Contents Overview and Objectives �������������2 Shadow Analysis ��������������������������������������� 3 Site Analysis ������������������������������������������������������� 3 Wind Analysis ��������������������������������������������������� 3 Comfort Analysis �������������������������������������4 Precedent Study �����������������������������������������5 Testing and Evaluation ������������������ 6 Renders ���������������������������������������������������������������������7 Materials �����������������������������������������������������������������7 Final Design Proposal �����������������������8
Architectural Techonologies 2013 Bdes 2013
Appendix ��������������������������������������������������������������� 10
Tutor: James Pederson
Wenray Wang | 311245757
Amara Kruaval | 309266122
Isobel James | 311186785
Lasath SIriwardena | 31117923
Overview and Objectives Existing Building
The nominated restroom is a 30 square metre block situated on the northern tip of Rodd Point Park. The park is located in the suburb of Five Dock and is surrounded by Iron Cove. The main users of the restroom are locals who use the bay run or walk their dogs along the shoreline. The landscape of the site has been fully utilised so the restroom is unobtrusive from the park. The restroom has been inserted into the 2m cliff between the park ground and the shore that leads to the water. The roof space which remains plane with the park land is a platform with a garden bed balustrade with views across the bay. The roof space is a reinforced concrete slab supported by a brick structural walls and a double brick faรงade. Overall even though the restroom fits subtly into the landscape from the park, due to its inset position into the cliff, this has resulted in a dark and poorly ventilated interior space.
5600
700
1800
600
1800
12
50
700
00
3 00
300
10 0
30
16
00
600
10
23
00
00
1900
220
840
230
1080
260
1250
8000
Floor Plan
Long Section
Short Section
2
Shadow Analysis The roof of the existing building has an overhang that keeps direct light from entering the clerestory, and the front brick faรงade is heavily shadowed throughout the year except in winter.
Wind Analysis Autumn Equinox
Spring Equinox
The predominant cooling afternoon winds in the summer and spring months are generally north-easterly, and come directly off the water towards the front of the site. Since the existing toilet block has no openings facing towards the cliff and is sheltered by the cliff itself, it is unaffected by winds from the south-west direction. This orientation is effective in protecting the restroom from the majority of the harsh winter winds.
While this enables cooling in summer, and warming in winter months, there is as a result very little light entering the building. Winter Solstice
9AM
Summer Solstice
3PM N
N
Calm 1%
N
N
Calm 3%
20%
10%
20%
10%
AUTUMN
20%
10%
Calm 14%
20%
10%
SUMMER
Calm 10%
N
Calm 9%
30%
Site Analysis
Calm 5%
10%
N
Calm 7%
20%
30%
20%
10%
WINTER
N
N
Calm 1%
SPRING
10%
20%
20%
10%
km/h
0-10
10-20
20-30
>30
scale factor = 30.0%
orientation of restroom
Information collected from BOM 2013
3
Comfort Analysis
Aspects to Discard/Repair
Existing Building
The existing building was noted to have poor ventilation and natural lighting, despite being a windy and sunny day while testing was performed, inside the toilet area was significantly darker and still.
Light Analysis
Temperature Analysis
Acoustic Analysis
Lighting in the current public restroom is poor. There is no direct sunlight and diffused light only enters through the small clerestory. As a result, there is not enough lighting in the toilet stalls.
The existing restroom is extremely effective in providing relief from the outside heat. The interior receives no direct sunlight and the rock wall acts as a cooling source where the high thermal mass of the earth is able to counter the increase in temperature of the exterior brick face.
The restroom is relatively quiet as sounds are muffled by the double brick walls. Noise from the sailing club could be heard as well as the leaking urinal in the men’s restroom. Noise from the sea and the BBQ were not distinguishable.
Ventilation Analysis While there are strong sea breezes which blow towards the site, ventilation through the toilet block is not fully utilised. While there are multiple entrances, exits for ventilation are limited, particularly in the male bathroom as both openings faced towards the NE, so wind was unable to flow through the space. This is especially important in the summer months with cooling north-easterly winds being predominant.
Dead Garden Bed
Messy and Leaking Urinal
Cracked Concrete Slab
Missing Brickwork
Broken Fixtures
Poor Repairs
Possible aspects to retain: Roof space concept:
3.4km/h
The roof space could be maintained as it helps the restroom remain hidden and integrated into the landscape
3.2km/h
1.9km/h
6.9km/h
0.3km/h
0km/h
1.2km/h
0.8km/h
Roof Garden: The garden forms an effective balustrade against a 2m drop, however due to the high exposure, the garden bed has been dried out.
Brick façade: The front facing brick is a rough textured warm brick red that could be recycled.
The retaining wall: Is a mixture of brick and existing sandstone, and is essential for sitting the restroom block within the steep slope.
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Initial Design Proposal Precedent Study
Communal basin – space saving idea and connects the two separate blocks of the male and female restroom
Steel portal frames – the building appears light structurally
Other favourable features Corten vertical louvre façade Floor Plan
The marine environment at our site means that the corten façade is unsuitable. While it was aesthetically pleasing, it did not appear functional to ventilation which is the main aspect of our design.
Disabled toilets Due to the inaccessible location of our site and the limited space, specialised disabled toilets were deemed unnecessary.
Frosted glass panels While this was effective in ensure diffused light into the building, it minimised the ventilation and increased maintenance. Skylight – there was no artificial light. The skylight provided sufficient light during open hours of the restroom. Framing the views – the basin looks towards the forest and the view is framed by the basin and the roof. Louvres – the louvres under each panel of glass between the steel portal frames were effective in ventilating the building.
Elevation
5
Initial Design Proposal
Conceptual Design
Testing
Communal hand basin - situated under cover of the balcony but removed from the two toilet blocks providing panoramic views
The basis for the design comes from the direction of wind flow off the water and across the cliff. The two buildings are situated in the flow and shaped so the wind flows around and through them. Slanted concrete wall draws pedestrians into the space Louvres ensure ventilation from all directions but obscure views both in and out.
Wind Tunnel Testing Overall the design performed well in the wind tunnel due to the open louvred design. Turbulence between the back wall and the cliff face was alleviated using the wind catching technique of having a high opening in the structure. This drew out the turbulent winds and increased cross ventilation. Initial Elevation 1:100
Stairs incorporated into the design to provide a safer path down the cliff side to access the toilet
Wind Problem Diagram
Wind solution diagram
Water Usage
In order to minimise the water sourced from the mains supply, an analysis of basic water usage for the toilet, and minimum roof space and tanks needed to be completely self sufficient in the lowest average rainfall month was performed.
Initial Plan 1:100
Light Testing Appropriations were made after sunlight analysis on Google Sketchup. Skylight: the louvres are so dense, that even though diffuse light travels through, the amount is limited and hence by introducing skylights, more light enters the space.
MAINS
RAIN WATER
Accomodating for lowest mean monthly rainfall, September = 56 mL
2000L 440 L
96L
75L
T = 1211 L PER WEEK ≈ 5000 L PER MONTH
600L
X3
Roof Space = 90m²
50L
TOTAL = 50L PER WEEK
6
Initial Design Proposal Renders and Axonometric
Corrugated steel roof
Timber louvres
Timber decking
Steel RHS portal frames
Materials
Reinforced concrete walls
Spotted gum
Steel Portal frame
Concrete
- Seasoned, coated with a clear oil based finish - SD2 (high) strength group - >25Nm (high) toughness - 11 on hardness scale - Minimum 40 years of service life (high durability) - Termite resistant
- Hot dipped galvanised with a matte black powder coated finish - Prefabricated and extensions welded at factory (due to marine environment) - Minimised corrosion due to the harsh coastal environment
- Steel reinforced - Poured in situ - Polished finish from the formwork
Exploded Axonometric
7
Final Design Proposal The most dominant aspects of the existing building that Blue Wail hope to rectify are the poor ventilation and natural lighting. Natural sunlight will be let into the building through the skylights and louvres, similar to the precedent study of the Centennial Park. Ventilation was the most significant factor that heavily influenced the design. The buildings have roof to floor louvres on the waterfacing front of the restroom and a louvred clerestory on the park facing façade of the new design. This ensures that the winds from the northeast, north and northwest pass through the toilet blocks and are extracted through the back opening like a wind catcher. The unwanted winds from the south pass straight through the building only at the top. This would provide ventilation without decreasing the comfort of the patrons in the restrooms.
Services – behind the toilets where ventilation is not a priority.
Reinforced concrete wall to support the portal frame
Stairs cantilevered off concrete wall, floating lightly next to the the building
Floor Plan 1:100
Steel portal frame supports the weight of the roof and the louvres
Timber balcony wraps around building providing a walkway and lookout for people approaching the toilet from the park.
Louvred openings at the top back to employ the wind-catching technique to increase cross-ventilation and reduce turbulence
1:50 Sectional Model The model was constructed from plywood, boxboard, corrugated card and perspex. The section cut exposes the internal structure and the arrangement of the cubicles. The site model highlights the cliff and the proximity of the water to the restroom.
Section 1:100
8
Final Design Proposal
Area = 5.101 m² F = 15.303 kN
Area = 4.518 m² F = 13.554 kN
Area = 11.767 m² F = 15.303 kN
Area = 5.101 m² F = - 3.061 kN
Area = 4.518 m² F = -2.711 kN
F = 3 kN/m²
Area = 11.767 m² F = -7.054 kN
F = -0.6 kN/m²
F = 2.63 kN/m
F = 1.94 kN/m
F = -0.525 kN/m
F = -0.39 kN/m
F = 2.25 kN/m
F = -0.45 kN/m
F = 2.07 kN/m
F = -0.41 kN/m
F = 7.22 kN
F = 6.78 kN
F = 5.10 kN
F = -1.44kN
F = -1.35 kN F = -2.35 kN
F = 5.10 kN F = 7.66 kN
F = -2.35 kN F = -1.53 kN
F = 7.22 kN
F = 2.55 kN
F = -1.44 kN F = -1.18 kN F = 2.55 kN
F = -1.18 kN
Wind Load analysis Under a 3kN/m2 orthogonally downwards load the building experiences essentially a vertical downwards force through its members. The horizontal force experienced is minimal in comparison to the vertical. This vertical force is transferred onto the portal frames as a constant UDL of varying size depending on the length and position of the member. The UDL is transferred down the vertical members of the portal frame and onto the concrete supporting walls and concrete pad footings. Under a -0.6kN/m2 orthogonally upwards load the building experiences virtually the same force distribution but in the opposite direction and smaller values. Under both loading conditions the load is quite evenly spread. Favourable loading conditions are experienced under positive wind pressure, as compression is experienced by the concrete, unlike the negative wind pressure which puts the supporting walls under tension, which concrete does not perform favourably under.
Picnic table Further development to this design proposal involves the replacement of the sheltered picnic tables scattered around the park. The form of the picnic shelter to be introduced has a cantilevered roof that mimics the roof of the proposed restroom design. This would achieve a unified aesthetic appeal of the structures situated on Rodd Park. More importantly, this would provide a mean to employ an environmental strategy of harvesting rainwater with the increased roof surface area. As a result, this restroom has the potential to be self-reliant on its own rainwater gravity tank throughout the year.
9
Appendix