonnnen; a Member of Parliament (Labour Party), A Landlord of many properties in Manchester and a business owner. Makonnen was a prolific figure in establishing and supporting the emergence of the Black and Minority communities of Manchester from 1940s.

51

SENSE OF ARRIVAL

To begin an investigation/ de-construction of the theory of migration I undertook anecdotal research to better

understand a personâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s sense of arrival upon moving to a new place.

The following questionnaires explore a sense of arrival from people emigrating during various periods of the 20th century and from different countries.

Sources: Archives at the Ahmed Iqbal Ullah Resource Centre, Manchester University

APPENDIX 1 - ANECDOTAL RESEARCH Moving to the UK – Anecdotal Research Thank you for taking the time to fill out this questionnaire. My name is Katie and I am looking at migrant people and their right to the city as the focus of my final year architecture thesis. I am interested in your experiences in the UK (good and bad), what facilities you used when you first came to live here or what facilities would have helped you to feel more comfortable, find work, make friends or get advice about the do’s & don’ts in British society etc. This information will help me to focus on what facilities might be needed and well used by new people coming to live in Britain.

What is your name?

Where and when were you born?

When did you arrive in the UK? Why? How did you travel to the UK? Explain your journey, the people you met on the way, any important details.

Did you arrive alone? If not, who did you travel with?

Did you know anyone that already lived in the UK? Who? Where did you first live in the UK? Describe the area, your relationship with your neighbours.

Did you get help/advice from your local community to help you settle in? Explain.

Would you have liked to get help or advice from somewhere else?

(Either local services, community groups, religious groups, people with a similar background to you?) Please explain what would have been useful.

Have you moved anywhere since? If so where & why?

Have you suffered any racial discrimination? please explain if you are able to.

What do you miss most about your home country?

What advice would you give to someone moving to the UK? Any addition comments: 53

Moving to the UK – Anecdotal Research What is your name? Omer Osman Where and when were you born? Riyadh, Saudi Arabia – January 3rd 1991 When did you arrive in the UK? Why? December 15th 2005. My mother had just moved to the UK to pursue a full-time Masters degree so my younger brother and I joined her.

How did you travel to the UK? By plane.

Did you arrive alone? If not, who did you travel with? I travelled with my cousin who had already been living in the UK for a few years by then.

Did you know anyone that already lived in the UK? Who? Yes. I had an Uncle and 5 cousins in Reading. My cousin (who I travelled with) in Birmingham, 4 (2nd) aunts (+ 8 cousins) in London, 2 (3rd) aunts (+ 3 cousins) in London. A 2nd aunt (and 2 cousins) in North Wales. Although I haven’t met most of those family members for a very long time, my mother has maintained close relations with them so it was a comfort just knowing that I had family had.

Where did you first live in the UK? Shrewsbury. My mother enrolled in a 1 year English course in Shrewsbury, which is a medium sized town in Shropshire. Even though I had visited the UK before, moving to a very quiet town was a very big change, having lived in a very big, noisy and hot city my whole life. We moved into a 2 bedroom bungalow in an even quieter residential area which was mostly inhabited by pensioners and families. Our next door neighbor (I believe her name was Jane) was a very lovely lady in her 50’s.

She lived alone and was very welcoming and helpful to us when we first arrived. Her partner even helped move our furniture when we moved house a couple of months later.

Did you get help/advice from your local community to help you settle in? Explain. Yes. My mother had joined the local womens institute who were very valuable in helping find out about our local area, Shrewsbury and Shropshire. My brother (12 years old at the time)and I had joined the local youth club and that really helped us integrate better as it was more casual than schools. My brother (who is autistic) had been finding the move to the UK very difficult and his behavior deteriorated rapidly in the first few months so getting one-on-one computer classes at the youth club helped him a little. I also went to connexions a few times, and they helped me understand the local (teenage) culture better and things such as youth employment (which was virtually non- existent in Saudi Arabia).

Would you have liked to get help or advice from somewhere else? No. We got a great deal of support from the various places we contacted and although Shrewsbury wasn’t a very culturally diverse town, it was still a great place to live in.

Have you moved anywhere since? If so where & why? Yes. In September 2006, we moved to Stoke-on-Trent as my mother began her master’s degree at university there.. In September 2008, I moved to Manchester to attend university here.

Have you suffered any racial discrimination? Nope.

What do you miss most about your home country? Although I had lived in Saudi Arabia pretty much my whole life, I have always considered Sudan as my home country as we spent most of our holidays there and most of our family are there. What I miss most about Sudan is always being surrounded by family and friends. Sudan has a very warm, social and rather chaotic culture and everyone is really friendly. It’s that ‘chaos’ that I miss most, even though it can get pretty overwhelming when experienced for long periods of time (I guess I got used to the conservative culture of Saudi Arabia to some extent). Another thing that I miss is being treated equally.

Even though I haven’t personally experienced any form of discrimination/marginalization here, foreign citizens are generalized into one large immigrant category. Therefore, someone who is a genuine economic immigrant who can contribute greatly to the economy is the same as a uneducated refugee from a war-torn country who can’t even speak English or an illegal immigrant who is solely here to ‘abuse the system’. Immigrations law and policy in the UK doesn’t make much sense to me anymore, as there is quite clearly a fault in it and it is quite disconcerting to hear that new stricter laws are being introduced seemingly every other week to ‘control’ who can stay and who can’t. In short, what I miss most is knowing whether or not I will be in the same country next year or not.

What advice would you give to someone moving to the UK? Don’t bother unless you are only here on a temporary basis; immigration laws have become unnecessarily strict and (I believe) the wrong people are being favored (however I do sympathize with the government as they do have a very big problem to deal with). I would advise you to move to Canada which has a very clear and fair immigration system or if you are desperate to move to Europe, go to Germany which has a far more stable economy and promising immigration policy. However, I have to say that the UK is an amazing country to live in and the people here are great. The culture and quality of life are incredible but it is unfortunate that politics and economics are overshadowing that and (in my opinion) impacting it negatively.

â&#x20AC;&#x153;In short, what I miss most is knowing whether or not I will be in the same country next year or not.â&#x20AC;?

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Try to be objective about why you want to move, and not to care too much about what others have to say, especially the negative comments.â&#x20AC;?

Moving to the UK â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Anecdotal Research What is your name? Where and when were you born?

Kaiyi Gu Guangzhou, China in 1990 When did you arrive in the UK? Why? I moved to the UK with my parents in 2002, they were looking for a different lifestyle and better education system for me as I grow up.

How did you travel to the UK? I remember saying goodbye to my grandparents and friends which was very difficult emotionally. I flew over from Hong Kong which is 2 hours away from Guangzhou by train.

Did you arrive alone? If not, who did you travel with?

I arrived with my parents.

Did you know anyone that already lived in the UK? Who? Yes, my auntie and her family lives in the UK and also a few family friends.

Where did you first live in the UK? Describe the area, your relationship with your neighbours.

We moved to my auntâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s neighbourhood, in Coventry. Our neighbours were friendly, mostly White British and a few families of British Asians.

Did you get help/advice from your local community to help you settle in? Explain.

We had quite a bit of help from our friends and relatives, I also had lots of help from my school when I started with virtually no knowledge of the English language.

Would you have liked to get help or advice from somewhere else?

I felt well supported by the local organizations and government.

Have you moved anywhere since? If so where & why?

We have stayed in the same neighbourhood.

Have you suffered any racial discrimination? please explain if you are able to.

I do not think I have suffered from any specific racial discrimination, though sometimes racial comments are made but not overly insensitive.

What do you miss most about your home country?

My grandparents and friends.

What advice would you give to someone moving to the UK? Try to be objective about why you want to move, and not to care too much about what others have to say, especially the negative comments.

57

Oral History Interviews: Community History Project, Manchester Accessed Oct 2013 from Ahmed Iqbal Ullah Education Trust (direct quotations in speech marks) African- Caribbean What is your name?

Judy Craven Where were you born?

Born in Kingston, Jamaica When did you arrive in the UK? Why? Came to England in July 1977 with Husband (who was an English teacher in Jamaica, originally from Lancashire). They left Jamaica as many people thought it was becoming a community republic under Prime Minister Michael Manley in the 70s.

How did you travel to the UK? Arrived by plane via Toronto (where Judy’s family moved to) What were your first impressions of England?

‘I can hardly remember... everything was so strange, and I was a bit shocked and I didn’t know anybody... But one of the things that made it easier for me was that my Husband’s family was very welcoming, they helped to explain new situations and find things I needed,’ Did you get help from the African-Caribbean local community to help you settle in?

Judy first moved to a place just outside Preston - No other black people lived there. She felt isolated and didn’t like it much.

She taught at a Summer School in Manchester, where she met many Jamaicans and she said to her Husband ‘We have to move to Manchester!’

-Once moving to Manchester she began to meet the Caribbean community and made really good friends.

Have you suffered any racial discrimination? ‘I didn’t suffer racial abuse in the sense that nobody screamed at me in the street, but odd things happened to me.... [a] little boy said to me “Paki! Why don’t you go home!” And I thought “What?!” (laughs).’

There was also an experience of Judy teaching English in a school in Lancashire, and an Italian father complained to the headmaster that Judy wasn’t British and couldn’t speak English. The headmaster defended Judy saying ‘Mrs Craven is one of our best qualified teachers.’

What do you miss most about your home country?

The warm climate The physical beauty of the place The way Jamaican people celebrate birthdays and weddings.

‘But I also miss certain sorts of attitudes to things. Every now and then I find myself thinking “oh, that was really Jamaican of me, I’m as Jamaican as ever!”.’

What advice would you give to someone moving to the UK? ‘ “try to keep an open mind”. You know, sometimes because things are different, you can come to the wrong conclusion about what it means.’

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Try to keep an open mind...things are different, you can come to the wrong conclusion about what it means.â&#x20AC;?

Oral History Interviews: Community History Project, Manchester Accessed Oct 2013 from Ahmed Iqbal Ullah Education Trust (direct quotations in speech marks) African- Caribbean What is your name?

Edith Stanley Where were you born?

Born 19th August 1935 in St. Kitts, West Indies When did you arrive in the UK? Why? Came to England in 1955. England ‘opened up’ and Edith’s father asked her if she wanted to go. Once many other people went, she did too.

How did you travel to the UK? Travelled by boat, then by train from Italy What were your first impressions of England?

Edith first arrived into Waterloo station, London. She felt shocked that the houses in Britain didnt even have baths. Edith felt hurt and angry at the false promises she was given (the UK was painted as a glorious place to live with many opportunities). The factory work is hard, housing was cold & dirty, her accommodation only had one gas cooker and no kitchen.

Did you get help/advice from the local community to help you settle in?

Landlord informed her ‘You have to go to the labour exchange to sign on.’

In the first place she lived in Manchester, there were lots of other Caribbean lodgers; who gave her advice on work and living in Britain. The Caribbean community Have you suffered any racial discrimination?

Edith explains that immigrants coming over to the UK at that time had expectations that white people were Rich in Britain. They had no knowledge of the poverty and slums of the early 20th century.

Talented, skilled, qualified people moving to the UK; especially coloured people could only get labour jobs. Often to get these job, people would have to give bribes to factory managers.

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Often to get these jobs, people would have to give bribes to factory managers.â&#x20AC;?

â&#x20AC;&#x153;One very clear thing - learn English... to be aware of whats happening and what is right and wrong as well.â&#x20AC;?

Oral History Interviews: Community History Project, Manchester Accessed Oct 2013 from Ahmed Iqbal Ullah Education Trust (direct quotations in speech marks) Chinese What is your name?

Mr Tyze Kai Tai Li Where were you born?

Born in 1944, HongKong, China When did you arrive in the UK? Why? Came to England in Jan 1964, to widen his career prospects.

How did you travel to the UK? Arrived alone by plane

Did you know anyone that already lived in the UK? Who? Tyze’s brother already lived in London; where he stayed on his first night in England.

Where did you first live in the UK?

He first lived in Ipswich, East Anglia where he got a job in a restaurant. Whilst working he saved up enough money to do his A levels; receiving a scholarship from Essex university to study electronic engineering.

At the same time as doing his degree, Tyze set up his own restaurant as well as working in the education department in a local school.

After his time in East Anglia, he moved to Manchester to work on computising the traffic systems. He has remained in Manchester ever since.

What advice would you give to someone moving to the UK? ‘One very clear thing - learn English, .... not only to help them to get around, but also to be aware of thats happening and what is right and wrong as well.’

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Oral History Interviews: Community History Project, Manchester Accessed Oct 2013 from Ahmed Iqbal Ullah Education Trust (direct quotations in speech marks) Chinese What is your name?

Davidine Sim Where were you born?

Born in April, 1958 in Borneo Island of Malaysia When did you arrive in the UK? Why? Came to England in 1973; her parents decided she would have a better education in Britain. English was being phased out as the spoken language in Malay schools; her parents thought this would be detrimental to her future career.

What were your first impressions of England?

‘A cold grey place’. She arrived alone to the UK when she was 16.

Did you get help from the local community to help you settle in?

She wasn’t really exposed to the local community. As she was still young, she was places with an English family who lived in Croydon - she was not exposed to chinese culture until after her A levels. The English family she lived with made different food, had different etiquettes; which made it difficult to feel settled to begin with.

Have you suffered any racial discrimination?

No. ‘I’ve suffered ignorance about my culture instead of aggressive abuse, physically or verbally.’

‘Nowadays I would say that the Chinese people as a community very much keep to themselves.’

What advice would you give to someone moving to the UK? ‘I would say to learn the language first - It’s very important....and [be] a little bit more understanding of the ways of the British people.’

“I’ve suffered ignorance about my culture instead of aggressive abuse, physically or verbally.”

“The majority of Bangladeshi women’s need is to break the language barrier...”

Oral History Interviews: Community History Project, Manchester Accessed Oct 2013 from Ahmed Iqbal Ullah Education Trust (direct quotations in speech marks) Bangkadeshi What is your name?

Anita Baishnab Where were you born?

Born in Sylhet, Bandladesh in 1951 When did you arrive in the UK? Why? Came to England in 1975 - She had recently been married in Bangladesh and her new husband had been in the UK Did you get help from the local community to help you settle in?

Have you suffered any racial discrimination?

What do you miss most about your home country?

What support do Bangladeshi women need? ‘...the majority of the Bangladeshi women’s need is to break the language barrier and they need to go out more, and there should be service provisions, like here [ananna- Bangladeshi women’s centre], geared for Bangladeshi women, that they can come and join in.’

67

WHAT FACILITIES CURRENTLY EXIST FOR MIGRANTS?

TION MIGRA

W

C

TR ES CE N

TIO N TE N

W MO OM S EN S S ’S IDE AC & H TI ON ULM FO E RU M

VIRT UAL

MIG RA AN NT TS SU PP OR TI M I NG GR AN TS

GR

DE

ME OF

FICE

MINISTER FOR IMMIGRATION

S

gee refvuices s e i il er & fam er s childreynlum seek & as

MA RK HARPER

Sources: Author’s own diagram Information from Author’s research: library & online data

M

RE F U TER UPPO S

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HES AN C

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IG RA TIO

V E RN M E N T

PEN NINE HOUSE DALL AS CO URT

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MPANIE C S OOMPANIES

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MIGRATION ORGANISATIONS VERNMENT GO

L ORG

MANCHESTE R

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MMUNITY CO OMMUNIT Y C

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P OU GR RY TA EN AM RLI Y PA ART ALL P

NA NATIO INTER

TER

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ANN AN

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t’s Rig hts Ne tw

k or

TIV IST RAT GR IO N O STR UPS UG GLE SF MUS OR TAR UM D TR EE MIG

Women ’s A sy lum Seekers to gether

R ANCHESTE GREATER M ID UNIT ATION A IMMIGR

AC

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M LU Y S NA COMMO N EUROPEA

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KEY WORLD UK MANCHESTER S IE C LI 85

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N MRS

[EU

RK E UGE NETWO ORT

IMMIGRATION BILL [HC BILL 110]

IMMIGRATION

TS

M TE S Y

& ASYLUM AC T 1999

RACE RELA TI IMM

NA T IO NA

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Researching and analysing migrant facilities demonstrated that a large number of organisations represent a specific type of migrant: refugees.

Although these organisations provide an ‘umbrella’ for smaller groups, their focus is concentrated on a low percentage of the migrant population in Manchester.

Are these facilities helping migrants to settle? In addition, do UK-born citizens feel marginalised as a result of these organisations?

69

EVENT

90 DEGREES CITIZEN I attended an evening art, music & discussion event in Manchester Museum which highlighted struggles experienced by migrants, asylum seekers and refugees. The GMIAU (Greater Manchester Immigration Aid Unit); an organisation providing legal aid for asylum seekers, provided great insight into the processes involved in gaining refugee status in the UK. Personal experiences were shared to the audience, revealing just how de-humanising, stressful and unpredictable the asylum process can be.

An Exhibition by Virtual Migrants & GMIAU Wednesday 30th October 2013 Manchester Museum

Virtual Migrants: an art group based in the North West presented several performance art pieces which touched upon the topics being discussed. Anecdotal narratives & traditional instruments were used to create dissonance as well as tension in each of their pieces.

Each person present at the event was given a blank label.

IDENTIFICATION DESIRES STEROTYPES . . .

Perhaps without realising it, many participants wrote down how they think they are perceived by people; often something negative.

“Refugees; we’re more than just a label”

71

ADVICE ANONYMOUS

Sources: SEE APPENDIX 3 for written quotations Archives at the Ahmed Iqbal Ullah Resource Centre, Manchester University quotes from the 90 degrees citizen event 30/10/13 ‘The proud and tragic Poles’, Manchester Evening Chronicle, 4th June 1958

THEMES, ADVICE, PERCEPTIONS

73

MEETING

BETHAN HARRIES: Researcher on ethnicity & place, CoDE

25.11 2013 Museum Cafe, Oxford rd, Manchester

Bethan kindly met with me to discuss her knowledge of ethnicity in Manchester as well as her ongoing research. Our discussion focused on facilities, government funding criteria, nostalgia and housing.

We are both exploring similar themes to do with memory and place in Cheetham Hill. We have arranged to set up an event to explore this in Unit 25, Cheetham Hill in the first week of Februrary.

FACILITIES: Services are often racialised; even without initially intending to be. There are often unspoken rules about what facilities certain ethnic groups use. Anecdotally, it is said that in Moss side, the Hideaway youth centre is Somali and the Powerhouse youth centre is Caribbean. These places were never identified this way, but symbols and gestures have developed to create these territories of space.

Mixing of cultures appears successful within the public realm; such as a street. However, when you go indoors, there are different places people go associated with their culture - and there are further gender divisions of space within these groups.

Hideaway Youth Centre, Moss Side

Powerhouse Youth Centre, Moss Side

GOVERNMENT FUNDING: The division of ethnic groupâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s use of facilities may be partly as a result of criteria set to apply for government funding. Funding criteria requires each application to be made by a specific ethnic group.

‘On a local level, it [hostility] tends to be reactive to something that has just happened.’

NOSTALGIA: Migrants who have lived in the UK for many years often established strong communities when they first settled. They formed ‘close knit communities where everyone knew everyone and the children all played together, now thats been lost.’

People also remember different communities mixing a lot more. However, are these just romantic memories? Harries says its hard to establish the validity of these anecdotes.

Nostalgia is a way of bringing people together, its often formed around the defence of neighbourhoods. Allowing people to come together over a common cause can often combat previous hostility. Harries suggests that isolated communities may be resultant from the way in which social policy divides up groups; so they don’t come together to fight a common cause.

HOUSING: Bethan and I had a long discussion on the state of social and private housing systems. We attributed the shortage of housing and jobs to being the two biggest factors in causing hostility; particularly in working class areas.

In addition as a result of the decline in social housing and the increase of cheap, unsatisfactory private housing (which is less regulated) levels of transience communities have augmented in areas such as Cheetham Hill.

From Bethan’s research, migrants that have come to are very positive about their area and expressing their knowledge of the city. They have ‘claimed a right to a space.’ Bethan adds ‘...thats really important for people marginalised in any way; to

do it whatever way they can, its not easy.’

75

DIVERSE MANCHESTER

THE STATISTICS

Localising this thesis research within Manchester will begin to put into context the initial issues in relation to a specific area. In order to focus on one ward within Manchester I have identified the most and least ethnically diverse wards below. Longsight, is the most ethnically diverse ward, with 72.8% of residents from non-white ethnic groups. Moston, is the least ethnically diverse, with 13.6% of residents from non-white ethnic groups as well as only 3.3% of residents from ‘white other’ ethnicities.

Cheetham Hill is host to the third largest percentage of non-white residents in addition to a relatively high number of residents from ‘white other’ ethnicities. Historically it is renowned within Manchester for its ethnic diversity. 48% of residents do not speak english as their main language (Census 2011). The MSAp studio research is also taking place in Cheetham hill; allowing additional interpersonal research which cannot be considered if just focusing on statistical analysis! This interpersonal research will inform what is really happening locally, in addition to how a spatial resolution might be relevant and appropriate.

Moston 13.6%

Cheetham 62.8%

Percentage of ‘White Other” = 3.3%

City Centre

Moss Side

Longsight 72.8%

Brooklands

KEY: Percentage of non-white ethnic groups per ward 66 - 75% 56 - 65%

Woodhouse Park 13%

(Percentage of ‘White Other’ = 5.1%)

46 - 55% 36 - 45% 26 - 35% 16 - 25% 5 - 15%

Sources: ONS - http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk

With almost 50% of residents being born outside of the United Kingdom, Cheetham Hill is more ethnically diverse than London!

From my previous research at global, national and district levels I am interested to understand what demographic of migrants live within Cheetham hill, what facilities are available and to whom they serve. My discussions with Bethan Harries have identified that facilities are often racialised and this sometimes excludes individuals that do not have similar ethnic or cultural backgrounds. In addition, it has been established that the majority of migrants are better educated than natives (Dustmann et al. 2013), but a fifth of them are still classed as having ‘low educational attainment’.

To what extent are the statistics true for Cheetham hill? What can be established to ‘level the playing-field’ for both migrants and natives?

Non-UK Born Proportion of UK Residents Born in the UK and Abroard, 2011

UK Born

100%

90%

80%

70%

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

England

London

North West

Cheetham Hill

77

WHAT IS THE PROJECT FOCUS?

How can the consideration of peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s origin of birth, their ethnicity, religion and culture become attributed to a wider discussion about community at a local level? Design moves informed through the awareness of racialised facilities, gendered space and spatial territories will establish a relevant siting for the thesis project. In addition, an understanding of how spaces should be connected, both internally and within the vicinity will inform how well the design connects with the local demographic.

RACIALISED FACILITIES GENDERED SPACES LACK OF GOVERNMENT FUNDING RESPECTING PERSONAL IDENTITY SPATIAL TERRITORY

79

NANO ANALYSIS: CHEETHAM HILL

81

MEETING

CHEETHAM & CRUMPSALL WELCOME CENTRE

14.11 2013 Trinity United Church, Cheetham Hill

To fully analyse and understand the affects migration has on an individual as well as a community, I went to visit the Welcome Centre on Cheetham Hill road.

The centre provides respite, advice, english learning classes, a work club and space to socialise for the local community of Cheetham Hill. The majority of the users of the centre have low level - no knowledge of the english language. For most, sessions at the centre are a chance to grasp an improved understanding of english to enable them to secure a stable job.

HEALTH

MARK GREENWOOD

Wai Yin Well-being Manager

SOCIAL / ADVICE

SOFIA Welcome Centre Volunteer

JOB

LANGUAGE

All of the volunteers & staff are extremely welcoming! I have returned back to the Welcome Centre every week since first visiting. This has enabled me to help Mark produce a general survey of the centreâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s users as well as help people write and format their CVs.

WHAT DOES THE WELCOME CENTRE OFFER?

WORK CLUB (Fridays)

Fridays are the centre’s busiest day. Many people come to use the work club facilities; laptops and internet access are used to search and apply for jobs. However, some users come as a ‘tick box requirement’ to ensure they keep their benefits.

SOCIALISE & FREE FOOD The centre offers space to socialise and meet new people. The facilities are very basic; a scattering of tables, chairs and somewhere to get a tea or a coffee.

In addition, a FREE HOT LUNCH is also available. Believe me, it’s delicious! The food has attracted homeless people & working ladies to the centre.

BENEFITS & GENERAL ADVICE (Tuesdays, Thursdays & Fridays)

People with low-level english come to the centre to seek advice and help from the volunteers.

Often they require help talking to the council, dealing with housing or benefits, or gaining medical assistance.

ENGLISH LESSONS

(Tuesdays, Thursdays & Fridays)

Denise & Helen are the English teachers

in the centre. They host a range of classes for different skills levels. Classes are taught completely in English, with visual prompts and repetition techniques.

83

CHEETHAM & CRUMPSALL WELCOME CENTRE

The Welcome centre is currently situated in Trinity church hall on the corner of Cheetham hill road and Greenhill road. The church is located at the heart of Cheetham along the main road bisecting the ward. Food shops make up the majority of the street front in the vicinity, whilst residential areas occupy the land to the north-east and south. The other main shopping areas are further along Cheetham hill to the north-west.

“The space we have currently may not be ideal; but it’s open plan is brilliant!

It allows me to monitor what is going on, and keep an eye on certain individuals to ensure the safety of the centre’s users. Surveillance in small organisations is key”

“Needs of the area are so complex.... we have volunteers who come and they themselves speak a number of languages for instance, Urdu and French… French and polish…French and native African…what happens is that word gets out to the community and gets people to come…what you see here is a multi-cultural

environment because we are here and we are local…” (Mark Greenwood) WHO GOES TO THE WELCOME CENTRE?

Ma rk

Gr een

l loca

wo

od

ts from specialis nchester a within M

long-term Volunteers

FUNDING ORGANISATION

ple

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ts

iden

res wer

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ne VOLUNTEERS

le

local peop

short-term Volunteers

researche

rs

sh

ngli

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it

Lim

im Musl

USERS

WELCOME CENTRE

Regular Users

en

wom

friends of volunteers Langua ge class users

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Muslim women

frie

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so

al lly ion pica Nat EU ants ty ) ng r y You nt mig & Ital e in (rec Spa from

Lonely older people

La ng ua ge cla ss us ers

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itu

Homeless people

long-stay Users

st Pro

Lim loo ited kin spo g fo ken rb ene Engli s fit adv h, ice

short-stay Users

fv olu

nte

ers

85

CHEETHAM & CRUMPSALL WELCOME CENTRE

USER PROFILES

YOUNG EU NATIONALS (RECENTLY MIGRATED):

Age: Mid 20’s - mid 30’s The majority of this category of users are EEA nationals or Native Africans with previous residency within an EU country. Many of them speak 2 or more languages; predominantly French, Spanish & Italian but all have low understanding of English. All of them come to the centre a few times a week to attend the English language lessons.

Some also attend to receive food parcels of bread, biscuits and fruit.

Behaviour: Friendly and engaging. This group of users are obviously frustrated at their current circumstance. Many are young and qualified in a trade that they cannot persue due to lack of English language knowledge in addition to being obligated to take conversion tests for their overseas qualifications.

Desires: To become fluent in Spoken English. (It has not been established whether these individuals have literacy competancy) To gain permanent, regular work in the UK (even more desirable if the work is related to their existing skillset).

Educational attainment: Many have foreign trade qualifications which are not valid in the UK.

Jan & Marian - Electricians from the Czech Republic Jan & Marian moved to the UK in 2012 to find work. They are qualified electricians in the Czech Republic. To secure work in Manchester, they signed up with an agency which provides both accommodation and work to EU nationals. Both men are charged monthly rent payable to the agency, whilst the agency promised to find jobs for them. Initially, they worked in factory environments cleaning out vats and equipment. However, this stopped when the agency ‘claimed’ there was no more work for them.

Both men currently do not have jobs, but the agency is still demanding monthly rent for their accommodation; which is consequently substandard.

The Welcome Centre provides the men with a place to discuss these issues as well as partake in english classes. Once their english has improved, they will be able to take UK electrician exams in order to have the necessary qualifications to practice their trade in this country.

87

CHEETHAM & CRUMPSALL WELCOME CENTRE

MIGRANTS LOOKING FOR BENEFIT ADVICE:

Age: various, but often 40+ This category of user come to the centre to seek advice on benefits, taxes and housing. Some people within this category attend regularly for language lessons, socialising or free food. Others within this category are new to the centre and often come here through word of mouth. They speak to Mark and the other volunteers who can sometimes help out with day to day advice. For matters out of the hands of the volunteers a professional advisor attends the Welcome centre twice a week. These sessions are frequently oversubscribed with many users wanting to gain advice.

Behaviour: Friendly but often nervous Desires: To gain insight into resolving their particular difficulty, often with regards to benefits, housing support or council taxes that they do not understand/ are not receiving.

Educational attainment: Low level of English Language. Disabilities or it is assumed low educational attainment/ restriction on access to employment due to cultural background.

The majority of these users are women, but not all.

PAKISTANI MUSLIM WOMEN: Age: 30+ This category of user come to the centre to meet up with friends that volunteer, have access to free lunch and food parcels and to socialise with other women.

Behaviour: Engagement confined to other Pakistani women.

Desires: It has not been established what this category of userâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s desires are. Attending the Welcome centre gives them a place to socialise outside of the home environment.

Educational attainment: Low level of English Language and reluctance to use English in a public place or engage with people speaking English. Disabilities or it is assumed low educational attainment/ restriction on access to employment due to cultural background.

USER PROFILES

LONGER-TERM VOLUNTEERS: Age: Mid 20’s - mid 50’s Most of the longer term Volunteers are local to Cheetham Hill. Many of them speak 2 or more languages, which helps attract regular local people who need help translating.

Behaviour: Initially these individuals were hostile to my presence in the Welcome centre (“why is she here again?”!) Some older lady in particular was extremely territorial over her volunteering position; although she mainly engages with other Pakistani muslim women and does not really help anyone else.

Desires: Want and enjoy being part of the local community. Want to engage with other people - socialise, get out of the house, have conversations Some volunteers are not proficient in English and volunteering at the centre is a way for them to improve daily.

Educational attainment: Various. Fluent proficiency in English, Urdu, Punjabi, Greek, French, Native African

FRIENDS OF VOLUNTEERS: Age: 30s-50s English Proficiency: Varied • Little to no proficiency in English - only interact with volunteer friends • Good level of English, but boisterous, intimidating, and sexual predator.

SHORT-TERM VOLUNTEERS: Age: Mid 20’s - mid 50’s Short-term volunteers are both local to Cheetham Hill and come from other parts of Manchester. Many of them speak 2 or more languages, which helps attract regular local people who need help translating.

Behaviour: Friendly and approachable, eager to help and often participating in the welcome centre as part of wider research.

Desires: Want and enjoy being part of the local community. Want to engage with other people - socialise, get out of the house, have conversations. Want to find out about the local area for research purposes.

Educational attainment: Varied.

89

CHEETHAM & CRUMPSALL WELCOME CENTRE

HOMELESS MEN: Age: Mid 20’s - mid 40’s Some are drug and/ or alcohol dependant They come to the Welcome centre for the lunchtime meal. It is close to a building they are currently squatting in Behaviour: The men are reserved and will not engage with anyone unless it is initiated by others. They sit on a table at the back of the room and wait for food to be served. They leave the centre shortly after they have eaten.

Desires: To have somewhere to live, to have regular food, to find work Educational attainment: Low level attainment, street wise characteristics Do not have opportunities for recreation.

It is assumed that these individuals do not have affiliations with friends or the wider world around them.

PROSTITUTES / HOMELESS/ DRUG-DEPENDANT WOMEN: Age: 30’s - mid 50’s Some are drug and/ or alcohol dependant They come to the Welcome centre food and hot drinks, but I have seen them less regularly than the homeless men who are there every week (if not every day).

Behaviour: The women are often visible high on drugs, so can sometimes be brash and loud, however, I have never experienced them being rude or abusive to any staff or other Welcome centre users.

Some women engaged and were intrigued by the ‘hands on’ models I have been bringing to the centre (please refer to ‘loved city’ pages) and mentioned that they had engaged making similar things recreationally in prison.

Desires: Not currently defined. Conversations with this group have hinted that these women may require more structured activities.

USER PROFILES

LONELY OLDER PEOPLE: Age: 60s + Behaviour: Majority are known well by volunteers and other users. Some older people are new to the Welcome centre and just want somebody to talk to. Everyone I have engaged with in this regard is friendly and desperate to talk to someone/ tell them about their life.

Desires: One older Bangladeshi woman wants to be part of the community and create a social network of people. However she says that the Pakistani muslim women in the area are not welcoming of non-Pakistani people. They do not talk in English so she cant understand their conversations. She feels this is extremely isolating and rude.

Educational attainment: Varied Limited places for them to go. Comments from this group of people suggest that other facilities in Cheetham are too racialised by the Pakistani community that they feel isolated if they try and attend them.

91

CHEETHAM HILL

THE STATISTICS

Non-UK Born

COUNTRY OF BIRTH & LANGUAGE

Non-UK Born

Proportion of UK UK Residents Born Born in the UK and Abroard, 2011

UK Born

100%

90%

Inter-personal research at the Welcome centre has allowed me to understand what difficulties are faced by residents living below the bread line. with little knowledge of the English language and many of whom are unemployed. As I have come across no native British residents attending the welcome centre, statistical data of the area has been analysed to understand the wider characteristics of Cheetham hill residents.

80%

70%

60%

This wider analysis will identify cultural and economic territories; which may be affecting facilities and an individuals access to them. This access to facilities may be constrained as a result of ethnicity, cultural habits, education or spatial location.

50%

40%

Nearly a 2/3rd of residents are either Pakistani or White British ethnicities. EU countries make up the third largest region of birth, with Poland making up the biggest proportion of this.

30%

20%

The majority of residents are able to speak English well, however for most, their mother tongue language is used at home. This implies that a large proportion of residents are multi-lingual.

10%

North West

% of Non-UK BornCheetham Residents Hill England London

by Region of Birth, 2011 Born Non-UK

North West

Cheetham Hill

10%

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20%

30%

40%

England

London

North West

Cheetham Hill

% of Non-UK born residents by region of birth, 2011 Sources: ONS - http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk 1. A study by â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Multi-lingual Manchesterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

Cheetham Hill

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

TOP 5 ETHNICITIES:

SPOKEN ENGLISH PROFICIENCY:

Pakistani

29%

Main language

65%

White British

28%

Very good English

12%

White Other

7%

Good English

14%

Black African

7%

Not very good English

7%

Black Caribbean

7%

Cannot speak English

1%

84% of residents in Cheetham hill

use their Mother

Tongue at home 1

10%

20%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

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% Distribution by Country of Birth of European Born UK Residents, 2011

90%

100%

England

London

North West

Cheetham Hill

% distribution by country of birth of European born UK residents, 2011

93

CHEETHAM HILL

THE STATISTICS SPATIAL TERRITORY

Mapping out ethnicity begins to identify spatial terrioties that are present in the atea.

The percentage of White British residents is mapped out adjacent.

TO BURY

73.7%

72.1%

The central & southern part of the area has an extremely low percentage of White British residents. Anecdotally, it has been discussed that this area (particularly to the east of Cheetham Hill road) has been home to a larger percentage of South Asian residents for the past 10 years.1

6.9%

Along Cheetham hill road it can be seen that shops and facilities cater predominantly for the south Asian community.

TH EE CH AM D OA

LR

HL

22.8%

7.8%

53%

7.5% 23.8%

TO MANCHESTER CITY CENTRE

KEY:

% of residents who are White British/English/Welsh/Irish, 2011 0- 15% 15- 30% 30- 45% 45- 60% 60% +

Sources: ONS - http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk 1. Conversation from the Cheetham hill Event, Unit 25, Cheetham hill road, Manchester 25/10/2013

Larger percentages of White British residents are located to the west of Cheetham hill road.

Anecdotally, the Waterloo Estate (to the southwest of the map - close to the 53% area) has a large percentage of White British residents. In addition, households closer to the Salford ward boundary are predominantly White British, although they have not been in the area for very long. 1

Large number of nonwhite British residents, who have lived in the area for 10 years or more 1

In addition to highlighting space purely on ethnicity, it is important to understand other factors which generally affect a resident’s life.

TO BURY

The map adjacent indicates the multiple deprivation indices in relation to the whole of England and Wales. It can be seen that that Cheetham hill as a whole has very low deprivation. This index considers 7 domains of deprivation: Income Employment Health Education Barriers to housing & services Crime Living environment

TH EE CH AM D OA

LR

HL

• • • • • • •

This area ranks 79th most deprivated for health in the country

TO MANCHESTER CITY CENTRE

KEY:

Rank of Multiple deprivation Index, 2011 0- 10%

Number scale on Map (rankings in England & Wales): 1 32482

= most deprived = least deprived

10- 20% 20- 30% 30- 40% 40% +

95

CHEETHAM HILL

THE STATISTICS

t Employmen

ECONOMIC ACTIVITY & EDUCATION

Economically inactive residents include: the retired = 8%, the long-term sick = 7%, those looking after the home = 11%, full-time students, other

40%

of res ide n some ent from of Emptslo aryem in so me fro m of

29%

40%

49 %

of res ide nts

are i n

49 %

29%

KEY: Economically Inactive Economically active: Full time Student

% of residents between 16 -74 years, by economic activity, 2011

Economically active: UnEmployed Economically Inactive

Employed: Part-time

Economically active: Full time Student

Employed: Full-timeEconomically active: UnEmployed Part-time Self employed: with Employed: employees: Part-time Employed: Full-time

Self employed: with employees: Full-time Self employed: with employees: Part-time

Self employed: without employees: Part-time

Self employed: with employees: Full-time

Self employed: without employees: Full-time Self employed: without employees: Part-time Self employed: without employees: Full-time

Sources: ONS - http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk

below A level achievement

15%

11%

15%

si d

5

4%

of

re

54

%

c ati

en

si d

en

ts

ha

ve

ts

qu

ha

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ve

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ons

12%

alifi

12%

ons

below A level achievement

11%

of

re

KEY: No qualifications

No qualifications

1-4 GCSE/ O levels (D grade or below)

1-4 GCSE/ O levels (D grade or below)

NVQ level 1, Foundation GNVQ, basic skills

% of residents aged 16 years and older, by qualifications gained, 2011

NVQ level 1, Foundation GNVQ, basic 5+ GCSEâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s / O levels (A*C grade/ pass) skills NVQ level 2, Intermediate GNVQpass) 5+ GCSEâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s /O levels (A*- C grade/ Apprenceship

NVQ level 2, Intermediate GNVQ 2+ A levels

Apprenceship NVQ level 3, Advanced GNVQ Degree/ Higher degree (BSc, BA, MA, PHD etc) 2+ A levels NVQ level 4 NVQ level 3, Advanced GNVQ Professional qualifications (nursing, accountancy, teaching etc)

Degree/ Higher degree (BSc, BA, MA, PHD etc) Vocational/ work-related qualifications

NVQ level 4 qualifications Foreign Professional qualifications (nursing, accountancy, teaching etc) Vocational/ work-related qualifications Foreign qualifications

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CHEETHAM HILL

THE STATISTICS

HOUSING & TRANSPORTATION

As identified on the maps on the adjacent page, Cheetham hill has strong north-south public transport links; along Cheetham hill road itself as well as the Bury-City tram line to the east. However, public transport links are concentrated within the centre of the ward, with a lack of services catering for residents to the east and west; a large number of whom are older people. This centralisation of services means many people, especially those within very deprived parts of the ward are not within adequate walking distance.

In addition to this, Cheetham hill residents as a whole do not own their vehicles (map on bottom right), resulting in a higher dependency to local services and public transport. Areas affected by a lack of public transport also have a higher percentage of people without private vehicle access.

In conclusion, a larger percentage of residents in Cheetham hill have low educational attainment and are not in full time employment.

Large areas of Cheetham are identifyable by ethnicity; both statistically and anecdotally. As a result of this, facilities and services have been racialised to accommodate the majority of residents needs. There is a fairly even proportion of socially rented, private rented and private owned housing stock. Anecdotes from the welcome centre and the Cheetham hill event suggest that the overall condition of the housing stock is poor.

1% SHARED OWNERSHIP 2% LIVING RENT FREE

23% SOCIALLY RENTED

36% PRIVATELY RENTED

38% OWNED

Sources: ONS - http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk Anecdotal information from the Welcome centre and the Cheetham hill event

CRUMPSALL METROLINK

KEY:

TO BURY

ABRAHAM MOSS METROLINK

Public transport links in Cheetham hill

TH EE CH

Pendleton to Failsworth bus

53

Cheetham hill to Pendleton bus

59

Rochdale to City centre bus

88/89

Moston to City centre bus

135

Bury to City centre bus

154

Cheetham hill to Bury bus

AM

52

HL D OA

LR

Hail and ride area Tram line and station

TO MANCHESTER CITY CENTRE

KEY:

No cars or vans in household, 2011 60% + 50- 60%

TO BURY

40- 50% 30- 40%

TH EE CH AM D OA

LR

HL

TO MANCHESTER CITY CENTRE

**maps not to scale

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FACILITIES

What help arleady exists for facilitating personal improvement; gaining qualifications, advice and housing in Cheetham hill? Mapping these organisations will begin to understand the positives and negatives of each group to create opportunities that will inform my programme design.

NORTHWARDS HOUSING

JOB CENTRE

ABRAHAM MOSS CENTRE

CHEETHAM & CRUMPSALL WELCOME CENTRE, TRINITY CHURCH

WATERLOO CENTRE

WOODVILLE CHILDRENâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S CENTRE

CHEETHAM HILL ADVICE CENTRE

CHEETWOOD CENTRE

ABRAHAM MOSS CENTRE

JOB CENTRE

The centre provides a library and adult learning facilities for the local area. Sports centre facilities are also located at this complex next to Abraham Moss School .

The Bury tram line allows easy access from the centre in and out of the city, however many residents feel that public transport routes from Cheetham hill district centre are not in place, making the resources hard to get to. They feel there needs to be a more even distribution of services.

The job centre is located just off of Cheetham hill road to the north of the district. Services here are limited for residents lacking in English language proficency; with Staff unable to identify and help residents understand their barriers to jobs.

For example, staff are unaware of what certificates residents need to contruction jobs and whether their overseas qualification are adequate in the UK.

NORTHWARDS HOUSING A not-for-profit company managing Council homes in North Manchester. There is a community room where cooking classes are held and run by ZEST. The company offer a range of low cost activities such as exercise classes and healthy eating classes at a range of venues in the local area.

CHEETHAM & CRUMPSALL WELCOME CENTRE Trinity church Drop in advice, language lessons, free food, and conversation. The welcome centre is funded by the Wai Yin society, who provide education & welfare services to minority groups in Manchester. The centre is regularly used and has a good location on Cheetham hill road. However the service runs from an inadequate church hall with a ‘dependancy approach’ to helping residents gain access to food and warmth.

WATERLOO CENTRE (csplus)

CHEETHAM HILL ADVICE CENTRE No longer running

The centre offers a range of learning and employment courses; tailored to cultural gender specifics with creche facilities available when necessary. Informing skills learning, english language courses and ‘world cinema nights’ try to cater for minority communities. However, residents feel this centre is isolated and it is not clear to what expense the courses cost residents. In addition, learning appears to be very top down with some language courses being sponsored by the UK Border Agency

A centre on Waterloo road which offers volunteering opportunities to give advice and interpreting to the local community.

Advice for welfare benefits, debt, legal problems, family problems, Immigration/Nationality, and Local information.

Funded by Manchester city council and the Legal Service Commission.

CHEETWOOD CENTRE

WOODVILLE CHILDREN’S CENTRE

Community and Sports Centre hosting leisure activities, group sessions and learning opportunities for adults and young people. The centre also has office space & meeting rooms for hire.

A Sure Start centre located within a predominantly Asian area. Services such as the Neesa Well Woman drop-in and the Manchester Black health forum hold weekly events and meetings catered for local Muslim people; particularly women. It is regularly used among this demographic and has library services, counselling services, once a month coffee mornings & English classes. The location, although close to the users homes also may be a means of surveillance from men and the wider Muslim community.

The services here are well valued, but difficult to access for residents without person transportation. Its location has also been idenified by residents as a ‘ghetto’. There is an opportunity to incorporate some elements of the centre within the thesis programme.

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HEALTH CARE TOWARDS BURY

CHEETHAM HILL DISTRICT CENTRE

TOWARDS MANCHESTER CITY CENTRE

Interpersonal research through the MSAp unit engagement event in Cheetham hill highlighted that access to health care services in the area is difficult. The map opposite indicates the closest health care facilities to Cheetham hill district centre. North Manchester general hospital is within close proximity to the area but is not very useful for more day to day needs of the local residents. Collegiate medical centre is the closest health-care facility with a boots pharmacy on site. The pharmacy is a useful asset to the community, however limited and awkward parking make it difficult for people to access easily. The medical centre itself is predominantly used as an educational facility for Manchester university, so in this respect, does little to contribute to the local area. Cheetham hill medical centre is almost of the bottom of Cheetham hill. It is far from the district centre and does not have adequate parking facilities.

Its services located at the centre of Cheetham would make a positive contribution to the existing parade of shops. The thesis programme could incorporate a satellite facility for the medical centre.

NORTH MANCHESTER GENERAL HOSPITAL •

Located in Crumpsall

•

Public Transport routes to hospital

•

Quite a distance from Cheetham District centre

COLLEGIATE MEDICAL CENTRE & BOOTS PHARMACY •

Located on Cheetham hill road

•

Good Public Transport routes

•

No adequate parking

•

Quite a distance from Cheetham District centre

•

Mainly an educational facility

CHEETHAM HILL MEDICAL CENTRE •

Located on Cheetham hill road

•

Good Public Transport routes

•

No adequate parking

•

Quite a distance from Cheetham District centre

•

Mainly non-emergency health care facility.

Opportunity for an outreach programme close to district centre?

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CREATING CAPABILITIES: MARTHA. C. NUSSBAUM

In order to begin to establish a programme for Cheetham hill, I propose to construct a framework which utilises the theory of social justice to address inequalities and lack of facilities that currently exist in the area. Martha Nussbaum’s Creating Capabilities advocates a ‘capability framework’ which asks “what is each person able to do and to be?” The framework examines what freedoms or opportunities are available to an individual as a result of the political, social & economic environment as well as someone’s individual personal abilities.

This approach looks at the opportunities available to each person: • • • •

to promote a set of opportunities (substantial freedoms) to respect people’s power of self-definition the approach is ‘pluralist about value’ pg 18 with a focus & concern with regard to social injustice and inequality (especially discrimination or marginalisation)

This framework will enable my thesis design to use the research on migration as a tool to consider what services are lacking in Cheetham hill and how consideration to spatial territory, racialised facilities and personal identity could create a service for all residents.

Nussbaum outlines internal, combined and basic capabilities which allow an individual to flourish.

INTERNAL CAPABILITIES:

Having the capacity or skills or ability to ACTION something.

COMBINED CAPABILITIES:

Having the freedom of choice to be able to realise your internal capacity.

BASIC CAPABILITIES:

Treat all people with equal respect. Those who need more help, get more help.

Nussbaum also refers to ‘functionings’; the way in which capabilities are used and bought about. I propose to create a set of basic capabilities for Cheetham hill, based on Nussbaum’s framework to established how my thesis design could begin to bring about ‘functionings’ for local people.

“What is each person able to do and to be?”

SUBSTANTIAL FREEDOMS “COMBINED CAPABILITIES”

PERSONAL ABILITIES

POLITICAL

CHOICE

SOCIAL

ECONOMIC

ACTION

INTERNAL CAPABILITES (Characteristics of a person)

PERSONALITY TRAITS

INTELLECTUAL

HEALTH

EMOTIONAL CAPACITY

INTERNALISED LEARNING

SKILLS OF PERCEPTION & MOVEMENT

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CREATING CAPABILITIES: MARTHA. C. NUSSBAUM 10 BASIC CAPABILITIES

1. LIFE

6. AFFILIATION

- Ensure life is worth living

- being able to live with and toward others - being treated as a dignified human being - Contact (3 C’s, transformative community development)

2. BODILY HEALTH - to be nourished - to have adequate shelter - access to health care services

3. BODILY INTEGRITY - a space people feel comfortable in - gendered space - means of escape from abuse

7. PLAY & RECREATION - being able to laugh

8. CONTROL OVER ONE’S ENVIRONMENT - right to free speech and association - ability to seek employment - ability to own a home and possessions - Control (3 C’s, transformative community development)

4. EMOTIONS

9. SENSES, IMAGINATION & THOUGHT

- to have attachments to things (people / places) - to seek advice (formal/ informal) - to have a place to escape fear and anxiety

- education - religion - creativity - freedom of speech

- Confidence (3 C’s, transformative community development)

5. PRACTICAL REASON - being able to engage in the planning of one’s life - Confidence (3 C’s, transformative community development)

10. OTHER SPECIES -nature & animals

“In other words, they are not just abilities residing inside a person but also the freedoms or opportunities

created by a combination of personal abilities and the political, social and economic environment” (Nussbaum, 20, 2012)

“Working with new immigrant groups in

their respective countries (Britain and Israel), Wolff and

De-shalit find that security

about the future is of overwhelming importance in these people’s ability to use and enjoy all capabilities on the list.”

(Nussbaum, 43, 2012)

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WORKING MODELS:

INDISCHE, AMSTERDAM THE MEEVAART CENTRE, INDISCHE NEIGHBOURHOOD, AMSTERDAM OOST The Meevaart development group manages property for the residents of the Indische neighbourhood in Amsterdam. It is a resident-led organisation, facilitating training, work experience and the strengthening of the local economy.

Before 2011, the centre was under the funding and management of the state however, due to funding cuts it was threatened with closure but was given the opportunity to run outside of the traditional welfare framework. This concept was seen as a â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;social experimentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; for the neighbourhood; where residents, users and financiers have the ownership to control what exists and how it is managed.

Utilising an old school building, the centre is a place for local people to meet, have a coffee and use the internet. Space can be hired by organisations for meetings or training and activities are available for everyone. It is the place in the local area people go to to find out what is happening and how they can become a part of it.

The Meevarrt Principles 1. The Meevaart facilitates activities by and for vulnerable residents 2. The Meevaart is open to activities accessible to everyone 3. All activities are joint use 4. Activities that promote integration 5. Volunteer and Commercial activities 6. Similar activities carried out as much as possible together. The centre refers not to support the same activity separately for different audiences. It is important to have co-operation between organisations.

Ground floor plan

First & second floor plan Sources: http://repaircafe.nl/amsterdam-oost/ http://meevaart.nl/

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WORKING MODELS:

LOSTOCK, MANCHESTER THE LOSTOCK COMMUNITY PARTNERSHIP, STRETFORD, MANCHESTER The Lostock Community Partnership (LCP) was established in 2003 as a resident-led organisation wishing to make positive changes in the local area. With the help of Heather Henry; a former nurse, now community builder (as photographed below), the LCP were able to communicate and work with local residents and public service figures alike to enable their views and needs to be heard. This in turn bought needed change to Lostock through the improvement of local businesses and government services which now operate more successfully at a local level.

Transformative community development is a framework which sets out to redistribute authority. Instead of local governments having total control and decision making powers, these responsibilities are shared with service providers and local residents to gain bottom up resolutions. This distribution of power allows residents to take control over their lives, the contact with authorities and businesses strengthens social networks which in turn provides the residents with the capacity and confidence to make a difference within their neighbourhood. Contact, control and confidence; or the 3 C’s of well-being are steps within the framework of transformative community development which allow resident-led initiatives to flourish.

A resident-led aspect to my thesis design will enable the coming together of Strong Key Residents within Cheetham hill to help to redistribute decision-making authority. A local authority presence alongside this would facilitate a working relationship between government funding and local application.

Control: allowing political freedom and freedom of speech. This allows residents to participate in decision making Contact: facilitating contact with neighbours, physical social networking and contact with organisations (private and civic). This brings about a better understanding of all people’s concerns, roles and experiences.

Confidence: the realisation of the ability to make a difference and change existing circumstances.

FACILITATING ADAPTIVE SYSTEMS: • What is relevant to the area COMMUNITY PARTNERSHIPS: • Identify Key Residents - employed to co-ordinate activities • Establish a partnership of key residents • Create a place for meetings and workshops Heather Henry (above) worked with this model within Lostock, Manchester

3 C’S OF WELL-BEING

CONTROL

By giving people greater opportunities to influence decisions; through participative and direct democracy rather than formal consultation exercises.

CONTACTS

By faciliatating social networks and regular contact with neighbours.

CONFIDENCE

By enabling people to have confidence in their capacity to control their own circumstances.

TRANSFORMATIVE COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT

• • • •

Self- sustaining Community led Improve neighbourhood conhesion Establish Cheetham hill as a desirable place to live and work

Source: Hothi, M et al, Young Foundation, 2009

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HOW CAN THIS BE APPLIED TO CHEETHAM HILL?

The capabilities approach together with the framework of transformative community development intends to switch the attention from resources (income, gross domestic product) to people’s capabilities - the combination of personal abilities and opportunities facilitated through the social, economic and political environment. By supporting these capabilities, it could be argued that control, contact and confidence of residents is mediated; allowing their actions to make visible changes.

The success of this new social approach can be seen at the Meevaart centre in Amsterdam where residents utilise state funding in addition to generating private funds to run the centre for the neighbourhood.

My thesis will promote an ‘asset of opportunities’ within Cheetham Hill, which the residents may or may not exercise. The design will examine how an approach without a primary focus on economic growth can alter current hierarchical state of play. Conclusions established from research on migration will be applied alongside social justice frameworks to ground the thesis within the present social characteristics of Cheetham hill.

PROMOTE AN ASSET OF OPPORTUNITIES

SOCIAL JUSTICE FRAMEWORK GREATER DISTRIBUTION OF AUTHORITY & PUBLIC FUNDS

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KEY ACTORS

SERVICE PROVIDERS

• Localise Services • Bring a ‘face’ to services • Provide rent to generate an income

LOCAL COUNCILLORS

• Introduce a localised presence to central government

PRIVATE ORGANISATIONS

• In house office space • Host events & activities • Provide rent to generate an income

STRONG KEY RESIDENTS

• Using their links with local people as an asset • Support people that need local facilities • Promote facilities through word of mouth

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FOR EXISTING GROUPS

‘RENT A ROOM’ SPACES

PROGRAMME

TRAINING SPACES KITCHEN OFFICES

DESIGN PROPOSAL IN-HOUSE PUBLIC SERVICE IMPROVED ACCESS TO OUTREACH HEALTH SERVICES

PUBLIC MEETING SPACE consultations

GENDERED SPACE

surveillance & security

local councillor

lectures

NON

RESIDEN

MANAGEM INDEPEND

N-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATION

NT LED networks

MENT OF LOCAL BUILDINGS AND ‘FREE SPACE’ DENT WORK OPPORTUNITIES

PUBLIC MEETING SPACE

CHEETHAM HILL TOWN HALL FLEXIBLE HOUSING vulnerable women homeless

break away from unregulated overseas work/live contracts

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LOCAL & CIVIC STAKEHOLDERS GIVE CONTROL TO CITIZENS RE-ESTABLISH LOCAL PUBLIC SPACE

PROCESS Examining theories of migration Exploring the affects of migration on the native population Examining what happens at a local level Forming a capabilities framework which facilitates a quality of life assessment for all

PROJECT Establish criteria which focus on the main elements of combined capabilities Construct this criteria on a local level to facilitate the improvement of internal capability; especially for the residents that need it most; the poor, women, religious & cultural minorities Re-establish dis-used buildings for the use of local residents.

Include residents in decision making processes; establish control, contact & confidence EXPAND THE OPPORTUNITY AND POTENTIAL WITHIN THE AREA

PRODUCT A building which is run by a resident-led, non-governmental organisation; manage, control and distribute local facilities.

Space is incorporated for inhouse public services, and independant local business (Central Beheer type office framework- personal decoration) Education and work opportunity - â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;free trade zonesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; placed within existing commercial zones Flexible housing: -live in housing, volunteer within building - form of income

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INITIAL SITES After analysing Cheetham hillâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s existing services and context in relation to racilised facilities and current public transport limitations, 4 initial sites were investigated. It is important to consider their proximity to Cheetham district centre and the accessibility of the site from various residential areas.

A Along Queen road close to Manchester fort is a large brownfield site. Its presence along the main road and proximity to the Sure Start childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s centre provide potential for easy access and connection to existing services. The large residential area adjacent would cater for some of the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s users.

However, as the site is located far away from Cheetham hill district centre, it isolates a larger demographic of resident.

B Slightly east from site A is another potential site for my thesis design. Similarly to site A, this site is perhaps too far from the district centre and hidden inbetween a residential area, school and main road.

Its proximity to the school would make a strong connection with the younger generation of residents, but to the detriment of others.

C

+

D

Both Sites C + D are located within the district centre and along Cheetham hill road. Site C is a former churchyard; a large site just behind Cheetham hill road. Residential properties face the site in addition to the back of the shops on the main road. This site is reknowned for people taking drugs. Its size may not be appropriate for the thesis scheme as well as its position just out of site from the busy main road.

Site D is the former library directly facing the main road. The scale of the site and its presence with the district centre would reinforce the purpose and useability of the proposal. The library is a much loved and desired building to reinstate in the area. This site would encourage a challenging design process to consider what elements (if any) of the existing building remain, how the proposal responds to its close context and how it would be percieved as a new public building present on the high street.

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LOVED CITY: MOBILE & STATIC EXISTING POPULATIONS

IS THERE AN OPTIMUM STATE OF FLUX? HOW CAN FACILITIES BE MANIPULATED TO CATER FOR THIS CONSTANT CHANGE?

Precedent: Duggan Morris Architects: The Doll’s House

‘The Loved City’ is a model exploring memory and place through participation. The model is comprised of two main elements: ‘the rooms’ and ‘the cabinet of curiosities’.

The rooms: 3 rooms (extruded plans) act as blank canvases for the participant to manipulate. The rooms connect together in numerous ways depending on the desires and intentions of the participant.

The Cabinet of Curiosities: The cabinet is full of objects, scaled people, walls and houses for the participant to use. It is the kit of parts which allow memorys to become spatialised. Through space and narrative it is hoped that a better understanding of memory associated with Cheetham Hill will be understood.

Precedent: Cabinet of Curiosities

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LOVED CITY: MOBILE & STATIC EXISTING POPULATIONS

125

LOVED CITY: MOBILE & STATIC EXISTING POPULATIONS

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ENGAGEMENT TIMELINE

Email Michael Herbert Black History Walk

24.10.13

Unit 25 Visit Cheetham Hill

18.10.13

Email MRSN RE: Meet & Volunteer

12.11.13

Email WAST RE: Meeting

12.11.13

Event 90 Degrees Citizen

Email Virtual Migrants RE: Collaborate Event

14.11.13

Email Stephen Farndon Trafford Councillor UKIP RE: Immigration Conv

14.11.13

30.10.13

Mark UKIP

22.1

25.10.13

Trinity United Church: Welcome Centre, Cheetham Hill

14.11.13

SEPT

OCT

19.11.13

Loved City Event Unit 25 Cheetham Hill

NOV

Meeting Bethan Harries CoDE

25.11.13

Conference ‘Society beyond Borders’ TEDx Lectures Bethnal Green, London

versation k Davies P

18.01.14

Event Memory of Cheetham Hill -with Code & Bethan Harries Unit 25 Cheetham Hill 4th -6th Feb ‘14

Memory Event TBC

22.11.13

11.13

DEC

JAN

FEB 129

APPENDIX 1 Source: ‘The fiscal effects of immigration to the UK’, Dustmann. Christian & Frattini, Tommaso, CReAM (the Centre for Research & Analysis of Migration) CDP No. 22/12 (2013)

131

APPENDIX 2 Sources: http://www.workpermit.com/uk/uk-immigration-tier-system.htm http://www.ukba.homeoffice.gov.uk/policyandlaw/guidance/ecg/wrk2/

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APPENDIX 3: ADVICE ANONYMOUS Sources: Archives at the Ahmed Iqbal Ullah Resource Centre, Manchester University quotes from the 90 degrees citizen event 30/10/13 ‘The proud and tragic Poles’, Manchester Evening Chronicle, 4th June 1958

From left to right, top to bottom: 1. Role Model 2. ‘Social housing & facilities; do they marginalise people?’

3. ‘We can’t escape from the English distrust of foreigners, to many I’m just a “bloody Pole”’ -quote from ‘The proud and tragic Poles’, Manchester Evening Chronicle, 4th June 1958 4. ‘The more we work together and share experiences the more we can open up networks and opportunities.’

-quote from the 90 degrees citizen event 30/10/13.

5. ‘Refugee: more than just a label.’

-topic discussed at 90 degrees citizen event 30/10/13 6. ‘Try to keep an open mind ya know, sometimes because things are different, you can come to the wrong conclusion about what it means...’

-quote from Judy Craven, Oral History Interviews: Community History Project, Manchester 7. Asylum Seeker: no right to work, limited funds, monthly report to immigration centre, Home Office restrictions on volunteering 8. ‘I’ve suffered ignorance about my culture instead of aggressive abuse; physically or verbally.’

-quote from Davidine Sim, Oral History Interviews: Community History Project, Manchester 9. ‘...Those who are trying to carve out an honest living bear with patient resignation the slur stamped unmercifully on their kind in general.’

- ‘A dream ends in squalor’, Manchester Evening Chronicle, 2nd June 1958 10. Asylum Process: confusing, de-humanising, stressful, isolating, going under-ground.

11. “Nowadays, social mobility, our rights & respect are less obtainable.’

-quote from 90 degrees citizen event 12. Courage & Resourcefulness

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

BOOKS: Hardt, Michael. (Foreword) ‘The Affective Turn: theorising the social’, Duke University Press, 2007 Nussbuam. C. Martha, ‘Creating Capabilities: The Human Development Approach’, Cambridge, Massachusetts & London, England, Harvard University Press, 2011

ARTICLES: Hellinga. Annemette and Smets. Peer, ‘Belonging and Micro-settings in a Rotterdam Housing Complex’, (unknown date) White. Stefan, ‘Bad Architects Steal, Good Architects Redistribute’, Not Content: Projects for a Shared City, (2012), Accessed September 2013, http://projects.msa.ac.uk/content/notcontent2011/msap-book.html

REPORTS: Office for National Statistics Reports: ONS, ‘Population by country of birth and nationality report’, ONS, August 2013 ONS, ‘Internal migration by Local Authorities in England and Wales year ending June 2012’, ONS, June 2013 ONS, ‘Migration statistics quarterly report August 2013’, ONS, August 2013 UN Census Data UNHCR, The UN Refugee Agency, Displacement - The New 21st Century Challenge, Global Trends 2012, UNHCR June 2013

EVENTS: Cheetham Hill Event, Unit 25, Cheetham Hill road, Manchester 25th October 2013 90 Degrees Citizen Event, by Virtual Migrants and GMIAU, Manchester Museum, Manchester, 30th October 2013 Trinity Church Welcome Centre, Cheetham Hill road, Manchester (various) ‘Society beyond borders’, TEDx EAST, Bethnal Green, London, Saturday 18th January 2013

Telephone Interview with Mark Davies, Wednesday 22nd November 2013 Interview with Bethan Harries, Manchester Museum cafe, Monday 25th November 2013

WEBSITES: BBC News, ‘History of Immigration’, Accessed 15th October 2013, http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/uk/2002/race/ short_history_of_immigration.stm#1500 Bolin. Liu, Accessed 25th October 2013, http://www.liubolinart.com/ Deleuze. Gilles, ‘Gilles Deleuze on cinema- What is the creative act? (1987)’, Accessed September 2013, http://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=7DskjRer95s Duggan Morris Architects, ‘the Doll’s house’, Accessed 14th November 2013, http://dugganmorrisarchitects.com/#news/item/201309/the-dolls-house GMIAU (Greater Manchester Immigration Aid Unit), Accessed 27th October 2013, http://gmiau.org/ Migrant Manchester, Accessed 15th October 2013, http://migrantmanchester.blogspot.co.uk/p/about.html Multi-cultural Manchester, Accessed 27th October 2013, http://www.manchester.gov.uk/info/448/archives_and_local_history/506/ multi-cultural_manchester/4 National Geographic, ‘Migration’, Accessed 15th October 2013, http://education.nationalgeographic.com/media/vintage/www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/lessons/09/g68/migrationguidestudent.pdf Refugee Action, ‘A right to volunteer’, Accessed 27th October 2013, http://www.refugee-action.org.uk/assets/0000/6744/A_Right_to_ volunteer_factsheet_FINAL.pdf ONS (Office for National Statistics) Census Data, Accessed 15th November, http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadSByASelectScotNI.do?a=7&c=Manchester&d=140&i=1001x1002&m=0&r=1&s=1389003726209&enc=1&areaId=627636 5&OAAreaId=6342347&nsjs=true&nsck=false&nssvg=false&nswid=1280 Ted Talks, ‘Liu Bolin the invisible man’, Accessed 25th October 2013, http://www.ted.com/talks/liu_bolin_the_invisible_man.html UKBA (UK Border Agency) UN Census Data, ‘International Migration’, Accessed 3rd November 2013, http://esa.un.org/unmigration/wallchart2013.htm http://esa.un.org/unmigration/documents/Graphs_and_Maps.pdf http://www.unhcr.org.uk/about-us/key-facts-and-figures.html UNHCR, ‘Statistics snd Operational Data’, Accessed 5th November 2013, http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49c3646c4d6.html Virtual Migrants, ‘Re-presenting Refugees’, Accessed 22nd October 2013, http://virtualmigrants.net/

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