Aquatic life 4 1919 by Akwariat.pl

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AQUARIUMS Aquarium Ornaments Floral Terra Cotta, Etc.

and

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April,

Wm.

No. 8

1919

international monthly magazine devoted to the study, care and breeding of fishes and other animals and plants in the home aquarium and terrarium.

W. A. POYSER JOSEPH E. BAUSMAN

EDITOR PUBLISHER

542 East Girard Avenue

Philadelphia

aquarium requisites. Send for Catalog.

all

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and

Importer

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Breeder

Rare

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Cropical jFteijes

Entered as second-class matter, September 2d, 1915, at the Post Office, Philadelphia, Pa., under Act of March 3d, 1879. Popular and scientific articles and notes on subiects pertaining to the aquarium and terrarium. and to the habits of fishes in general, are always wanted for "Aquatic Life." Readers are invited by to join in making it a medium of mutual help contributing to it the results of their studies. The informahaving anyone to open always pages are tion of interest to the aquarist and student of Manuscripts, books for review aquatic biology.

and general correspondence should be addressed

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SNAILS

Water Gardening Winter is but a memory (wasn't so bad. either) and the gladsome warmth of Spring is here. Now is the time for preliminary work on your outdoor ponds and tanks.

An assortment

100 snails,

of "reds," delivered to

—get

S.,

all

Stock moving briskly

charges prepaid, for $1.75.

THE BOOK OF WATER GARDENING

with a sprinkling

any part of the U.

your order in at once.

help you create a picture that will nevermore be called (by your neighbors) "a durn old

will

stagnant pool." The book contains 140 illustrations, more than enough to give you a comprehensive idea of the possibilities is $2.65.

decorative price

water

THE BOOK DEPARTMENT Philadelphia

plants.

'The

PEARL PRODUCTS

The

236 Park

Street,

Benton Harbor

AOUATIC LIFE

Michigan

£oooc

3C^<

—

>c=x=z>ooooooc

——

«f

SURINAM TOAD

<Tke

RICHARD DECKERT York

Ne\\>

Zoological Society

The Surinam Toad, Pipa americana,

a cushion.

belongs in the sub-order Aglossa (mean-

After about 80 days the young begin to emerge, some as perfect little

ing without tongue), of the order Salien-

toads, though the majority

tia,

the frog-like amphibians.

aquatic

living

toad,

It is

creeks

the

back-waters of rivers and

a large

and

in the larger

ponds, in the forests of the Guianas, Venand,

ezuela

rediscovered

by R. R.

Mole, on Trinidad, off the Venezuelan

the

tadpole

still

possess

rubbing against rough objects, the female then rids herself

of the

tail.

now

useless epidermis or outer

These observations were made on captive specimens for the first time by skin.

Sclater, in 1895, in the

London Zoological

coast.

spite

its

ungainly

Surinam toad moving along

in its native

slow

a powerful

strokes

the

shape

element with

measured wing-

beats of a gull, and covering as

much

three feet with two strokes of

mensely webbed fairly hardy,

feet.

the

swimmer,

its

In captivity

imit

provided the aquarium

temperature maintained at 70 to 80 degrees, and food offered freely. large, the

According

Mr. Mole, the

latter

should

consist of small frogs, preferably

newly

metamorphosed

(Rana

pipiens),

writer

and

Pond

frogs

frogs (R. clamitans) and

(R. catesbiana)

frogs

Bull

Leopard

refuses

insects,

all

With the worms

small fishes,

though Sclater and Bartlett, Zoological Gardens, were

London

of the

successful

inducing

take these

The females

are remarkable in their

nursing habits.

During oviposition the

oviduct

protruded to a length of sev-

and shoved up on the female's where it discharges the spawn,

eral inches,

back,

which

Pipa americana By

ordinary frog-diet.

articles of

absorbed into enlarged pores,

each egg occupying a separate pore or cell. The eggs number from 40 to 120.

The skin becomes very much swollen and almost half an inch thick, appearing like

the Author from Life

Gardens, and a year later by Bartlett the

same

place.

The "Pipa"

large

for a toad, the

males measuring six inches and the females up to eight inches from snout to vent. The shape is bluntly oblong, with a limb at each "corner." triangular, very thin

appendages

and

at the tip of the

the mouth-angles.

The head

flat,

with fleshy

nose and at

fringe of fine, white

â&#x20AC;&#x201D; aquatic Hilt

100

surrounds the eyes, which are

papilla

leaves the water voluntarily, though

exceedingly small. Teeth are absent. The skin above is finely shagreened, while

may burrow under mud and

below it is smooth and of a silky texture. The "arms" and "hands" are slender, with long, delicate fingers, each of which

sometimes dry up completely.

period which corresponds to the hiber-

tipped with a star-shaped appendage.

nation, or winter rest, of our. local species.

The

legs are long, thick

The long

lar.

pointed

the bottoms of ponds and creeks which

does in order to

and very muscuwebbed to the

toes are

and when the web

tips,

aquatic in

resulted structure,

much lids

of this creature has

life

a peculiar

which

specialization

evidenced by the very

flattened body, loss of tongue, eye-

and

teeth, uniting of the eustachian

tubes of the ear into a single opening in the rear of the mouth, and eyes looking

up instead of is

to each side.

also peculiar in being

The

vertebras.

seven

The

skeleton

composed of only or

diapophyses

"wings" of the sacral vertebrae are broadened enormously, serving to prevent any sidewise

of the backbone, and

movement

thus stiffening the whole body.

The

color above

a dirty sepia

Did

or dark gray, without markings. dirty white, often with a black cross, the long arms of which extend the length it is

and the short ones across There may be numerous the chest. brown spots on the belly, and the males are usually

iron-gray underneath, with

whitish patches, but without the

cross.

water, emit a loud,

lifted

became a

These sounds,

new

the

fish all

died, but

Father

set of fish.

home

more than an hour before she wanted see her clear

trooped and Mother gazed lovingly

all

and

the fish,

as the glinting

they

;

little

things

to the top she smiled tenderly,

and, turning to Father, see

Upstairs they

little fishies.

know the

me,

murmured, "See, dear."

Philadelphia

Nancy Evening

The is

point of view depends upon which you your side of the fence.

males often make under water at

night,

are

all

have observed

don't believe the

What

this

species. I

little

Well, Mother had scarcely been

addition to a peculiar ticking noise which

bundled

was not to be conquered by that, and so the day before the family's return he hied him downtown and bought a whole

Ledger.

with a sighing sound.

Mother con-

so Father

and they did not come back until the end of last month. Just about a month before they went away Mother, who is very fond of pets, had bought some goldfish, and it was her delight to watch them. And every morning and evening they would come swimming up to the top of the bowl, searching for the food which she scattered on the water's surface for them. While Mother and the daughters were

protrude their head entirely, breathe long and deep, and sink to the bottom again

the

and

her off to Florida with Betty and Mary,

Wynne,

little cool,

tracted a bad cold,

surface voluntarily they

coming

you about Mother and the

when

swam up from the deep moan. When

These toads, when

rest

Well, you see, in December,

of the body,

large

tell

goldfish

away brown Below

This

summer

a Theory

the toes curve inward, the foot thus some-

The

aestivate, a

Father Explodes

spread

what resembling an open umbrella.

debris on

Surinam toad ever

a delightful

were possible

world

this

to size a

his opinion of himself.

would be

man up by

CicKlasoma Nigrofasciatum

WALTER LANNOT f~

In the spring of 1904, a Mr. Umlauff,

Hamburg, imported a few specimens of a new species of cichlid from Brazil. Later a Mr. Enga pet shop in

wrote an account of his

experiences with the

male

and how the

fish,

jumped out of

pair

his

rriann, of Berlin,

BRIHD,

who had

aquarium and "dried up."

the

bewails

him marks to replace. Engman's weeping reminds me of an experience I had with a Brooklyn aquarthe loss and mentions that

cost

in Germany in 1905. more were imported, was infused.

many new blood

In later years so that

In the United States, Gustave Sebille,

New

York City, can claim the distinction of having first brought this fish to of

this country direct from its native waters, together with C. mojarra and C. steindachneri, in the summer of 1912. The

thirty

ist,

back

feel

that

could have told him

1910.

But

scarce.

and while

What

first

did not

merely

as an indication of the

value of a species soon after tation,

was "held up."

looked upon

novel.

charged him

paid Paul Matte $2.50 for

pair, in Berlin, in

Guppy

the

was new and

lamented the fact that

$2.00 for a pair. that

when

the days

{Lebistes reticulatus)

first

impor-

was comparatively

a fish will fetch

a matter

of agreement between buyer and seller

The

selling price

for a

commodity

at the time. ple, as

not sta-

like sugar,

for instance.

Through ignorance

of the requirements

Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum specimens averaged about three inches long. This does not take into consideration any possible importations from Germany, such as used to occur frequently

of Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum, which the

with tropical fishes generally before the

new

war.

proved

cichlid

to be, all of the first

importation died from cold, save the pair

owned by Engmann, which he then

wisely

turned over to Paul Schame, the Dresden fish culturist, as

knowledge of facilities for

he possessed considerable

this class,

and the necessary

breeding them

derived

all

From

this

to the general unpopularity of

among aquarists, both here Europe, no special efforts have been made to breed this species of late and

years,

and

consequence

well-nigh

extinct in the United States, though iso-

During November the pair bred, and Mr. Schame succeeded in raising thirtyeight youngsters.

Owing

the cichlids,

stock

was

the fish of the species raised

lated pairs

still

persist.

Last year

reported that a Pittsburgh it.

habitat.

plentiful

enough

man had in

its

was bred

native

aquatic

102

Owing

to the difficulty in distinguishing

the sexes, and the ferocity of the species,

ILitt

For about two months the old their

swarm

against

all

fish

comers.

guard After

most aquarists have "passed it up." The handsomest male I ever saw, and the largest, was long in the possession of Dr. Frederick Schneider, of Brooklyn. But

than

he could never find a female sufficiently large and self-assertive to mate with this

himself with a ten-inch globe for every

seven-inch warrior. Philadelphia,

whose

Franklin Barrett, of

has long had a big one, for itself the

disposition earned

name of "Relentless Rudolph." The coloration of the species, cichlids,

handsome

The

fish.

like all

large,

metallic, turquoise-blue scales, while the

region

dirty white.

the female

except the pec-

fins,

torals, are scarlet-red.

The abdominal In body contour

more rotund than

the male.

In the male the fins are prolonged into points, while those of the female are

Her

rounded.

general

color

dusky

olive.

In breeding time,

warm

comes

when

enough

the water be-

native

their

haunts, the cichlids-in-general seek clear, shallow places, depositing their eggs on the surfaces of

flat

stones.

These are

fanned zealously with the pectoral

fins,

and are thus kept clean until they hatch. As with, our North American sunfishes, all intruders are driven none too gently from the vicinity. Within three or four days the fry appear, helpless and very unlike the parents.

moved

to a nest, a

The family

mere hole

then

in the sand,

a proceeding oft repeated during the days following, until the yolk-sac

and the fry become able

Then

absorbed

swim

freely.

the babies rise in a shoal, guarded

by the parents as they prey upon the minute life of the water, passing as they

grow from satisfying

who

the infusorians to the

are

cichlids

other.

"better

scrappers"

and the aquarist try them should provide

nigrofasciatmn, elects

For breeding

adult.

activities

a wide,

shallow tank, free from plant-life, will be

This should be as large as pos-

needed.

and certainly not

less

than three

feet long.

The

becomes velvet black, speckled with outer margins of the

Few

truly a

ground color

entire

time the parents should be removed

sible,

extremely evanescent.

male during breeding periods

this

and separated from each

and growth-promoting Daphne.

Brooklyn Society

successful meeting of the Brooklyn Aquarium Society was held on Thursday evening, March nth, at the Bedford Branch of the Public Library.

very

An exhibition of tropical fishes was on, and seventy-five enthusiastic aquarists were there. Mr. Hugo C. Nelles, President of the Ridgewood Society, spoke of the growth of the organization, and emphasized the need of closer fellowship, harmony and co-operation. The exhibition was competitive, awards made by Judges Heede and Moody

being

as follows

Best display (P. scalare), silver cup to F. B.

Johonnot; greatest variety, cup to

R. D. Bright.

Diplomas were the high awards in the Barbus first, Johonnot second. Bright. Haplochilus camerfollowing classes

—

;

onensis

—

first,

Bright

second,

;

Platypoecilus maculatus rubra

honnot;

second,

Donovan;

—

Shenk. first,

third,

—

Jo-

Miss

Dania rerio first, Shenk; secXiphophorus helleri first, Johonnot. Labyrinth fishes first, Shenk (Trichogaster lalius) second, Shenk (Macropodus opercularis). Poeciliid hybrids first, Johannot second, Hoare. Balanced aquaria first, Mrs. Post. J. H. Shenk, Corresponding Secretary. Bright.

ond, Hoare.

—

;

—

;

—

KEEPING LIVING FOOD ALIVE WILLIAM

IMMES

ever seems to have as

living food cool, especially Daphnia. Cool

storage space for living foods as he

water holds more oxygen than warm, and

fish culturist

much would

The

like.

best practice, therefore,

to utilize available space to the

This

advantage.

shown by

gather

not always done, as

the fact that

food

live

when

weather,

utmost

daily,

many

breeders

even

keeps well

cool

given half

a chance.

Daphnia and of

keeping

the

down

the life actions of the

make

less

demand

on the available supply of oxygen. Methods of keeping the water cool can be best decided in individual cases, but tain

cer-

that direct sunshine should be en-

tirely

extent

great

also slows

animals, which then

excluded

warm

weather, and also

works on the same Both breathe the free oxygen in the water. This is renewed by absorption from the atmosphere, and by aquatic plants. For Daphnia it is not practicable to replenish the oxygen by plants, because they would be disturbed too often hence we must depend upon absorption from the air. The tanks need not be deep three inches of water fishes

general principles.

;

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

The

plenty.

writer uses two inches

with good success.

However,

as large a

surface area as possible should be pro-

The amateur

vided.

Calico Telescope Goldfish

often quite limited

Photo by

as to space, but as a rule he could use

what he has instance

For

to a better advantage.

If a space will

permit the use of

measuring three by four feet, the usual plan is to have it about sixteen to eighteen inches deep. Far more efficiency could be had by using several trays four a tank

inches deep, stacked in a pile and sep-

arated by about seven inches.

According

to the observations of the writer,

Daphnia

survive better in shallow than deep water.

Many are

are slightly injured in catching and

unable to

These sink creased

swim near

to the bottom,

water

pressure

the

surface.

where the lessens

in-

their

chances of survival.

Another important point

keep

all

Schaefer

that a draft should be maintained over the

water's surface.

Owing

to their small size,

it is

difficult

Daphnia with running water, as they would be carried away in any ordi-

to supply

nary overflow.

Several large wicks of

carried over the edge of the

thick

felt

tank,

and allowed

hang outside

length of several inches will carry

enough water from a faucet

to a

away

allow a constant drip

to strike

on the water sur-

face.

An once ably

important point

all

been

Daphnia

insect enemies that

taken

in the

when

pond.

remove

have unavoidcatching

the

These feed raven-

Aquatic

104

ously on Daphnia and mosquito larvae, and materially deplete the supply if per-

Most enemies can be under water through a tea

mitted to remain. sifted

out

usually overlooked

That is, are kept. Daphnia which the the water them in place is to practice common The would seem to This water. fresh clean, that

be crystal clear, and

probably worth thought. in

many young Daphnia

will be observed.

Cypris or "hard-shell daphnia" are not quite such

good food, but make an accept-

able second choice.

strainer or flour sieve.

consideration

ILitt

may

hardy, and

They

are extremely

be bred in large numbers

by supplying them with decaying leaves, They will stand heat and extreme etc. crowding.

Mosquito

larvae,

on the other hand,

Scrimshaw Working a Florida Pond

be a mistake unless they are intended for

immediate use. The water of the ponds in which they occur naturally is well charged with the food they require. To rob them of this entirely is to weaken them and shorten their lives. It is better If to use the same water, but dilute it. green aquarium water can be had it is better than clear water, the microscopic

good for Daphnia. This can be well demonstrated by removing fishes from a greenwater aquarium and introducing a supply of Daphnia. In a few days the water will vegetal organisms being perfectly

should not be allowed to feed. In clear water their development is retarded, particularly if

kept cool.

However, when

they have developed to a good size it is impossible to prevent their turning into fully developed mosquitoes. good plan to prevent the escape of mature indi-

viduals

keep the larval stock

in a

large bottle, partially filled with water,

inverting

pour out

larvae desired for

After the bottle is emptied, the hatched mosquitoes may be drowned by filling the bottle with water, pouring it through mosquito netting fastened over feeding.

the mouth.

—

aquatic Hitt

Beware the Dragonfly HARRY S. GORDON The

conspicuous feature of the insect fauna

neighborhod of a pond

in the

—barring

form

of the pupal skin.

But

personal familiarity of mosquitoes. the mature

it ascends some convenient reed or and remains at rest above the water, and in due time the perfect dragonfly emerges through a split along the thorax

ually

stick,

form possibly the most

dragonflies

105

West Philadelphia

not nearly such a mat-

ter for serious consideration

on the part

of the aquarist as the result thereof

;

Society

pop-

ular fables to the contrary notwithstanding.

The West

Association met on Thursday, April

ciers'

3d, at

The females

of the species deposit the

eggs on water plants, just below the wa-

Philadelphia Goldfish Fan-

Hamilton Hall, 5236 Market

The competition was bred

street.

for broad-tail Japs

last year, the best fish to receive a

cup presented by Dr. Clark, of the Board of Governors. Mr. Gustav Armbruster achieved a unique distinction by winning all prizes, being awarded the cup, blue, red and yellow ribbons. Earlk W. Roak, Secretary. silver

The Larva

From

surface.

ter's

larva

—the

These

of a Dragonfly

bane

hatch

these the

infantile insects are provided with

a peculiar elbow-jointed jaw, which at rest

and hidden

retracted

comes within reach out, the

Little imagination

the havoc to find a

quickly thrust

plants affording

happens

seems

insatiable,

protection,

clear

fully

away with hundreds of

reaches maturity or

dis-

This illustrates

possible to rear a greater pro-

portion of fish in the small portable tank,

and

In a garden pond, with

covered and destroyed. is

in the aquarist's rearing

capable of getting fry before

mouth.

required to picture

wreak when

will

home

Its appetite

prey

to the larva's is

killing a pleasure.

why

but

jaws at the end gripping the vic-

tim and drawing

tank.

;

wood

from plants the bottom and may be examined frequently. free

After casting

;

its

the

culturist.

fish

handbooks published

the series of

Museum

by the American History,

New York

City, has

the Fishes of the Vicinity of

Natural

been added

New

York

by John Treadwell Nichols, Assistant Curator of Recent Fishes in the Museum. The volume contains 122 pages, City,

with 60 illustrations, and a frontispiece in

color.

Museum,

may

be obtained from the

paper cover, for 50 cents cloth bound, 75 cents. It is a popular account of the fishes of the region indiin

cated by the

over a is

much

;

title,

though

greater area.

serviceable detailed

known

given of the fishes

within fifty miles of the for identifying them.

it is

city,

The

list

occur

with a key

introduction,

by Dr. William K. Gregory, treats of the structure of fishes and their adaptations The book is well for an aquatic life. worth a place in every aquarian library.

skin several times the

larva becomes full-grown, the wing-cases

become conspicuous, and the body shorter and thicker. Though now in the pupal

With the number for January, 1919, The American Museum Journal becomes "Natural History," a much more appro-

stage the larva continues active.

priate

Event-

title.

•aquatic JLitt

106

_|_

Qopper

Copper

'—?

(Anode)

Wire Lead

— Small

;

Exit for

My dr oqen

V/ire

Lead (Cathode)

Glass lube Enclosi na Lead

]?ubber Tube Section

Large Glass Tube Joining Inverted Glass

Small GUssTube Enclosing Lead-

v f "

-^ »-^ b ^r Tube

Oxygen

ELEVATION

Hold.

HoU

P/a.e)

/4noc/e

Water Level I<

Wire to

inPlace

Water Lgyg/

Bubbles of

Gup Below.

(h.Us TJmp .f PI«tr n »M Wire

Buttles of Oxygen

^LAN

OuierCup

Cathode

Place

Soldtrtd Junction between Platinum Wire and Copper Lead

cathode inner Cup •—*> fi~~~

FfobberTube

Inverted.

Soldered- Junction between Platinum Wire and. Copper

^, (1

GUss

Lu/?

Open at Bottom

Lead fiVlo

of Coiled Platinum Wire

"(Cathode)

Inside Inverted Cup

Sealed.

lfi'n«

Gldss Cup, Open a.t Topheld in place wi tn Small Cor K wedges

oj Coiled. Platinum Wire

Cup

(Anode) Outside Inverted

cv ~-?:

''"

.•' •" ;

S a n d. an d G ravel •

V>>: ;"<5>-

'birtrom*.

Putnam: An Electrolytic Aerator

â&#x20AC;&#x201D; ;

ELECTROLYTIC AERATOR JOHN

PUTNAM

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

those over-zealous aquarists

are wont to overstock their tanks,

mit a device which

believe

may

who

anode, while alkali appears at the cathode.

sub-

If the acid and alkali are allowed to mix they will recombine to form the same

be of

use. Nature's method of providing oxygen for the inhabitants of water cannot be improved, but Nature never intended

large

numbers of

receptacles.

fishes to live in small

cannot, therefore, ex-

pect her to produce a plant that will

com-

pete quantitatively with the oxygen gen-

Commercially the purest oxygen

erator.

generated by electrolysis.

have ac-

cordingly applied this method of produc-

problem of aeration.

tion to the

Electrolysis

in effect the interchange

salts originally

present in the water. This if the chemical con-

must be accomplished

stituency of the water

The

device

not to be altered.

have mentioned consists of a glass tube about one centimeter in diameter, expanding below into an inI

verted cup, which

This cup

open

down

fits

at the bottom.

into another glass cup,

open at the top, leaving a clearance between the two of about two or three millimeters. The two are held together with wedges of cork. The oxygen is gene-

of ions brought about by the passage of

rated at a ring of coiled platinum wire

encircling the inverted cup just above

electric current

looking at

through a

liquid.

Or,

from another point of view,

these ions carry minute charges of elec-

Chemically pure water

tricity.

slightly ionized,

conduct

but

and therefore does not appreciably.

electricity

Tap

water, however, contains salts which are ionized,

and

is,

in a limited extent, a con-

ductor or electrolyte.

Water

Bubbles of

rim.

gas

this

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

its

up between

the two cups, through the water of the aquarium, to the surface. The hydrogen, evolved from a similar ring just inside the

inverted cup, passes up the glass tube

and

escapes.

The

electricity

reaches

these rings along copper wire leads, sealed in small glass tubes.

composed of two gases hydrogen and oxygen in the proportion, by volume, of two to one. Hydrogen is an inert gas. I believe it has no physiois

rise

passes from the

outside ring under the rim of the inverted

cup

The

to the inner one.

become thoroughly mixed of the outside cup.

acid

and alkali bottom

in the

This cup also pre-

logical effect other than that of ''blanket-

vents the fishes from coming in contact

ing" the oxygen, as does the nitrogen of

with the electrodes.

the

air.

When

a current of electricity

passed through water

up into its chemical constituents, hydrogen and oxygen. It is the latter gas which is of vise in aeration, so the former may be disit is

split

carded.

electrolysis

During

electrolysis

the

ionized

salts

formed

at the positive pole or

procedes

the

water slightly

alkaline and, in consequence, the water

outside of the tube becomes correspond-

For

ingly acid.

apparatus

dissolved in the water are also split up

thus acid

within the glass tube becomes

this

first set

reason,

up,

when

the

best to put

one drop of caustic soda into the glass This should be done but once.

tube. I

have figured that with

electrical en-

—

Aquatic

108

ergy for sale at eleven cents a kilowatt hour this device, using one-tenth of an

ampere, will produce half a

gen gas

one day

of oxy-

liter

for three cents, using

JLite

was

the troughs

with

Fed on beef heart Weight at beginning Weight after 30 days.

and the anode must be connected

to the positive

may

pole.

be ascertained as

The proper pole follows Take an :

old carbon electric light bulb and knock the tip off under water, allowing up.

Put

a drop or

Connect to socket. A pink stream will be seen issuing from the broken end of the negative wire inside the phthalein.

bulb.

The

glass tube should be placed ver-

tically in the

aquarium, so that the glass

cup just clears the bottom. It may be conveniently supported by an iron-ring stand and clamp.

On fishes,

dace and shiners

—

made

for

for oxygen.

during period

lost

156

per 1000 fish

5 oz.

10 oz. per 1000 fish

during period

lost

275

From this it will be seen that the rainbow trout fed on beef heart suffer less mortality and also gain slightly in weight

compared with those fed on beef liver. With the continuance of the experiment the results may be more striking. Much as

has been carried on

discussion

the

various stations as to the relative merits of heart and liver as food for

thought

this

experiment

and confirmed, may be of

—Fisheries Service

three

The

per 1000 fish

5 oz.

fish,

and

extended

practical value.

Bulletin.

a three-

weeks without end of this the At water. the changing water was of the analysis chemical time a tank

Fish

one occasion I kept thirty-two averaging two inches in length

goldfish,

gallon

Fish

results

..10^4 oz. per 1000 fish

Fed on beef liver Weight at beginning Weight after 30 days

fill

two of phenol-

The

the other trough on liver.

were as follows

current,

trough were fed on heart and those in

four-fifths of a cubic centimeter of water

direct

those

that

in so doing.

The apparatus must be used on

way, one

identical in every

exception

the

result, 8.95 parts

During April

How needless

foolish is

'tis

the pain

;

sit

and

sigh,

how

thinking every cloud

sky means bucketsful of rain.

per million (by weight) of dissolved oxygen, showed the water to be in a state of

in the

3 per cent, super-saturation.

To derive the maximum enjoyment from aquarian nature-study one should possess and learn how to use a microscope. Avoid instruments for which extravagant powers are claimed, especially when the price is ridiculously low. Such

Beef vs. Liver

interesting

experiment

has

just

been undertaken at the Wytheville (Va.) station in the feeding of beef liver and beef heart to young rainbow trout.

each of two 14-foot troughs 10,000 just ready to take food

In fish

were placed. The

water temperature for the

first

30-day

period was approximately 55 degrees F., and a flow of about seven gallons per

minute was maintained. All the fish included in the experiment were selected from the same lot, and their treatment in

usually lack the

maker of

name

of the maker,.

The

good stand has reason to be proud of his work, and therefore places The cost of a microhis name upon it. scope

sufficient

aquarist,

for

made by

the

needs

a reputable firm,

the

need

not be great.

For "pep and punch" does any other fish

beat the Chanchito?

WATER Some

Historical

PRIMG,

G. H.

LILIES

and Cultural Notes Missouri Botanical Gardens

Nature's Lily Pond 4.

The

cultivation of water

lilies

one

of the most fascinating branches of hor-

This

undoubtedly enhanced

greater extent

still

employed

in religious

invocations and ceremonies.

ant feature of water in beautifying the

Beauty of flower was not the only possessed by the Nelumbium which compelled the admiration and ven-

Water gardening holds an

eration of the ancients, for the plant had

ticulture.

their exquisite flowers

landscape.

important place estates.

and the import-

our parks and private

Unfortunately, however, a

lacy

prevails

lilies

in general

supposing

demand

fal-

water

that

large bodies of

water, combined with expert knowledge

of cultivation.

nary half -barrel

the contrary, an ordi-

a representative of certain cultivation

few

grow varieties. The

large enough to

an easy matter, providing a which will be dis-

rules are followed,

cussed

The

later.

history of water

the ancient Egyptians,

lilies

who

dates

from

held the so-

called Egyptian Lotus as a sacred flower. It

was

also

deemed sacred by the

of India, China

natives

and Japan, being

quality

utilitarian

properties

them, rendering

that

appealed

of considerable eco-

nomic importance. The root stocks and seeds were prepared and eaten as food by the inhabitants of China, India and Australia.

In Cary's translation of Hero-

dotus,

recorded as follows

obtain food

easily,

following inventions

"But to

they have the

When

the river

and has made the plains like a sea, great numbers of lilies, which the Egyptians call Lotus, spring up in the water; these they gather and dry in the sun; then, having pounded the middle of the Lotus, which resembles a poppy, they make bread of it and bake it. The root full,

aquatic %itt

110

also is fit for food, and is tolerably sweet, and is round and of the size of an apple. There are also other lilies, like roses, that grow in the river, the fruit of which is

contained in a separate pod that springs up from the root, in the form very like a

many

wasp's nest, in this there are fit

berries

an olive

to be eaten, of the size of

introduction. Regarding the introduction, I

will

quote Smith's records of the

Kew

Botanic Gardens

"In August, 1846, seeds of this remarkwater plant were first sent by

able

Thomas

Bridges, a plant collector,

discovered

who

Part of these

in Bolivia.

Kew, two formed leaves on account of

seeds were purchased for Mr.

stone." It is

popularizing aquatics than any previous

believed that from this statement

of Herodotus the popular error has risen

of which vegetated and

about an inch across, but,

Egyptian

their having sprouted late in the season,

reference to

and our not being then acquainted with

the subject of Egyptian ornament, and that Nelumblun speciosum was the typical

the true nature of the plant, they both

sacred plant of Egypt.

the

Lotus was

the

that plant,

a native

although he made no

The introduction of bium or Nelumbo into

this

pink Nelum-

the United States

from about 1840, when Thomas

dates

died in the dull weather of

same

November

"From that time made to introduce

several attempts

In Febru-

seeds, but these arrived dead. ary,

York, but these unfortunately perished. At a subsequent date plants were again sent to Mr. Henshaw, a well-known landscape gardener of New York, and they

Boughton, which vegetated, and

Henshaw's

Mr.

flourished.

success with these and other aquatics led

him

water

to introduce other

into

lilies

various landscape designs carried out by him, having first become acquainted with the

merits

the

water

famous Chatsworth aquatic

a phial of water

from Demerara by Dr. in

March

had become fully established. A tank was made, 25 feet in diameter, and in August soil was placed in the center, and a plant was planted, which grew rapidly, flowering for the first time under cultivation during November of the same six plants

year."

From

these plants seeds were distrib-

uted throughout Europe and this country.

collection of

Caleb Cope, of Philadelphia, having the

distinction of being the first successfully

Nelumbo as a country was first

cultivation of the

commercial plant

engaged

1849, seeds were received, sent in

the

lilies

England.

The

were

both by roots and

it,

Hogg, an oriental traveler, sent plants from Japan to Isaac Buchanan, of New

grew and

year.

in this

The

on August

leaves of this giant are

21, 1851.

commonly

by E. D. Sturtevant, who reKew Gardens, Engabout the same time that Mr.

called water platters, the terms water maize or water corn are also used. The last two are very appropriate, as the seeds

were

are gathered and eaten by the natives of

ceived tubers from land, at

to flower this variety,

Henshaw

received

These

his.

planted in a sheltered mill pond in shal-

South America.

low water, where their hardiness was

support the weight of a person of 200

fully demonstrated, stock obtained

them being

distributed to

all

from

parts of the

pounds, providing

lily,

equaled over the

Prior to the introduction of J^ictoria

introduction of the giant water

Queen more for

Victoria regia, dedicated to

Victoria by Dr. Ljndley, did

leaves will readily

leaf surface.

country.

The

regia,

largest

Buryale for ox was considered the lily. This plant, however,. is not

handsome

its

Amazonian neighbor.

aquatic It

does not possess the large, white, fra-

grant flowers, or the platter-like leaves.

ill

ILitz

all

of which are from the two original

Nymphaea lotus and Nymphaea N. devoniensis has the distinction of being the first garden hybrid raised from these species. It was raised at the famous aquatic gardens at Chatsworth, species

However, it is a good substitute, the leaves measuring four feet to five feet across, lying perfectly flat upon the waThe flowers, which are small and inter.

rubra.

significant,

have a deep purple color. This an excellent variety for the amateur, because when once planted in the pond it

England.

since been car-

ried out

in this country,

Lily

Pond

where climatic conditions (especially

Man

will reseed itself annually.

The

plant

the Western States) are

may

period.

will

now

India,

discuss the smaller varie-

which are grown for their ornamental flowers. There are two main groups to the genus, nocturnal and diurnal, or night-blooming and day-blooming. ties,

The tropical species contain both types. The night bloomers include many hybrids,

favorable.

This group has tuberous roots, which

the natives.

Photo by H. E. Demuth

where the edible seeds are gathered, baked and eaten by

indigenous

This work has more extensively

dried up during the winter During March these small tubers should be planted in good sod soil and

placed in tanks of water in the greenhouse.

The temperature

of the water

should be 65 deg. to 70 deg. F. this is easily maintained if the tanks are placed ;

over the steam pipes, and where the benefit of the sun

obtained.

full

During the

Aquatic

112

May

middle of

these

young plants may

ILitt

(yellow).

ponds, leaving

This

a space six feet to eight feet in diameter

French

in the outside

be planted

The

for development.

flowers of this

at sunset and close about 9 A. M. the next morning. The tropical smaller produce lilies day-blooming

group open

flowers,

appears,

and usually open when the sun

group.

opposite

the

among

also find

the

these the

and yellow, bethe white, pink and dark pink.

additional colors of blue sides

These types readily intercross through insect agency, so will

much

so that

all

colors

appear from the same seed pod.

ers.

from

which have been lifted from the outside ponds, in the same manner as the night bloomers are handled. To keep them over winter it is necessary to keep them in tanks of water at low temperaplants,

more practical method is to raise fresh plants from seed every year. The

ture.

seeds are rather small, and soon lose their vitality

;

therefore

advisable to

sow

out as soon after collection as possible.

The

attracted

Latour

sown on the surface and covered with a sand. Half barrels are

seeds should be

the

Marliac

crossed the two species tube-

rosa and flava and obtained the hybrid

Marliacea cromatella. riety

may

day,

yellow-flowered

This yellow va-

be traced in

the present-

all

Marliac

hybrids.

European species in crossing with the American species and the hybrid Marliacea rosea, in 1887, was the first hybrid of rose color also used the rose-colored

among

the hardy group.

Marliac never

revealed the parentage of

hybrids,

his

But the expert

can readily recognize them in the progeny.

that given the night bloom-

not possible to dry the old

1886.

variety

hybridist

chiefly for trade reasons.

of this group

The winter treatment different

yellow

The hardy in

are mainly represented

lilies

our public parks and private

They

planted do not cultivation tives do.

demand

estates.

when once

are rank growers and

the attention and

representa-

that the tropical

They spread

rapidly by their

continuous rhizomes, which subdivide,

becoming necessary, therefore, to keep them within bounds. These hardy lilies flower in the late spring until August the hot weather at that time usually retards the production of flowers. The hardy type should form the nucleus of all ;

â&#x20AC;&#x201D; An

of finely sifted soil

aquatic collections.

thin layer of fine

ed at the annual meeting of the Missouri

very convenient for this purpose,

about half

full of soil

The

with water.

filling

grown

directly

seedling to

State Horticultural Society.

and the remainder

may

be trans-

open ponds in spring, or may be potted up early and

planted

With preparations

in separate tanks.

The

dition favorable to the multiplication of

protozoans

May

by July

lilies

are the most familiar,

being native of North America and Europe. chiefly

tuberosa

Nymphaea

(white,

also

odorata (white), pink),

and

order to

condition

flava

for

such

breeding

tank

labyrinth

fishes.

maximum

protozoan content was reached

and passed long before

the

was used for

breeding.

The best hybrids have originated through the influence of the Amer-

ican species

tank to stand over winter without fishes

will

be sufficiently developed to flower.

The hardy

etc.)

longer necessary or desirable to allow a

in ;

(infusoria,

seedling

should have at least four floating leaves

ponds during

sold to create a con-

the

at the time of transplanting to the out-

side

address deliver-

Books, good reliable books, as well as tanks, plants a

and

fishes, are

successful nature-student.

necessary to

Ownership, Management, Required by the Act of Congress of August 24, 1912, of Aquatic published monthly at Philadelphia, Life, Pennsylvania, for April 1st, 1919

Statement

the

Circulation,

lite,

The Florida Jungles

State of Pennsylvania,

) >

County of Philadelphia.

HAVE

Chicago

reached

just

after a winter spent in searching

Before me, a notary public

County

and

State

peared

Aquatic

statement

true

management tion),

and

(

the

etc.,

shown

the date

the waters of Florida for fishes.

ap-

As a

many

beauti-

collection.

Come and make your

selection while the

assortment

Have

fishes

ownership,

the

have

good.

— native

lots of other

and exotic— plants,

and a complete

snails

line of supplies.

a daily paper, the circula-

aforesaid

for

publication

by the Act of August

24,

embodied

1912,

Laws and

keep an extensive line of aquaria in stock, and prepared to make any style to order.

above caption, required

in the

Section 443, Postal

and that the knowledge and

result

species

ful

Life,

to the best of his

is,

belief,

personally

deposes and says that

to law,

the editor of

following

and for the

A. Poyser, who, having been duly

sworn according he

aforesaid,

Regulations, to

SCRIMSHAW'S

wit

FISH

That the names and addresses of the pubeditor, managing editor, and business managers are

HATCHERY

lisher,

1431

—Joseph E. Bailsman, 542 East Girard Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa. Editor—W A. Poyser, 207 South 37th Street, Publisher

N. Clark Street, Chicago,

111

Telephone, Superior 4415

Auto Delivery

Philade'phia, Pa.

— —

Managing Editor None. Business Manager None. That the owners are: (Give names and addresses of individual owners, or,

name and

Thousands of fanciers use Yogi Fishfood and Magic Infusoria. They say there is nothing like it. If you have

a corpora-

never used them, send for free booklet and see what leading breeders think of them. Ask your dealer for Yogi and Magic or send direct. Yogi 15c box; by mail 17c. Magic 50c Postpaid

names and addresses of stockholders owning or holding 1 per cent, or more of the total amount of

tion,

give

its

the

Robert

stock.)

— Owners—Joseph

E. Bailsman, 542 East Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa. W. A. Poyser, 207 South 37th Street, Philadelphia, Pa.

Girard

;

LIVE FOOD

mortgages,

bonds,

other

securities

are

Phila

. ,

THE BEST

thrive

•

them.

W. BURGESS,

3424 Hurley Street

PHILADELPHIA

POYSER.

and subscribed before me day of March, 1919.

Sworn

Schaeffer

and grow on Enchytraeids, the little white worms. Generous box by mail, 50 cents. Full directions given for propagating Fishes

That the known bondholders, mortgagees and other security holders owning or holding 1 per cent, or more of the total amount of None.

1818 Frankford Avenue

Editor.

3CZZX

this 27th

innnnmnnnnnni

JAPANESE GOLDFISH By DR. HUGH M. SMITH

Josephine V. Yeager.

(Seal)

(]

(My commission

expires at the end of the next session of the Senate.)

HUGO

NELLES

DEALER & BREEDER OF TROPICAL FISHES Are you looking for

first-class stock at

reasonable prices? Then see me. I have what you want. Manufacturer of the "Faultless Fish Food." 20 cents per box; per pound, $2.50. 1305 Third avenue, New York city (76th Street Station, 3d Avenue L; 77th Street Station, Lexington Avenue Subway). No store.

o 8

o n jl

guide to the methods of breeding fancy goldfish practiced in Japan. The result of the personal investigations of the author. Ten breeds are illustrated in color, with numerous text cuts; 112 pages. $2.00, plus

postage on 2 pounds.

Address Aquatic

Life

[)

8 g p « U II

or Excellent Conformation

n Color Cannot Be Beat

how Their

Aquatic Vol. II

Quality in Finnage

Them

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many

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many

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inquiring aquarist l]

nonplused by

STOKES jj

hand-

[)

organisms for the

[)

technical

too

of the lower

who

dislikes to be

pages, with 198 illustrations. $2.25, plus

GEORGE WILT,

DOOOOOOOOOOOOCTDC

MADAM

BIRDS & SMALL PETS OF ALL KINDS

Your Fish Are Not Doing Well — Try the natural and best food for goldfish, barring none. Package 50 cents (cash or check), with instructions for raising a constant supply.

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goldfishes, plants,

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Gross $6.00 Oriental Goldfish and Supply 3757

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etc.,

shows

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fishes

Detailed description sent on request.

^cr30ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooocrz>rf

For All Species of Fishes

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in natural colors as well as in half-tone plates.

"j?OOOC=DOOOC

Put up in neat, attractive boxes, each package containing- a pamphlet giving exact instructions for the proper care of the aquarium

Practical Fish Fancier My new popular work on tropical fishes,

WALTER

Oriental Fish Food

The

PAUL MARQUARDT, 829 Teutonia Avenue, Milwaukee, Wis

n Q

Dogrs

CHICAGO

TUZEE, Manager.

Aquaria, Bird Cagres and all Supplies. Displayed and Sold on Commission.

ENCHYTRAEIDS White Worms

o R

300000000000CC

OUR SPECIALTY

N. 626 Street,

TROPICAL FISHES

Address Aquatic Life

15 19

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postage on 2 pounds.

324

scientific verbiage.

and

BLACK

Correspondence Solicited

PHILADELPHIA

H AQUATIC MICROSCOPY I

Telescopes CALICO

Broad-tail

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165 pages and as Substantial cloth

WANTED:

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ID OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOC L5109

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binding, with title page and complete index. (Stock of Volume II is small.) One hundred copies of Volume I, loose or bound. Can use single issues. Address publisher.

Them Over

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Vol. Ill

Volumes average

ave Blues, Blacks and Calicos

2ttfe

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ffl very Fancier Should Look

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GEORGE

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ooo«i

3000

r—EVERYTHING K

FISH

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TO THE NET OF A NATURALIST Don't paddle in the water with one hand and In other words, be blind with both eyes. "keep your eyes open" for all nature.

Our

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$ 1.00 per Dozen

Mature

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by EDWARD F. BIGBLOW, who heavens and earth, as well as the

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GEORGE W. PRICE,

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HENRY

Philadelphia

KISSEL, JR.

Breeder & Fancier of Broadtail Telescopes Booking

Tropical Fishes, Plants and Snails. orders now for spawn and fry

Telephone 461

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THE BEST BOOK A AQUARIUM &££S is

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complete, practical, handsome book, sent postpaid anywhere for $3.00. & Enlarged edition now ready.

INNES

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have

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215

30 doz. plants 50 doz. plants $1.00 doz. plants 75 doz. plants 50 doz. plants 75 doz. bunches

Water Poppy Water Lettuce Frogbit

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Cabomba

75 doz. bunches 75 doz. bunches

(giant) Anacharis Potomogeton

Hornwort

75 doz. bunches

Egyptian Lotus (pink)

50 each

(Postage paid on fish,

all

Coarse, medium and shrimp. pound. Sample box, 15 cents.

fresh water fine, $1.00 per

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The Paradise Fish We

& Tropical

Aquarium Fishes", byWm.T.I

New

Orleans, La >

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GOLDFISH BREEDERS

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HARRY

1210 N. Warnock

Street, Philadelphia,

PETERS Pa

BREEDER AND IMPORTER Rare and Fancy Fish Plants

FLORISTS

every variety,

Aquarium Supplies

and

Snails

kinds at

all

times.

MANUFACTURER OF

58th and Walnut Streets

110

South 52nd

Green River Fish Food

Street

15c Box

Green River Baby Fish Food

Philadelphia

20c Box

Aquarium Fishes

A GOOD FISH FOOD most

All Kinds of Aquatic Plants

Aquaria

Supplies

Wholesale and Retail

X—X

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HERMAN RABENAU,

Young

Aquarist

& Terraria

Aquatic Life

Welcome

New

Veiltails, All

Assortment of

Shipping Cans,

Varieties received

HARRY

1163 Myrtle Avenue, Brooklyn, N. T.

1210 North

Near Broadway.

PETERS,

Warnock

St.,

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GOLDFISH, FOODS, PLANTS, DIP NETS -

Sample Box 10c

Japanese Shrimp Fish Food

Sample Can 15c

Baby Fish Food Glass Feeding Rings

Sample Box 15c

15c, 25c 35c Each

Mail Orders Promptly Attended to

Special Prices on Quantity Lots. Cash With Order.

Catalogue

Sent

273 Greenwich Street

Upon Bequest.

New York

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AQUARIUM STOCK CO City

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Phila.,

Pa.

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Nippon Goldfish Co

Combination Natural Fish Food -

50c.

Fine Assortment of Lionheads

regularly

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Colors

Blues, Blacks and Calico Telescopes and Japs at Reasonable Prices.

Plants and Tropical Fish a Specialty Importations of

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BREEDERS— Largest

to be appreciated

Visitors

$ 5.00 Dozen Up

PERMANENT DISPLAY OF must be seen

one of the

necessary to keep fish in good health. After the test of years Green River stands out It as the best food on the market. keeps the fish in good color by promoting a healthy, robust growth. It will not sour ot cloud the water. Ask your dealer or send for it today. things

essential

MURATA,

Proprietor.

1919-21 Bush Street, San Francisco, Cal

Importers and Dealers

GOLDFISH

PLANTS

SNAILS

Dried Shrimp, Birds, Cages and All Supplies

NEW STOCKS ARE COMING! | 8

Price List Sent on Request