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Contents
Thesis framework
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Introduction
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Thai traditional life Thai traditional house Thai traditional village
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Western colonization
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Thai architectural development
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History of Thai architecture
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Bangkok Superblock
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The city of two lives The new urban grid
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Conclusion
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Literature
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The Berlage Center for Advanced Studies in Architecture and Urban Design Delft University of Technology Architecture of Place (The City of Two Lives) Korn Kunalungkarn Thesis group: The Global Metropolis and Its Context Thesis advisor: Ido Avissar 1. Thesis statement The project intents to address the lack of understanding in Thai traditional architecture, which consuming by globalization, led to the destruction of Thai contemporary architecture and society. From water society to normal society, Thai architecture is stepping away from their own origin. The harmony of living with nature like it is part of your life turning to be a natural disaster. 2. Current discourse Thai contemporary architecture intent to ignore its context’s disadvantage and still pursuing the western paradigm, which leading to the unsustainable life because of the natural disaster. Would it be more productive to see architecture as a tools for living by learning from our own tradition? 3. Project definition If we see this disaster as a whole, Bangkok, the capital city, is the only problematic metropolis that has to be well planning both urban and architectural scale. Every years in the raining season, the huge amount of rain water is flowing from north to south. Due to the Thai geographical context, flooding events is inevitable. This is the crucial moment, after 226 year of repeatable life trying to prevent natural disaster, that Bangkok have to consider and accept its disadvantage in geography as an advantage by learning from traditional architecture. The city of two typology that giving a totally differences lifestyle, yet harmony with its context. 3. Methodology and results The project is using traditional architecture as a model to study the performance of architecture that reacted to particular geography and Thai circumstances. The reinterpretation from traditional architecture of urban and architectural planning that particularly suitable for its circumstances that use architecture as a tools for living.
4. Outcomes and final deliverables The end product is a design strategic proposal for living with water from reinterpretation of traditional architectural typology that also intent to be a model for other city in Thailand.
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Introduction
From Diversity to Universality
In the ancient time, the notion of architecture was not only about form and function, but rather about the celebration of cultures. At that time, the world full with diversity of cultures have used architecture as a symbolic tool to demonstrate their richness. Modernism rose and introduced a new way of seeing architecture as a pure simplified form. The richness of cultures in architecture was considered useless and was replaced by “functionalism”. Architecture became more and more generic within itself. The diversity of architectures around the globe begin to merge with each other. It is no longer important of where and/or when the architecture should be; it either emphasizes on the function and/or the aesthetic. The rapid growth of technology alongside with globalization causes everything to be as easy as connecting the whole world with a few simple click away. Ricoeur gives his point of view toward the universalization:
“The phenomenon of universalization, while being an advancement of mankind, at the same time constitutes a sort of subtle destruction, not only of traditional cultures, which might not be an irreparable wrong, but also of what I shall call for the time being the creative nucleus of great cultures, that nucleus on the basis of which we interpret life, what I shall call in advance the ethical and mythical nucleus of mankind. The conflict springs up from there. We have the feeling that this single world civilization at the same time exerts a sort of attrition or wearing away at the expense of the cultural resources which have made the great civilizations of the past this threat is expressed, among other disturbing effects, by the spreading before our eyes of a mediocre civilization which is the absurd counterpart of what I was just calling elementary culture.” Paul Ricoeur, History and Truth
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Introduction
Thailand and Southeast Asia
Thailand was the only country in Southeast Asia that had not been colonized by Western colony with the clever methodology of the indigenous King of Thailand. Therefore Thailand among other Southeast Asian countries becomes a country that is most interested subject of study in term of the affect of globalization toward Thais. The strength of Thai traditional architectures are of that undeniably picturesque; pagodas and grand palaces are perceived as Thai cultural symbol from foreigners point of view despite the fact that it was built three hundreds years ago, therefore what is the symbol of Thai contemporary architecture?
Southeast Asia map
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Thai Traditional Life Living with Water
Thai people originally lived with the water as a back bone of their community that they used it for working, transporting, and farming. Architecture was constructing in response with their lifestyle, yet harmony with Thai tropical context that consisted of three season: summer, winter, and rainy season. The rainy season in Thailand cannot be underestimated due to the amount of rain water is sufficient to flooded the entire plain along the way from North to South for instance Bangkok. Therefore, the typical architecture was particularly dealing with water as a main issue that performed as a tools to help dweller lived through an inconvenience topography. In 1830s, half of the population in Bangkok lived in the water with innovative floating house by local wisdom, which only palace and temple remain on the ground.
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Old water society of Thai people
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Old water society of Thai people
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Old water society of Thai people
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Old water society of Thai people
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Thai Traditional House : Fours regional typology
The origin of Thai traditional architectural knowledge could be traced back to the ‘Four Archetypes’ according to different regions of Thailand: North, South, East, and Center. Deeply rooted from its natural context creates the coherent and harmony for the archetype.
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Central Region
Eastern Region
The geography of this region consists of plain land and body of water; the level of ground is low compared to other regions. Each raining season, the area is flooded with water; its influential causes the region to have adaptability to two different lifestyles: living on land and living with water.
The geography of east region consists of highland, hot and dry weather (41-42 Celsius), and high amount of rain in comparison to the central and northern region.
The house is raised to prevent flooding into the house and enhances security, while using ground space as a multi-purpose area: working, living, and etc. Moreover, the house designing to have both vertical and horizontal ventilation to comforted dweller. The interior space of the houses are separated by the different of level (approximately 30-40 cm) to create horizontal ventilation, sitting area, and linkage between the floor and the space beneath (flow of space). There are no ceilings installed in order to enhance vertical ventilation along with the gable roof for enhances the drainage capability from huge amount of rain water every year.
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Geography of Eastern region is not much different from the Central region in term of climate and context, it is hotter and dryer than the Central region. The typical house in Eastern Region has more enclosure area and veranda acts as a transitional space rather than a living space. House is raised therefore the space could be used as a multi-purpose area and for ventilation rather than to solve the flood. The expansion of house is compact within the roof area.
Northern Region
Southern Region
The geography of the North region consists of large mountains parallel along the north and south of the region with a plain land situated between the mountains. Mountains in the North region are the originated source of four regional river: Ping, Wang, Yom, and Narn. Due to the lack of plain land along the river, Northern people live along the mountain instead of river unlike Central people. They use the water from the river directly by building dams to redirect the water direction to their villages and houses.
The geography of the South region is much differed from any other region; it consists of two season: raining, and summer. For the whole year, the weather is hot, rainy, and high humidity. People in this region are multi-faith and multi-cultural; there are a wide range of variation in belief and culture such as Buddhism, Thai-Chinese, and Thai-Muslim. These have caused a different believe toward architecture.
Geography of the Northern region is totally different from Central and Western region due to the unequal level of ground surrounded by numbers of large mountains. Typical house in this region mostly responses to unequal terrain of mountains rather than water. The overall height of house is lower than other regions because of the cold weather. Flooding is not a major problem of people in this region. People use the space around the house as a multi-purpose space, therefore it is not necessary to combine every functions in the house. Fence uses as a property line also to highlight the important of the space. Main house only consists of bedroom ,and living room, but kitchen ,and toilet are on the ground level. The expansion typology, the idea of the twin house, is quite similar to Western region house except a slight change in connecting space. Northern people use veranda as a corridor to connect different level of bedroom together.
Thai-Muslim is strongly influenced from Malaysia. They live in twin house with a different style of steep gable roof: hip roof with pentagon shape is influenced from Western style, Manila gable roof is influenced from Hallanda, and gable roof is influenced from the central region, the southern region gable roof has a longer cantilever to protect a heavy rain. Chino-Portuguese is an architectural style influenced from Malaysia in which rooted back from Portuguese. It is a combination of Portuguese and Chinese ideology. It was built during King’s Rama 5 period (2444-2456) in the Southern part of Thailand, which is the same period when the shop-house became popular. Raining season last almost the whole year causes the typical house of the Southern region to have a large steep roof that cover almost the entire house area including veranda and terrace. The height of the house is higher than other regions because of the need to protect from heavy rain and high humidity.
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Thai Traditional Village : Living with nature
In the village scale, the house forming a connectivity along the river with neighbor house in order to travel from place to place during flood. Yet, each house using the veradah as a common space and space for expansion while increasing of family member. Even though, the house was act as an independence, but still forming a dependence typology to survive a curtain circumstances.
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The Thai tradition village along the river
Collective circulation
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Western Colonization The construction of “New Road”
“Bangkok” literally means the water metropolis of god; the name came from how the city took advantage of the water and rooted itself in its current location. Because of foreigners’ ground base lifestyle were much differ from Thai traditional lifestyle creating unfamiliar and uncomfortable feelings for them, which later lead to the construction of the first “road” in 1857. These completely transformed the city from water to land, from boat to car, and from farming to industrial, water became the second priority of the city. Without having knowledge of its consequence, Thai people attempted to create an equality to western country by using western paradigm, which lead to the turning point of architecture and urban design of Bangkok.
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1857 - Victory Monument, Bangkok
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1857 - New Road, Bangkok
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1860s - Bangkok, Thailand
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1860s - Bangkok Railway Station, Bangkok
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Thai Architectural Development Towards generic architecture
In contrast, water in the contemporary society is becoming a backyard for house, hotel, avenue, and etc., while still used it as a secondary transportation. The interesting aspects of Bangkok is no such things as a public boulevard in the city because it has been occupied by the private sector. However, this is the consequence of ignorance toward their own origin since King’s Rama 4 period. The ideology and typology of developing the Bangkok has been pass on without any notion dealing with water. Recently, regardless of water in the past, Thailand facing the “natural disaster (flood)�. The architecture, that used to deal with water, cannot be a solution for the people, nor government water management. In the past 226 years of Bangkok, flooding event to increase its frequency from every 15 year to every 2 year.
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Timeline History of Thai architecture
This Timeline analyses the relation between Thai architecture and political regime; it clarifies a radical change in Thai architectural history, nonetheless it addresses how architecture became a tool for political. It demonstrates a non linear history of shift and change between traditional and western influence by dividing into six main periods: traditional, revolution, confusion, contradiction, conservation, and ambiguity.
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History of Thai Architecture Analyze each period in dept
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Tradition
From tradition to inter-relational culture
Thai traditional architecture had an intimate relation to politics and religion that used architecture as a representation. Most of the Thai architecture based on the religious context instead of physical context. After 1837, the discovery of other civilization from western missionary made a crucial changing in Thai culture. Therefore, the ideology had shifted to be more logical and scientific. The architecture started to use a modern material (concrete) instead of wood as traditionally did. However, the form and function was still used the traditional elements.
1852 - Chaturamuk Pavilion
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1907 - Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall, Bangkok
Traditional Thai house (Archetype)
1855 - Applied traditional Thai house
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Revolution
Struggling for being independent
The colonization of western colony has been all over the southeast Asia due to the lack of development. King Rama 5 initiated a revolutionary plan to prevent the western world ti occupy the country. His methodology was to use western as a symbol of civilization and imitate it to Thai culture. Architecture was one of the explicit physical representation of King’s ideology. Most of architecture in this period used the neo-renaissance style, yet some of the palaces were mixed between traditional and western style. In the period of King Rama 5 is one of the most crucial movement that affected a radical change in Thai architecture due to the colonization. Most of the typical house influenced by the other country; for example the “Shop house” from Chinese knowledge that became the most modern house in his period, and hip roof from western style that changed the architecture to have an equal elevation.
1878 - Chakri Maha Prasat Throne Hall, Grand Palace, Bangkok
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1907 - Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall, Bangkok
1901 - Shop house, Bangkok
1869 - Dhara Phirom Palace, ChangMai
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Confusion
Being civilization or Being tradition
The confusion effected by the previous King’s movement, which wanted Thailand to be equal to the Western country without concerning about the consequence of our culture. King Rama 6 confused between traditional or civilize way that country should go for? “Applied traditional Thai architecture” is the term used for first time in this period which came from the solution of confusion between tradition and western architecture. King Rama 6 used this term by borrowing methodology from Arts and Crafts Movement (British movement) that used the uniqueness of local craftsmanship combined with contemporary architecture. Applied traditional Thai architecture used the combination of Thai and Western knowledge; western planning responded to the new lifestyle combined with traditional Thai elements that represented the uniqueness and high quality of local craftsman.
1910 - Baan Wang Bhuri, Phrea
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1910
1914 - Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok
1910 - Mahard Lak school
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Contradiction
Minimalism - Architecture of People’s Party
“Thai” is not all about prestige, past, royal, tradition, and culture. Because “Thai” in the ancient time is all about social class and inequality. The “New Thai”, in the age of People’s Party, aimed to erase all the ancient inequality symbol by using architecture as a medium with minimalist architecture. Thai architecture in the age of People’s Party always refer to the idea of “equality” with the society without social class in order to promote the absolute democracy. Most of the Thai traditional architecture has been abandoned and enforced to be forbidden because of the traditional architecture always symbolized social class for example a lot of decoration in building always belong to royal. This is the another radical changing Thai architecture since King Rama 5 period. The main elements were concrete and geometrical form that reduced the richness of Thai culture into almost nothing. Most of the traditional Thai elements had been limited to only pure geometry without detail.
1941 - Ayothaya City Hall
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1932
1946 - Ministry of Justice building
1940 - Post and telegraph department
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Conservation
Revival of Royalist
After fifteen years of People’s Party regime with minimalist architecture, royalist revolution is changing the whole political regime referred back to the King Rama 6 period that used “Applied traditional Thai architecture” ideology. In order to conserved Thai tradition, Royalist initiated to revive the lost tradition from People’s Party; for example give back the power to the King, while still manage the democracy. The architecture in this period used the same methodology from King Rama 6 except it is more modern and lack of absolute understanding of previous King’s ideology.
2009 - New Thai Parliament, Bangkok
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1947
1961 - National Theatre, Bangkok
1985 - Thailand Cultural Centre, Bangkok
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Ambiguity
Architecture as a collective ideology
The characteristic of architecture in contemporary society is unclear due to the changing in political regime from fastist to constitutional monarchy. The architecture from single party is no longer valid, which we have a proper architect department and many other local architectural firm responsible to it. Architecture as a collective ideology give us a new opportunity for exploring a new methodology in Thai architecture, while simultaneously reducing the value of archetype. New Thai Parliament in 2009, used the ideology from the period of non-logical and non-scientific proved around three hundred years ago combining with the modern minimalist form, and on top with the super traditional Thai pagoda. Parliament is a representation of equality and democracy, which architect try to make used of ancient ideology that symbolize an super social class.
2009 - New Thai Parliament, Bangkok
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1946 - New Ministry of Justice building
1980 - Thai modern house
1990 - Shop house
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Thai Architectural development The relation between architectural element and its connectivity
The relation of Thai architecture from past to present can be distinguished between formal and informal development; the formal development of architecture is clearly unstable and affected by changing in political regime, while the informal or vernacular architecture have a stable development from time to time. However, the radical changing in Thai architecture still basing on the same original archetype.
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Bangkok
The capital city of Thailand
Bangkok is the most important city in Thailand, yet all the central authorities is their that has to be actively in every circumstances. In the past decade, city has been facing with the flooding events frequently. Therefore, the water aspect become the most controversial topic in contemporary architectural practice. Numerous project was influencing from Thai archetype or traditional Thai house that, they, claim to be an absolute paradigm for a contemporary house. Most of the project direction was focusing on a house that can live with water, while a few address about new urban planning.
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Bangkok do not have absolute urban planning therefore the city started to build itself along the infrastructure, which leads to a formation of super-block and inefficient mass-transportation that the entire transport system depend on the infrastructure or street as a backbone. 48
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Superblock in Bangkok City Center 0
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Superblock
1 km. x 1 km. block in the Bangkok city center
The ideology of ‘super-block’ in Bangkok is an urban grid that is larger than a walkable distance due to an inefficient urban planning. Most of the areas connected to the main road reserve for commercial and office purpose whereas the center of the super-block is residential area. The lack of connectivity of substreet causes inhabitants to be immobilized, which leads to the increase of number of private cars used in Bangkok resulted in an inevitable traffic congestion.
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2013 - Bangkok, Thailand
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2013 - Jalangkrung Road, Bangkok
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2013 - Around city center, Bangkok
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2013 - Around city center, Bangkok
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Superblock in Bangkok City Center 0
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Superblock (Flooded)
1 km. x 1 km. in the Bangkok city center
Flooded super-block causes inactive city; it occurs when location of Bangkok and urban super-block coincide. (Flooding is an inevitable event due to Bangkok geographical context. Super-block is an urban grid larger than a walkable distance where everything depend on infrastructure.) The whole city became deactivated due to the flood and how the whole city depend on its infrastructure (super-block) caused isolation. From past to present, generation after generation, people have tired to prevent flood with technology or strategy like building dam or temporary water wall to redirect water to other city. To that extent, it is clear how regardless and contradictory we are of contexts.
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2010 - Gated community underwater, Bangkok
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2010 - DIY walk path and boat, Bangkok
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2010 - DIY trash boat, Bangkok
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2010 - Boat is another way of transportation, Bangkok
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The City of Two Lives Living with water
The project intends to address the lack of understanding of Thai traditional architecture that had been consumed by globalisation, which lead to the destruction of Thai contemporary architecture and society. From water society to land society, Thai architecture had been stepping away from its origin. Living with water and accepting it as nature was part of Thai traditional architecture ideology, which Thai contemporary architecture had been turning its back to and regard it as natural disaster or problems. If we looked at Thailand as a whole, Bangkok, the capital city of Thailand, is the most impact by nature; the problem needed to be addressed from architectural scale to urban scale. Every year during the raining season, the large amount of rain water have flowing from north to south. Due to Thai geographical context, flooding events are inevitable. After 226 years attempting to prevent natural occurrence, Bangkok need to reconsider and to accept the disadvantage in its geography as an advantage by learning from traditional architecture. Tracing back to Thai traditional architecture that is highly regard its context, it allows adaptation of two living scenarios: water and land to be possible. Thai contemporary architecture ignores its context and sees it as disadvantages, which leads to unsustainable livings. Would it be more productive to learn from old tradition and use architecture as a tool for living?
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Traditional imitation
Reinterpretation of Thai contemporary architecture
Due to the capability of Thai traditional architecture to dealing with flooding, it is the time to revise this knowledge that living harmony with natural disaster as a part of everyday life. The traditional architecture allow dweller to lived their life normally in every circumstances such as heavy rain, high temperature, and flooding.
+ Living area that connect every function in the house together, and connect one house to another
Multi-purpose area during normal situation while prevent house from flooding.
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The Thai traditional architectural typology formed an idea of survival as a whole due to the dependence of inhabitants and another programs that become a key factor of living with water.
> 6.00m 3.00m
The connectivity of the village and harmony with its context.
The reinterpretation of Thai contemporary architecture by using traditional knowledge as a model
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water
Design Strategy
The City of Two Lives
In order to make the city active during the flood, the basic living necessity need to be reachable and sufficient to allow inhabitants to live normally. Thus, the ideology is to purpose a second layer by imitating from Thai archetype that create a connectivity in a risk area.
Existing Situation
Dry
Programs Infrastructure
Water
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Proposal Strategy
On the other hand, water mass-transportation will be provided to create a connect in a long distance mobility allowing inhabitants to do various activities during flood.
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Design strategic condition
Design strategy will be dealing with four different conditions on an architectural scale to form an urban scale strategy: high-rise building, shop-house, infrastructure, and transportation.
Superblock in Bangkok City Center 0
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Architecture of Place : The City of Two Life
Architecture of Place : The Cit
Condition 01 : High-rise Building Condition 03 : Infrastructure
Condition 02 : Shop-House Condition 04 : Transportation
Master Plan Level +3.00 0
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Condition 01 : High-rise Building From generic to specific
In this condition, three floors from the ground level will be converted into new additional programs or public programs related to its context. The upper part of the building will be left original. In this case, high rise building will not act as an isolated architecture, but stand as a new central area for the project. In the future, the strategies will be applied to new high rise building located in the risk areas, which will make high rise a central of city expansion. The additional programs could be indoor plaza, library, auditorium, meeting room, indoor sports, and et cetera.
Existing Program
6.00m 3.00m
Existing Program
Public programs Flexible programs
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water level 2.00m
Public programs Flexible programs
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Condition 02 : Shop-House Re-activate the dying typology
The typology of a row house is dying due to the increase of land price in the city center area. Landlords want to make more profit by transforming row houses into a large shopping complex or condominium. The number of row house are very high and easily notice everywhere. This condition will use the advantage of row houses to connect in the density area by creating bridges from one point to another.
Existing program 3.00m 3.00m
Existing program Public programs Flexible programs
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water level 2.00m
Public programs Flexible programs
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Condition 03 : Infrastructure From isolation to connection
A long path across the city could be extended from time to time. Mostly the path will cross the residential area, which will allow the inhabitant to adapt their houses to the path. It could also be reached with the stair along it. The path will allow connection by attaching many buildings that located in the risk area.
allow expansion for other building or residential area
main infrastructure
other building or residential area
main infrastructure
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Condition 04 : Transportation Water mass-transportation
In order to live with the water, boat become a primary transportation that allow inhabitant to travel from their houses to other providing programs as a long distance connection.
additional transportation between each centre in case of the strategy cannot be apply under different circumstances
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The New Urban Grid
From independence to dependence
The city of two lives that giving a totally differences lifestyle, yet harmony with its context. The reinterpretation from traditional architecture of urban and architectural planning that particularly suitable for its circumstances that use architecture as a tools for living.
Architecture of Place : The City of Two Life
Master Plan in detail Level +3.00 0
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Architecture of Place : The City of Two Life
Master Plan Level +3.00 0
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The New Urban Grid
From independence to dependence
The new urban grid, influence from ‘Verandah’ of archetype, is forming a second layer of the city via a set of long pedestrian across the entire city from one building to another. This layer is floating above the existing urban grid with different conditional relations, while re-united the city. The new grid is locating in between the existing infrastructural grid in order to reduce the distance between people and other facilities, while become an other alternative in stead of mass-transportation for traveling in the city. The predestine consists walk path and bicycle lane.
City will mostly grow along the new “infrastructure� provided to bridge the high-risk flood areas together therefore allowing people to survive and to connect with the upper layer. 84
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The proposal intends to transform high-rise building which was once isolated to a new ground of connectivity by providing a necessary programs during the flood. 86
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The new layer provided will reduce the generic and provide specific condition for its geographical context by using existing urban fabric to regenerate a necessary connection and to allow the city to be active in both circumstances. 88
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From universality to Diversity
In the end, this project studying traditional knowledge of Bangkok is not intended only to solve problem happening in Thailand but rather to be used as an alternative model for other cities in the world of similar issue. By learning from traditional architecture, it does not mean to go backward nor to create an imitation, but rather to reinterpret the indigenous wisdom into a new era of contemporary architecture.
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“We are all different; because of that, each of us has something difference and special to offer and each and everyone of us can make a difference by not being indifferent.� Henry Friedman Chairman of the Holocaust Education Centre, Washington.
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Literature
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