Building Science [ARC 2423] Project 1 report

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE . BUILDING & DESIGN Research Unit for Modern Architecture Studies in Southeast Asia (MASSA) Bachelor of Science (Hons) (Architecture)

BUILDING SERVICES (ARC 2423) Project 1: Case Study and Documentation of Building Services System Tutor: Ar. Sateerah

Group Members: ANG JIA PIN

(0315506)

CHIANG KAH WAI

(0311397)

CHU SZE WEI

(0314160)

KONG REN HENG

(0316416)

PUA KEE HUI

(0316672)

TAN ROBBINS

(0303602)

WONG KAH VOON

(0317510)

TABLE OF CONTENT 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Abstract 1.2 Acknowledgement 2.0 ELECTRICAL SUPPLY SYSTEM 2.1 Literature Review 2.2 Case Study & Analysis 2.2.1 Malaysian Grid Code (Grid Code) 2.2.2 TNB (Tenaga National Berhad) 2.2.3 Power Transmission 2.2.3.1 High Tension Power Cables 2.2.4 Switchgear 2.2.5 Transformer 2.2.5.1 Polyphase Transformer 2.2.6 Gen Set 2.2.7 Switchboard 2.2.8 Circuit Breaker 2.2.9 Distribution Board 2.2.10 Sub Switchboard 2.2.11 Cable Tray System 2.2.12 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Cylindrical Tank 3.3.12 Electrical Meter Base 2.3 Findings & Analysis 2.4 Conclusion 3.0 WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Literature Review 3.3 Water Supply by-Law 3.4 Case Study 3.4.1 Water Supply 3.4.2 Fire – Flow Requirements 3.4.3 Water Storage 3.4.4 Pump System 3.4.5 Cold Water System 3.4.6 Piping 3.4.7 Maintenance 3.4.8 Analysis 3.5 Conclusion

4.0 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM 4.1 Literature Review 4.1.1 Aim 4.1.2 Education 4.2 Case Study – Active Fire Protection (AFP) 4.2.1 Active Fire Protection System 4.2.1.1 Non – Water Based Fire Protection System 4.2.1.1.1 Automatic Fire Carbon Dioxide System 4.2.1.1.2 Portable Fire Extinguisher 4.2.1.2 Water Based Fire Protection System 4.2.1.2.1 Fire Hydrant System 4.2.1.2.2 Automatic Sprinkler System 4.2.1.2.3 Fire Hose Reel & Wet Riser 4.2.1.2.4 Water Tank & Fire Pump Room 4.2.1.3 Fire Detection and Alarm System 4.2.1.3.1 Smoke Detector 4.2.1.3.2 Fire Emergency Alarm System 4.2.1.3.3 Fire Control Room & Fire Intercom Station 4.3 Case Study – Passive Fire Protection (PFP) 4.3.1 Passive Fire Protection System 4.3.1.1 Emergency Exit Signage 4.3.1.2 Fire Exit Door 4.3.1.3 Door Closer 4.3.1.4 Fire Escape Staircase 4.3.1.5 Handrails 4.3.1.6 Provision of Compartment Walls & Floors 4.4 Conclusion 5.0 MECHANICAL VENTILATION & AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM 5.1 Literature review 5.1.1 Exhaust ventilation system 5.1.2 Heat-recovery ventilation system and energy-recovery ventilation system 5.1.3 Air-conditioning system 5.1.3.1 Window unit air-conditioning system 5.1.3.2 Split unit air-conditioning system 5.1.3.3 Centralized air-conditioning system 5.2 Case Study – Mechanical ventilation system in Subang Parade 5.2.1 Centralized air-conditioning system 5.2.1.1 Air-handling unit (AHU) 5.2.1.2 Duct system

5.2.1.3 Diffuser 5.2.1.3.1. Supply air diffusers 5.2.1.3.2 Return air grilles 5.2.1.4 Chilled water system 5.2.1.4.1 Condenser 5.2.1.4.2 Compressor 5.2.1.4.3 Evaporator 5.2.1.4.4 Thermostatic expansion valve 5.2.1.5 Cooling tower 5.2.1.6 Pipe system 5.2.1.6.1 Chilled water pipe 5.2.1.6.2 Condensed water pipe 5.2.2 Exhaust ventilation system 5.2.3 Control room 5.3 Findings and analysis 5.4 Conclusion 6.0 SEWERAGE, SANITARY & DRAINAGE SYSTEM 6.1 Literature Review 6.2 Case Study 6.2.1 Sanitary Appliances 6.2.1.1 Basins 6.2.1.2 Water Closets 6.2.2 Water Seal & Traps 6.2.2.1 Water Seal 6.2.2.2 Bottle Trap 6.2.2.3 ‘S’ Trap 6.2.2.4 Interceptor Trap 6.2.2.5 Gully Trap 6.2.3 Stacks 6.2.3.1 Waste Pipe 6.2.3.2 Single & Double Stack 6.2.3.3 Venting 6.2.4 Sump 6.2.5 Septic Tank 6.3 Analysis 6.4 Conclusion 7.0 MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM 7.1 Literature Review 7.2 Case Study & Analysis

7.2.1 Types of Lift 7.2.1.1 Gear Traction Elevator 7.2.1.2 Plunger Hydraulic Elevators 7.2.2 Lift System 7.2.2.1 Exterior Component 7.2.2.2 Interior Component 7.2.2.3 Mechanical Component 7.2.2.4 Safety Component 7.2.2.5 Standard Requirements 7.2.3 Escalator System 7.2.3.1 Arrangement 7.2.3.1.1 Parallel Stacked Arrangement 7.2.3.1.2 Crisscross Arrangement 7.2.3.2 Components 7.2.3.3 Safety Device 7.3 Conclusion 8.0 References

1.0 Introduction

It’s Our Place, was the tagline used for Subang Parade Shopping Centre.

Subang Parade being the first regional shopping center in Selangor, has been around for 27 years. Located just off the Malaysian Federal Highway, it consists of more than 200 stores and covers and area of 1,169,038 sq ft. In 2003, after being sold into the Hektar Group, it was sold into the Hektar REIT (Real Estate Investment Trust).

At the 2008 ICSC Asia Awards, Subang Parade was recognized by the International Council of Shopping Centers (ICSC) with a Silver Award for Development Design.

1.1 ABSTRACT This research report will be based on the study of the basic system in Subang Parade such as ventilation system, fire safety system, electricity system, water supply system and sewerage system. The goal of this report is to introduce the fundamentals of these systems as well as conducting objective analysis from the information obtain and synthesizing our own understanding. Studies will also be conducted based on the regulation of the buildings and its services such as Uniform Building By-Law and Malaysian Standards.

1.2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our deepest appreciation to all those who provided us the possibility to complete this report. A special gratitude we give to the manager of building service department, Encik Mohd Radzi who provided good hospitality during our visit and given his precious time to provide us with as much information as he can.

Not only that we could also like to express our gratitude to the authority of Subang Parade for giving us the opportunity and permission to study about the systems in this building. Furthermore, we would like to thank our tutor, Ar. Sateerah for providing guidance to complete this report. On top of that, we would like to thank each member who has cooperate with each other to make this project happen, especially those who had offered and provided the transportation to our site.

By all mean, we would like to express our gratitude once again to everyone who had helped this project a success. Thank you.

2.0 ELECTRICAL SUPPLY SYSTEM 2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW The electrical supply system is an intricate procedure of the distribution of electricity.

Each component has its own unique role in the overall system whereby electricity is received, processed and distributed again throughout the mall. These components were analysed with great detail covering how electricity is used, distributed as well as the electrical backup system of it all.

2.2 Case Study & Analysis 2.2.1 Malaysian Grid Code (Grid Code) The Malaysian Grid Code, or the Grid Code, published by the Energy Commission Malaysia, is a regulatory instrument needed to coordinate various electricity supply activities. It is a compilation of technical specification which defines the parameters a grid system network and electricity generating plant have to meet to ensure proper functioning of the electrical grid. Used to ensure the electricity supply in Peninsular Malaysia remains reliable, it is widely implemented by utility companies such as Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) and Independent Power Producers (IPPs) in the Peninsular Malaysia that serves as the main guidelines in electricity supply operation.

Diagram 2.2.1.1: Grid Code and Corelation with Distributor

The Grid Code also highlights in details the roles and responsibilities of parties involved in managing or using the system, either through connecting or connected directly to the grid and distribution systems including generators, distribution system operators, grid system operators, single buyer and large power consumers.

The Distribution Code however is a set of technical regulation established to make certain the operations at the distribution level are being carried out systematically.

These codes will set the regulations and technical requirements that need to be carried out by all party involved in the planning, managing and maintaining the grid and distribution systems to ensure security, safety and reliability at all time.

Diagram 2.2.1.2: Structure of the Power System, connected Parties and applicable codes

2.2.2 TNB (Tenaga National Berhad)

Diagram 2.2.2.1: Logo of TNB

Tenaga Nasional Berhad is the largest power company in Southeast Asia as well as the largest electric utility company in Malaysia with a whooping MYR 99.03 billion worth of assets. The company has more than 33,500 employees that serve an estimate of 8.3 million customers in the Peninsular Malaysia as well as Sabah, Sarawak and Labuan. Tenaga Nasional Berhad is also listed on the main board of Bursa Malaysia with an estimate of RM87 billion in assets. Being set up in the year 1949 as the Central Electricity Board, Tenaga Nasional Berhad has been Keeping the Lights On in Malaysia by powering nations development through the provision of reliable and efficient electricity. Tenaga Nasional Berhad also conducts multiple core activities such as the transmission, generation and distribution of electricity. All of which are electricity generated from six thermal stations and three major hydroelectric schemes.

Prior to that Tenaga National Berhad has also diversified into the manufacture of transformers, high voltage switchgears and cables; the provision of professional consultancy services; and architectural, civil, electrical engineering works and services, repair and maintenance. The Company also engages in research and development, property development and management services both locally as well as overseas. Tapping into opportunities available overseas, TNB is making inroads into emerging markets, focusing on the Asia-Pacific, Middle East and North Africa regions.

Figure 2.2.2.2: Power Plant

The ‘Malaysia Peninsular Grid System’ is the main electricity transmission network linking electricity generation, transmission, distribution and consumption in Malaysia.

It is operated and owned solely by TNB (Tenaga National Malaysia) with an approximate of 430 substations scattered across Peninsular Malaysia. Of which are linked by an extensive network of transmission lines operating at 132kV, 275kV and 500kV.

Figure 2.2.2.3: Electrical Pylons

In the year 2005, the Tenaga National Berhad embarked on a 20-Year Strategic Plan with the ultimate objective of transforming itself into a world-class player by the year 2025. To achieve this vision, TNB constantly invests in the continuous professional development of its employees through structured programmes as well as renewed emphasis on sustainability, both of the organisation and of the Malaysian environment. The Strategic Plan entails greater focus on green initiatives such as the development of renewable sources of fuel, and more effective demand side management via energy efficiency, thus complementing the Government’s carbon reduction agenda.

As a leading Government-linked company, Tenaga National Berhad also places a strong emphasis on its social responsibilities. Through its foundation Yayasan Tenaga Nasional (YTN), established in 1993, the Company runs numerous CSR programmes that benefit the needy. Among its many successful social outreach programmes are those that education via scholarships and better health for all.

Figure 2.2.2.4: TNB

2.2.3 Power Transmission In Malaysia, our power transmission system has mimicked that of the United Kingdom.

So much so that even our transmission voltage networks are nearly the same which is 500kV, 275kV and 132kV, whilst the distribution voltages are 33kV. The generated electricity is first stepped-up by a transformer before being transported via high voltage cables which are specially designed for electrical transmission. Just before being received by Subang Parade, the distribution station steps down the voltage to 132kV. This distribution station can be found at the end of the road from the mall itself. Subang Perade then takes this 132kV of elecricty and lowers it some more to 33kV and 11kV such at it is consumer friendly and can power the mall safely.

Diagram 2.2.3.1: A simplified Electrical Power Transmission System

2.2.3.1 High Tension Power Cables These cables are made up of multiple layers such that the inner core is made of many individual strands of copper wires (1) followed by a layer of insulation made of crossed linked polyrthylene called XLPE of EPDM which are flexible and can cope with operating tempreatures of 120 degrees Celsius (3). The layers in between these two, semi-conducting layers are fused to the insulation such that here are no air pockets which can cause little electric discharges which can endanger the insulation material. Finally the sheath or outer conductor which serves as an earthed layer and will conduct leakage currents if needed.

Diagram 2.2.3.1.1: High Tension Power Cables (section)

2.2.4 Switchgear In an electric power system, a switchgear (also known as a unit substation) is the combination of multiple electrical disconnect switches, fuses or circuit breakers and live parts. All of it are used to control, protect and isolate electrical equipment.

Switchgear can also be used as an equipment de-energiser to allow work to be done and to clear faults downstream. This type of equipment is directly linked to the reliability of the electricity supply. Most modern switchboards are all dead front, this means that they all have circuit breakers, switches, fuses and live parts completely enclosed within a metal structure.

Figure 2.2.4.1: Switchgear in High Voltage Room

Typically, switchgears in substations are located on both the high- and low-voltage sides of large power transformers. The switchgear on the low-voltage side of the transformers may be located in a building, with medium-voltage circuit breakers for distribution circuits, along with metering, control, and protection equipment. For industrial applications, a transformer and switchgear line-up may be combined in one housing, called a unitized substation (USS).

2.2.5 Transformer A transformer is an electrical device that takes electricity of one voltage and changes it into another voltage. It takes in electricity at a lower voltage and lets it flow through lots of coils wound around an iron core. Due to its alternating nature, the magnetism in the core is also alternating. Also around the core is an output wire with more coils. The magnetism changing back and forth makes a current in the wire.

Having fewer coils means more voltage. So the voltage is "stepped-up."

Figure 2.2.5.1: Step-down Transformer

2.2.5.1 Polyphase transformer A polyphase transformers are made such that ether multiple single-phase transformers can be used, or all phases can be connected to a single polyphase transformer. For a three phase transformer, the three primary windings are connected together and the three secondary windings are connected together.

Subang Perade houses a total of 7 polyphase transformers of which only 6 are running simultaneously to step-down the bulk consumer current received from TNB and the remaining one is located next to the gen set and is only functional when the gen sets are turned on such that the electricity produced by the gen set can be raised to higher levels.

Figure 2.2.5.1.2: Step-up Transformer

2.2.6 Gen Set The packaged combination of a diesel engine, a generator and various ancillary devices (such as base, canopy, sound attenuation, control systems, circuit breakers, jacket water heaters and starting system) is referred to as a "generating set" or a "genset" for short.

Figure 2.2.6.1: Components of Genset

Being a commercial unit Subang Perade houses 2 diesel gen sets which is on standby all year round in the event of an emergency or a power shortage, it can kick in and make sure all the basic electrical nessecities are able to function. Of which are things such as emergency lights, sprinkle system, and in some cases depending on the situation the cooling units for food storage such that food and chilled products don’t get spoiled during a major power shortage.

Engine Generator Sets comprises of three components which are the fuel systems, the set itself, plus exhaust facilities and the space housing the equipment. One of the advantages of the generator sets are the unlimited kVA capacity. Duration of power are only limited by the size of the fuel tank, use for peak load shaving and with well maintenance, indefinite life.

That being said, a number of options also exist to tailor specific needs, including control panels for autostart and mains paralleling, acoustic canopies for fixed or mobile applications, ventilation equipment, fuel supply systems, exhaust systems.

Figure 2.2.6.2: Gen Set

Figure 2.2.6.3: Exhaust

Figure 2.2.6.4: Battery

2.2.7 Switchboard A switchboard is a large single panel, frame, or assembly of panels on which are mounted, on the face, back, or both, switches, over-current and other protective devices, buses, and usually instruments.

The function of a switchboard is to allow the segmentation of the current supplied to the switchboard into smaller currents for further distribution and to provide switching metering for those various currents and, current protection.

Figure 2.2.7.1

Inside a switchboard there will be one or more busbars. These are flat strips of copper or aluminum, to which the switchgear is connected. Busbars carry large currents through the switchboard, and are supported by insulators. Bare busbars are common, but many types are now manufactured with an insulating cover on the bars, leaving only connection points exposed.

The operator is protected from electrocution by safety switches and fuses. There may also be controls for the supply of electricity to the switchboard, coming from a generator or bank of electrical generators, especially frequency control of AC power and load sharing controls, plus gauges showing frequency and perhaps a synchroscope. The amount of power going into a switchboard must always equal to the power going out to the loads.

Modern industrial switchboards are metal enclosed and of "dead front" construction; no energized parts are accessible when the covers and panels are closed.

The metal enclosure of the switchboard is bonded to earth ground for protection of personnel. The arge switchboards is free-standing and has floor-mounted enclosures with provision for incoming connections at the bottom of the enclosure.

Figure 2.2.7.2

Figure 2.2.7.3: Metering Device

The switchboard has incoming bus bars for the source connection, and also for large circuits fed from the board. The switchboard also includes a metering or control compartment separated from the power distribution conductors which allows the technician to gauge as well as tune the system from a safe distance.

2.2.8 Circuit Breaker Circuit breakers are an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by an electrical overload or short circuit.

Its basic function is to detect a fault condition and interrupt current flow, much like a fuse which can only be used once, a circuit breaker can be reset to resume its normal operation.

Figure 2.2.8.1 (left): Surface of Circuit Breaker Figure 2.2.8.2 (right): Internal surface of Circuit Breaker

Another significant function about circuit breakers is that they are largely used for high voltage currents as are capable of breaking the circuits faster than fuses. This is to ensure the high voltage current could be blocked fast enough before letting it to pass throughout the circuit, in the case that may lead to damaging in connected appliances.

When a current is interrupted, an arc is generated. This arc must be contained, cooled and extinguished in a controlled way, so that the gap between the contacts can again withstand the voltage in the circuit. Subang Perade uses a vaccume circuit breaker such that they are longer lasting when compared to a normal air circuit breaker.

2.2.9 Distribution Board The distribution box is located on every floor of the building as well as every segment of the mall itself as Subang Perade is a relatively large mall. Its function is similar to that of a switchboard which is to subdivide and distribute electricity to all of the electrical appliances in its respective electrical coverage it serves as the central distribution points for all the circuits that run to lights, receptacles and appliances throughout the building.

Figure 2.2.9.1: Distribution board

In the case of Subang Perade, every shop has its own distribution board, all of which are controlled by the sub-switchboard on every floor of the mall. A distribution board can be considered as a final distribution point in which electricity is channelled through.

2.2.10 Sub Switchboard Sub switchboards are located on every floor as well as at services outlets such as the AHU room, water pump room, fire pump room and etc.

Figure 2.2.10.1: Electrical Switchboard at Basement

The sub-switchboard has the same function as the main switch board which is to connect and disconnect the electrical supply from the main switchboard. This is part of the protection and prevention act as if there is any power surge that might cause a trip and only the level that affected will auto cut off the electric supply.

Figure 2.2.10.2: Electrical Switchboard (Left) Figure 2.2.10.3: Switchboard inside water tank room (Right)

2.2.11 Cable Tray System Cable trays are used to support insulated electrical cables, instead of allowing wires to be run throughout the walls and ceiling space unprotected, cable trays allow installers to run these wires in a controlled manner. They are especially useful in situations where changes to a wiring system are anticipated, since new cables can be installed by laying them in the tray, instead of pulling them through a pipe.

Figure 2.2.11.1: Cable Tray (Left) Figure 2.2.11.2: Components of Cable Tray (Right)

2.2.12 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Cylindrical Tank As we are dealing with high voltage electrical equipment is the electrical rooms, water has been largely avoided as a fire extinguisher due to the fact that water conducts electricity. Hence a safer alternative was formulated; CO2.

Figure 2.2.12.1: CO2 Cylinder Tank in Transformer Room

Not only does the CO2 help extinguish the fire by displacing the oxygen, it also acts as a heat sink and absorbs the heat produced from combustion. The CO2 is stored in cylindrical tanks in the form of liquid as it is under very high pressure.

The gas is then discharged via specially designed sprinkle heads which spreads the CO2 efficiently throughout the room.

Figure 2.2.12.2: Sprinkle head of CO2 Cylinder Tank

2.2.13 Electrical Meter Base An electricity meter, or energy meter, electric meter is a device that measures the amount of electric energy consumed by an electrical consumer at any given time.

Placed on every floor as well as every section of the mall, electrical meters can be found in the electrical rooms situated near lifts as well as service alleys in the mall.

Electric utilities use electric meters installed at customer premises to measure electric energy delivered to their customers for billing purposes. They are typically calibrated in billing units, the most common one being the kilowatt hour [kWh]. During a billing period, these electrical meters are read and the consumers are billed accordingly.

Figure 2.2.13.1: The Electrical Meter Base in Transformer Room

Subang Parade uses electromechanical meters which calculate the billing units.

These electrical meters are used as they are less prone to alteration by the tenants who sometimes add gadgets onto the traditional meters such that less billing units are counted. There are however a few traditional units left.

Sometimes, due to the lack of tenants some slots are not fitted with an electrical meter

2.3 Findings & Analysis Subang Perade is dedicated amount of bulk consumer electricity from TNB at 11kV. This electrical load will first enter through the main switching station (SSU) which provides a bulk capacity injection from the main distribution substation (located just down the road from Subang Perade) to the load center (Subang Perade) for distribution. By conventional means, the SSU is subdivide into 3 segments ; the SSU switchgear room, the control room, and the battery room. Subang Perade however only has a switchgear room.

This switchgear room is located on the Lower Ground floor and marked in red on the diagram. As its name suggests, the room contains switchgears which protects and isolates the electrical systems which follow after it.

Figure 2.3.2: Flow Chart of Electricity Room from High-voltage room to Low-voltage room

After receiving the bulk consumer load in the SSU room the current is then “steppeddown� via step-down transformers located just next door from the SSU room.

Coloured yellow in the diagram, it houses a total of 5 polyphase transformer which brings down the voltage from 11kV to 415V; a more human friendly voltage in which daily appliances can utilize.

From the transformers, the electricity then flows into the Low Voltage Room which contains the distribution boards, back-up generators and switchboards. The distribution boards and switchboards aid in directing as well as isolating numerous past and systems present in the mall. This is so that if there is fault or an overload in electricity, not all of the electrical paths are effected.

2.2.4 Conclusion Having gone and studying the different electrical processes in Subang Perade was truly an amazing experience. All of the systems follow the rules and regulation of the UBBL and despite the age of the mall, all of the electrical components are still functioning properly. Much credit should be given to the maintenance crew for their effort and time in making sure the systems are properly maintained. However it is a pity that we were not granted access to the TNB room as well as shown the interior of most electrical panes due to authorisation issues and hope that if given a chance, we’d like to see more of the details in which makes each component function.

3.0 WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM 3.1 INTRODUCTION

Figure 3.1.1: Main Water Tank in Subang Parade

This chapter is about the basic study regarding water services in the case study of Subang Parade. Information mentioned is associated with the case study upon how water supply is made available and the mechanism in which it is distributed throughout the building.

The water services study conducted also include water supply system, water storage system, water distribution system, piping system and cold water system. Analysis of water supply will be analyzed to provide a more concrete understanding about water services.

3.1 LITERATURE REVIEW In Malaysia, there is only one water supply distributor, Jabatan Bekalan Air (JBA). The JBA distributes water to each individual states which have their own privatized corporation. In Selangor, SYABAS is responsible for supplying water to the consumers.

However, before water is supplied, it has to be treated through the process of aeration, coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, disinfection and conditioning. This enables safe drinking of water. Then, processed water is stored in the service reservoir through the grid distribution of underground pipe works, and supplied to the consumers. Water in Malaysia is treated according to international standards of drinking water set out by the World Health Organization (WHO). All domestic, commercial and industrial users are metered.

3.3 WATER SUPPY BY-LAWS Water supply and services in Malaysia is under the concurrent jurisdiction of the Federal Government and State Governments. In order to increase the country’s water services quality particularly protecting consumers’ rights, two legislative frameworks, namely the National Water Service Industry (NSW) Act (2006) (Act 655) and the National Water Services Commission (SPAN) Act (2006) (Act 655) were introduced.

A well-regulated water services in place will help to promote higher efficiency and longer-term sustainability of the water industry to benefit the consumers, investors and well as the operators. Consumers in Malaysia would be able to enjoy a 24-hour water supply in which the water is reliable and safe in terms of quantity and quality.

According to the Laws Malaysia Act 655 of water services industry act 2006, on water quality: (1) The water distribution licensee shall, when supplying water to any premises, ensure that at the time of supply the quality of the water supplied complies with the minimum quality standards as prescribed by the Minister.

(2) The water distribution licensee shall ensure, as far as it is reasonably practicable, in relation to each source or combination of sources from which the licensee supplies water to any premises, that there is no deterioration in the minimum quality standards of the water which is supplied from time to time from that source of combination of sources (3) For the purposes of this section, water supplied by a water distribution licensee to any premises shall not be regarded as not complying with the prescribed minimum quality standards at the time of supply where the water has ceased to comply with the minimum quality standards only after leaving the licensee’s pipes.

(4) Any water distribution licensee who contravenes subsection (1) or (2) commits an offence and shall, on conviction, be liable to a fine not exceeding three hundred thousand ringgit or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding three years or to both.

3.4 CASE STUDY Water in Subang Parade is used for domestic purposes like flushing toilets, supplying tap water and also used in air conditioning system and sprinkler system.

The water service room is located at the car park, which is at the basement floor, which is highlighted in red at the figure below.

Figure 3.4.1: Location of water service area

3.4.1 Water Supply Syarikat Bekalan Air Selangor Sdn Bhd. (SYABAS) supplies water to Subang Parade.

Water from the water main is transported by grid distribution of pipe works and to communicating pipe terminated inside the property’s boundary with a stop valve for the building’s owner use.

The communication pipe remains under the responsibility of the water authority while the service pipe is under the owner of building.

Water meter Service Pipe

Communicating Pipe

Figure 3.4.1.1: Shows a new water main and an old non-functioning water main

Diagram 3.4.1.2: Compartments of Water Pipe

Figure 3.4.1.3: illustrate a water meter

3.4.2 Fire- Flow Requirements The system must be capable of supplying the fire flow specified, without reducing other demand during the fire period at the required residual pressure and for the required duration. The requirements of each system must be analyzed to determine whether the capacity of the system is fixed by the domestic requirements, by the fire demands, or by a combination of both. Where the fire-flow demands are relatively high and required for long duration, and with the relative low population and/or industrial use, the total required capacity will be determined by the prevailing fire demand. In some exceptional cases, consideration of a special water system for fire purposes, separate, in part or in whole, from the domestic system.

However, such separate systems will be appropriate only under exceptional circumstances and, in general, are to be avoided.

According to the Laws Malaysia Act 655 of water services industry act 2006, on supply of water for fire fighting: (1) A water distribution licensee shall allow the Fire Services Department or under any written law to take water for extinguishing fires from any of its water mains or other pipes on which a fire hydrant is fixed.

(2) The cost for utilizing the water from the fire hydrant shall be borne by the water distribution licensee.

(3) Any water distribution licensee who contravenes subsection (1) commits an offence and shall, on conviction, be liable to a fine not exceeding two hundred thousand ringgit.

(4) In this section, “ Fire Services Department” shall have the same meaning as in the Fire Services Act 1988 [Act 341] According to UBBL 1984, Section 247: (1) Water storage capacity and water flow rate for fire fighting systems and installations shall be provided in accordance with the scale as set out in the Tenth Schedule to these By-Laws.

3.4.3 Water Storage The usage of water varies during different hours of the day. Water storage needs to be quantified to satisfy the 24-hour interruption of supply. The storage capacity depends upon a few factors such as, type ad use of buildings, number of occupants, type and number of fittings, frequency and pattern of use, probability and frequency of breakdown of supply. Not only that, pressure in mains and fire storage requirements can also determine the size of this storage capacity.

Subang Parade uses two storage compartments: -

The underground Storage: used for the collection of water from the city mains during hours of supply if pressure does not meet the point of supply.

Overhead Storage: used for flushing toilets and providing water in the sink.

Care must be exercised during the storage of water to ensure water is not affected by dust or debris. To ensure the safe keeping of water, Cistern manufacturers and installers should comply with the following:      

Usage of non-corrosive, shatter-proof materials Provide a close fitting lit with a vent Adequate insulation Substantial support with a level platform Fitting of a warming (overflow) pipe large in diameter in the inlet Provide valves on every outlet (except warning pipe)

 

On large cisterns, the outlet to be opposite the inlet to encourage throughflow of water Load of the tanks is not transmitted to attached pipers

Figure 3.4.3.1: Water storage cistern located at basement Water Tank Room

Horizontal concrete beams used as supporting cistern to make space for piping underneath the cistern.

Figure 3.4.3.2: R.C sprinkler and R.C wet riser

Figure 3.4.3.3: Cisterns at roof top of Subang Parade

Diagram 3.4.3.4: Installation of cold water storage cistern

The three main water tanks at the lower ground are:   

R.C Suction R.C Sprinkler Tank R.V Wet Riser Tank

According to UBBL, Section 247: (2) Main water storage tanks within the building, Other than for hose reel systems shall be located at ground, first or second basement levels, with fire brigade pumping inlet connections accessible to fire appliances.

(3) Storage tanks for automatic sprinkler installations where full capacity is provided without need for replenishment shall be exempted from the restrictions in their location.

3.4.4 Pump System The selection of pump depends upon factors such yield of the rate of a well, daily flow(and maximum instantaneous flow rate) needed by the users, size of storage or pressure tanks used, and the total operating pressure against which the pump works (including the height to which water must be raised within the well). Also, cost, maintenance and reliability and energy used by the pump were also taken in consideration.

The significant factors that determine the pump system are the flow rate (volume per minute or per hour to be delivered) and total pressure (head).

The flow rate depends on the number of fixtures to be serves whereas the total pressure includes the suction lift, static head, and friction loss plus pressure head.

In Subang Parade, hydro pneumatic system consists of a pressure vessel and a pressure pump. The pressure vessel contains water with a pressurized air space that provides pressure for the system. When there is a demand for water, water will flows from the vessel to increase the air space and decrease air pressure. The low pressure activates the pump until the air space decreases and air pressure increases. Once the level of pressure is reached to the optimum the pump shuts off. Newer pressure vessels are equipped with a neoprene bladder to separate air space from water.

3.4.5 Cold Water System The water supply comes from the R.C Suction tank, which is located at the basement floor. Water is pumped up to the main water domestic tanks, which is located on the rooftop. From there, cold water is distributed is distributed throughout the floor via domestic water pumps. Gravity is used to distribute the water to the lower floor levels. This method is called the indirect boosting.

Mechanism of indirect system from a water tank: (a) To a storage header (b) Using a pneumatic vessel (c) Using a continuous running pump.

Figure 3.4.5.1: Domestic water pump

Domestic water pump is used to pump the water to the domestic water tank located at the rooftop.

The advantages of indirect system includes:    

A reserve is provided against the failure of the mains supply Reduction in the demand of water main and size of incoming pipe during peak times as demands is met from the cistern.

System runs at a lower pressure which minimize the noise, wastage and allowing particular appliances to be used Hot water supply apparatus can be vented to the storage cistern, thus minimizing the safety requirements for valve.

3.4.6 PIPING

Figure 3.4.6.1: R.C Sprinkler piping

The distribution of pipes depends upon their usage and functionality. A formulae is used to determine the size of distribution pipes. d5 × H

q = √25 × L × 105

Where q = flow rate (l / s) d = Internal diameter of pipe (mm) H= Head or pressure (m) L = effective length of pipe (m)

The pipe sizes and material is equivalent to their respective distribution outlets to provide necessary pressure for the user’s usage.

The table below shows the different types of piping and their respective material and sizes.

Type Material Cold water rise (from suction Mild steel cement tank to roof tank) lining pipe (MSCL) Cold water rise (from pump Stainless steel pipe room to 2nd floor) Cold Water distribution ABS PN 15 (lower ground to roof) Cold water distribution ABS PN 15 (lower ground to first floor public toilet and common area)

Size 100

50 50 100

In Uniform Building by-Laws (UBBL), there are no regulations that state the needs in providing water services in accordance to by-laws. In accordance to this matter, the hotel water services are based on the regulation set by engineers and are in accordance to the drawing given.

Quotations excerpts from engineers drawing are stated below:     

All levels are in m and dimension are in mm unless otherwise stated All pressure pipes and fittings shall be ABS PN 12 standard unless otherwise stated All non-pressure pipes and fittings shall be UPVX class “D” BS 3505 standard unless otherwise stated All pressure pipes passing though RC structural shall be c/w puddle collar All pipe pressure tests shall be 50 psi

3.4.7 Maintenance Maintenance service is provided once every month in Security Commission Building to prevent failure of water supply. Usually when there is a leakage, the data center will have almost all toilets in all floors to stand-alone.

3.4.8 Analysis In Subang Parade, cold water supply system starts from the main water supply where water is stored at the water tanks (suction tank to domestic tank) and distributed throughout the entire building. The water tanks in this building are sufficient enough to provide water supply and as preparation for water shortage.

Pneumatic vessel is used in this system and all the wiring and controls can be contained in a low-level plant room (basement).

Air permanently pressurizes the water system, until a pressure switch in the vessel starts the pump to continue supply and to depressurize the vessel. A pressure switch disconnects the pump and the ‘air cushion’ re-establishes pressure to supply the upper floors. Air is lost by absorption into the water and pressures are recorded in the sight pressure gauge attached to the pressure vessel. Storage cistern float valves supplied from the pneumatic vessel Diagram 3.4.8.1: Indirect boosting with pneumatic vessel are fitted with a delayed action mechanism to conserve vessel and pump activity. The float valve is restrained until a predetermined low water level effects refilling of the cistern. The storage tank placed on the roof is economical, as water pumper has no need to be installed as natural gravitational forces distribute water. The installation of water tank in Subang Parade is a success as the building had fulfilled the requirements of the UBBL by-law.

3.5 Conclusion The two-water tank includes one acts as daily water supply and another as back up water for shortage of water. With the number of people occupying the building, several water tank is needed to provide continuous water supply. In the building, the amount of water pump is controlled and supervised to reduce cost and energy.

Based on the study and research conducted, it can be said that the cold-water distribution systems in Subang Parade supplying water throughout the 3 floors have been successful. However a rainwater harvesting system can be installed to reduce the usage of water through the mains. The system is economical and environmentally friendly. The water harvested can be used for the flushing of toilets in Subang Parade.

4.0 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM 4.1 LITERATURE REVIEW Generally, fire is a rapid oxidation process in the exothermic of combustion that reacts with the oxygen in the atmosphere and some sort of fuel to produce heat, light and smoke. However, the basic factor of producing fire is due to the fire triangle from the combination of oxygen, fuel and heat, as well as together with the chemical reaction between one another. This will happen when a heat source heats the fuel to its ignition temperature, a combustion reaction is triggered and a fire is the result. As everyone knows flame that produced from fire is visible in a tangible way on its matter of changing form. Fire starts in three major ways by having accidents due to the misuse of appliances, cigarette or match dropped on sofa or on mattress, got deliberated by some people on igniting or arsoning. Last but not least, the failure of equipment including electrical malfunctions and overheating in a particular space. When it is in a large state, it is uncontrollable and it will turn into cruel situation and a destructive is the result.

4.1.1 AIM The primary aim of active and passive fire protection systems are to avoid the spread of fire from one particular space to another space within a building. This able to allow inhabitant to escape safely from any fire threaten as it will help to control and reduce on damaging the building as well as to reduce the risk on emergency system collapse.

4.1.2 EDUCATION It is essential to allow the operator to major the skills for the in term of emergency precautions of a particular building. However, the inhabitant and the owner do have the right on understanding or considering all the safety security system code on drawing plan whenever the fire hazard and fire escape plan should be provided to. In teaching objective of the function of passive and active fire protection system in fire hazard as well as the blind spot of this system should be covered in education.

4.2 ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION (AFP) Active fire protection is the mean of direct action again the occurrence of fire to retard the progress of fire spread and to putting out the fire, supported by the detection system that aid the speed of response in the occurrence of fire.

Active fire protection is characterised by items and/or systems which require a certain amount of motion and response in order to work, contrary to passive fire protection. It is divided by two categories including fire suppression and fire detection. Subang Parade mall fire protection system provides several firefighting equipment in the active fire protection system. It is separated in two, water based fire protection system, and non-water based fire protection system.

4.2.1 ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM 4.2.1.1 NON – WATER BASED FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS Non – water based system is the alternative of water as in putting out the fire and yet it used in a condensation of the property within a space that is being extinguish which may cause damages if there is water being sprayed.

4.2.1.1.1 AUTOMATIC CARBON DIOXIDE FIRE EXTINGUISEHR SYSTEM Basically Carbon Dioxide (CO2) consists a colourless, odourless, electrically non-conductive gas that is highly applied as a fire protection system in every household, commercial buildings as it is effectiveness in an intelligent ways and also fast-acting panels in a rapid sense of fire before it damage the properties within a space. It consisted much more advantages in extinguishing fire than water. According to Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for Building, CO2 inert gases is stored in a liquid form which under a high pressurized steel cylinder and vaporized when it released or interrupted combustion process by mixing with the air. This system is used and applied in the transformer room of Subang Parade and it will be allocated in every transformer room by according to the speed of fire spread and the areas of the spaces. Once the CO2 system is released in the room, people are not allow to enter the space, at the same time, the transformer door will light up in red sign to indicate the space is in hazard. However, it able to extinguish fire inside a space within around 2 minutes with the amount of 85% of carbon dioxide.

Figure 4.2.1.1.1.1: Transformer Door Emergency Lights

Figure 4.2.1.1.1.2: Transformer Room Door

Figure4.2.1.1.1.3: Carbon Dioxide System in Transformer Room

1. Pilot Cylinder is the activator for the storage cylinder which allow the flow of CO2 for distribution to the pipe.

2. Cylinder Units are the main storage of the CO2 liquid.

3. Discharge Valve is to control the amount of releasing CO2.

Figure 4.2.1.1.1.4: Example of CO2 gases released within a space

Diagram 4.2.1.1.1.5: Fresh air inlet and outlet vent

Instead of providing any fresh air and discharging the hot air inside the transformer room, the fresh air inlet and outlet fan is also furnished with the fan extractor and yet it grills which automatically will be closed for allowing CO2 to overflow inside the room in order to extinguish the fire before it will discharge to the atmosphere outside.

Diagram 4.2.1.1.1.6: Carbon Dioxide Fire Protection Systems

4.2.1.1.2 PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHER Portable Fire Extinguisher is a thing of firefighting equipment for the purpose of extinguishing during a fire situation. Typically is used in an early stage of fire grows that is beyond the capacity of the extinguisher. It can be found at each level in Subang Parade that had been specifically allocated it beside every fire escape doors and hose reel rooms as well as every corner where users able to reach it in a faster and easy way.

Figure 4.2.1.1.2.1: Fire Extinguisher inside Transformer Room

Diagram 4.2.1.1.2.2: Components of Fire Extinguisher

Figure 4.2.1.1.2.3: Fire Extinguisher in Subang Parade

In Subang Parade, it provided a set of fire extinguisher which consisting 4 portable fire extinguisher inside the box. It allocated inside the mall on several spots at every level with a specific distance from one spot to another spot.

Placement of fire extinguishers From the layout at each floor plan, most of the fire extinguishers are allocated in the Hose Reel Closets as well in the Wet and Dry Risers due to the aesthetic reasons.

Diagram 4.2.1.1.2.4: Placement at 1st floor

Diagram 4.2.1.1.2.5: Placement at Ground and Lower Ground Floor

Diagram 4.2.1.1.2.6: Placement at Basement

According to UBBL 1976, Chapter 7 – Part 7: -

7.7.1.4: Portable Extinguishers Portable extinguisher shall be provided in accordance with the relevant Appendix to this Part and shall be sited in prominent positions on exit routes to be visible from all directions and similar extinguishers in a building shall be of the same method of operation.

FIRE CLASSIFICATIONS AND USE CLASS A (Ordinary Combustible) *Total travel distance of fire: 75 feet It involves common combustible materials such as wood, paper, cloth, rubber, trash and plastics so on. They are the most common in typical commercial and home circumstances yet it could occur anywhere whenever these types of materials are found.

CLASS B (Flammable Liquids) *Total travel distance of fire: 50 feet It involves flammable liquids’ gases, solvents, oil, gasoline and the other synthetic or oil-based products. This class of fire often will spread rapidly and unless is properly secured that can be reflashed after the flames are extinguished.

CLASS C (Electrical Equipment) *Total travel distance of fire: Based on Hazard A/B It involves energized electrical equipment such as wiring, controls, motors, data processing panels or appliances which able to cause by a spark, power surge or short circuit and usually occur in a situation that are problematic to reach and perceive.

CLASS D (Combustible Metal) *Total travel distance of fire: 75 feet It involves the combustible metals such as magnesium and sodium. However, combustible metal fires are unique industrial hazards which require special dry powder agents.

CLASS K (Combustible Cooking) *Total travel distance of fire: No distance required It involves combustible cooking media such as oils and grease commonly found in a commercial kitchen. This class extinguisher is now finding their way into the residential market for use in the kitchens.

4.2.1.2 WATER – BASED FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS 4.2.1.2.1 FIRE HYDRANT SYSTEM The hydrants supply the water for the firefighters. There is a fire hydrant in every certain distance, to create an easy reach when putting out fires. The hydrant valves should attach to a ring system of supply, with more than one source from the water authority’s main. However, fire-fighting system consisted of hydrants connection with the same pipeline, meanwhile, the other end of pipeline is attached to the pumps and water supply tank of firefighting room. The fire hydrants are used during an emergency when there is a need for more water to extinguish the fire. At the area of Subang Parade, there are approximately consists 10 external fire hydrants that could be found.

Requirement: Maximum Spacing: 150m apart (next to road) Maximum distance: 70m from building entry Minimum distance: 6m to a building

Figure 4.2.1.2.1.1: Fire Hydrants located at outside of Subang Parade

According to UBBL 1976, Chapter 7, Part 7: -

7.7.1.2: Fire Hydrants Every building shall be served by at least one fire hydrant located not more than 300 feet from the nearest point of fire brigade access.

Depending on the size and location of the building and the provision of access for fire appliances, addition fire hydrants shall be provided as may be required by the Fire Authority.

According to UBBL 1984, Section 140: 1. Away from obstruction such as street furniture, phone booths, etc.

2. Not less than 2m form adjacent building and overhang 3. Between 0.61m to 2.4m form fire appliances access away from risked vehicular.

4. Not more than 90m apart from each other.

4.2.1.2.2 AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER SYSTEM Automatic sprinkler system is found in our case study. The sprinkler system covered every floor of Subang Parade. According to UBBL, the maximum distance of 4.6 meters. Distance between 2 sprinklers is about 3m high hence, respecting the UBBL, and offering the maximum protection in case of fire.

Basically the dimension between two sprinkler head is 4.2m wide and 3 m high.

4.2 m 3m

Diagram 4.2.1.2.2.1: The dimension of the sprinkler head

Fire sprinkler is a network of piping filled with water under pressure. It is connected to water supply system as it uses water to putout fire. The fire sprinkler is located near the ceiling, divided into grids in order to distribute water evenly during a fire. Fire sprinklers are very effective as they react quickly.

Pendent Sprinkler Sprinkler system can be found throughout the building location but not at the electrical sensitive room. Pendant type hangs from the pipeline, its water deflector is placed at the bottom, but water spreads in the same circular pattern as that of an upright sprinkler. The sprinklers are activated by high temperature. For every given spaces, the rupturing temperature varies. The bulb liquid colour of Subang Parade is red, which will rupture at 68 degrees Celsius.

Figure 4.2.1.2.2.2: Pendent Fire Sprinkler inside the mall and closer up of sprinkler

Diagram 4.2.1.2.2.3: Pendent Sprinkler diagrammatic connection

Generally, a typical fire sprinkler system is installed across the ceiling in a consistency way of spacing throughout the protected building. It also connected to water piping network which is filled up with water under a certain pressure.

Upright Sprinkler An upright sprinkler stands atop the pipeline as it comes with a water deflector at the top where water able to come out of the orifice shoots upward and it will spread in a circular way. However, it normally placed at where no obstructions at the surrounding.

Figure 4.2.1.2.2.4: Upright Sprinkler at the Escape Staircase area and basement

*There are two ways of activation of the Sprinkler system: 1. Through smoke detector

Smoke detector

Control Panel Room notice

Water Sprinkler

Fire Alarm

2. Through the sprinkler

Water Sprinkler burst/broke

Water Sprinkler

Control Room notice

Diagram 4.2.1.2.2.5: Automatic Fire Sprinkler Bulb Operation Temperature

Fire Alarm activated

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

Water Storage Tank Sprinkler Pump Pump Controller Panel Pump Switch Butterfly Switch Sprinkler Head Sprinkler Drain

Diagram 4.2.1.2.2.6: Distribution of Sprinkler System

Diagram 4.2.1.2.2.7: Schematic Drawing of water sprinkler

Sprinkler Tank and Sprinkler Pumps The water for the sprinkler piping system is supplied from a reinforced concrete tank located in basement. The sprinkler pump draws water from the sprinkler tank, to distribute the water to the sprinkler. The sprinkler pump comprises an Alarm Cont. Valve, which serves as the jockey pump. It is sensitive to changes in water pressure in the sprinkler piping system. When any sprinkler is activated and water is discharged through the sprinklers in that zone, the pressure in the valve is reduced, triggering the duty pumps to pump water from the sprinkler tank.

Figure 4.2.1.2.2.8: Sprinkler Tank and Pumps in Water Tank Room

There are a total of 3 pumps to supply water to the sprinkler system of all zones and levels of each with holding pressure of 120 psi. There is only one jockey pump for all Duty pump. As long as the sprinklers in any one of the zones have been activated to discharge water, all the duty pumps will be triggered to pump water from the RC sprinkler tank. The sprinklers in the affected zone have been activated, the other sprinklers will not discharge water, even though he duty pumps connected to the zone have been activated.

Figure 4.2.1.2.2.9: Sprinkler Box at Water Tank Room

According to UBBL 1976, Chapter 7 – Part 7: -

-

7.7.1.3: Automatic System for Hazardous Occupancy Where hazardous processes, storage or occupancy are of such character as to require automatic sprinkles or other automatic extinguishing system, it shall be of a type and standard appropriate to extinguish fires in the hazardous materials stored or handled or for the safety of the occupants.

7.7.1.5: Sprinkler Valves Sprinkler valves shall be located in a safe and enclosed position on the exterior wall and shall be readily accessible to the Fire Authority. All sprinkler systems shall be electrically connected to the nearest fire station to provide immediate and automatic relay of the alarm when activated.

According to MS 1910.159(a)(2): Automatic Sprinkler system For automatic sprinkler systems used to meet OSHA requirements and installed prior to the effective date of this standard, compliance with the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) or the National Board of Fire Underwriters (NBFU) standard in effect at the time of the system’s installation will be acceptable as compliance with this section.

Typical Deluge System Generally, there is no water in the piping although all sprinklers are opened in the deluge system. Meanwhile, the deluge systems are all connected to a water supply through a deluge valve that is opened by the operation of a smoke or heat detection system. At the same time, the detection system and sprinklers are installed at the same location. According to Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for Buildings, the deluge systems are used where extremely for rapid fire spread is expected, such as other places where flammable liquid fires may break out.

Diagram 4.2.1.2.2.10: Components of Deluge System

4.2.1.2.3 FIRE HOSE REEL & WET RISER Hose reel system is intended for the occupant to use during the early stages of fire. When the hose reel is brought into use the pressure in the pipe immediately downstream of the pump check valves will drops below the field adjusted pressure setting of the pressure switch thereby triggering the pump to come into operation automatically to feed a steady supply of water to discharge through the hose. The fire hose reel outlets should be properly housed in glass fronted cabinet secured under lock and key.

Figure 4.2.1.2.3.1: Recessed closet of Fire Hose Reel and hose reel outside in Subang Parade’s Basement

Wet Riser In Subang Parade, wet riser acts an essential role in putting down fire. It placed nearby the lift lobby and also at the emergency staircase in each flight and each level. Canvas hoses and hose reel at each level, it distributed by supplying water from water tank through wet riser pipes.

According to UBBL 1976, Chapter 7 – Part 7: -

7.7.2.8: Markings on Wet Riser, etc Wet riser, dry riser, sprinkler and other fire installation pipes and fittings shall be painted red. All cabinets and areas recessed in walls for locating fire installations and extinguishers shall be painted red.

According to UBBL 1984, Law 23: Installation and Testing of Wet Rising of Wet Rising system: (1) Wet rising system shall be provided in every building in which the topmost floor is more than 30.5m above the fire appliance access level (2) A hose connection shall be provided in each firefighting access lobby (3) Each wet riser outlet shall comprise standard 63.5mm coupling fitted with a hose of not less than 38.1mm diameter equipped with an approved types cradle and variable fog nozzle.

According to MS1489 Part 1. Hose Reel - all spaces to be covered with a 30m hose with a 6m throw: -

-

-

Considered a first aid to fire-fighting, intended for use by the building occupants.

Each hose reel delivers considerably more water than several portable extinguishers, and requires continued replenishment.

Located in recesses along corridors and provided with up to 45m of reinforced rubber hose, so that all parts of a floor area not exceeding 800m2 are covered by one installation. Included in the calculations can be an allowance of 6m for the water jet.

A minimum delivery of 24 l/min is recommended at the reel most distant from the source of water, when the two most remote reels are operating simultaneously.

A minimum pressure of 200kPa is required at the highest reel, which may limit direct supply from the mains to three or four storeys. Thereafter, and in consultation with the local water authority, the use of a break or suction tank will be necessary.

4.2.1.2.4 WATER PUMP & FIRE PUMP ROOM The fire protection system in Subang Parade is supplied by two major separated tank which are wet riser tank and water sprinkler tank and yet it placed them in the same location in Water Tank Room at basement. Meanwhile, sprinkler only consisted one source from the main water supply as sprinkler tank has more capacity than the wet riser which due to the fire hydrant usage within or around the building to supply water to wet riser.

Figure 4.2.1.2.4.1: Wet riser supply tank and pumps

Figure 4.2.1.2.4.2: Water Sprinkler supply tank and pumps (Jockey Pump)

In Water Tank and Fire Pump Room, there are three types of pumps that are used to provide water to the fire protection in Subang Parade.

1. Standby Pump: A pump that is served as a backup pump for duty pump to maintain the minimum pressure of system when duty pump is failed to operate in a building. The fire pumps do not have to run all the time and the system does not go off randomly.

2. Duty Pump: A pump that is served when the water pressure in the system supply enough water to maintain the pressure in system. In order to maintain the water supply in both wet riser and water sprinkler, a stable pressure of water is required in a fire emergency situation. It can be switch manually from the control panel in case of necessary.

3. Jockey Pump: Is working together with the fire pump as a part of the fire protection system. It is designed to maintain the pressure in the system elevated to a specific level when the system is not in use, so the fire pumps not have to run all the time and the system doesn’t go off randomly. It can also help prevent the system from drainage when a fire happens and water rushes into the pipes.

Figure 4.2.1.2.4.3: Standby Pump (Left) Figure 4.2.1.2.4.4: Standby Pump (Right)

According to UBBL 1984, Section 247: Water Storage (1) Water Storage capacity and water flow rate for firefighting system and installation shall be provided in accordance with the scale as set out in the tenth schedule to these By-Laws.

(2) Main Water Storage tanks within the building, other than for the hose reel system, shall be located at ground, first or second basement levels, with fire brigade pumping inlet connection accessible to fire appliances.

(3) Storage tanks for automatic sprinkle installation where full capacity is provided without the need for replenishment shall be exempted from the restrictions in their location.

4.2.1.3 FIRE DETECTION & ALARM SYSTEM 4.2.1.3.1 SMOKE DETECTOR Smoke detector is a typical indicator of fire and it’s one of the important safety tools to detect smoke and heat while the building on fire. Smoke detectors usually powered by a central fire alarm system, which is powered with a battery backup. When the heat sensation reaches 47°C the fixed temperature it will send a signal to master plan. For the installation of smoke detector, it has a laser sensor inside, while the smoke flew in and lower down the detection of laser, it will be activate and send a signal to the master panel. However, where the smoke Venting facilities are installed for purposes of exit safety in accordance with the requirements of this Part they should be adequate in preventing hazard accumulation of smoke during the period of time necessary to evacuate the area served using available exit facilities with a margin of safety to allow for unforeseen contingencies.

Diagram 4.2.1.3.1.1: Smoke Detectors at Lift Lobbies and in Motor Room

Diagram 4.2.1.3.1.2: Ionization Smoke Detector

Diagram 4.2.1.3.1.3: Ionization Smoke Detector

According to UBBL 1984 section153: Smoke Detectors for Lift Lobbies -

All lift lobbies shall be provided with smoke detectors Reopening devices controlled by light beam or photo detectors unless incorporated with a force close features which after thirty second of any interruption of the beam causes the door to close within a preset-time.

According to UBBL 1976, Chapter 7 – Part 7: -

-

7.7.3.1: Smoke and Heat Vent In windowless buildings, underground structures and large area factories, smoke venting facilities shall be provided for the safe use of exits.

7.7.3.2: Natural Draught Smoke Vent Natural draught smoke venting shall utilize roof vents or vents in walls at or near the ceiling level. Such vents shall normally be in open positions or if they are closed they shall be so designed to open automatically by an approved means in the event of a fire.

4.2.1.3.2 FIRE EMERGENCY ALARM SYSTEM A manual call point also called as an emergency break glass is a device that enables the occupants to raise the alarm by breaking the frangible element on the fascia as it required in any public or private building. Majority of the manual call point mounted 1.4m from the floor level and it installed where dwellers able to be seen easily at mainly on the floor landings of stairways and at the exists to open air. Meanwhile, the manual call points is required to be installed on the floor side of an access door towards staircases, so the floor of origins indicated at the control panel. Extra call should be installed at the place that the greatest travel distance from any point in the building to the nearest call point does not exceed over 30m.

Figure 4.2.1.3.2.1: Two types of Manual Call Point (Break Glass & Fire Break Glass) in Subang Parade

Fire Alarm triggered automatically -

Fire Alarm will be triggered in a specific zone where the fire shutters and fire curtains triggered then due to the activation of smoke detector.

All the fire shutters and fire curtains will fall within 5 minutes due to the fire alarms goes off in any or specific zone.

-

The fire alarms will be automatically triggered in any zone due to the activation of sprinklers in any zone.

There are types of fire alarm mechanisms that installed in the building. The fire alarm used to notify people in the building if the building on fire and need to evacuate. The two types of mechanism for fire alarm are fire emergency light and fire alarm bell. There be other function which have to install these two types of alarm in the same building because while the fire alarm was activate deaf can noticed by the emergency light, on the other side, the blind can be noticed by the alarm bell.

Figure 4.2.1.3.2.2: Alarm Bell and Emergency Light in Basement

Figure 4.2.1.3.2.3: Fire Alarm Bell in Lift Lobby

Fire alarm bell is the oldest of the fire alarm warnings. It’s also named as fire alarm sounder. The bell will work as manual or automatic, it can be active by breaking down the glass of the call point or if a smoke detector detected smoke, the alarm bell will be active to alert the people in the building that’s on fire and need to evacuate. It may also incorporate remote signalling equipment, which would alert the fire brigade via Subang Parade. However, emergency light is used to alert people in the building through light and will typically installed in a common area for immediate and effective way for people to evacuate or to escape.

Manual pull and key switch box normally located near HT substation and gen set room. While the room is on fire can activate the key switch or pull box immediately.

Figure 4.2.1.3.2.4: Manual Pull Station outside Transformer Room

According to UBBL 1976, Chapter 7 – Part 7: -

7.7.1.11.2: Two-stage Fire Alarm System: All premises and buildings with gross floor area excluding car-parking and storage areas exceeding 100,000 square feet and exceeding 100 feet in height shall be provided with a two – stage alarm system with evacuation (continuous signal) to be given immediately in the affected section of the premises while an alert (intermittent signal) be given in adjoining section. Provision shall be made for the general evacuation of the premises by action of a master control.

According to UBBL 1984, Section 155: The fire mode of operation shall be initiated by a signal form the alarm panel which may be activated automatically by one of the alarm devices in the building or manually.

According to UBBL 1984, Section 255: Every building shall be provided with means of detecting and extinguishing fire and with fire alarms together with illuminated exit signs in accordance with the requirements as specified in the Tenth Schedule to these by-laws.

4.2.1.3.3 FIRE CONTROL ROOM & FIRE INTERCOM STAITON The fire control room is the house of all operating equipment of a building security which consists surveillance and fire control as it operates the entire control switch for the sprinkler and alarm system in a building. Instead of controlling, all the conditions for each of the fire safely components is also under monitoring in Subang Parade. Fire control room have to meet the requirement of the building that has an effective height of more than 50m and shall be separated from the rest of the building by two hour fire rated element of structure. Every single signal detection on the system will be directly under the control room.

Figure 4.2.1.3.3.1: Subang Parade’s Fire Control Room

There is a communication between the Master Console, also known as Fire Command Centre and the Remote Handset Stations has been provided by Fire Intercom systems in Subang Parade building. All the log systems and details of the emergency situation, false alarm or practive along with the mechanism activation is been fully equipped inside the control room. The Fire Department/BOMBA with telephone or direct voice communication is been directly connected to fire control room.

Figure 4.2.1.3.3.2: Fire Intercom in Control Room (Left) Figure 4.2.1.3.3.3: Fire intercom in Motor Room (Right)

According to UBBL 1976, Chapter 7 – Part 7: -

7.7.1.11.3: Command and Control Centre Every large premises or building exceeding 100 feet in height shall be provided with a command and control centre located on the ground floor and shall contain a panel to monitor the public address, fire brigade communication, sprinkler, waterflow detectors, fire detection and alarm systems and with a direct telephone connection to the appropriate fire station by-passing the switchboard.

Figure 4.2.1.3.3.4: Remote Handset of Fireman Intercom System

The Fireman Intercom System is used by the fireman in the event of fire emergency and yet it provides communication between the control room master console direct to the fireman through the handset station. It normally placed it at the staircases in each flight. However, a fault indicator unit of indication types of error is equipped by the master panel.

4.3 PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION (PFP) Passive fire protection is part of integral elements of structural fire protection as well as fire safety in every particular building which does not depend on any operating system of mechanism or any degree of motion. However, PFP itself slows the speed on spreading of fire from a space to another space where only effective for 2 hours to allow dweller to escape from fire menace by using fire protection tools that is provided in the building. PFP systems is provided on the load bearing capacity of the fire exposed structure in a specified fire compartment, safety escape, fire separation within the building and building stability that needs to be concerned.

4.3.1 PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM In a large building, fire escape plans are the most part that should not be neglected because when dwellers are having an emerge situation, they will refer to the plan and know where to exit from this building to the assembly point by not using any elevators. However, the routes and exits is displayed right in front of all lifts’ lobby areas to allow occupants safely and capable to escape from fire or smoke as a fire fighting access lobby or a fire protection area.

Diagram 4.3.1.1: Basement Fire Escape Plan

Diagram 4.3.1.2: Lower Ground Fire Escape Plan

Diagram 4.3.1.3: Ground Floor Fire Escape Plan

Diagram 4.3.1.4: First Floor Fire Escape Plan

According to UBBL 1984: Enclosing Means of Escape in Certain Building 1. Every staircase provided under these By-Laws in a building where the highest floor is more than 1200mm above the ground level, or in any place of assembly, or in any school when such staircase is to used as an alternative means of escape shall be enclosed throughout its length with fire resisting materials 2. Any necessary openings, except openings in external walls which shall not for the purpose of this By-Law include wall to air wells, in the length of such staircase shall be provided with self-closing doors constructed of resisting materials

4.3.1.1 EMERGENCY EXIT SIGNAGE In Malaysia country, the Exit Emergency signage of ‘KELUAR’ means ‘EXIT’, is to direct people a shortest route to a place of safety within a building which lead to the outside of the building at the assembly point and it is an effective guidance tool in Subang Parade building as it will help on reducing the fear as well as misperception by instructing a clear guiding system. However, the sign is always illuminate for the circumstances that is necessary. For every signage of exit emergency is written in block letters that sufficiency big enough to be seen in green colour that able people to get attention.

Diagram 4.3.1.1.1: ‘KELUAR’ sign found in front of each fire door

Diagram 4.3.1.1.2: Emergency Assembly Board outside Subang Parade

According to UBBL 1976, Chapter 7 - Part 4: -

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7.4.10: Other exits Each level of an assembly occupancy shall have access to the main exit and in addition shall be provided with exits of sufficient width to accommodate two-thirds of the total occupancy load served by that level. Exits should open directly to a street or into an exit court enclosed stairway, outside stairway or exit passage way leading to a street.

7.4.11: Travel distance in place of assembly Exits should be arranged in the length of travelling from any point to reach an exit will not exceed 150 feet in any place of assembly.

According to UBBL 1976, Chapter 7 – Part 7: -

-

-

-

-

7.7.2.1: Emergency Exit Signs The emergency exit signage where is required, exits and access to such exits shall be marked by readily visible signs.

7.7.2.2: Visibility of Exit signs It consisted no decoration, furnishing or other equipment which will impair visibility of an exit sign shall be permitted.

7.7.3.2: Natural draught smoke vent A sign reading ‘KELUAR’ or some sort of similar designation with an arrow indicating the direction shall be placed in every location where the direction of travelling to the reach the closest exit is not immediately apparent.

7.7.2.4: Size of lettering for Exit signs Every exit sign shall be have the word of ‘KELUAR’ in plainly legible letters which not less than 6 inches high with the principal strokes of the letters not less than ¾ inches wide and yet the lettering shall be in red against a black background.

7.7.2.5: Exit signs to be illuminated continuously during period of occupancy All the exit signs shall be illuminated continuously during the periods of occupancy.

4.3.1.2 FIRE EXIT DOOR

Diagram 4.3.1.2.1: Double Leaf Fire Escape Door

Requirement: It needs to be allocated at every escape door with the dimension of 1800mm x 2100mm x 38mm for each double leaf escape door. It needs to be installed or built by using solid hardwood core with an asbestos insulating board with an hour of fire resistance. Is installed with a metal push blade inside and a door closer outside.

According to UBBL 1976, Chapter 7 - Part 7: -

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7.7.2.6: Markings on exit doors All the exit doors and other types of doors is provided for egress purposes shall be painted in red or identified by a red luminous band that is not less than 18 inches broad across the full width of the door and positioned not less than 26 inches from the floor level. All such doors shall be readily distinguishable from the adjacent surfaces.

7.7.2.7: Exit doors to be openable form inside without use of key All the exit doors need to be an openable from the inside without the use of a key or any special knowledge or effort. Exit doors need to close automatically when it released and all door holding devise including magnetic door holders, shall release the doors upon power failure or an actuation of the fire alarm.

Diagram 4.3.1.2.2: Fire Exit

According to UBBL 1976, Chapter 7 – Part 4: -

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7.4.1.6: Exits to be accessible at all times Exits shall be so located and exit access shall be so arranged that exits are readily accessible at all times. Exits are not immediately accessible from and open floor area, safe and continuous passageway or corridors leading directly to every exit in order to arrange and provide a convenient access for each occupant for at least 2 exits separate ways of travel should.

7.4.1.7: Exit access not to lead towards high hazard occupancies Exits access should be arranged that it will not be necessary to travel towards any area of hazard occupancy in order to reach the nearest exist.

4.3.1.3 DOOR CLOSER It is essential to apply door closer on top of all fire exit doors or fire doors in Subang Parade building and yet function as in helping the fire door to close back immediately or automatically after it opened it in preventing the spread of flame or smoke come inside from a space.

Diagram 4.3.1.3.1: Surface Mounted Door Closer

According to UBBL 1984, Section 162: All fire doors need to include frames that should be constructed in a specification that can be shown to fulfil the requirements for the relevant Fire Resistance Period (FRP) when it tested in accordance with the section 3 of BS 476:1951.

4.3.1.4 FIRE ESCPACE STARICASE For firefighting facilities, Subang Parade consists fire escape staircases with a specific door boundaries at every level of the mall as well as in basement parking. Typically for fire escape staircase for Subang Parade was in U-shaped by providing a landing at each flight of the staircases as in material of cement concrete. According to staircase requirement, it is necessary to provide landing on each flight of staircases to ensure the dwellers do have enough circulation space to pass down from avoiding any injuries during emerge.

According to the law, there should be no obstruction in any staircase between the topmost landing thereof and the exit discharge on the ground floor. In this situation, all the staircases should be properly lighted and ventilated according to the requirements of the Local Authority.

Diagram 4.3.1.4.1: Fire Escape Staircase Symbol

Diagram 4.3.1.4.2: Fire Escape Staircase

Requirement: Landing: 1200mm x 2400mm

According to UBBL 1976, Chapter 6 – Part 6: Dimensions of staircase -

6.29.1: In any staircase, the rise of any staircase shall be not more than 7 inches and the tread shall not less than 10 inches.

6.29.2: The width of staircases shall be the clear widths 6.29.3 The depths of landings shall be not less than the width of the staircases.

According to UBBL 1976, Chapter 7 – Part 7: - 6.34: Enclosure of staircase in a shop In a shop, the flight of stairs which has access direct from the street shall be enclosed with walls in combustible material.

According to UBBL 1976, Chapter 7 – Part 7: - 6.35.2: Use of timber staircase All other staircases should have a fire-resistance rating of not less than 2 hours.

4.3.1.5 HANDRAILS In term of railings for staircase, it is important to provide a continuous railings instead of having a suspended railings as well as without any obstruction matter in between. The handrails do have a minor parallel railing in between with the distance of 200mm each for yielding in different height of dwellers when escaping all the way out from the building or exit door. The flight for each staircases should constructed by using incombustible materials.

Diagram 4.3.1.5.1: Staircase Railing

Requirement: Type of railing: 2 sided railing Minimum height of railing: 1000m Diameter of railing: 40mm

According to UBBL 1976, Chapter 6 – Part 6: Handrails -

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6.30.1 All the staircases shall be provided with at least one handrail.

6.30.2 In building other than residential buildings, a handrail should be provided off each side of the staircase when the width of the staircase is 4 feet or more than that.

6.30.3 All handrails shall project not more than 3½ inches from the face of the finished wall surface.

4.3.1.6 PROVISION OF COMPARTMENT WALLS & FLOORS According to By-Laws, every single building that is exceeding 3 storeys or more than shall constructed a compartment walls and slabs in a building. In Subang Parade building itself, it has been constructed an hour fire-rated brick walls with a minimum 230mm thick together with an hour fire-rated concrete slabs with a minimum 153mm to a maximum 203mm thickness in every level. The purpose of fire-rated wall and slab are to prevent the spread of fire within a certain period to allow occupants to escape out from the building to the assembly point safely.

Diagram 4.3.1.6.1: Details drawings of compartment walls and floors

According to UBBL 1976, Chapter 7 – Part 2: Provision of compartment walls and compartment floors -

7.2.3.2 If any building which exceeds 3 storeys in height, any floor which separates one storey from another storey, other than a floor which is either within a maisonette or mezzanine floor shall be constructed as a compartment floor.

According to UBBL 1976, Chapter 7 – Part 3: Special requirements as to compartment walls and floors -

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7.3.6.2 Where a compartment wall or compartment floor forms a junction with any structure comprising any other compartment wall, or any external wall, separating wall or structure enclosing a protected shaft, such structures shall be bonded together at the junction or the junction shall be fire-stopped.

7.3.6.3 Where any compartment wall forms a junction with a roof, such wall shall be carried to the under surface of the roof covering.

7.3.6.6 Any compartment wall or compartment floor which is required

by Part 6 of this chapter to have fire resistance of 1 hour or more shall.

4.4 CONCLUSION Subang Parade is fully equipped with a good fire protection system that complies with the building laws and requirements, and is especially equipped in the active control category, whereby various firefighting equipment, fire alarm detection and escape routes are provided, in preparation in the event of a fire. This is to assure that the building, its contents and its occupants are well protected against any occurrences of a fire. Every design consideration that enhances the fire protection system is thought of, to provide a place of safety and security for the occupants of the building. Customers will rest assured that their safety is secured.

5.0 MECHANICAL VENTILATON SYSTEM 5.1 LITERATURE REVIEW Ventilation is the process of processing or replacing air in a space, usually involving the exchange of external and internal air and maintain of air circulation in a space. It is very important in ensuring high indoor air quality and thermal comfort by drawing in external fresh air and expelling internal stale air. Through ventilation temperature is controlled, pollutants and excessive smell are removed, oxygen is replenish and so on.

There are two types of ventilation which is natural and mechanical ventilation. In this report only mechanical ventilation will be introduced. Mechanical ventilation system is considered as an active system because it uses active energy to function. This system can be divided into three categories which are exhaust ventilation system, heat-recovery ventilation system, energy-recovery ventilation system and airconditioning system.

5.1.1 Exhaust ventilation system Exhaust ventilation system uses mechanical fans to circulate the air inside a space.

For a supply system, mechanical fans draw in fresh air from the outside into the space, creating a positive air pressure. Internal air is removed by natural ventilation. An extract system is the reverse of a supply system with mechanical fans used to expelled internal air and replace it by drawing outside air into the space through natural ventilation, creating a negative air pressure inside. A balance system is the combination of both by using mechanical fans to supply and extract air into and out of a space.

Diagram 5.1.1.1: An example of extract system.

5.1.2 Heat-recovery ventilation system and Energy-recovery ventilation system A heat-recovery ventilation (HVR) system or energy-recovery ventilation (EVR) system uses a heat exchanger to trap the heat from outgoing air. During winter, cold outdoor air is drawn into the HVR unit and warmed before being distributed into the room. At the same time warm air is also extracted from the room. In the HVR unit heat is absorbed from the warm outgoing air and transferred to the cold incoming air. The cycle is repeated and this cuts down the energy needed for heater. An energyrecovery ventilation unit works the same way as a HVR with the addition of regulating humidity. One can conclude that HVR and EVR work more effectively with climate of extreme summer and winter and is less suitable for mild climate.

Diagram 5.1.2.1: HRV system.

5.1.3 Air-conditioning system Air-conditioning system provide more controls on ventilation such as room temperature and usually involved the use of condenser to cool the air. Depending on the size and how the condenser is cooled, air-conditioning system can be classified into window unit, ductless split unit and central air-conditioning system.

5.1.3.1 Window unit air-conditioning system Window unit is the simplest form of air-conditioning unit and is suitable for small room.

It is installed on window or wall openings and have inside and outside compartments, which contain the evaporator and the condenser respectively. The incoming air is cooled by the evaporator when the refrigerant inside evaporates and absorbs heat before entering the room. The refrigerant then condenses in the condenser and releases heat to the outdoor air.

Diagram 5.1.3.1.1: window unit air-conditioning system.

5.1.3.2 Split unit air-conditioning system Ductless split unit air-conditioning system is the most popular type of air-conditioning system nowadays for smaller building. The main components are an outdoor unit which serves as a condenser and an indoor unit which functions as an evaporator.

Instead of drawing in outdoor air like the window unit air-conditioning system, the ductless split unit air-conditioning system only circulates and recycles indoor air and there is no supply of fresh air. The existing indoor air is drawn into the unit and cooled by the refrigerant cycled in the evaporator and the condenser and then re-released into the room. The air-conditioning unit can be stand-alone, wall mounted, floor mounted and ceiling mounted.

Diagram 5.1.3.2.1: ductless split air-conditioning system

5.1.3.3 Centralized air-conditioning system Centralized air-conditioning system is used for larger scale building such as hospitals and shopping malls. Conditioned air from a centre source, usually the air-handling unit (AHU), is distributed throughout the building through a network of ductwork. The temperature of the air in the AHU is regulated by the chilled water from the chilled water plant and in turn the temperature of the chilled water is regulated by the refrigerant in the chilled water plant. A cooling tower is required to cool down the refrigerant. Another type of the centralized air-conditioning system is a direct expansion (DX) system. Instead of water, the AHU of the DX system uses refrigerant to cool the air directly, without using water as an intermediate heat carrier. A DX system is suitable for a smaller building.

5.2 CASE STUDY- MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM IN SUBANG PARADE The Subang Parade utilizes a combination of centralized air-conditioning system and exhaust ventilation system. The former is used mainly for the office and the mall while the latter is used only for basement, carpark and service rooms.

In accordance with rules and regulations set by various bodies of authority are also being investigated. The standards examined in this section include Uniform Building By-Laws 1996 (UBBL 1996) and Malaysian Standard 1525:2007 (MS1525:2007).

5.2.1 Centralized air-conditioning system The main components of a centralized air-conditioning system are cooling tower, chilled water plant, air-handling unit (AHU), ducts, pipes and diffusers. It uses only water to transfer heat between the AHU, chilled water plant and the cooling tower, but refrigerant is used to transfer heat inside the chilled water plant.

The AHU functions to recycle and cool the air inside the mall. The air in the AHU is cooled by chilled water coming from the chilled water plant and is mixed with fresh air sucked from outdoor before being distributed to the mall via duct system and diffusers. The now warmed chilled water is transported back to the chilled water plant.

The refrigerant in the plant functions to cooled the incoming water by entering the refrigerant cycle. The again chilled water is then transported back to the AHU to repeat the air cycle again. The heat generated by the refrigerant in the chilled water plant is cooled separately by the water coming from the cooling tower.

Centralized Air-conditioning System

Cooling Tower

Chilled Water Plant

Air-handling Unit (AHU)

Diagram 5.2.1.1: Components of a centralized air-conditioning system.

Refrigerant (gas)

Warm water

Chilled water

Hot water

Chilled water plant

Refrigerant (liquid)

Cold water

Cooling tower

AHU

Cold air

Warm air Diagram 5.2.1.2: Air and refrigerant cycle.

5.2.1.1 Air-Handling Unit (AHU) The AHU room can be found in every floor of the Subang Parade which contain AHU inside. One AHU can supply fresh cold air to up to four shop lots. Thus in accordance with the size of the mall, six AHU can be found on each floor, and that makes a total of 24 AHU for the entire shopping mall.

The functions of an AHU is to handle the airflow within the entire building. The air in the mall is circulated by being drawn into the AHU. Some of the returned air is removed as it contains dirt and dust, some other is mixed with fresh air and cooled inside the AHU to be distributed to the mall.

Chilled water from the chilled water plant is pumped into the AHU to cool the air. The chilled water pipe is connected to the AHU near the base instead of “pouring� water into it, effectively removed unwanted air bubbles which could cause airlock and energy wastage. The chilled water functions to absorb heat and cool down the air

inside the AHU. The then warmed water is transported back to the chilled water plant to be chilled again.

The temperature of the air in controlled by the controlled panel found in the AHU room and is constant throughout the whole building. Therefore, individual adjustment of air temperature for each shop lots is not available. The air pressure in the AHU room is lower than the air pressure in the mall as the air is constantly being drawn into the AHU.

Figure 5.2.1.1.1: Air-handling unit in the AHU room.

According to UBBL 1996, section 41: (1) Where permanent mechanical ventilation or air-conditioning is intended, the relevant building by-laws relating to natural ventilation, natural lighting and heights of rooms may be waived at the discretion of the local authority.

(2) Any application for the waiver of the relevant by-laws shall only be considered if in addition to the permanent air-conditioning system there is provided alternative approved means of ventilating the air-conditioned enclosure, such that within half an hour of the air-conditioning system failing, not less than the stipulated volume of fresh air specified hereinafter shall be introduced into the enclosure during the period when the air-conditioning system is not functioning.

(3) The provisions of the Third Schedule to these By-laws shall apply to buildings which are mechanically ventilated or air-conditioned.

(4) Where permanent mechanical ventilation in respect of lavatories, waterclosets, bathrooms or corridors is provided for and maintained in accordance with the requirements of the Third Schedule to these By-laws, the provisions of these By-laws relating to natural ventilation and natural lighting shall not apply to such lavatories, water-closets, bathrooms or corridors.

According to MS1525:2007, code 8.7 Air handling duct system insulation: All ducts, plenums and enclosures installed in or on buildings shall be adequately insulated to prevent excessive energy losses. Additional insulation with vapour barriers may be required to prevent condensation under some conditions.

5.2.1.2 Duct system Duct systems serve the function to carry fresh cooled air from the AHU and distributed it throughout the building. It also functions to carry the returned air from the building to the AHU or in the case of basement and service rooms, it carries the air and released them to the outside without passing through the AHU. At the end of the duct is a diffuser. In the mall area the ducts are hidden above the ceiling but in the basement and service rooms the ducts are exposed.

Figure 5.2.1.2.1: Duct network in the basement carpark.

According to UBBL 1996, section 123: (1) Where ducts or enclosures are provided in any building to accommodate pipes, cables or conduits the dimensions of such ducts or enclosures shall be — (a) adequate for the accommodation of the pipes, cables or conduits and for crossings of branches and mains together with supports and fixing; and (b) Sufficiently large to permit access to cleaning eyes, stop cocks and other controls there to enable repairs, extensions and modifications to be made to each or all of the services accommodated.

(2) The access openings to ducts or enclosures shall be long enough and suitably placed to enable lengths of pipe to be installed and removed.

5.2.1.3 Diffusers Diffusers are found at the end of the ducts. There are two main types of diffusers in the Subang Parade. One is the supply air diffusers, the other is the return air grilles. The sizes of same types of diffusers are the same throughout the building but the numbers is different, determined by the space they covered that needs to be air-conditioned.

5.2.1.3.1 Supply air diffusers Supply air diffusers distributed air from the duct systems evenly throughout the intended locations. This is done by splitting the air into smaller air streams towards the desired directions and enhanced the mixing of the air by decreasing the air velocity with minimal noise created.

Figure 5.2.1.3.1.1: Diffusers both hidden above the ceiling.

5.2.1.3.2 Return air grilles The return air grilles functions to carry the air back to the specific AHU on each floor.

A fan behind the air grilles draws out warm air from the air-conditioned spaces and return them to the AHU rooms. The numbers of the grilles are much lesser then the supply air diffusers, but their sizes are much larger.

Figure 5.2.1.3.2.1: Return air grilles found in the AHU room.

5.2.1.4 Chilled water system Chilled water system contain a chilled water plant which is made up of evaporator, compressor, condenser and thermostatic expansion valve. It is connected to the AHU room and the cooling tower via the chilled water pump and the condensed water pump.

Water is chilled in the plant before being transported to the AHU. The water is chilled by the refrigerant in the chilled water plant as the refrigerant undergoes the refrigerant cycle. In this cycle, the liquid refrigerant is converted into vapour and then back to liquid, and the cycle is repeat. Various meters is used to monitor the flow of the refrigerant and the water.

The refrigerant used in this system is R-134A, or the 1, 1, 1, 2 - Tetrafluoroethane.

Previously the system uses R12 as the refrigerant, but switched to R-134A as it is less damaging to the environment. The process of the refrigerant absorb and release heat is called the refrigerant cycle.

Figure 5.2.1.4.1: Condenser and evaporator.

According to MS1525:2007: Code 8.2.2: Where chillers are used and when the design load is greater than 1000kWr, a minimum of two chillers or a single multi-compressor chiller should be provided to meet the required load.

Code 8.2.3: Multiple units of the same equipment type, such as multiple chillers, with combined capabilities exceeding the design load may be specified to operate concurrently only if controls are provided which sequence or otherwise optimally control the operation of each unit based on the required cooling load.

5.2.1.4.1 Evaporator The evaporator acts as a heat exchanger and is connected to the AHU via chilled water pipes. As the boiling refrigerant inside the evaporator absorbed heat from the warm water from the AHU, it is evaporated and changed into vapour state. The now chilled water is then pumped back to the AHU to repeat the air cycle. The refrigerant vapour then enters the compressor before entering the condenser to be cooled.

5.2.1.4.2 Compressor The compressor functions to draw the refrigerant vapour out from the evaporator and pump it in the condenser. The compressor also converse the low pressure low and temperature gas to high pressure and high temperature gas to facilitate the condensation process.

5.2.1.4.3 Condenser The condenser acts as another heat exchanger in the system and is connected to the cooling tower via condensed water pipes. The water from the cooling tower cools the refrigerant vapour and convert it back to liquid state. The now heat-absorbed water is returned to the cooling tower to be cooled again before entering the condenser and repeat the cycle. The liquid refrigerant then passes through the thermostatic expansion valve before entering the evaporator to repeat the refrigerant cycle.

5.2.1.4.4 Thermostatic expansion valve The thermostatic expansion valve meters and controls the flow of liquid refrigerant into the evaporator.

5.2.1.5 Cooling tower The cooling towers of Subang Parade are located on the rooftop. They serves to remove the heat from the hot condensed water coming from the chilled water plant to the atmosphere. The water is then cooled down to be transported back to the chilled water plant to absorb heat again. The towers are located outdoor to maximize the efficiency of heat transfer between the water and the atmosphere. Typically two cooling towers are needed for one chilled water plant, but there are three cooling towers for one chilled water plant on Subang Parade. In case of emergency breakdown, the water in a nearby water tank is used to cool down the chilled water plant.

The hot condensed water transported to the cooling tower is sprinkled inside the tower to form water droplets. Atmospheric air is drawn into the tower via induction fan found on top of the tower. The heat is exchanged between the water droplet and the drawn-in air and the cooled water falls downward to be collected and pumped back to the chilled water plant.

Figure 5.2.1.5.1: The cooling tower.

Figure 5.2.1.5.2: The emergency water tank.

Figure 5.2.1.5.3: The induction fan on top of the cooling tower.

Diagram 5.2.1.5.4: Typical components of a cooling tower.

According to MS 1525:2007, code 8.8 Balancing: The system design should provide means for balancing the air and water system such as but not limited to dampers, temperature and pressure test connections and balancing valves.

5.2.1.6 Pipe system There are two types of pipes associated with the air-conditioning system in the Subang Parade. They are the chilled water pipe and the condensed water pipe. Both of the pipes are marked with different colour and words to differentiate them.

According to MS 1525:207, code 8.6 piping insulation: All piping installed to serve buildings and within building should be adequately insulated to prevent excessive energy losses. Additional insulation with vapour barriers may be required to prevent condensation under some conditions.

5.2.1.6.1 Chilled water pipe The chilled water pipes transport the chilled water from the evaporator in the chilled water plant to the AHU room. It also return the warmed water from the AHU room back to the chilled water. The pipes are marked with light blue colour with a cylindrical pattern on it. The supply and return pipes are differentiated with “CWS” and “CHWR” respectively, which is the abbreviation for “chilled water supply” and “chilled water return”.

Figure 5.2.1.6.1.1: “CWS” and “CHWR” chilled water pipes in the chilled water plant.

5.2.1.6.2 Condensed water pipe The condensed water pipes supply the cooled water from the cooling tower to the condenser in the chilled water plant and also return the hot water from the condenser to the cooling tower. The pipes are marked in dark blue colour.

Figure 5.2.1.6.2.1: Chilled water pipe and the condensed water pipe in the control room.

5.2.2

Exhaust ventilation system

For the basement carpark and service rooms of Subang Parade, exhaust ventilation system is used to circulate the air. Extract system is used that the air is mechanically sucked out by fans and released through grilles on the rooftop.

Outside

Exhaust ventilation system Forced ventilation Basement carpark, service rooms

Negative pressure

Air Natural ventilation

Diagram 5.2.2.1: Exhaust ventilation system

Figure 5.2.2.2: Extraction grilles in the tank room.

Figure 5.2.2.3: Grilles found at the end of the duct connecting the basement and the outside.

5.2.3 Control room A control room is also found in the service room. It is rather old-fashioned with the control panels as the new system uses digital monitors already. The switches for the whole air-conditioning system can be operated here and some can be controlled manually, some are controlled by timers.

Figure 5.2.3.1: The control panel for the mechanical ventilation system.

Figure 5.2.3.2: The automatic timer.

Figure 5.2.3.3: A close up look on the schematics on the control panel.

According to MS1525:2007 — Code 8.4.4 Off-hour control: Code 8.4.4.1: ACMV system should be equipped with automatic controls capable of accomplishing a reduction of energy use for example through equipment shutdown during periods of non-use or alternative use of the spaces served by the system.

5.3 FINDINGS AND ANALSIS Thermal comfort is achieved in Subang Parade as the room temperature is maintained at an average of 23 oC throughout the air-conditioned area.

According to MS1525:2007 — Code 8.1.2 Indoor design conditions: In general, an individual feels comfortable when metabolic heat is dissipated at the rate at which it is produced. The human body temperature needs to be maintained at a constant 37 ± 0.5 oC regardless of the prevailing ambient condition. The higher the space relative humidity, the lower the amount of heat the human body will be able to transfer by means of perspiration.

Code 13a: At normal comfort room temperature (23 to 26°c), the acceptable air velocity would be in the region of 0.15 to 0.5 m/s. The indoor design conditions of an airconditioned space for comfort cooling is recommended to have dry bulb of

23 to 26째c. The recommended design relative humidity is 55-70%. The recommended air movement is 0.15 to 0.5 m/s. According to Department of Malaysian Standards, the maximum air movement is 0.7m/s.

Moreover, the mall is scheduled to operate during office hour. Automatic timer and manual switch are used to shut down the mechanical ventilation system after office hour to prevent energy wastage. Individual control panels and various meters can also be found near the AHU and chilled water plant to control and monitor their operations.

Backup system such as extra water chillers, water tank and fans are also implemented to better equip Subang Parade in case of emergency and system failure.

5.4 CONCLUSION Based on the study and research conducted in this section, it is concluded that the centralized air-conditioning system is best suitable for Subang Parade for its 2 storeys large commercial space. The numbers of AHU on each floor are sufficient to provide thermal comfort with optimal energy usage. Chilled water plant and cooling tower are also operating smoothly. Environment is harmed less as the refrigerant was changed to another less damaging type.

Last but not least, the Subang Parade complies with the UBBL and MS1525 in terms of the installation and operation of the mechanical ventilation system, indoor air quality and off-hour control.

6.0 SEWERAGE SANITARY & DRAINAGE SYSTEM 6.1 LITERATURE REVIEW Water for premises use is obtained from reservoir and treated in water treatment plant before it is distributed. In premises, water is obtained from taps, it is used for daily activities and is turned contaminated thus is considered as sewage when it is discharged from sanitary appliances or traps into other parts of a sewerage system.

“Sewage“ means any liquid discharges containing human excreta, animal or vegetable matters in suspension or solution derived from domestic activities and being generated from household, commercial, institutional and industrial premises including liquid discharges from water closets, basins, sinks, bathrooms and other sanitary appliances but excluding rain water and prohibited effluent.

(Sewerage Services Act 1993 [Act 508]) “Sewerage system” means a system incorporating sewers, disposal pipes, pumping stations or sewage treatment works or any combination thereof and all other structures, equipment and appurtenances (other than individual internal sewerage piping, common internal sewerage piping or septic tanks) used or intended to be used for the collection, conveyance, pumping or treatment of sewage and sewage sludge or the disposal of treated sewage effluent or sewage sludge. (Sewerage Services Act 1993) The chemical constituents of sewage are characterized into organic, inorganic substances and gases (Iwkcommy, 2015): Organic -

Carbohydrates, Fats, Oil, Grease, Groteins and Surfactants

Inorganic -

pH, Chlorides, Citrogen, Phosphorus, Sulphur

Gases

Hydrogen Sulphide, Methane, Oxygen

-

It is important that sewerage, sanitary and drainage system in every building runs smooth because any leakages might lead to death. For instance, many victims died in confined spaces like manholes, chambers and sludge tanks due to inhalation of toxic gases.

As world population increases, environmental pollution is becoming more serious also, fresh water supplies is more crucial thus proper sewerage, sanitary and drainage systems as well as sewerage treatment are being given more attention and emphasis.

6.2 CASE STUDY Manhole Vent hole Waste pipe Soil pipe Drainage

0

0

0

0 0 0

Figure 6.2.1: Illustrates sewerage and drainage system in Subang Parade.

Subang Parade is divided into four levels: basement, lower ground, ground and first level. Washrooms are placed at similar positions throughout the different levels and direct stack is shared among the levels.

Collection-sanitary appliances or traps

Conveyancesewer pipe, stacks

Pumping/ treatmentsump pump

Disposalseptic tank, public sewer

Diagram 6.2.2: Shows the mechanism of a sewerage system.

In a sewerage system, sewage is collected starting from water closets, urinals, basins, sinks and any other sanitary appliances. It is conveyed to septic tank through traps and piping system such as waste pipe, soil pipe and etc. Sewage, rain and natural ground water are treated in pumping system before they are discharged to septic tank. However, septic tank is excluded from sewerage or

waste water disposal system in Subang Parade, treated waste water are discharged to Indah Water treatment plant.

6.2.1 Sanitary Appliances Sanitary appliances remove soil water and waste water to manhole via piping system, they are categorised into two types:

1) Soil fitments for example water closets and urinals which convey soil water and human excreta.

2) Waste water fitments for example basins, baths, showers and sinks which convey waste water produced from washing and the preparation of food.

To suit the functions, materials used to make sanitary appliances should be waterproof. Soil water and waste water which contain ammonia bring unpleasant smell and might could cause infection in certain cases. Bleach used in cleaning are too corrosive and therefore dangerous for direct contact with human skin and eye. Ergo, stainless steel, ceramic, clay, travertine, marble, onyx and granite are the some of the common materials we see in conventional sanitary appliances design.

6.2.1.1 Basins

Figure 6.2.1.1.1: Shows wash basins used in Subang Parade.

In general, a basin is a bowl shaped plumbing fixture used for washing and cleaning. Taps or faucets are attached to basins to supply hot or cold water and in some cases when faster rinsing is required, spray feature is included. At the bottom of a basin, a grating is fixed so unwanted solids which might stuck in the traps do not pass through the drain underneath it. In this way, grating prevent

any unwanted solids like rock, bones and shells in food residue from entering pipeline.

Figure 6.2.1.1.2: Shows a typical basins and its compartments with dimensions. (Chudley. R, 1987)

Figure 6.2.1.1.3: Shows position of shut off device in a basins and its dimension. (Smart sensor monitoring and remote technologies, 2015)

A shut off device or an overflow-prevention device is to prevent flood damage.

Sometimes it is a faucet separated from basins and fixed on supply pipe, but in some cases it is fixed inside a basin and operates mechanically. When a basin is over filled, water enters the central chamber via inlet to the overflow pipe and a valve that shuts off the supply pipe is activated. Pressure keeps the valve in a shut off position while tap is opened; when water is dispelled from central chamber, the valve re-open and tap is reverted to full flow.

6.2.1.2 Water Closets

Figure 6.2.1.2.1: Shows water closet used in Subang Parade.

Water closet is an upwardly open bowl fitted with flushing mechanism to remove human excreta and urine using water. Three types of water closet used in Subang Parade are wash-down water closet, squatting pan and urinal.

Figure 6.2.1.2.2: shows compartments of a wash-down water closet and its flushing mechanism.

(Vizimaccom, 2015)

As illustrated in diagram above, as water is flushed down a cistern, it enters toilet bowl from inlet via rim holes spread evenly along the edge of a toilet bowl, it then enters trapway carries along with it urine and excreta and finally is discharged to soil pipe.

Figure 6.2.1.2.3: Shows compartment of a typical cistern used in a water closet.

Flushing mechanism in a cistern goes this way: 1) 2) 3) 4)

When trip lever is pushed, it raises flapper or tank ball, a rubber seal.

Water rushes down via flush valve. (As described in last paragraph.)

As the tank is emptied, flapper seals the tank again.

Float ball rides on the surface of water, it automatically opens ballcock when it drops.

5) Ballcock refills the tank.

6) When tank is full, float ball raises and ballcock is closed.

7) This process repeats the when trip lever is pushed again.

Figure 6.2.1.2.4: Shows dimensions of a conventional water closet, squatting pan and urinal.

All sanitary appliances has to be anthropometric as they have direct contact with users, failure in design may cause inconvenience.

6.2.2 Water Seals and Traps Water seals and traps are fixed at the end of a soil pipe or waste pipe. It prevents unpleasant smell from waste water from entering a building. Traps should be selfcleaning, meaning that their internal wall is scoured with water rushing down in them. An advantage of it is its maintenance is easy, especially when

6.2.2.1 Water Seal

Figure 6.2.2.1.1: Shows a water seal in a “P� trap.

Water seal prevents hydrocarbons or any other dangerous sewer gases and pest from entering the building thus it serves a direct hygiene purpose. Its depth should allow a minimum of 75 mm of water to allow waste water to flow smoothly.

Figure 6.2.2.1.2: Shows water seal and trap way in a wash down water closet.

In water closets, water seals and traps are fixed in it, unlike water closets, basins has water seal and traps which are added separately. Some common types of traps are bottle trap, “S� trap, interceptor trap and gully trap.

6.2.2.2 Bottle Trap

Jamb nut Coupling nut Accumulation occurs here

Figure 6.2.2.2.1: Shows bottle trap used in Subang Parade and its dimension.

Bottle trap is widely used in wash basins in Subang Parade. In terms of maintenance, bottle trap is very convenient to use as its bottle can be opened and cleaned if it is clogged. Its disadvantage is it is always filled with a certain amount of water and thus it tends to foul easily.

6.2.2.3 “S” Trap

Figure 6.2.2.3.1: Shows a typical “S” trap and its dimension.

“S” trap or sink trap is normally fixed below a plumbing fixture for example a basin or sink. Advantage of its “S” bend is that it effectively prevent sewer gases.

As illustrated in figure above, a “S” trap can be dismantled in order to remove hair, sand or any other unwanted objects stuck in trap way.

6.2.2.4 Interceptor trap

Figure 6.2.2.4.1: Shows how grease enters a grease trap and exits after it is treated.

The advantage of interceptor trap is that it is able to prevent foul gases from larger municipal sewers quickly. Also, harmful pathogens are prevented from entering a building. They include gratings at the waste water inlet to trap hair or solids and interceptor traps grease and food residue. In Subang Parade, a lot of restaurants are operating each day, fats, oil and grease (FOG) in waste water needed grease trap or interceptor trap to solve this problem.

6.2.2.5 Gully Trap

Figure 6.2.2.5.1: Shows how a gully trap is connected to waste pipe and basin. If plunger cannot solve blockage, overflow can be expelled via grating on gully trap.

Each residential building must have at least one gully trap, in case drainage system is blocked, gully trap provides an alternative for sewage to flow out of a building. Gully traps are constructed outside of a building but within the legal boundary of a building to convey waste water from basins, sinks, bathrooms etc. to waste pipe. They are deep sealed to prevent entry of pest like cockroaches from outside of a building.

Their water seal should be 50 mm minimum not exceeding 100 mm and an overflow rim at least 150 mm below the overflow of the lowest fixture. A gully trap may receive sewer from several outlets. Advantage of using floor waste gully is that numbers of connections required to the drain and the length of pipe is reduced.

6.2.3 Stacks

900 mm Figure 6.2.3.1: Shows top of a vent pipe.

Stack is a term used for any vertical pipeline of a drainage system. The top of stack is open to air to allow the venting of the foul gasses produced. The top of the stack and vent pipe is open and approximately should be 900 mm above roof level. Pipeline is the system used to convey waste water from sanitary appliances to septic tank.

6.2.3.1 Waste Pipe Drain-waste-vent (DWV) is a system used to convey water and waste from sanitary appliances such as bathrooms, basins, water closets and urinal to sewer line. DWV has three compartments: 1) Drain lines – collect water from fixtures like basins and sinks 2) Waste lines – carry waste from fixtures like water closets and urinals 3) Vent lines – exhaust sewer gases and allows wastes to flow freely All drain and waste lines slope slightly downwards from the fixture towards the drainage system as wastes are carried by gravity.

Figure 6.2.3.1.1: Illustrates pipe should be slightly sloped to allow wastes to move freely to soil stack.

To lower the possibility of blockage, diameters of soil pipes used have to be big.

Generally, it is the pipes are 1 Âź inches to 4 inches. Usually it is 4 inches for main soil stack, while 2 inches for wet vents such as pipes connecting bath tubs, basins and sinks.

Each drain line must be attached with a vent line to ensure it foul gases is expelled properly and safely through the roof. Sometimes, one large soil stack can be connected to several vents as long as there is no drain above the connection point. Special flashing against roof leaks is required wherever vent pipes penetrates the roof.

6.2.3.2 Single and Double Stack

Figure 6.2.3.2.1: Illustrates a typical single stack.

As washrooms in Subang Parade are arranged in similar position throughout different floors and sanitary fixtures are centralised, it is suggested that single stack or one-pipe system is used. This system is more economic than double stack as less pipe works are needed. Moreover, it is very effective if designing and installation of traps is well considered to prevent spread of foul smell.

Soil stack

Waste stack

Figure 6.2.3.2.2: Illustrates a typical double stack.

Double stack or two-pipe system consists of two separate pipelines, each stack sometimes coupled with its own vent pipe. It is used when sanitary appliances are scattered on each floor. As compared to single stack, this is more costly as more pipe works are needed.

6.2.3.3 Venting Venting system or plumbing vents remove sewer gases outside of a building and at the same time allows oxygen to enter waste system for aerobic sewage digestion to take part. The paramount reason of having venting system is it maintain a certain air pressure to allow traps to hold water. Air-tight vent pipes act as a channel that dispel unpleasant smell from inside to outside of a building, usually via roof. Corrosion is reduced as slime formation in pipes is reduced as air moves freely in drain pipes. Venting system contributes to overall smooth flow of drainage system.

Some common types of vents are: 1) Stack vent – soil stack extended above the roof to fresh air. Usually, it is used in residential building and begins above the highest fixture branch connection; while for high rise building it is on the top floor.

2) Branch vent – one or more individual vent branching into a vent stack 3) Common vent – single vent connected to a common drain for back to back fixtures.

4) Individual vent – every trap is provided with an individual vent. This arrangement is continuous venting or back venting. It is considered as the most direct, simple and effective way of venting.

6.2.4 Sump

Figure 6.2.4.1: Shows sump pit found in basement of Subang Parade.

Figure 6.2.4.2: Shows the inside of another sump pit found also in the basement of Subang Parade.

Figure 6.2.4.3: Shows compartments of a typical sump pump

A sump pump is usually located at basement of a building to collect sump basin and remove accumulated waste water from a building to prevent flooding in basement. The sump pumps are located inside the sump chamber and are submersible pumps, each sump contains 2nos of pumps which are used to pump the waste water to the ground floor outlet. A flow capacity of 7.5 litres/sec is maintained and it is controlled by a level regulator to prevent overflow and underflow.

6.2.5 Septic Tank Septic tank is a container where wastes is given ample time to degrade into scum clarified liquid and sludge before they are discharged.

Figure 6.2.5.1: Shows suggested septic tank size for residential use. (Water quality division rule clarification, 2015)

For residential septic tank, when we have fixture count around 21 to 45, minimum size is between 1000 to 2500 gallons or between 3785.41 to 9463.53 litres. (1 gallon = 3785.41 litres)

Figure 6.2.5.2: Shows overview of a typical septic tank.

Figure 6.2.5.3: Shows the compartments of a typical septic tank. (Novascotiaca, 2015)

Operation of a typical septic tank can be easily explained this way. Waste water enters and after some time, the heavy solid settle at the bottom of the tank before bacteria break them down into sludge anaerobically. Scum usually consists of 10% of the working capacity. On the other hand, lighter solids fats and grease will partially decompose and eventually a layer of floating scum is formed on top of clarified water in the tank.

In some cases where septic tank has two compartments, the clarified waste water enters the second chambers for further settlement to take place.

Diagram 6.2.5.4: Shows standard of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Suspended Solids (SS) that effluent discharged upstream (Standard A) and downstream (Standard B) should meet.

(Environmental Quality Act 1974)

Diagram 6.2.5.5: Shows major biological sewage treatment processes. (Iwkcommy, 2015)

6.2.6 Manhole

Figure 6.2.6.1: Shows manhole used at Subang Parade (Left) Figure 6.2.6.2 (b): Shows internal of a typical manhole, manhole ring and ladders are designed to allow easy access (Right)

Figure 6.2.6.3: Shows section of a typical manhole with its dimension.

Manholes or maintenance holes are underground chambers built to allow maintenance work for pipes in both sewer drains (foul) and surface water drains (storm) and utilities such as electrical cables to be carried out. Its opening is covered with a metal manhole cover or “biscuit� designed to prevent any accidents and unauthorized access. This is also to ensure no leakage as the sewer gases like methane and hydrogen sulphide are poisonous and may cause death. In case any sewer lines is damaged and an access into manhole is needed, safety equipment needed are: 1) 2) 3) 4)

Approved gas detector (properly calibrated) Fresh air blower Safety harness, rope and tripod safety system An approved hardhat

All personnel involved with entering and working in a sewer and confined spaces must be physically fit and free from any of the medical conditions/ impairments listed in paragraph 10.2 of the Department of safety and Health (DOSH) Guidelines for Safe Working in a confined Space.

Manhole ring or chamber is designed to BS5911-3, BS5911-4 to withstand pressure. Manhole rings and cover slab are designed in myriad depths and dimension to suit different pipe diameters and actual depth of site. The joints of manhole need to be sealed using mastic strip and approved sealant or cement is used to seal the lifting holes provided in each component.

6.3 FINDINGS & ANALYSIS According to UBBL 1984, Section 43: In all buildings, the size of the latrines, water-closets and bathrooms shall be (a) In the case of latrines or water-closets with pedestal-type closet fittings, not less than 1.5 metres by 0.75 metre.

6.4 CONCLUSION Subang Parade achieves standards and requirements such as UBBL 1984 in designing every washrooms so that they meet the requirements of dimensions.

Not only that, Subang Parade also follows guidelines like Malaysia Sewerage Industry Guidelines (MSIG) and standard like MS 1228 ‘Codes of Practice for Design and Installation of Sewerage Systems’. This helps them a lot in maintaining ideal washrooms for users. They also have precise and consistent maintenance work on their sewerage, sanitary and drainage system which helps them run and control waste water disposal well.

7.0 MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM 7.1 LITERATURE REVIEW Mechanical Transportation System can be define as a movable machine/system that can hoist or haul passengers and goods item from point A to point B either in vertical or horizontal motion. All buildings with more than one storey must have at least one set of stairs to provide necessary circulation for the occupants to travel between floors. The introduction of the mechanical transport enhance the travelling experience by reducing the time and physical energy of the occupants while moving inside the building. In addition, the provision of the equipment also make ease of senior citizen or disable people (OKU) to manoeuvre around the building.

Lift, also known as Elevator, is a vertical transport equipment that efficiently moves people between floors. According to UBBL clause 124, a lift shall be provided to non-residential building which exceeds 4 storey above/ below main entrance. The unit of lift required in a building is determined by the population & function of the building as well as the number of floors & building’s height. Besides that, the cost and the maintenance fees are also part of the consideration while choosing the type of the lift. There are 2 types of lift in the market which is Traction Lift & Hydraulic Lift. Both of them are designed to suit different situation and requirement.

Escalator is known as a moving staircase that carries people between consecutive floors. The device consists of a motor-driven conveyer chain linked with individual steps that move up or down on tracks. It has the capacity to move large numbers of people with no waiting interval. Unlike stairs, escalator have its unique method of positioning which are: Parallel Configuration & Crisscross Configuration. Parallel Configuration consists of up and down escalators arranged side by side while Crisscross Configuration stacks the escalators that moves in same direction.

Normally, circulation of the building is taken into consideration before the placement of the escalator.

7.2 CASE STUDY & ANALYSIS The building that we selected “Subang Parade� consists of 4 floors which is Basement, Lower Ground, Ground and First Floor.

The building is installed with 7 pairs of Gear Traction Elevators & 2 pairs of Conventional Hydraulic Elevator. Besides that, escalators can be found inside the building with 2 different types of configuration - Crisscross configuration & Parallel configuration.

7.2.1 TYPES OF LIFT 7.2.1.1 Geared Traction Elevator Traction elevators are lifted by ropes, which pass over a wheel attached to an electric motor above the elevator shaft. Geared Traction Elevators have a gearbox that is attached to the motor, which drives the wheel that moves the ropes. It is capable of travel speeds up to 500 feet per minute which is much faster than hydraulic elevators. Hence, they are used for mid and high-rise applications.

A counter weight makes the elevators more efficient by offsetting the weight of the car and occupants so that the motor doesn't have to move as much weight.

The maximum travel distance for a geared traction elevator is around 250 feet.

Figure 7.2.1.1.1: Schematic Diagram of Geared Traction Elevator

7.2.1.2 Plunged Hydraulic Elevator Hydraulic elevators are elevators which are powered by hydraulic ram, a fluiddriven piston mounted inside a cylinder. An electric motor pumps incompressible fluid (e.g. oil) into the cylinder to move the piston lifting up the elevator.

The system consist of fluid reservoir, pump, piston & a valve. The pump forces the fluid from the tank into the cylinder. When the valve close, the fluid collects inside the cylinder pushed the piston up, lifting the elevator up to desired floor. When the valve open, the fluid flows back into the reservoir thereby lowering down the elevator.

Hydraulic elevators are used extensively in buildings up to five or six stories high.

These elevators, which can operate at speeds up to 61 meters (200 ft.) per minute, do not use the large overhead hoisting machinery the way geared and gearless traction systems do.

Figure 7.2.1.2.1: Schematic Diagram of Plunged Hydraulic Elevator

7.2.2 LIFT SYSTEM 7.2.2.1 Exterior Components 1. Level Operating Panel (LOP) LOP are used to request for a lift and each floor that the lift serves required a LOP installed beside the lift. The button will be illuminated once been requested indicating the signal is being executed. The landing indicators indicates the current position as well as the moving direction of the respective lift.

2. Fireman’s Lift Switch During emergency situation, the fireman’s lift switch is toggled to over-ride the calling system returning all the lifts to the ground floor where the switch is located. The lifts will remain on the ground floor with door open for evacuation purpose until the switch is toggled back again.

3. Smoke Detector UBBL stated that, each lift lobby required a smoke detector installed. The detector contains radioactive source which ionizes the air within the sampling chamber. Thus small current established and set up the potential difference between the collector electrode and the outer cover which thus triggers the alarm.

4. Landing (Hoistway) Door Hoistway door is a component that is installed on each level of the building to connect the floor and the shaft. It works dependently in conjunction with the lift car’s door. The type of the hoistway door in Subang Parade is Two Speed Center Opening Door. It consist of four power operated panel, each pairs open side by side.

7.2.2.2 Interior Components 1. Ventilation Vents According to MS 1525, the car shall be provided with adequate forced ventilation (of not less than 10 air change per hour with car doors closed) during the periods such lift is available for use, and where ventilating fans or blowers are used they shall be securely fastened in place and located above the car ceiling or outside the car enclosure. The fans are hidden by perforated openings that allow ventilation within the lift car.

2. Emergency Railings According to EN 81 ISO/TR 11071 standards, grab bars must be provided on both sides and the rear of the lift car and has to be positioned at the height between 900mm to 1200mm from the lift landing finished floor level. These bars must be positioned in such way that all the users of the lift are able to grab onto it at any direction.

3. Car Operating Panel (COP) A panel which contains the car operating controls such as call register buttons, door open & close, & emergency call buttons is located inside the lift car allowing passenger to operate the lift.

Previously, electromagnetic relays were used to control the movement of the lift. A relay will closed when the respective call button was pressed. When the selector head touched the same floor as the relay, a closed circuit is created and cause the motor to slow down and the brakes activate. Nowadays, the old system is replaced with computer controlled system fitted with microprocessors that carried out the same operation.

7.2.2.3 Mechanical Component 1. Geared Traction Machine The geared machine is designed such that the drive sheave is connected to the motor through a worm-and-gear-type reduction unit. The bronze spiral worm gear drives a bronze ring gear which connects the hoist motor, turning the hoisting sheave. While slower than a typical gearless elevator, the gear reduction offers the advantage of requiring a less powerful motor to turn the sheave. These elevators typically operate at speeds from 350 to 500 feet per minute (1.7 to 2.5 meters per second) and carry loads of up to 30,000 pounds (13,600 kgs). An electrically controlled brake between the motor and the reduction unit stops the elevator, holding the car at the desired floor level.

Contemporary cheaper installations, such as those in residential buildings and lowtraffic commercial applications generally used a single or two speed AC hoist machine. The widespread availability of cheap solid state AC drives has allowed infinitely variable speed AC motors to be used universally (for ACVV/AC - VVVF), bringing with it the advantages of the older motor-generator based systems, without the penalties in terms of efficiency and complexity. The older MG-based installations are gradually being replaced in older buildings due to their poor energy efficiency.

The geared elevator machine is more prone to wear and tear than the gearless elevators. Thus, maintenance is critical to maintain these tolerances and if bearings fail or wear so do the gears. This wear causes heat, pitting, rumbling, friction and undesirable noise. Often times this gear wear results in the machine speed having to be reduced to avoid more damage.

2.

Figure: 7.2.2.3.1: Geared traction motor inside the machine room

2. Roping System The roping system plays an important role on lift uplifting mechanism. There are two types of roping methods: Single Wrap and Double Wrap which both are widely used across the traction lift.

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

Geared Traction Motor Located in the Machine Room

Figure A B C D

Roping 1:1 1:1 2:1 2:1

Roping Method Single Wrap Double Wrap Single Wrap Double Wrap

Principle Use Mid or low speed elevator High speed elevator Freight elevator Machine room-less elevator

From the observation, the roping system that used by Subang Parade is 2:1 Single Wrap System which is also called fright elevators. It is design to cater passenger as well as goods. The hoist rope is arranged in which one end of each hoist rope passes from a dead-end hitch overhead, under a car sheave, up to the drive sheave, down around a counterweight shave and up to another dead-end hitch overhead. The car speed is ½ the rope speed.

Figure 7.2.2.3.2: The two red circle in the picture above indicate the shackles of the 2:1 roping system.

3. Car Sling Car Sling is the metal framework connected to the means of suspension. It is also function as the load carrier element in the elevator. It consist of Upper Transom, Lower Transom & Side Frame.

(A) Upper Transom It is the suspension element of the car that designed to mount sliding or roller guide shoes as well as braking system catch clumps.

(B) Lower Transom It carries the car floor through pressure springs mounted in the lower isolation subassembly. Safety gear catch clamps also mounted in the lower transom.

(C) Side Frame The adjustable height side frame is two pieces bolted together and fastened to both upper and lower transom

Figure 7.2.2.3.3: Upper Transom

Figure 7.2.2.3.4: (B) Lower Transom

Figure 7.2.2.3.5: Side Frame

4. Counterweight Counterweight is a tracked weight that is suspended from cables and moves within its own set of guide rails along the hoistway walls. It is used for balancing the mass of the complete car and a portion of rated load. Its weight is equal to dead weight of the car plus 40% of the rated load. The presence of the counterweight significantly reduce the necessary consumed power for the moving elevator.

Fig. 7.2.2.3.6: The detail diagram of the counterweight

5. Guide Rail Guide Rails are steel tracks in the form of a “T� that run the length of the hoistway, round, or formed sections with guiding surfaces to guide and direct the course of the travel of an elevator car and elevator counterweights. It usually mounted to the sides of the hoistway.

Fig. 7.2.2.3.7: The detail diagram of the guide rail in the lift shaft

7.2.2.4 Safety System 1. Governor The Governor function as a safety device which makes the elevator to a halt when it travels beyond the rated speed.

A cable is attached to the safeties on the underside of the car, called the governor rope. This rope runs down through a pulley at the bottom of the shaft and back up to the machine room and around governor sheave. When overspeeding is detected, centrifugal forces will be induced inside the governor and push the hooked flyweights to the outer edge catching the rackets that mounted on the stationary cylinder sheave. When the sheave lock itself, the governor ropes jerk the actuator arms that moves the level linkage and operates the brake to stop the lift.

Figure 7.2.2.4.1 (Left): Governor of the lift located inside a safety cage.

Figure 7.2.2.4.2 (Right): Close up picture of governor.

2. Hoistway Door Interlock The hoistway door interlock mechanism provides a means to mechanically lock each hoistway door and the elevator cannot leave a landing unless the doors are fully closed & secured. The device also function to prevent operation of the elevator if any of the elevator’s hoistway doors are open. If the door is forced open, the interlock circuit will disconnect and bringing the elevator to a halt.

Figure 7.2.2.4.3: Detail Diagram of Hoisway Door Interlock

During emergency situation, the door can be open using Hoistway Emergency Door Key through a keyhole on the upper portion of the hoistway door which is known as Escutcheon Tube. The keyhole is usually located at the bottom and the top floors, but may also be on other selected floors or all floors.

Figure 7.2.2.4.4: Hoistway Emergency Door Key Figure 7.2.2.4.5: Escutcheon Tube

3. Progressive Safety Gear Safety Gear is a mechanical device for stopping the car by gripping the guide rails in the situation of car speeding in downward direction. It is affected by a breaking action on the guide rails and for which special provisions are made so as to limit the forces on the car and counterweight to a permissible value.

Figure 7.2.2.4.6: Detail of Progressive Safety Gear

4. Overload Device An overload sensor is mounted on the lower transom to detect the nearness of the car floor during loading. The sensor is operated by altering the distance between car floor and sling dependent on the load. A distance screw is set in a way that it projects the sensor by approximately 1mm, so that the device is protected in case of any intense motion.

Figure 7.2.2.4.7: Detail of Overload Device

5. Buffer Buffer is a device designed to stop a descending car or counterweight beyond its normal limit and to soften the force with which the elevator runs into the pit during an emergency. It can be classified into Spring Buffer and Oil Buffer.

(A) Spring buffer It is commonly found on hydraulic elevators or used for elevators with speed less than 200 feet per minute. These devices are used to cushion the elevator and are most located in the elevator pit.

Figure 7.2.2.4.8: Spring Buffer

(B) Oil Buffer It is commonly found on traction elevators with speed higher than 200 feet per minute.

This type of buffer used a combination of spring and oil to cushion the descending car or counterweight. Compare to spring buffer, oil buffer requires routine maintenance to ensure its safety performance.

Figure 7.2.2.4.9: Oil Buffer

7.2.2.5 Standard Requirement Lift Lobby The lift lobby is the focal point from which corridor radiate for access to different spaces within each floor. The required lobby area is determined by the usage, in terms of no. of persons, during peak hours (15 to 20 minutes). Not less than 0.5m2 of floor space per person should be provided during peak period for waiting passengers at the lift lobby. The hallways connecting to the lobby should also provide at least 0.5m2 floor spaces per person. For the best spatial comfort, 0.65m2 is the best providing the people an optimum waiting area under self-adjusting relax condition.

Lift Shaft A standard lift shaft must incorporate the following requirements: 1) Water Tightness 2) Ventilation Void for Emission of Smoke 3) Permanent Inspection Light 4) Having No Other Services except Those Necessary for Operation of the Lift.

Figure 7.2.2.5: The Standard lift service area in Subang Parade. The red indicates the lift lobby while the blue indicates the lift shaft.

According to UBBL 2006, Part VII, Section 151: Where openings to lift shafts are not connected to protected lobbies, such lift shafts shall be provided with vents of not less than 0.09 square metre per lift located at the top of the shaft. Where the vent does not discharge directly to the open air the lift shafts shall be vented to the exterior through a duct of the FRP as for the lift shafts.

According to UBBL 2006, Part VII, Section 152: (1) Every opening in a lift shaft entrance shall not open into a protected lobby unless other suitable means of protection to the opening to the satisfaction of the local authority is provided. These requirements shall not apply to open type industrial and other special buildings as may approved by the D.G.T.S. (2) Landing doors shall have a FRP of not less than half the FRP of the hoistway structure with a minimum FRP of half hour.

(3) No glass shall be used for in landing doors except for vision in which case any vision panel shall or be glazed with wired safety glass, and shall not be more than 0.0161 square metre and the total area of more vision panels in any landing door shall be not more than 0.0156 square metre.

(4) Each clear panel opening shall reject a sphere 150mm in diameter.

(5) Provision shall be made for the opening of all landing doors by means of an emergency key irrespective of the position of the lift car.

7.2.3 ESCALATOR SYSTEM

Figure 7.2.3.1: Escalator Details

An escalator is a moving staircase – a conveyor transport device for carrying people between floors of a building. Escalators are powered by constant-speed alternating current motors and move at approximately 0.30–0.61 m per second.

The maximum angle of inclination of an escalator to the horizontal floor level is 30 degrees with a standard rise up to about 60 feet (18 m). Modern escalators have single piece aluminum or steel steps that move on a system of tracks in a continuous loop.

Direction of movement (up or down) can be permanently the same, or be controlled by personnel according to the time of day, or automatically be controlled by whoever arrives first, whether at the bottom or at the top (the system is programmed so that the direction is not reversed while a passenger is on the escalator).

Benefits of Escalators: 1. They have the capacity to move large numbers of people.

2. They can be placed in the same physical space as one might install a staircase.

3. They have no waiting interval (except during very heavy traffic).

4. They can be used to guide people toward main exits or special exhibits 5. They may be weatherproofed for outdoor use.

6. They can help in controlling the traffic flow of people. E.g. an escalator to an exit effectively discourages most people from using it as an entrance, and may reduce security concerns.

7.2.3.1 Arrangement

Figure 7.2.3.1.1: Floor Plan above indicates the no. of elevators (pairs) located inside Subang Parade

7.2.3.1.1 Parallel Stacked Arrangement This arrangement is used mainly in department stores and public transport buildings with a heavy traffic volume. When there are three or more escalators, it should be possible to reverse the traveling direction according to the traffic flow. The principle advantage of the parallel arrangement is its Impressive appearance. It can be installed side-byside or separated by a distance. On the other hand, it is inconvenience for the rider due to a long walkaround trip.

Figure 7.2.3.1.1.1: Parallel Stacked

7.2.3.1.2 Crisscross Arrangement This arrangement is used mainly in major department stores, public buildings and public transport buildings where transport times between several levels should levels should be kept to a minimum. It minimize structural spaces requirement by “stacking� escalators that go in one direction without excessive annoyance to the rider.

Figure 7.2.3.1.2.1: Crisscross

7.2.3.2 Components 1. Landing Platform The platforms serves as the landing area for passengers to enter or exit the escalator. It is also houses all the mechanical components of the escalator which located beneath the covered-plates.

Fig 7.2.3.2.1: Landing Area of an escalator (red)

Major Components: (A) Comb plate:

Known as walk-on plate, it is the entrance and the exit for the passengers to the steps. It provides mounting for the comb segments and comb plate switch actuator.

(B) Comb Segments: A replaceable sections, usually between 150mm to 200mm in width, with teeth that mesh (comb) into the step threads.

(C) Access Covers: It is used as an access to the pit area for inspection and maintenance.

2. Truss Escalator truss is the main structural component of the escalator which consist of lower section, incline section & upper section. The structure links the lower and upper landing platform together using steel trusses. The structural steel truss is designed to withstand the entire weight of the machine as well as the loading when the escalator operates. The entire structure is frim to maintain close operating tolerance but will allow for vibration due to built-in system shift plates and Teflon pads.

Fig 7.2.3.2.2: Internal Truss of elevator

3. Track The main application of the track is to guide the step chain moving continuously from the bottom platform towards the upper platform and back again in an infinite loop. The track mechanism is designed to imitate the staircase by creating a 90 degree angle between each steps (Thread) when it travels along the track. Same as the truss, the track also consists of upper, incline and lower assemblies which bolted together to make ease for maintenance.

Figure 7.2.3.2.3: Escalator Track

4. Steps The steps are usually solid, one piece, die-cast aluminium or steel with yellow demarcation lines painted along the edges. The steps is installed with a pair of front wheel that mounted on the narrower front track while the two rear wheels which having bigger axles is mounted on the wider back track.

Figure 7.2.3.2.4 Escalator Steps

5. Handrail The Handrail provides a convenient support for passengers while they are riding escalator. The handrail is operate by a main drive gear which is connected with the handrail by a chain.

Figure 7.2.3.2.5: Escalator Handrail

6. Drive System An escalator drive system includes the following components: 1) Drive Machine and Gear Reducer.

2) The Step Drive System 3) The Handrail Drive System (A) Drive Machine and Gear Reducer The drive machine and the gear reducer operate together produces torque to drive the steps forward or backward vice-versa. The drive motor is normally a three-phase AC direct-on-line flange mounted unit.

It is either directly or flexibly coupled to the reduction gear.

Figure 7.2.3.2.6: Detail Drawings of the Drive Machine

There are three types of drive machine: (I) External Drive The machine is located outside the escalator truss either in a separate machine room or in the upper pit area. The selection of the motors also differ with the placement of the machine. A Direct Current (DC) motor to gearbox drive is selected when the machine is located in the upper pit area while a drive chain motor will be used when the machine is beneath the upper landing.

(II) Internal Drive A motor to gearbox drive with a direct axle connection is located inside the truss between the steps bands or at the top pit.

(III) Modular Drive The modular drive machine is located within the incline of the truss between the step bands. The motor may be directly connected to the gearbox or it may transfer power through a belt drive. The gearbox will have a direct connection to the drive axle.

(B) The Step Drive System The Step motion is achieved by a direct step assembly connection to the step chains. One for each side of the escalator are directly coupled to the main drive axle, the bull gear shaft, through the step chain sprockets. The step chain form a loop for the length of the truss, form the step chain sprockets at the upper end sown to the tension carriage gear or turnaround at the lower end or the lower reversing station.

Figure 7.2.3.2.7: Step Drive System Component

3) Handrail Drive System The handrail is moved along the provided track by a traction control motor, connecting with the drive chain, main drive sprocket and supporting rollers.

Figure 7.2.3.2.8: Handrail Drive System Component

7.2.3.3 Safety Device The escalator system is equip with safety devices which ensure the escalator to come to a halt by cutting off the electric power when the problem occurs. The error must be resolved before restarting the system.

1) Emergency Stop Button Emergency stop button is provided at both landing of the escalator. This button allows anyone to stop the escalator immediately if any incident occurs. The escalator can be restarted after releasing the button by using the normal start procedure.

Figure 7.2.3.3.1: Emergency Button

2) Roller Shutter Roller shutter is installed within the escalator boundary to provide fire protection from the exterior spaces from the escalator. It caters to compartmentalize space within commercial building to prevent rapid spread of fire from an enclosed space to another. This allows more time to evacuate from the building and prevent further damage.

The roller is driven by the temperature and smoke detectors which automatically actuate the motor driven shutters. The estimate fire rating is around 4 hours.

Figure 7.2.3.3.2: Emergency Roller Shutter

7.3 CONCLUSION Vertical transportation can be consider as a vital component for the building in terms of enhancing the travelling experience of the people and disable as well as shortening the time consumed to commute within each floors. According to Uniform Building By-Law (UBBL), a majority of the lift components of Subang Parade adhere to the requirement stated which transport the passengers to the designated floors in safe and sound. Through this project, I have gained knowledge about the lift’s type and component. Besides that, I also get to understand about the mechanism of the lift which can able to hoist people and goods. Last but not least, regular maintenance should be also conducted to ensure all the components works to prevent any mishaps.

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