Ballast Point Park -‐ Walama Katie Rudowsky A research report and analysis of Sydney, Australia’s new urban waterfront park that features innovative and renewable energy resources while commemorating layers of the site’s rich heritage.
B E N V 2 2 1 9 H i s t o r y o f A u s t r a l i a n L a n d s c a p e D e s i g n | 2 0 1 3 C r a i g B u r t o n [ L e c t u r e r ] | U n i v e r s i t y o f N e w S o u t h W a l e s
Table of Contents LIST OF PLATES AND FIGURES SUMMARY INTRODUCTION LOCATION HISTORY THE ABORIGINES EUROPEAN SETTLEMENT THE MENEVIA RESIDENCE CALTEX BALLAST POINT PARK DESIGN TANK 101 DELICATE BALANCE POETRY IN MOTION – WATERFRONT WALL MATERIALS VEGETATION AMENITIES + ACTIVITIES
3 4 5 7 8 8 8 8 9 10 13 13 14 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 24 25
ACCESSIBILITY AWARDS CRITIQUE CONCLUSION APPENDIX REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHY
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List of Plates and Figures Plate 1 – Concrete bench lay in sediment at the rear entrance to the park .................4 Plate 2 – Bird’s eye view of Ballast Point Park.........................................................5 Plate 3 - Front entrance montage ............................................................................6 Figure 4 - Map indicating Ballast Point in orange....................................................7 Plate 5 - relics from the Menevia residence found during excavation on-site .............8 Figure 6 - Map illustrating the Menevia residence in relation to the headland...........9 Plate 7 - Aerial view of Caltex oil refinery ...............................................................9 Figure 8 - Plan of Ballast Point Park ..................................................................... 10 Plate 9 - Tank 101 inner circle .............................................................................. 13 Plate 10 - Tank 101 .............................................................................................. 13 Plate 11 - Tank 101 detail ..................................................................................... 13 Plate 12 - Delicate Balance ................................................................................... 14 Plate 13 - Delicate Balance view to sky ................................................................. 14 Plate 14 - View from a lookout inside Delicate Balance ......................................... 14 Plate 15 - Wall featuring Tranter poem excerpt ..................................................... 14 Plate 16 - Benches are made from recycled timber ................................................. 15 Plate 17 - Orange structures created from broken, recycled seatbelts; featured above the bathroom areas and several seated spaces throughout the park.................. 15 Plate 18 - Vegetative wall looking towards Snails Bay............................................ 16 Plate 19 - Walls of vegetation guide visitors to spaces throughout the park ............. 16 Plate 20 - Entrance from Wharf Road, rolling hill hides barbeques and offers space for picnics and family gatherings ................................................................... 17 Plate 21 - Entrance and car park along Wharf Road; on-street parking and bike lane symbol also shown........................................................................................ 18 Plate 22 - View of the Harbour Bridge and Sydney skyline..................................... 21
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Summary Ballast Point Park completed construction in the winter of 2009 after many years of history, reclamation and planning. This report illustrates the layers of history that make up the soil and landform that continues to exist today, with remaining views of the Sydney skyline and Harbour Bridge found throughout the headland. The materials and form are one of the first design’s that relies heavily on the historical aspect of industrial design, making this one of the first powerful Post-Industrial designs to be built within Sydney. Ballast Point Park is among the world’s leaders in sustainability initiatives and landscape design, having won many planning, design and construction awards since its completion for its environmental achievements and attention to detail.
Plate 1 – Concrete bench lay in sediment at the rear entrance to the park (Source: Photo taken by author)
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Introduction The site of Ballast Point Park lies along the waterfront of Port Jackson in Sydney, Australia in the area of Birchgrove, or the Balmain Peninsula. The landscape was host to several different themes of Australian history – aboriginal habitation, European settlement, private waterfront residence and a major industrial oil refinery, Caltex. Today, the site has been reclaimed from any soil and land pollution, and used as a hidden park in the outskirts of the city of Sydney. The park features several private and public spaces, lookouts from many areas of the park towards Sydney’s prestigious landscape and symbolic touches that make the space unique and valuable. Ballast Point’s reconstruction into a recreational park was not the most straightforward and easy direction in achievement of a public space. Similar to the High Line in New York City, USA, a committee was formed to ensure that this postindustrial space would be designed as public recreational use, as opposed to new waterfront residential space. After decades of protesting and arguing with the city of Sydney, the Ballast Point Campaign Committee won the right to propose a design of a celebrated park in one of the most beautiful cities of the world.
Plate 2 – Bird’s eye view of Ballast Point Park (Source: AILA, 2010)
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Plate 3 - Front entrance montage (Source: Photo taken by author)
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Location The Balmain Peninsula is located just north of the Sydney city centre in the municipality of Leichhardt. The peninsula juts out between Snails Bay and Mort Bay in Port Jackson, and is bordered by the suburbs of Balmain and Rozzelle. A quiet, sophisticated waterfront residential community guides visitors and tourists towards the park from adjoining roads. The neighborhood streets - Wharf Road, Ballast Point Road and Yeend Street - connect to the park at different points, but their linear nature surprisingly hides Ballast Point Park from view if walking or driving until a few steps away from the park’s entrance. The location plays a vital role in the popularity of the park, as it can be difficult to get to due to a bus stop hidden on the opposite side of Wharf Road and rows of residential homes covering up its natural landscape.
Figure 4 - Map indicating Ballast Point in orange (Source: Sydney, 2010)
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History Ballast Point is home to a layering of history that descends back to the aboriginal era within Sydney. The landscape of Birchgrove has been habituated by native peoples, European settlement, a private residence and an industrial oil refinery before the construction of this existing public park. The Aborigines The first habitants of the headland were the Darug-speaking people of the Euroa tribe (Sydney, 2010). The landform has changed greatly since, leaving little significance from the aboriginal peoples. Therefore, there is little symbolism within the site design to relate aborigine’s culture with the exception of the park’s dual name – Ballast Point Park, Walama. ‘Walama’ is the aboriginal word meaning ‘to return,’ which is signifying the change over time from industrial use back to its natural elements (SHFA, 2013).
European Settlement Between the years 1788 to 1800 European settlers used this headland as a fishing and hunting ground. The site was also a source of ballast for ships returning unladen to Europe, hence the name ‘Ballast’ Point. In 1800, a grant was given to Colonial Surgeon Dr. William Balmain by Governor John Hunter of 550 acres, the acreage of the entire Balmain Peninsula. One year later the space was sold to John Gilchrist for 5 shillings and the area briefly became known as Gilchrist’s place. Nearly three decades later Gilchrist transferred power of attorney to Frederick Parbury and commissioned a surveyor to layout subdivisions for a residential waterfront area. Over a 5-year period between 1836 and 1841, the land unsuccessfully was held on a basis of sales and never became a residential headland from the survey. The land was then sold to two men by the names of Cooper, New South Wales Controller of Customs and later Superintendent of Distilleries, and McLean. A default in mortgage led to the land being transferred to James Tod Goodsir for 700 pounds. Roughly 7 months later the land was sold again to Andrew Blowers Smith and Henry Smith for 500 pounds. A severe colonial depression followed this purchase and the land was not bought again until ten years later. The Menevia Residence In 1852 following the depression, Thomas Perkins purchased 5 acres of the Balmain Peninsula for 300 pounds to build the only house that would ever be built on the site. The house, built in 1864, is recognized as one of the most valuable historical layers of the headland. The site became known as Menevia Point, followed by Perkins Point in 1884 after the death of her husband, Thomas. Their son Henry Thomas Perkins gained the land in 1905,
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Plate 5 - relics from the Menevia residence found during excavation on-site (Source: Photo taken by author)
but never took up residence because he was barrister living in Surrey, England at the time. Menevia became a boarding house for many years until an international oil company, Texaco, purchased the site. Figure 6 - Map illustrating the Menevia residence in relation to the headland (Source: Photo taken by author)
Caltex The international oil company, Texaco, bought the land from the Perkins family and demolished the Menevia residence in 1928 in order to build a fuel depot, manufacturing and packaging facility for the greater Sydney area. The peninsula became Texaco’s, which was later known as Caltex, major distribution point in Sydney until a merger occurred with Ampol Ltd in the 1990s. This was due to an emphasis in trading, logistics and increase in markets of bunker and aviation fuels and lubricants. The site continues to lay heavy significance on the period of Caltex and the historical traces that remain. In September of 2002 the New South Wales Government returned the headland to public ownership for $24 million on behalf of the Ballast Point Campaign Committee and activist group Save Ballast Point, who protested to remediate the park to its natural landscape. Save Ballast Point was established in 1984 and included nearly 500 members who believed in removing Plate 7 - Aerial view of Caltex oil refinery the existing oil refinery and establishing (Source: Sydney, 2010) a public park. Caltex had planned on selling the site to the Walker Corporation for residential development, but the committee and activist group entered a legal dispute, which ended the purchase.
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Ballast Point Park The success of saving this landscape was just the beginning. The design process took several years and massive amounts of detail and discussion between the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority, community members and designers to establish a commemorative, post-industrial public park. The project cost $11 million and sits on 2.6 ha of foreshore land. The designers successfully brought back each era of culture and heritage back to the park, cherishing the value of history that resides along Port Jackson. The park opened on 11 July 2009 and is currently under management by the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority.
Figure 8 - Plan of Ballast Point Park (Source: Coxall + McGregor, 2010)
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Design Team The design team was overlooked by the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority and was worked with in phases of masterplan development, design development, construction and current management. Anton James Design worked in co-operation with Context and CAB Consulting to create the detailed, symbolic and honorable design. Anton James is a distinguished landscape architect and graduate of the landscape architecture program at the University of New South Wales. He worked in conjunction with Craig Burton, an established and experienced landscape architect throughout Australia. Together they touched on the intricate details of the site and its landscape, but the design process stopped short as the Foreshore Authority gave further development and lead consultancy to the Sydney-based landscape architectural design firm, McGregor and Coxall Landscape Architects (AILA, 2010). Many arguments and design speculations were changed multiple times to create a space that formed to the public’s attention of the site’s historical layers, sustainable nature and impact on the Sydney landscape and waterfront. In fact, there was a period of two years between 2003 and 2005 that several community meetings and design charettes were implemented to enforce public opinion and participation. The construction phase was completed by Landscape Solutions, which included an intense remediation of potential pollutants brought to the site from Caltex and Menevia. Architect Choi Ropiha Fighera and artist Robyn Backen were the creative minds behind several of the abstract and quirky touches to the site, including the designs of the toilets, pavilions and lookout towards the city skyline and Harbour Bridge. The materials ranging from brick, concrete, nuts and bolts and large oil tanks were retrieved, recycled and reused in the site, adding to the design. Other participants that helped in the completion of Ballast Point Park included key collaborators Context, JMD Design, Choi Ropiha and Deuce Design, the community and Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority.
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Design Intent The creation of Ballast Point Park is focused on creating a headland that memorializes the heritage and culture of Birchgrove’s past, while focusing on the future potential of the space’s natural landscape and ecological value to Port Jackson and surrounding waters. The lead consultants led the team in minimizing the project’s carbon footprint and ecologically rehabilitating the site and reconcile layers of history with innovative technologies to create a regionally significant urban park (AILA, 2010). The space functions to provide picnic and harbour viewing areas for public enjoyment in a residential area, as well as creating opportunity for adventure and child playfulness and exploration. McGregor and Coxall hoped to communicate the sites past layers and human interventions in an innovative and informative manner as the end product (2010). Ballast Point Park was praised for design excellence and functional quality in the 2010 Design Awards for the Australian Institute of Landscape Architects. Below are the noted philosophies for the site: 1.
“To communicate the change that has occurred to the local area, i.e. from an industrial heart land to its present more gentrified evolution. The design overlays a high end fine grain detailing over a more robust constructed base.
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To communicate the change in our cultural perception of our landscape from a resource to be used to an asset to be respected. The design explores the re-use of the rubble of the past in re-building a park of the future. This concept is further developed by exploring the use of recycled material across the site and the generation of its own energy requirements.
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To respect and communicate the site’s historic layers. A fine balance of each layer, underpinned by a signage strategy, has been used to engage park visitors.
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To employ sustainable design principles in managing on site stormwater and planting. All site stormwater is directed to planting areas where it is cleaned and filtered prior to entering the harbour. Only provenance stock has been used to revegetate the site and promote the reinstatement of local biodiversity” (2010).
From the design of the masterplan to the construction and final product, the design intent is continually praised in our current day as a successful and powerful product, as the intent is visible to the public eye and admired by many.
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Design The design began with a $10 million budget from the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority. The site is focused heavily on sustainable initiatives and ecologically friendly design ideas. Some of those benchmarks include native wetland areas to filter stormwater before entering the bordering harbour, using recycled materials for site furnishings, decks and walls, and planting native trees, shrubs and grasses from locally selected seeds. An environmental approach was achieved through these benchmarks and an additional detail to including site-wide stormwater biofiltration areas and multiple wind turbines for on-site energy production. During the site excavation, Landscape Solutions found the sandstone foundations and relics from the Menevia house, which adjusted the design to incorporate the memorial of the site’s previous built form. Limited removal of the rubbish and old hardscape allowed a large majority of the recycled materials to be reused in the park. Gabions hold the existing stone excavated on-site and bolts, signs and much more that hold significance to the identity and heritage of Ballast Point Park’s past. Design, art and poetry collaborate with each other to bring this landscape back to life. Tank 101 Eight vertical wind turbines stand atop the park’s central focal point – Tank 101. The turbines are the first to be used in a public park and are a symbol of the future. The emphasis is to demonstrate that design is a step away from our fossil fuelled past and is moving towards a more sustainable and renewable energy world. An excerpt from Les Murray, an Australian poet, is carved into the recycled tank panels – ‘Stone statues of ancient waves | Tongue like dingoes on shore’ - and forms an artistic reinterpretation of the site’s history on a former storage tank, the largest on-site (Murray, 2007). The hollowed tank stands tall and projects a powerful illustration of what used to be.
Plate 10 - Tank 101 (Source: Photo taken by author)
Plate 11 - Tank 101 detail (Source: Photo taken by author)
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Plate 9 - Tank 101 inner circle (Source: Photo taken by author)
Delicate Balance A concrete structure protrudes along the waterfront of Ballast Point Park as if leading up to the sky and water’s edge. The structure is a piece of art that represents the use of sandstone on-site as ballast for European ships in the early 1800s. An opening into the artwork leads to the center of the cylindrical structure and offers small rectangular viewports towards Sydney’s skyline and waterfront views.
Plate 12 - Delicate Balance (Source: Photo taken by author)
Plate 14 - View from a lookout inside Delicate Balance (Source: Photo taken by author)
Plate 13 - Delicate Balance view to sky (Source: Photo taken by author)
Poetry in Motion – Waterfront Wall A wall stands just meters away from ‘Delicate Balance’ that plays a part in reflecting the balance between nature, harbour, sky and the site’s heritage. An excerpt by poet John Tranter, “Like us | water breathes and dances to and fro | between the earth and sky” (Tranter, 2007). Tranter grew up in Balmain during its era of being a notable industrial suburb. He notes, “Mort Bay was a container full of noisy trucks, and Ballast Point was a smelly fuel dump. There were no trees anywhere in Balmain…and the streets were deserted” (Sydney, 2010). This poem and wall are a celebration of what this headland is today, ‘a place for future thinking’ and design (2010).
Plate 15 - Wall featuring Tranter poem excerpt (Source: Photo taken by author)
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Materials The design philosophy plays heavy emphasis on the environmental sustainability and positive impact on the future of the park and it’s role in nature. Nearly every material used in this design is recycled from the excavation process or from a nearby source. Coxall and McGregor Landscape Architects created a chart that focused on the environmental responsibility their firm would take part in (Figure 1.1 1). The chart illustrates the components of each design element and its impact on the environment. Concrete, gabion/rubble walls, timber, biodiversity/carbon, soil/mulch and lube ring (Tank 101) were the major elements blending to create what is now Ballast Point Park. Eco-concrete is the medium used for new paths and walls, gabion walls were built using the recycled rubble to reinforce the earth walls that existed prior to excavation and timber is used for the majority of decking, walls and seating throughout the site. Other elements include 8 vertical wind turbines that generate low energy lighting for the site’s public toilets and temporary irrigation to control the establishment of self-sustaining native biodiversity.
Plate 17 - Orange structures created from broken, recycled seatbelts; featured above the bathroom areas and several seated spaces throughout the park (Source: Photo taken by author)
Plate 16 - Benches are made from recycled timber (Source: Photo taken by author)
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Vegetation One of the Ballast Park’s biggest design moves and challenges was to reestablish the foreshore’s natural biodiversity. The site’s history consisted of a shipping wharf, residence and most severe, a widely used oil refinery. In order to revive the natural vegetation, the design team planted over 1000 native trees and 30,000 native bushes to recreate a lush, green waterfront edge (Coxall + McGregor, 2010). Seeds were locally produced near the site and planted directly on Ballast Point’s soil. Today, the park is heavily grown in most areas that have instilled curiosity and whimsicality throughout the space as to what is on the other side. While walking along the park’s outer edge, the vegetation naturally creates a wall filled with lookout points towards Snails Bay, Balls Head Reserve, the Harbour Bridge, Sydney skyline and much more. The vegetation plays a large part in the success of Ballast Point Park and its achievement in reclaiming a post-industrial landscape.
Plate 18 - Vegetative wall looking towards Snails Bay (Source: Photo taken by author)
Plate 19 - Walls of vegetation guide visitors to spaces throughout the park (Source: Photo taken by author)
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Amenities + Activities Ballast Point Park includes many amenities and outdoor activities to encourage a comfortable experience for visitors and allow the public to enjoy an entire day exploring the park. The area includes a children’s play area, barbecues, toilets, dog area and much more. A new wharf on Yeend Street allows visitors to engage with Mort Bay, while gardens and benches presents contemplative spaces overlooking many of the views Ballast Point offers. Pergolas and grass beds can also be found. A space at the main entrance of the park provides a brief timeline of the history behind the headland, and artifacts can be found in the gabions of recycled stone and concrete. Furthermore, the tiered design features different spaces and parts of the history in unique and thought-provoking ways. Anyone who enters the site will understand the historical significance to Sydney and suburb of Balmain. [See Figure 1.1 2]
Plate 20 - Entrance from Wharf Road, rolling hill hides barbeques and offers space for picnics and family gatherings (Source: Photo taken by author)
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Accessibility There are various ways to travel to Birchgrove and access Ballast Point Park. The space is open to the public daily from sunrise to sunset and is locked overnight. There are car spaces outside of the park’s entrance, but parking can be limited in the residential area and along the adjoining streets of Wharf Road, Ballast Point Road and Yeend Street. This is to increase the use of other ways to access the park, including walking, public transportation or cycling. Public transportation includes accessibility by bus and ferry, however a short walk must be included in the venture. The bus stop is located on the other end of Wharf Road that offers about a 10-minute walk to the park. The walk offers beautiful views of a quaint and charming neighborhood of modern architecture, and in many opinions, is worth the walk. The ferry is a farther distance away, about 20 minutes walking, but can be accessed from the new Balmain Thames Street wharf. Yeend Street offers a recreational wharf that can be accessed by kayak, boat, etc. as well.
Plate 21 - Entrance and car park along Wharf Road; on-street parking and bike lane symbol also shown (Source: Photo taken by author)
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Awards (2009) Australian Institute of Architects Small Project Architecture Commendation (2009) Australian Institute of Landscape Architects NSW Special Jury Citation for New Directions (2009) LCA Construction of the Year (Commercial) Award • for Landscape Solutions Pty Ltd construction (2009) LCA Landscape Features Award • for Landscape Solutions Pty Ltd construction (2010) Energy Australia National Trust Heritage Award Highly Commended (2010) Waterfront Centre (Washington DC) Top Honour Award
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Critique Ballast Point Park inevitably could have ended in an unstructured, arguably unsuccessful fashion, but remarkable cooperation and constant communication between several different designers and firms throughout each phase allowed for one of the most successful post-industrial and significant parks to the country of Australia and internationally. In fact, it is difficult to touch on any one major fault in the design of this headland. Nearly every little detail successfully and powerfully installs a new ecosystem and sustainable environment for Mort Bay and Snails Bay, as well as the bordering residential landscape. Katrina Simon, a senior lecturer in landscape architecture at the University of New South Wales, agrees that the site design and process could have been “potentially treacherous,” but illustrates the park in a recent article as if the site is dancing in favor of the environment; a distinct contrast from paralleling areas, but “enlivened with a new form of life” (ArchitectureAU, 2010). The park is a ‘treasure trove’ of history and nature, with a distinct character unique from any public park I have had the pleasure of visiting. Craig Burton, senior lecturer in the built environment at University of New South Wales and participant in the master plan design phase of Ballast Point Park, recently talked about its significance and value in a class session. Although he seemed somewhat bitter towards the changes of designers throughout the process, Burton examined the park as it stands now and explained many of the design’s arguments including Phil McGregor’s idea to save the majority of remnants to recycle into gabion walls and Keating’s views of considerable amounts of green space, as opposed to keeping existing concrete slabs. Some design changes that were made he considers “boring” such as the removed oil tanks interpreted by circles of grass on the lower terrace and poor connectivity between spaces (Burton, 2013). He goes on to argue that the design could have been more creative and imaginative, but the excavation and design choices that left massive amounts of material from the historical layers are beautiful details in the post-industrial park today.
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Conclusion Ballast Point Park is the first urban park to break away from tradition of postindustrial site design (Burton, 2013). As I took a step into the entrance on a beautiful Monday afternoon the park I immediately understood that this design was different than any of the many others that have taken my breath away. The intricate details, majestic views and emphasis on the site’s past layers of history encourage an educational lesson while rolling over hills, skipping breathlessly up and down stairs and jumping gleefully over the terraces. The entire space is comparable to a playground built for all ages, with twists and turns that surprise you at every corner and encourage immense curiosity. The park itself seems small as you enter, but the vegetative walls and terraced structures guide visitors to more exclusive and unique spaces that fill your mind with wonderment and exploration. As a student studying landscape architecture, Ballast Point Park is one of the few that inspires me to design for public discovery, pleasure and enthrallment. This site design deserves the insurmountable amount of awards and achievements it has made, not only as designers, but as a helping hand to the environment – a park that facilitates in recreating a natural buffer of infiltration along Sydney’s bustling waterfront and dense urban form. Although the headland has been used as a shipping port, private residence and oil warehouse, this park challenges other designers to recreate our post-industrial sites into spaces worth traveling to. Ballast Point Park reinvigorates our views towards living sustainability and designing to create a balance between our environment and the human race, while incorporating the rich history and heritage of a site that once was.
Figure 22 - View of the Harbour Bridge and Sydney skyline (Source: Photo taken by author)
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Appendix Figure 1.1 1 – Coxall + McGregor ‘Environmental responsibilty’ chart (Source: Coxall + McGregor, 2010)
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Figure 1.1 2 – Map of Ballast Point Park’s amenities and features (Source: Sydney, 2010)
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References AILA Projects. 2010. Ballast Point Park 2010 Award Winner. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.aila.org.au/projects/nsw/ballast-point/default.htm. [Accessed 03 June 13]. ArchitectureAU. 2010. Ballast Point Park. [ONLINE] Available at: http://architectureau.com/articles/ballast-point-park-1/. [Accessed 06 June 13]. Craig Burton. 2013. Twenty First Century Period (2000-Present). University of New South Wales. Lecture. Coxall + McGregor Landscape Architects. 2010. Biodiverse Habitat. [ONLINE] Available at: http://mcgregorcoxall.com/#/projects/30. [Accessed 05 June 13]. John Tranter. 2007. Balmain. Les Murray. 2007. The Death of Isaac Nathan. SHFA Planning & Infrastructure. 2013. Ballast Point Park - Walama. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.shfa.nsw.gov.au/sydney-Our_places_and_projectsOur_projects-Ballast_Point_Park_Walama.htm. [Accessed 05 June 13]. Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority. 2010. Ballast Point Park Masterplan. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.shfa.nsw.gov.au/content/library/documents/DF93B680-DA31C0D8-88ADBF85C8806537.pdf. [Accessed 01 June 13]. Images AILA. 2010. Ballast Point Park. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.aila.org.au/projects/nsw/ballast-point/slides/001.htm. [Accessed 09 June 13]. (Photos taken by author) Katie Rudowsky. 2013. Ballast Point Park. Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority. 2010. Ballast Point Park Master Plan. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.shfa.nsw.gov.au/content/library/documents/DF93B680-DA31C0D8-88ADBF85C8806537.pdf. [Accessed 09 June 13].
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Bibliography AILA Projects. 2010. Ballast Point Park 2010 Award Winner. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.aila.org.au/projects/nsw/ballast-point/default.htm. [Accessed 03 June 13]. ArchitectureAU. 2010. Ballast Point Park. [ONLINE] Available at: http://architectureau.com/articles/ballast-point-park-1/. [Accessed 06 June 13]. ArchDaily. 2013. Ballast Point Park / Choi Ropiha Fighera. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.archdaily.com/189515/ballast-point-park-choi-ropihafighera/. [Accessed 06 June 13]. Craig Burton. 2013. Twenty First Century Period (2000-Present). University of New South Wales. Lecture. Coxall + McGregor Landscape Architects. 2010. Biodiverse Habitat. [ONLINE] Available at: http://mcgregorcoxall.com/#/projects/30. [Accessed 05 June 13]. John Tranter. 2007. Balmain. Les Murray. 2007. The Death of Isaac Nathan. Outdoor Design Source. 2013. Park - Project |ODS. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.outdoordesign.com.au/landscape-design/landscapers/BallastPoint-Park/46.htm. [Accessed 06 June 13]. SHFA Planning & Infrastructure. 2013. Ballast Point Park - Walama. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.shfa.nsw.gov.au/sydney-Our_places_and_projectsOur_projects-Ballast_Point_Park_Walama.htm. [Accessed 05 June 13]. Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority. 2010. Ballast Point Park Masterplan. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.shfa.nsw.gov.au/content/library/documents/DF93B680-DA31C0D8-88ADBF85C8806537.pdf. [Accessed 01 June 13].
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