World War Two and the United States

WORLD WAR II And the U.S.

by Richard Yang, Kevin Raju, Brandon O’Neil, Taim al-Jarrah

Table of Contents Chapter 1

The War in Europe ............................. Page 3

Chapter 2

The War in the Pacific ........................ Page 13

Chapter 3

The War at Sea .................................... Page 23

Chapter 4

The Air War ........................................ Page 33

Features Bibliography .......................................................................... Page 40

Chapter 1

The War in Europe The European Theater was an area of conflict for the Allied forces. During World War Two, the Allies consisted of the British Empire, the Soviet Union, France, the United States, and China. There were also many other minor nations and colonies that supported the war effort, such as India.

The U.S. played a major role during the war in the European Theater, and helped to liberate many nations.

The M4 tank was often used by the U.S.

Italy During World War Two, Italy was ruled by a fascist dictator named Benito Mussolini. This was one of the first European areas that the U.S. invaded, and was met with strong success. On September 3rd, 1943, the Allies invaded the Italian mainland, and within weeks, the Italian government agreed to surrender and fight the Nazis. However, Mussolini managed to get away from the Allies - although he was imprisoned by the new Italian government, Hitler snuck Fallshirmj채gers (paratroopers, also known as Airborne) into the Italian mountains, and rescued him. After he rescued Mussolini, Hitler placed him as the leader of Northern Italy, under his direct control.

A German tank in the Italian capital, Rome However, even though Hitler saved him that time, he did not last long. By June 4th, 1944, the Allied advance had reached Rome, and captured most of Italy. However, after that, the advance stopped, as the Allies were about to launch another invasion, which was named codenamed D-Day.

The Day of Days D-Day, also known as Operation Overlord, was the first American assault into Northern Europe. It involved thousands of American, British, and Canadian troops invading to liberate the French.

This marked the first direct American involvement with the European theater. The troops trained for Troops were carried by boats called landing craft

months before D-Day, learning all about their jobs and what they would have to do. A special Army unit, the Airborne, was to drop deep behind enemy lines and attack from behind. After that, the Navy began to fire onto the German defenses, and make the invasion easier. In the hours leading up to the final assault, bombing runs and more Airborne troops dropped and helped out. Finally, from 6:30 10:00, the ground forces assaulted the beachheads, where the Germans attempted to defend France. DDay ended with a success, but with high losses.

However, the Allies managed to push into Europe, and put Germany on the defensive for the first time.

This marked the beginning of the end for Europe’s Western Front, and set the scene for Hitler’s ultimate demise.

The Battle of the Bulge By the end of 1944, Hitler was growing desperate.

Soviet forces on the other side of Europe had finally beaten the Nazis all the way back to the prewar border, and were preparing for a final offensive to crush the heart of the German Reich. As a last resort, Hitler attempted to destroy the Eastern Front, in order to free up his time to attack the Soviets. This effort was named the Battle of the Bulge, as Hitler attempted to create a “Bulge� of sorts around the Allies, and encircle them. He diverted over a dozen divisions, or 200,000 men, from the fighting on the Eastern front in order to destroy the Allies forever. In the early stages of the battle, the Nazis had the element of surprise, and almost overwhelmed the exhausted and cold

U.S. troops often fought in a ditch called a foxhole Americans. However, the U.S. generals saw what was going on, and shifted all the armies in western Europe - over 600,000 men - to the fighting, and soon crushed the Nazi offensive. This ended the last effective Nazi resistance in the West.

The Beginning of the End By the beginning of 1945, Hitler’s forces had been all but destroyed. His Reich’s borders had already been crossed by both Soviet and American forces, and the end was imminent. In the days before his death, it was said that he went mad with grief, and The Heart of Berlin, known as the Reichstag

ordered offensives by armies that had already been obliterated, and defenses set up by escaped civilians. The U.S. was able to easily push through the remaining German defenses set up throughout the countryside, where there was U.S. victory after victory, and the German forces were forced to fall back further and further. The final major German defense, the Siegfried Line, which was a series of fortifications and defensive strongpoints, fell in the early months of 1945, and the Allies simply marched on to Berlin. By May 8, 1945, Hitler was dead, Berlin captured, and the Nazis surrendered.

That date was known as V-E Day, or Victory in Europe day. The Allies had finally pushed all the way to Berlin, and the war in Europe was finally over.

Chapter 2

The Pacific War In the Pacific, the United States fought against the Japanese Empire in the fight of its life. The war was primarily naval, as the area between the U.S. and Japan is mostly ocean, but many battles culminated with an American assault onto Japanese positions. For much of the beginning of the war, the U.S. was in a constant state of retreat against the overwhelming Japanese force, but by 1943 had turned the tide, and begun offensives of their own.

U.S. Marines raising the flag on Iwo Jima

Pearl Harbor On November 26, 1941, Japanese forces sailed to Pearl Harbor with 6 aircraft carriers with 430 warplanes, 2 battleships, 2 cruisers, 9 destroyers, and several submarines. December 7, 1941 was the day of the attack. At 6AM Hawaiian time, Japanese forces dropped anchor near Pearl Harbor. For the next hour, Japanese fighters launched 360 planes in several waves converging on Oahu, the location of Pearl Harbor. The U.S. broke the Japanese naval code, but no precautions were taken to protect the base from attack.

Battleships, airfields, and other military areas were the primary target of Japanese airplanes. At 7:55AM, the first bombs fell and caused damage to Pearl Harbor. Most US airplanes were destroyed in the attack.

Around 9:15AM, more torpedo and dive bombing attacks occurred with devastating effects. However, all 4 Pacific fleet aircraft carriers were still at sea, and the Japanese didn’t completely destroy oil supplies and air facilities. On December 8, 1941, The US declared war on Japan. Germany and Italy declared war on the U.S. soon after.

A U.S. ship hit by a Japanese bomb slowly burns

Battle of Midway Admiral Yamamoto of Japan assembled the largest fleet in Japanese Navy with over 185 warships.

While part of the fleet was sent to the Aleutian Islands, south of the Alaskan mainland, to strike the American forces there, the majority of the fleet spread out to move towards Midway. This was intended to be surprise attack, but the Americans cracked the Japanese codes and found out about this attack. On June 3rd, American bombers started from Midway and flew to attack the approaching Japanese fleet. The Americans had element of surprise. Admiral Isoroku sent only ½ of his planes to attack while the Americans sent all their planes.

The Americans had significant losses, but they slowed down the Japanese attacks. Before the Japanese could launch another air attack, American

bombers targeted Japanese Carriers. Japanese carriers were littered with fuel and bombs. The Americans sank 3 Japanese carriers, but the last one escaped. On June 5th, the Japanese fleet retreated, but damage has been done to both sides.

The U.S. was industrially prepared, but the Japanese weren’t. Japanese forces were severely weakened and lost their advantage in the Pacific Ocean.

An American SBD-3 Dauntless attacks a warship

Battle of Leyte Gulf The Battle of Leyte Gulf was the largest naval battle of World War Two, and pitted the U.S. 3rd and 7th Fleets against the mighty Japanese Center Force. Admiral Ozawa would lure Halsey away so that the battleships of the Center Force could bombard the exposed American infantry in the Leyte Gulf. Admiral Kurita’s forces left Borneo on October 22nd, but in 2 groups. Kurita’s 1st group would pass through the San Bernardino Strait and enter the Leyte Gulf from the North, while the 2nd force under Admiral Nishimura moved through the Sulu Sea to the southern entrance of Leyte Gulf.

However, early on October 23rd, 2 American Submarines attacked Kurita’s fleet. The next day, planes from Halsey’s carriers assaulted Kurita’s fleet sinking the battleship Musashi. In turn,

Japanese planes from land bases sunk one of Halsey’s carriers. Kurita retreated to the Leyte gulf, and was late for his rendezvous with Nishimura. In the south, Kinkaid intercepted Nishimura at the Surigao Strait. Around midnight of October 24-25, first contact came with these forces and after a few hours, Nishimura’s force was destroyed. Out of 7 Japanese vessels entering the Surigao Strait, only one damaged cruiser and one destroyer escaped.

One U.S. destroyer was damaged by American fire.

Before daybreak on October 25th, Kurita’s remaining forces headed for Leyte Gulf. Halsey, under the belief that Kurita’s forces were crippled believed that Ozawa’s carriers were now the main threat and rushed north to attack Ozawa. Sometime after sunrise, Kurita struck Kinkaid’s northernmost unit of a small force made of small carriers and

destroyers, named Taffy 3 (Task Force 3). The tiny American force fought against the powerful fleet of the Japanese for several hours, and held off the vastly superior Japanese force. Kurita soon found out that the other 2 fleets had already been defeated, and with this information, he decided to retreat with what remained of his fleet. North of that battle, Halsey destroyed Ozawa’s decoy forces comprised of Japan’s last carriers and several escort ships. This victory meant the recapture of Leyte.

The U.S.S. Princeton burns after a Japanese attack

Chapter 1

The Sea War However much attention is paid towards the ground war, and the struggle of the infantry, the sea is just as important. During campaigns, the sea is a valuable resource for both launching attacks and defending positions. Convoys, U-Boats, aircraft carriers, and blockades had an undeniable effect on the outcome of World War Two, and some of the largest and most ferocious clashes of the war happened on the high seas.

Merchant ships forming a convoy before leaving

Undeclared Submarine Warfare When war broke out between the Allies and the Central Powers in 1939, naval attacks began immediately. The battle for control of the Atlantic Ocean was called “The Battle of the Atlantic�. It lasted from the first day of the war to the last. This battle is often overlooked, because other fights are deemed more important. While this battle did not take place on the European continent, it did have a huge effect on the war. Great Britain relied heavily on imports for food, so if the German were able to stop supply ships from reaching Britain, the British would have been forced to surrender. Some old naval war tactics were brought back from previous conflicts, while some fairly new ones were used.

The advantages of using submarines was becoming apparent, yet only a few countries effectively

utilized them. “U-Boats�, as the Germans called them, used the element of surprise and the ability to stay hidden when attacking. They would stay submerged until they spotted a ship, and would then follow them, waiting until nightfall to attack.

They would then fire a torpedo at the ship, creating a hole in its hull and causing it to sink.During the Battle of the Atlantic, Germany began using a shoot on sight policy, which led to some complications.

While the U.S. was technically not in the war at this time, America was still supplying a lot of materials to the Allies. U-boats began sinking American ships, specifically targeting merchant ships. President Roosevelt did not want this aggression by the Germans to lead to war, but he

A Balao Class submarine, designed by the USN also was not going to continue to allow the sinking of American ships. To solve this problem, Congress changed previous laws, to allow trade ships to arm themselves and to defend themselves from any attacks. This led to an undeclared naval war between the U.S. and Germany.

The Happy Time In the beginning of the war, Germany did not focus on submarines, building more surface vessels like it did in WWI. After Nazi leaders saw how effective submarines were, they decided to shift their attack strategy in the Atlantic. They wanted to use UBoats mainly to sink supply ships. At this time however, the number of submarines Germany had was not large enough to control the Atlantic. In response to this, the Nazis increased the amount being produced. However, this took some time because building submarines and training crews took time. This did not stop U-Boats from being successful. In fact, the period between 1940-1941, was called the “Happy Time� by German sailors because of how many ships they sank with little to no resistance. The U-Boat successes were due to

several factors. At this point in the war, Germany had begun taking control of much of Europe, occupying countries like France and Poland. This gave them access to a number of important ports and strategic bases. Many of the ports on the west coast of France were used to launch and take in submarines. The use of French ports gave U-Boats a more direct route into the Atlantic and made it easier to strike British ships. Another factor was the increasing accuracy of torpedoes. The germans worked on fixing this problem, decreasing the amount of torpedo failures. The last and most important factor that led to the “Happy Time� was Allied unpreparedness. Many merchant ships traveled alone or without protection, which was a grave error. Traveling outside of a convoy left a ship defenseless against U-Boats, even if a plane or

ship had patrolled the area. Furthermore, even in convoys, ships were not completely safe. Despite British confidence in their detection technology, radar and sonar were not a foolproof way of detecting submarines. U-Boats used a technique that allowed them to stay undetected by attacking on the surface of the water at night. Perhaps the most devastating tactic used by the U-Boats was traveling in “wolf packs�. If a U-Boat sighted a convoy, it would send a signal to other submarines, calling them to help attack. They would then follow the convoy, waiting for the sun to set, and then fire at several ships at once. The Happy Time did not last forever, as U-Boat losses skyrocketed in 1942.

This was due to better improvement in technology.

D-Day and the Normandy Landings The landings at Normandy were all part of an operation to defeat Hitler called Operation Overlord. This plan aimed to launch a surprise invasion of France and push inward all the way to Germany. Its success marked the beginning of the end for the Nazis. However, it could not have happened if not for the efforts of the ships and planes in the Atlantic. In the months leading up to Operation Overlord, the Allies were able to turn the tide of the Battle of the Atlantic. Germany suffered such high submarine losses that it was forced to pull back. If German submarines had remained in the Atlantic, many of the transport ships that were carrying troops to land on the beaches of Normandy would have been sunk before they even reached their destination. The number of ships

involved in Operation Overlord totaled over 5,000.

If those ships had to deal with wolf packs, D-Day could have had a different result. While naval battles were not the most recognized, their outcomes had the most important long term effect on the war. For example, without the supplies from America, the UK and Russia would have struggled much more in their fight against the Nazis and possibly fallen.

The Navy played just as big a role in D-Day

Chapter 3

The Air War During World War One, the idea of air support was first formed, with primitive biplanes making bombing and strafing runs against enemy targets.

However, by World War Two, the idea had been refined significantly, and planes were now a force to be reckoned with on the battlefield. Bombers, fighters, and transports all played their parts during the war, and changed the outcome dramatically with fire-bombings and clandestine troop drops.

One of the only nuclear bombs to be dropped in anger.

The Air War in Europe The German Air Force (Luftwaffe) was the world’s largest at the start of WWII. The Royal Air Force of Great Britain joined the U.S. Army Air Forces to fight against the German Air Force. The Luftwaffe was originally designed to help the German ground forces (Wermacht), so this crippled Germany in conflicts with Britain’s Royal Air Force (RAF) and the U.S. Army Air Forces (USAAF). The USAAF bombed German aircraft plants to make it more difficult for the Germans to make planes, but the results in 1943 were poor because U.S. bombers were being shot down when flying over Germany.

In 1944, these problems were fixed, and the U.S. bombing of Nazi Germany became more effective.

USAAF bombers continued to bomb German oil plants and transportation networks so that Germany

had problems in their own country. The Luftwaffe’s air war efforts were ineffective at this time due to the loss of experienced pilots and the gasoline shortage, and in 1944, the Luftwaffe was much weaker than the USAAF and the RAF. Adolf Hitler did not use aircraft enough in World War II, so his country was defeated more easily by the allied planes.

Dresden after its firebombing during the war

Air War in the Pacific About five months after Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor, the United States decided to respond by sending sixteen B-25 bombers over Japan, bombing Tokyo and many other target cities along the way.

These sixteen planes landed in allied bases in China shortly after the assault. In 1943, the U.S. began an air campaign against Japan. He made arrangements with China and British India to build air bases for B-29 bombers that would be used against Japan. In mid-1944, sixty-three B-29s bombed Japanese steel plants, but the resulting damage was minor. Only five other air missions were launched by the United States from China, and they mostly targeted Japanese bases outside of mainland Japan. On June 15th, 1944, the U.S. captured the Mariana Islands.

This victory was what persuaded the U.S. to begin

the sustained air war against Japan. Starting in 1944, Major General Hansell staged seven air raids against Japanese manufacturing plants in Tokyo.

However, Hansell’s high altitude bombing strategy was ineffective due to less accuracy, as only minor damage was dealt to the target manufacturing plants. Due to this, Hansell was replaced by Major General LeMay, and more incendiaries were carried by the B-29s in future raids in order to create fires in the manufacturing plants during the bombings. LeMay’s campaign dropped thousands of tons of bombs in Tokyo, killing over 80,000 from the spreading fires. By mid summer of 1945, Japan had over 180 square miles of its urban landscape destroyed from bombings and fires.

B-29s also dropped thousands of mines into Japanese waters, blocking many of the enemy

ports. Finally on August 6, a B-29 named “Enola Gay� dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima that killed 78,000 and injured 51,000. The Japanese did not respond to the U.S. call for surrender, so three days later a second atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki, killing 35,000 and injuring 60,000. On August 9, 1945, the Japanese finally surrendered.

A Boeing plant during World War Two

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